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Clarke OE, Pelling H, Bennett V, Matsumoto T, Gregory GE, Nzakizwanayo J, Slate AJ, Preston A, Laabei M, Bock LJ, Wand ME, Ikebukuro K, Gebhard S, Sutton JM, Jones BV. Lipopolysaccharide structure modulates cationic biocide susceptibility and crystalline biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1150625. [PMID: 37089543 PMCID: PMC10113676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1150625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHD) is a cationic biocide used ubiquitously in healthcare settings. Proteus mirabilis, an important pathogen of the catheterized urinary tract, and isolates of this species are often described as "resistant" to CHD-containing products used for catheter infection control. To identify the mechanisms underlying reduced CHD susceptibility in P. mirabilis, we subjected the CHD tolerant clinical isolate RS47 to random transposon mutagenesis and screened for mutants with reduced CHD minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). One mutant recovered from these screens (designated RS47-2) exhibited ~ 8-fold reduction in CHD MIC. Complete genome sequencing of RS47-2 showed a single mini-Tn5 insert in the waaC gene involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner core biosynthesis. Phenotypic screening of RS47-2 revealed a significant increase in cell surface hydrophobicity and serum susceptibility compared to the wildtype, and confirmed defects in LPS production congruent with waaC inactivation. Disruption of waaC was also associated with increased susceptibility to a range of other cationic biocides but did not affect susceptibility to antibiotics tested. Complementation studies showed that repression of smvA efflux activity in RS47-2 further increased susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, reducing CHD MICs to values comparable with the most CHD susceptible isolates characterized. The formation of crystalline biofilms and blockage of urethral catheters was also significantly attenuated in RS47-2. Taken together, these data show that aspects of LPS structure and upregulation of the smvA efflux system function in synergy to modulate susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, and that LPS structure is also an important factor in P. mirabilis crystalline biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Clarke
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - H. Pelling
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - V. Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T. Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G. E. Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. Nzakizwanayo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Slate
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. Preston
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - M. Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - L. J. Bock
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Wand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - K. Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Sutton
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - B. V. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Jordán M, Wojtys-Tekiel S, Merino S, Tomás JM, Kaszowska M. Structural Diversity among Edwardsiellaceae Core Oligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054768. [PMID: 36902212 PMCID: PMC10003444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Edwardsiella genus presents five different pathogenic species: Edwardsiella tarda, E. anguillarum, E. piscicida, E. hoshinae and E. ictaluri. These species cause infections mainly in fish, but they can also infect reptiles, birds or humans. Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these bacteria. For the first time, the chemical structure and genomics of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharides of E. piscicida, E. anguillarum, E. hoshinae and E. ictaluri were studied. The complete gene assignments for all core biosynthesis gene functions were acquired. The structure of core oligosaccharides was investigated by ¹H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The structures of E. piscicida and E. anguillarum core oligosaccharides show the presence of →3,4)-L-glycero-α-D-manno-Hepp, two terminal β-D-Glcp, →2,3,7)-L-glycero-α-D-manno-Hepp, →7)-L-glycero-α-D-manno-Hepp, terminal α-D-GlcpN, two →4)-α-D-GalpA, → 3)-α-D-GlcpNAc, terminal β-D-Galp and →5-substituted Kdo. E. hoshinare core oligosaccharide shows only one terminal β-D-Glcp, and instead of terminal β-D-Galp a terminal α-D-GlcpNAc. E. ictaluri core oligosaccharide shows only one terminal β-D-Glcp, one →4)-α-D-GalpA and do not have terminal α-D-GlcpN (see complementary figure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jordán
- Department of Genetic, Microbiology and Statistic, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylwia Wojtys-Tekiel
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Susana Merino
- Department of Genetic, Microbiology and Statistic, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Juan M. Tomás
- Department of Genetic, Microbiology and Statistic, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Kaszowska
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.K.)
