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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Bernstock JD, Willis CM, Manferrari G, Rogall R, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Williamson JC, Braga A, van den Bosch A, Leonardi T, Krzak G, Kittel Á, Benincá C, Vicario N, Tan S, Bastos C, Bicci I, Iraci N, Smith JA, Peacock B, Muller KH, Lehner PJ, Buzas EI, Faria N, Zeviani M, Frezza C, Brisson A, Matheson NJ, Viscomi C, Pluchino S. Neural stem cells traffic functional mitochondria via extracellular vesicles. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001166. [PMID: 33826607 PMCID: PMC8055036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation induces recovery in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Although the replacement of lost endogenous cells was originally proposed as the primary healing mechanism of NSC grafts, it is now clear that transplanted NSCs operate via multiple mechanisms, including the horizontal exchange of therapeutic cargoes to host cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane particles trafficking nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites and metabolic enzymes, lipids, and entire organelles. However, the function and the contribution of these cargoes to the broad therapeutic effects of NSCs are yet to be fully understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an established feature of several inflammatory and degenerative CNS disorders, most of which are potentially treatable with exogenous stem cell therapeutics. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that NSCs release and traffic functional mitochondria via EVs to restore mitochondrial function in target cells. Untargeted proteomics revealed a significant enrichment of mitochondrial proteins spontaneously released by NSCs in EVs. Morphological and functional analyses confirmed the presence of ultrastructurally intact mitochondria within EVs with conserved membrane potential and respiration. We found that the transfer of these mitochondria from EVs to mtDNA-deficient L929 Rho0 cells rescued mitochondrial function and increased Rho0 cell survival. Furthermore, the incorporation of mitochondria from EVs into inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes restored normal mitochondrial dynamics and cellular metabolism and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in target cells. When transplanted in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, exogenous NSCs actively transferred mitochondria to mononuclear phagocytes and induced a significant amelioration of clinical deficits. Our data provide the first evidence that NSCs deliver functional mitochondria to target cells via EVs, paving the way for the development of novel (a)cellular approaches aimed at restoring mitochondrial dysfunction not only in multiple sclerosis, but also in degenerative neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cory M. Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Manferrari
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - James C. Williamson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Braga
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aletta van den Bosch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Krzak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carlos Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iacopo Bicci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Italy
| | - Jayden A. Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) Limited, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Peacock
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edit Iren Buzas
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM Kft HU, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nuno Faria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) Limited, United Kingdom
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Ladwig A, Rogall R, Hucklenbroich J, Willuweit A, Schoeneck M, Langen KJ, Fink GR, Rueger MA, Schroeter M. Osteopontin Attenuates Secondary Neurodegeneration in the Thalamus after Experimental Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 14:295-311. [PMID: 30488353 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical cerebral ischemia elicits neuroinflammation as well as secondary neuronal degeneration in remote areas. Locally distinct and specific secondary neurodegeneration affecting thalamic nuclei connected to cortical areas highlights such processes. Osteopontin (OPN) is a cytokine-like glycoprotein that is excreted in high amounts after cerebral ischemia and exerts various immunomodulatory functions. We here examined putative protective effects of OPN in secondary thalamic degeneration. We subjected male Wistar rats to photothrombosis and subsequently injected OPN or placebo intracerebroventricularly. Immunohistochemical and fluorescence staining was used to detect the extent of neuronal degeneration and microglia activation. Ex vivo autoradiography with radiotracers available for human in vivo PET studies, i.e., CIS-4-[18F]Fluor-D-Proline (D-cis-[18F]FPRO), and [6-3H]thymidine ([3H]thymidine), confirmed degeneration and proliferation, respectively. We found secondary neurodegeneration in the thalamus characterized by microglial activation and neuronal loss. Neuronal loss was restricted to areas of microglial infiltration. Treatment with OPN significantly decreased neurodegeneration, inflammation and microglial proliferation. Microglia displayed morphological signs of activation without expressing markers of M1 or M2 polarization. D-CIS-[18F]FPRO-uptake mirrored attenuated degeneration in OPN-treated animals. Notably, [3H]thymidine and BrdU-staining revealed increased stem cell proliferation after treatment with OPN. The data suggest that OPN is able