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Petrin S, Mancin M, Losasso C, Deotto S, Olsen JE, Barco L. Effect of pH and Salinity on the Ability of Salmonella Serotypes to Form Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:821679. [PMID: 35464965 PMCID: PMC9021792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.821679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of food-borne infections in Europe, and the majority of human infections are caused by only a few serotypes, among them are Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis (hereafter Salmonella Enteritidis), Salmonella Typhimurium, and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium. The reason for this is not fully understood, but could include virulence factors as well as increased ability to transfer via the external environment. Formation of biofilm is considered an adaptation strategy used by bacteria to overcome environmental stresses. In order to assess the capability of different Salmonella serotypes to produce biofilm and establish whether this is affected by pH and salinity, 88 Salmonella isolates collected from animal, food, and human sources and belonging to 15 serotypes, including those most frequently responsible for human infections, were tested. Strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB), TSB with 4% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 10% NaCl pH 4.5, TSB with 4% NaCl pH 7, or TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7, and biofilm production was assessed after 24 h at 37°C using crystal violet staining. A linear mixed effect model was applied to compare results from the different experimental conditions. Among the tested serotypes, S. Dublin showed the greatest ability to form biofilm even at pH 4.5, which inhibited biofilm production in the other tested serotypes. Salmonella Senftenberg and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium showed the highest biofilm production in TSB with 10% NaCl pH 7. In general, pH had a high influence on the ability to form biofilm, and most of the tested strains were not able to produce biofilm at pH 4.5. In contrast, salinity only had a limited influence on biofilm production. In general, serotypes causing the highest number of human infections showed a limited ability to produce biofilm in the tested conditions, indicating that biofilm formation is not a crucial factor in the success of these clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marzia Mancin
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microorganisms Genomics Laboratory - SCS1, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carmen Losasso,
| | - Silvia Deotto
- Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory - SCT4, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Basaldella di Campoformido, Italy
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Oastler CE, Nichols C, Newton K, Cawthraw S, Gosling RJ, Martelli F, Wales AD, Davies RH. Observations on the distribution and control of Salmonella in commercial broiler hatcheries in Great Britain. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:487-498. [PMID: 35304827 PMCID: PMC9543921 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella can enter hatcheries via contaminated eggs and other breaches of biosecurity. The study examined the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial hatcheries and assessed the effects of providing advice on Salmonella control. Intensive swab sampling was performed throughout 23 broiler hatcheries in Great Britain (GB). Swabs were cultured using a modified ISO6579:2017 method. After each visit, tailored advice on biosecurity and cleaning and disinfection procedures was provided to the hatchery managers. Repeat sampling was carried out in 10 of the 23 hatcheries. Salmonella prevalence ranged between 0% and 33.5%, with the chick handling areas, hatcher areas, macerator area, tray wash/storage areas, external areas and other waste handling areas being more contaminated than the setter areas. Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ were the most commonly isolated serovars. There was a reduction in Salmonella prevalence at the second visit in eight out of 10 premises, but prevalence values had increased again in all of the improved hatcheries that were visited a third time. One hatchery harboured a difficult‐to‐control resident Salmonella 13,23:i:‐ strain and was visited six times; by the final visit, Salmonella prevalence was 2.3%, reduced from a high of 23.1%. In conclusion, the study found low‐level Salmonella contamination in some GB broiler hatcheries, with certain hatcheries being more severely affected. Furthermore, it was shown that Salmonella typically is difficult to eradicate from contaminated hatcheries, but substantial reductions in prevalence are possible with improvements to biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Christopher Nichols
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrew D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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Withenshaw SM, Cawthraw S, Gosling B, Newton K, Oastler CE, Smith RP, Davies RH. Risk factor analysis for Salmonella contamination of broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) hatcheries in Great Britain. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105492. [PMID: 34560366 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union and contaminated meat from broiler chickens (Gallus gallus) is an important source of human infection. In Great Britain (GB), prevalence of Salmonella enterica in broiler flocks is low, having declined considerably since the introduction of the Salmonella National Control Programme in 2010. However, this decreasing trend has stabilised in recent years and serovars with known ability to persistently colonise hatcheries have been isolated from broiler flocks with increasing frequency, indicating that further controls on hatchery contamination are required. The broiler industry in GB has changed dramatically over the last 15 years, with greater intensification and dominance by a small number of very large companies which rely on relatively few hatcheries. An investigation of risk factors for Salmonella contamination in GB broiler hatcheries was therefore carried out so that relevant up-to-date advice on Salmonella control can be provided. Twenty-two hatcheries, representing most commercial scale GB broiler hatcheries, were visited between 2015 and 2018. Salmonella contamination was comprehensively investigated at each hatchery by collecting between 108 and 421 environmental swab samples per hatchery (6990 samples in total from all hatcheries). An in-depth questionnaire on hatchery operations was completed for each hatchery, and results were incorporated into a risk factor analysis (univariable followed by multivariable mixed effects logistic regression) to identify factors associated with Salmonella occurrence. Overall, 6.0 % (416/6990) of environmental samples were Salmonella-positive and Salmonella was isolated from 17/22 hatcheries. Ten different serovars were isolated, the most common being S. Senftenberg and S. Mbandaka which are known hatchery colonisers. Sixty-four risk factor variables were investigated. Twenty-two of these were initially retained based on univariable analyses (p ≤ 0.25) and six were ultimately left in the final multivariable model (p ≤ 0.05). Salmonella detection was positively associated with having ≥30 hatchers in regular use compared to fewer (Odds ratio [OR] 23.7, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 6.7-84.2), storing trays in process rooms (OR 28.8, CI 7.8-106.3), drying set-up trolleys in corridors (OR 15.6, CI 5.9-41.4) and having skips located in enclosed areas (OR 8.99, CI 5.89-41.35). Using a closed waste disposal system was negatively associated with Salmonella detection (OR 0.08, CI 0.04-0.18) and the odds of detecting Salmonella in hatcheries with 31-60 total workers was lower compared to hatcheries with ≤30 staff (OR 0.16, CI 0.06-0.40). Despite the complexities of hatchery enterprises, changes to a relatively small number of features may significantly reduce the occurrence of hatchery contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Withenshaw