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Rivoarilala LO, Victor J, Crucitti T, Collard JM. LAMP assays for the simple and rapid detection of clinically important urinary pathogens including the detection of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1037. [PMID: 34615472 PMCID: PMC8495977 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Timely and accurate identification of uropathogens and determination of their antimicrobial susceptibility is paramount to the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main objective of this study was to develop an assay using LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification) technology for simple, rapid and sensitive detection of the most common bacteria responsible for UTIs, as well as for the detection of the most prevalent genes (encoding cefotaximases from CTX-M group 1) responsible for resistance to 3rd generation of cephalosporins. Method We designed primers targeting Proteus mirabilis, while those targeting Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis and the CTX-M group 1 resistance gene were benchmarked from previous studies. The amplification reaction was carried out in a warm water bath for 60 min at 63 ± 0.5 °C. The amplicons were revealed by staining with Sybr Green I. Specificity and sensitivity were determined using reference DNA extracts spiked in sterile urine samples. The analytical performance of the assays was evaluated directly on pellets of urine samples from patients suspected of UTI and compared with culture. Results We found a high specificity (100%) for LAMP assays targeting the selected bacteria (P. mirabilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis) and the CTX-M group 1 when using DNA extracts spiked in urine samples. The sensitivities of the assays were around 1.5 103 Colony Forming Units (CFU) /mL corresponding to the cut-off value used to define bacteriuria or UTIs in patients with symptoms. Out of 161 urine samples tested, using culture as gold standard, we found a sensitivity of the LAMP techniques ranging from 96 to 100% and specificity from 95 to 100%. Conclusion We showed that the LAMP assays were simple and fast. The tests showed high sensitivity and specificity using a simple procedure for DNA extraction. In addition, the assays could be performed without the need of an expensive device such as a thermal cycler. These LAMP assays could be useful as an alternative or a complementary tool to culture reducing the time to diagnosis and guiding for more effective treatment of UTIs but also as a powerful diagnostic tool in resource-limited countries where culture is not available in primary health care structures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06720-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tania Crucitti
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean Marc Collard
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Experimental Bacteriology Laboratory, Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH), Institut Pasteur of Shanghai/Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Catalase Activity is Critical for Proteus mirabilis Biofilm Development, EPS Composition, and Dissemination During Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0017721. [PMID: 34280035 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a leading uropathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), which are among the most common healthcare-associated infections worldwide. A key factor that contributes to P. mirabilis pathogenesis and persistence during CAUTI is the formation of catheter biofilms, which provide increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and host defense mechanisms. Another factor that is important for bacterial persistence during CAUTI is the ability to resist reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as through the action of the catalase enzyme. Potent catalase activity is one of the defining biochemical characteristics of P. mirabilis, and the single catalase gene (katA) encoded in strain HI4320 was recently identified as a candidate fitness factor for UTI, CAUTI, and bacteremia. Here we show that disruption of katA results in increased ROS levels, increased sensitivity to peroxide, and decreased biofilm biomass. The biomass defect was due to a decrease in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by the ΔkatA mutant, and specifically due to reduced carbohydrate content. Importantly, the biofilm defect resulted in decreased antibiotic resistance in vitro and a colonization defect during experimental CAUTI. The ΔkatA mutant also exhibited decreased fitness in a bacteremia model, supporting a dual role for catalase in P. mirabilis biofilm development and immune evasion.
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Xue Y, Li Q, Park CG, Klena JD, Anisimov AP, Sun Z, Wei X, Chen T. Proteus mirabilis Targets Atherosclerosis Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries via DC-SIGN (CD209). Front Immunol 2021; 11:579010. [PMID: 33488579 PMCID: PMC7820866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNAs are constantly detected in atherosclerotic plaques (APs), suggesting that a combination of chronic infection and inflammation may have roles in AP formation. A series of studies suggested that certain Gram-negative bacteria were able to interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin [DC-SIGN; cluster of differentiation (CD) 209] or langerin (CD207), thereby resulting in deposition of CD209s at infection sites. We wondered if Proteus mirabilis (a member of Proteobacteria family) could interact with APs through CD209/CD207. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD209/CD207 were also receptors for P. mirabilis that mediated adherence and phagocytosis by macrophages. P. mirabilis interacted with fresh and CD209s/CD207-expressing APs cut from human coronary arteries, rather than in healthy and smooth arteries. These interactions were inhibited by addition of a ligand-mimic oligosaccharide and the coverage of the ligand, as well as by anti-CD209 antibody. Finally, the hearts from an atherosclerotic mouse model contained higher numbers of P. mirabilis than that of control mice during infection-challenging. We therefore concluded that the P. mirabilis interacts with APs in human coronary arteries via CD209s/CD207. It may be possible to slow down the progress of atherosclerosis by blocking the interactions between CD209s/CD207 and certain atherosclerosis-involved bacteria with ligand-mimic oligosaccharides.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/microbiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/microbiology
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Ligands
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Male
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Middle Aged
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Proteus mirabilis/growth & development
- Proteus mirabilis/metabolism
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John D. Klena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrey P. Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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The Complete Structure of the Core Oligosaccharide from Edwardsiella tarda EIB 202 Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061163. [PMID: 28561753 PMCID: PMC5485987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical structure and genomics of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core oligosaccharide of pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda strain EIB 202 were studied for the first time. The complete gene assignment for all LPS core biosynthesis gene functions was acquired. The complete structure of core oligosaccharide was investigated by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry MSn, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The following structure of the undecasaccharide was established:
The heterogeneous appearance of the core oligosaccharide structure was due to the partial lack of β-d-Galp and the replacement of α-d-GlcpNAcGly by α-d-GlcpNGly. The glycine location was identified by mass spectrometry.