to ameliorate secondary neurodegeneration in thalamic nuclei. These effects can be visualized by radiotracers D-CIS-[18F]FPRO and [3H]thymidine, opening new vistas for translational studies. Graphical Abstract Intracerebroventricular injection of osteopontin attenuates thalamic degeneration after cortical ischemia (pink area). Disruption of thalamocortical connections (blue) and degeneration of thalamic nuclei (encircled) leads to microglia activation. Osteopontin protects from both neurodegeneration and microglia activation as assessed by histological analysis and autoradiograpic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ladwig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Hucklenbroich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - M Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany. .,INM-3, Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
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Vay SU, Flitsch LJ, Rabenstein M, Rogall R, Blaschke S, Kleinhaus J, Reinert N, Bach A, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. The plasticity of primary microglia and their multifaceted effects on endogenous neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:226. [PMID: 30103769 PMCID: PMC6090672 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia—the resident immune cells of the brain—are activated after brain lesions, e.g., cerebral ischemia, and polarize towards a classic “M1” pro-inflammatory or an alternative “M2” anti-inflammatory phenotype following characteristic temporo-spatial patterns, contributing either to secondary tissue damage or to regenerative responses. They closely interact with endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in distinct niches of the adult brain. The current study aimed at elucidating the dynamics of microglia polarization and their differential effects on NSC function. Results Primary rat microglia in vitro were polarized towards a M1 phenotype by LPS, or to a M2 phenotype by IL4, while simultaneous exposure to LPS plus IL4 resulted in a hybrid phenotype expressing both M1- and M2-characteristic markers. M2 microglia migrated less but exhibit higher phagocytic activity than M1 microglia. Defined mediators switched microglia from one polarization state to the other, a process more effective when transforming M2 microglia towards M1 than vice versa. Polarized microglia had differential effects on the differentiation potential of NSCs in vitro and in vivo, with M1 microglia promoting astrocytogenesis, while M2 microglia supported neurogenesis. Regardless of their polarization, microglia inhibited NSC proliferation, increased NSC migration, and accelerated NSC differentiation. Conclusion Overall, this study shed light on the complex conditions governing microglia polarization and the effects of differentially polarized microglia on critical functions of NSCs in vitro and in vivo. Refining the understanding of microglia activation and their modulatory effects on NSCs is likely to facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic concepts supporting the innate regenerative capacity of the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1261-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Judith Kleinhaus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Noémie Reinert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Bach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
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4
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Rogall R, Rabenstein M, Vay S, Bach A, Pikhovych A, Baermann J, Hoehn M, Couillard-Despres S, Fink GR, Schroeter M, Rueger MA. Bioluminescence imaging visualizes osteopontin-induced neurogenesis and neuroblast migration in the mouse brain after stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:182. [PMID: 29973246 PMCID: PMC6032781 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteopontin (OPN), an acidic phosphoglycoprotein, is upregulated in the brain after cerebral ischemia. We previously reported that OPN supports migration, survival, and proliferation of neural stem cells (NSC) in primary cell culture, as well as their differentiation into neurons. We here analyzed the effects of OPN on neuroblasts in vivo in the context of cerebral ischemia. Methods Transgenic mice expressing luciferase under the control of the neuroblast-specific doublecortin (DCX)-promoter, allowing visualization of neuroblasts in vivo using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), were injected with OPN intracerebroventricularly while control mice were injected with vehicle buffer. To assess the effects of OPN after ischemia, additional mice were subjected to photothrombosis and injected with either OPN or vehicle. Results OPN enhanced the migration of neuroblasts both in the healthy brain and after ischemia, as quantified by BLI in vivo. Moreover, the number of neural progenitors was increased following OPN treatment, with the maximum effect on the second day after OPN injection into the healthy brain, and 14 days after OPN injection following ischemia. After ischemia, OPN quantitatively promoted the endogenous, ischemia-induced neuroblast expansion, and additionally recruited progenitors from the contralateral hemisphere. Conclusions Our results strongly suggest that OPN constitutes a promising substance for the targeted activation of neurogenesis in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rogall
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annika Bach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Baermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sébastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany. .,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
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