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Becky Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kate Newton
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Claire E Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Richard P Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
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Fukuyama Y, Inoue M, Omae K, Yoshida T, Sako Y. Anaerobic and hydrogenogenic carbon monoxide-oxidizing prokaryotes: Versatile microbial conversion of a toxic gas into an available energy. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 110:99-148. [PMID: 32386607 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that is toxic to various organisms including humans and even microbes; however, it has low redox potential, which can fuel certain microbes, namely, CO oxidizers. Hydrogenogenic CO oxidizers utilize an energy conservation system via a CO dehydrogenase/energy-converting hydrogenase complex to produce hydrogen gas, a zero emission fuel, by CO oxidation coupled with proton reduction. Biochemical and molecular biological studies using a few model organisms have revealed their enzymatic reactions and transcriptional response mechanisms using CO. Biotechnological studies for CO-dependent hydrogen production have also been carried out with these model organisms. In this chapter, we review recent advances in the studies of these microbes, which reveal their unique and versatile metabolic profiles and provides future perspectives on ecological roles and biotechnological applications. Over the past decade, the number of isolates has doubled (37 isolates in 5 phyla, 20 genera, and 32 species). Some of the recently isolated ones show broad specificity to electron acceptors. Moreover, accumulating genomic information predicts their unique physiologies and reveals their phylogenomic relationships with novel potential hydrogenogenic CO oxidizers. Combined with genomic database surveys, a molecular ecological study has unveiled the wide distribution and low abundance of these microbes. Finally, recent biotechnological applications of hydrogenogenic CO oxidizers have been achieved via diverse approaches (e.g., metabolic engineering and co-cultivation), and the identification of thermophilic facultative anaerobic CO oxidizers will promote industrial applications as oxygen-tolerant biocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production by genomic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Inoue
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiho Omae
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sako
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Genomic and Phenotypic Analyses Reveal the Emergence of an Atypical Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg Variant in China. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2014-22. [PMID: 27225410 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00052-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Senftenberg are often associated with exposure to poultry flocks, farm environments, or contaminated food. The recent emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates has raised public health concerns. In this study, comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis were used to characterize 14 Salmonella Senftenberg clinical isolates recovered from multiple outbreaks in Shenzhen and Shanghai, China, between 2002 and 2011. Single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses identified two phylogenetically distinct clades of S Senftenberg, designated SC1 and SC2, harboring variations in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) and SPI-2 and exhibiting distinct biochemical and phenotypic signatures. Although the two variants shared the same serotype, the SC2 isolates of sequence type 14 (ST14) harbored intact SPI-1 and -2 and hence were characterized by possessing efficient invasion capabilities. In contrast, the SC1 isolates had structural deletion patterns in both SPI-1 and -2 that correlated with an impaired capacity to invade cultured human cells and also the year of their isolation. These atypical SC1 isolates also lacked the capacity to produce hydrogen sulfide. These findings highlight the emergence of atypical Salmonella Senftenberg variants in China and provide genetic validation that variants lacking SPI-1 and regions of SPI-2, which leads to impaired invasion capacity, can still cause clinical disease. These data have identified an emerging public health concern and highlight the need to strengthen surveillance to detect the prevalence and transmission of nontyphoidal Salmonella species.
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Garcia AV, Charrier A, Schikora A, Bigeard J, Pateyron S, de Tauzia-Moreau ML, Evrard A, Mithöfer A, Martin-Magniette ML, Virlogeux-Payant I, Hirt H. Salmonella enterica flagellin is recognized via FLS2 and activates PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:657-74. [PMID: 24198231 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. Recent evidence indicates that plants recognize S. enterica and raise defense responses. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction of S. enterica with plants are still largely unclear. Here, we show that flagellin from S. enterica represents a prominent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which induces PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) via the recognition of the flg22 domain by the receptor kinase FLS2. The Arabidopsis fls2 mutant shows reduced though not abolished PTI activation, indicating that plants rely also on recognition of other S. enterica PAMPs. Interestingly, the S. enterica type III secretion system (T3SS) mutant prgH- induced stronger defense gene expression than wild-type bacteria in Arabidopsis, suggesting that T3SS effectors are involved in defense suppression. Furthermore, we observe that S. enterica strains show variation in the flg22 epitope, which results in proteins with reduced PTI-inducing activity. Altogether, these results show that S. enterica activates PTI in Arabidopsis and suggest that, in order to accomplish plant colonization, S. enterica evolved strategies to avoid or suppress PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Garcia
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA/CNRS/Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, 91057 Evry, France
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Extremely drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg infections in patients in Zambia. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:284-6. [PMID: 23077128 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02227-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of extremely drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg isolated from patients in Zambia were investigated by utilizing MIC determinations and whole-genome sequencing. The isolates were resistant to, and harbored genes toward, nine drug classes, including fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, contained two plasmid replicons, and differed by 93 single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Nelson OW, Garrity GM. Genome sequences published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, March-April 2012. Stand Genomic Sci 2012. [PMCID: PMC3387800 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.2836114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of ongoing genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publications added to subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliographic data for such references to the SIGS editorial office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oranmiyan W. Nelson
- 1Editorial Office, Standards in Genomic Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - George M. Garrity
- 1Editorial Office, Standards in Genomic Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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