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7
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Functional identification of Proteus mirabilis eptC gene encoding a core lipopolysaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6689-702. [PMID: 24756091 PMCID: PMC4013655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparison of the Proteus mirabilis HI4320 genome with known lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phosphoethanolamine transferases, three putative candidates (PMI3040, PMI3576, and PMI3104) were identified. One of them, eptC (PMI3104) was able to modify the LPS of two defined non-polar core LPS mutants of Klebsiella pneumoniae that we use as surrogate substrates. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance showed that eptC directs the incorporation of phosphoethanolamine to the O-6 of l-glycero-d-mano-heptose II. The eptC gene is found in all the P. mirabilis strains analyzed in this study. Putative eptC homologues were found for only two additional genera of the Enterobacteriaceae family, Photobacterium and Providencia. The data obtained in this work supports the role of the eptC (PMI3104) product in the transfer of PEtN to the O-6 of l,d-HepII in P. mirabilis strains.
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Genomic and proteomic studies on Plesiomonas shigelloides lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2013; 196:556-67. [PMID: 24244003 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01100-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the identification of waa clusters with the genes required for the biosynthesis of the core lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of two Plesiomonas shigelloides strains. Both P. shigelloides waa clusters shared all of the genes besides the ones flanking waaL. In both strains, all of the genes were found in the waa gene cluster, although one common core biosynthetic gene (wapG) was found in a different chromosome location outside the cluster. Since P. shigelloides and Klebsiella pneumoniae share a core LPS carbohydrate backbone extending up at least to the second outer-core residue, the functions of the common P. shigelloides genes were elucidated by genetic complementation studies using well-defined K. pneumoniae mutants. The function of strain-specific inner- or outer-core genes was identified by using as a surrogate acceptor LPS from three well-defined K. pneumoniae core LPS mutants. Using this strategy, we were able to assign a proteomic function to all of the P. shigelloides waa genes identified in the two strains encoding six new glycosyltransferases (WapA, -B, -C, -D, -F, and -G). P. shigelloides demonstrated an important variety of core LPS structures, despite being a single species of the genus, as well as high homologous recombination in housekeeping genes.
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Immunochemical properties of Proteus penneri lipopolysaccharides—one of the major Proteus sp. virulence factors. Carbohydr Res 2013; 380:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roles of predicted glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of the Rhizobium etli CE3 O antigen. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1949-58. [PMID: 23435981 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02080-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhizobium etli CE3 O antigen is a fixed-length heteropolymer. The genetic regions required for its synthesis have been identified, and the nucleotide sequences are known. The structure of the O antigen has been determined, but the roles of specific genes in synthesizing this structure are relatively unclear. Within the known O-antigen genetic clusters of this strain, nine open reading frames (ORFs) were found to contain a conserved glycosyltransferase domain. Each ORF was mutated, and the resulting mutant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was analyzed. Tricine SDS-PAGE revealed stepwise truncations of the O antigen that were consistent with differences in mutant LPS sugar compositions and reactivity with O-antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies. Based on these results and current theories of O-antigen synthesis, specific roles were deduced for each of the nine glycosyltransferases, and a model for biosynthesis of the R. etli CE3 O antigen was proposed. In this model, O-antigen biosynthesis is initiated with the addition of N-acetyl-quinovosamine-phosphate (QuiNAc-P) to bactoprenol-phosphate by glycosyltransferase WreU. Glycosyltransferases WreG, WreE, WreS, and WreT would each act once to attach mannose, fucose, a second fucose, and 3-O-methyl-6-deoxytalose (3OMe6dTal), respectively. WreH would then catalyze the addition of methyl glucuronate (MeGlcA) to complete the first instance of the O-antigen repeat unit. Four subsequent repeats of this unit composed of fucose, 3OMe6dTal, and MeGlcA would be assembled by a cycle of reactions catalyzed by two additional glycosyltransferases, WreM and WreL, along with WreH. Finally, the O antigen would be capped by attachment of di- or tri-O-methylated fucose as catalyzed by glycosyltransferase WreB.
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Proteus sp. – an opportunistic bacterial pathogen – classification, swarming growth, clinical significance and virulence factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/fobio-2013-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Proteus belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, where it is placed in the tribe Proteeae, together with the genera Morganella and Providencia. Currently, the genus Proteus consists of five species: P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, P. penneri, P. hauseri and P. myxofaciens, as well as three unnamed Proteus genomospecies. The most defining characteristic of Proteus bacteria is a swarming phenomenon, a multicellular differentiation process of short rods to elongated swarmer cells. It allows population of bacteria to migrate on solid surface. Proteus bacteria inhabit the environment and are also present in the intestines of humans and animals. These microorganisms under favorable conditions cause a number of infections including urinary tract infections (UTIs), wound infections, meningitis in neonates or infants and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, Proteus is known as a bacterial opportunistic pathogen. It causes complicated UTIs with a higher frequency, compared to other uropathogens. Proteus infections are accompanied by a formation of urinary stones, containing struvite and carbonate apatite. The virulence of Proteus rods has been related to several factors including fimbriae, flagella, enzymes (urease - hydrolyzing urea to CO2 and NH3, proteases degrading antibodies, tissue matrix proteins and proteins of the complement system), iron acqusition systems and toxins: hemolysins, Proteus toxin agglutinin (Pta), as well as an endotoxin - lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Proteus rods form biofilm, particularly on the surface of urinary catheters, which can lead to serious consequences for patients. In this review we present factors involved in the regulation of swarming phenomenon, discuss the role of particular pathogenic features of Proteus spp., and characterize biofilm formation by these bacteria.
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Kaca W, Glenska J, Lechowicz L, Grabowski S, Brauner A, Kwinkowski M. Serotyping of Proteus mirabilis clinical strains based on lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide structures. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:851-61. [PMID: 21999547 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to serotype Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection (UTI) strains based on chemically defined O-antigens with the use of two clinical collections from Sweden and Poland consisting of 99 and 24 UTI strains, respectively. A simple two-step serotyping scheme was proposed using enzyme immunoassay with heat-stable surface antigens of Proteus cells and immunoblotting with isolated lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Using polyclonal anti-P. mirabilis rabbit antisera, 50 Swedish and 8 Polish strains were classified into serogroups O10, O38, O36, O30, O17, O23, O9, O40, O49, O27, O5, O13, O24, O14, and O33. From the Swedish strains, 10 belonged to serogroup O10 and five to each of serogroups O38, O36, and O9. Therefore, none of the O-serogroups was predominant. The majority of the serotyped clinical strains possess acidic O-antigens containing uronic acids and various acidic non-carbohydrate substituents. In immunoblotting, antisera cross-reacted with both O-antigen and core of LPSs. The core region of 19 LPSs bound a single serum, and that of 12 LPSs bound more than two sera. Following bioinformatic analysis of the available sequences, a molecular approach to the prediction of Proteus core oligosaccharide structures was proposed. The identification of the core type of P. mirabilis R110, derived from a serogroup O3 wild strain, using restriction fragments length polymorphism analysis of galacturonic acid transferase is shown as an example. In summary, the most frequent O-serogroups among P. mirabilis UTI stains were identified. The diversity of serological reactions of LPSs is useful for serotyping of P. mirabilis clinical isolates. A possible role of the acidic components of O-antigens in UTI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kaca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.
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Chaston JM, Suen G, Tucker SL, Andersen AW, Bhasin A, Bode E, Bode HB, Brachmann AO, Cowles CE, Cowles KN, Darby C, de Léon L, Drace K, Du Z, Givaudan A, Herbert Tran EE, Jewell KA, Knack JJ, Krasomil-Osterfeld KC, Kukor R, Lanois A, Latreille P, Leimgruber NK, Lipke CM, Liu R, Lu X, Martens EC, Marri PR, Médigue C, Menard ML, Miller NM, Morales-Soto N, Norton S, Ogier JC, Orchard SS, Park D, Park Y, Qurollo BA, Sugar DR, Richards GR, Rouy Z, Slominski B, Slominski K, Snyder H, Tjaden BC, van der Hoeven R, Welch RD, Wheeler C, Xiang B, Barbazuk B, Gaudriault S, Goodner B, Slater SC, Forst S, Goldman BS, Goodrich-Blair H. The entomopathogenic bacterial endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: convergent lifestyles from divergent genomes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27909. [PMID: 22125637 PMCID: PMC3220699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Xenorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that associate with nematodes. The nematode-bacteria pair infects and kills insects, with both partners contributing to insect pathogenesis and the bacteria providing nutrition to the nematode from available insect-derived nutrients. The nematode provides the bacteria with protection from predators, access to nutrients, and a mechanism of dispersal. Members of the bacterial genus Photorhabdus also associate with nematodes to kill insects, and both genera of bacteria provide similar services to their different nematode hosts through unique physiological and metabolic mechanisms. We posited that these differences would be reflected in their respective genomes. To test this, we sequenced to completion the genomes of Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 and Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004. As expected, both Xenorhabdus genomes encode many anti-insecticidal compounds, commensurate with their entomopathogenic lifestyle. Despite the similarities in lifestyle between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, a comparative analysis of the Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus luminescens, and P. asymbiotica genomes suggests genomic divergence. These findings indicate that evolutionary changes shaped by symbiotic interactions can follow different routes to achieve similar end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Chaston
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Tucker
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron W. Andersen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Archna Bhasin
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edna Bode
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander O. Brachmann
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles E. Cowles
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kimberly N. Cowles
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Creg Darby
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Limaris de Léon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin Drace
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zijin Du
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alain Givaudan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Erin E. Herbert Tran
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsea A. Jewell
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Knack
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan Kukor
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne Lanois
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Phil Latreille
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Carolyn M. Lipke
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Renyi Liu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pradeep R. Marri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Claudine Médigue
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope and CNRS-UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Megan L. Menard
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Miller
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nydia Morales-Soto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stacie Norton
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jean-Claude Ogier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Samantha S. Orchard
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dongjin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Youngjin Park
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Darby Renneckar Sugar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Richards
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zoé Rouy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope and CNRS-UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Brad Slominski
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Slominski
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Holly Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Tjaden
- Department of Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ransome van der Hoeven
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Roy D. Welch
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bosong Xiang
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brad Barbazuk
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sophie Gaudriault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brad Goodner
- Department of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Slater
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barry S. Goldman
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (B.Goldman); (HG-B)
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (B.Goldman); (HG-B)
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Aquilini E, Azevedo J, Merino S, Jimenez N, Tomás JM, Regué M. Three enzymatic steps required for the galactosamine incorporation into core lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39739-49. [PMID: 20959463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The core lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Proteus mirabilis as well as those of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens are characterized by the presence of a hexosamine-galacturonic acid disaccharide (αHexN-(1,4)-αGalA) attached by an α1,3 linkage to L-glycero-D-manno-heptopyranose II (L-glycero-α-D-manno-heptosepyranose II). In K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and some P. mirabilis strains, HexN is D-glucosamine, whereas in other P. mirabilis strains, it corresponds to D-galactosamine. Previously, we have shown that two enzymes are required for the incorporation of D-glucosamine into the core LPS of K. pneumoniae; the WabH enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to outer core LPS, and WabN catalyzes the deacetylation of the incorporated GlcNAc. Here we report the presence of two different HexNAc transferases depending on the nature of the HexN in P. mirabilis core LPS. In vivo and in vitro assays using LPS truncated at the level of galacturonic acid as acceptor show that these two enzymes differ in their specificity for the transfer of GlcNAc or GalNAc. By contrast, only one WabN homologue was found in the studied P. mirabilis strains. Similar assays suggest that the P. mirabilis WabN homologue is able to deacetylate both GlcNAc and GalNAc. We conclude that incorporation of d-galactosamine requires three enzymes: Gne epimerase for the generation of UDP-GalNAc from UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (WabP), and LPS:HexNAc deacetylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aquilini
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Sanitarias, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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