1
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Rashtchi P, Sudmalis D, van der Linden E, Abee T, Habibi M. Colonization and spreading dynamics of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum spoilage isolates on wet surfaces. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127674. [PMID: 38461572 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The role of lactic acid bacteria, including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, in food spoilage is well recognized, while the behavior of these non-motile bacteria on wet surfaces, such as those encountered in food processing environments has gained relatively little attention. Here, we observed a fast colony spreading of non-motile L. plantarum spoilage isolates on wet surfaces via passive sliding using solid BHI agar media as a model. We investigated the effect of physical properties of agar hydrogel substrate on the surface spreading of six L. plantarum food isolates FBR1-6 and a model strain WCFS1, using increasing concentrations of agar from 0.25 up to 1.5% (w/v). Our results revealed that L. plantarum strain FBR2 spreads significantly on low agar concentration plates compared to the other strains studied here (with a factor of 50-60 folds higher surface coverage), due to the formation of very soft biofilms with high water content that can float on the surface. The fast-spreading of FBR2 colonies is accompanied by an increased number of cells, elongated cell morphology, and a higher amount of extracellular components. Our finding highlights colonization dynamics and the spreading capacity of non-motile bacteria on surfaces that are relatively wet, thereby revealing an additional hitherto unnoticed parameter for non-motile bacteria that may contribute to contamination of foods by fast surface spreading of these bacteria in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rashtchi
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands; Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands
| | - D Sudmalis
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands
| | - E van der Linden
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands
| | - T Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands
| | - Mehdi Habibi
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708WG, the Netherlands.
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2
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Kochanowski JA, Carroll B, Asp ME, Kaputa EC, Patteson AE. Bacteria Colonies Modify Their Shear and Compressive Mechanical Properties in Response to Different Growth Substrates. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38193703 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria build multicellular communities termed biofilms, which are often encased in a self-secreted extracellular matrix that gives the community mechanical strength and protection against harsh chemicals. How bacteria assemble distinct multicellular structures in response to different environmental conditions remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the connection between bacteria colony mechanics and the colony growth substrate by measuring the oscillatory shear and compressive rheology of bacteria colonies grown on agar substrates. We found that bacteria colonies modify their own mechanical properties in response to shear and uniaxial compression in a manner that depends on the concentration of agar in their growth substrate. These findings highlight that mechanical interactions between bacteria and their microenvironments are an important element in bacteria colony development, which can aid in developing strategies to disrupt or reduce biofilm growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub A Kochanowski
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Bobby Carroll
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Merrill E Asp
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Emma C Kaputa
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Alison E Patteson
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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3
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Stolarek P, Bernat P, Różalski A. Adjustment in the Composition and Organization of Proteus mirabilis Lipids during the Swarming Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16461. [PMID: 38003652 PMCID: PMC10671106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis, an opportunistic pathogen of the urinary tract, is known for its dimorphism and mobility. A connection of lipid alterations, induced by the rods elongation process, with enhanced pathogenicity of long-form morphotype for the development of urinary tract infections, seems highly probable. Therefore, research on the adjustment in the composition and organization of P. mirabilis lipids forming elongated rods was undertaken. The analyses performed using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry showed that drastic modifications in the morphology of P. mirabilis rods that occur during the swarming process are directly related to deprivation of the long-form cells of PE 33:1 and PG 31:2 and their enrichment with PE 32:1, PE 34:1, PE 34:2, PG 30:2, PG 32:1, and PG 34:1. The analyses conducted by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed negligible effects of the swarming process on fatty acids synthesis. However, the constant proportions between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids confirmed that phenotypic modifications in the P. mirabilis rods induced by motility were independent of the saturation of the phospholipid tails. The method of the Förster resonance energy transfer revealed the influence of the swarming process on the melting of ordered lipid rafts present in the short-form rods, corresponding to the homogeneity of lipid bilayers in the long-form rods of P. mirabilis. Confocal microscope photographs visualized strong Rhod-PE fluorescence of the whole area of swarmer cells, in contrast to weak membrane fluorescence of non-swarmer cells. It suggested an increased permeability of the P. mirabilis bilayers in long-form rods morphologically adapted to the swarming process. These studies clearly demonstrate that swarming motility regulates the lipid composition and organization in P. mirabilis rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Stolarek
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Antoni Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
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4
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Shelud'ko A, Volokhina I, Mokeev D, Telesheva E, Yevstigneeva S, Burov A, Tugarova A, Shirokov A, Burigin G, Matora L, Petrova L. Chromosomal gene of hybrid multisensor histidine kinase is involved in motility regulation in the rhizobacterium Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 under mechanical and water stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:336. [PMID: 37814195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum alphaproteobacteria, which live in the rhizosphere of many crops, are used widely as biofertilizers. Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) mediate the bacterial perception of signals and the corresponding adjustment of behavior facilitating the adaptation of bacteria to their habitats. In this study, we obtained the A. baldaniorum Sp245 mutant for the AZOBR_150176 gene, which encodes the TCS of the hybrid histidine kinase/response sensory regulator (HSHK-RR). Inactivation of this gene affected bacterial morphology and motility. In mutant Sp245-HSHKΔRR-Km, the cells were still able to synthesize a functioning polar flagellum (Fla), were shorter than those of strain Sp245, and were impaired in aerotaxis, elaboration of inducible lateral flagella (Laf), and motility in semiliquid media. The mutant showed decreased transcription of the genes encoding the proteins of the secretion apparatus, which ensures the assembly of Laf, Laf flagellin, and the repressor protein of translation of the Laf flagellin's mRNA. The study examined the effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), an agent used to simulate osmotic stress and drought conditions. Under osmotic stress, the mutant was no longer able to use collective motility in semiliquid media but formed more biofilm biomass than did strain Sp245. Introduction into mutant cells of the AZOBR_150176 gene as part of an expression vector led to recovery of the lost traits, including those mediating bacterial motility under mechanical stress induced by increased medium density. The results suggest that the HSHK-RR under study modulates the response of A. baldaniorum Sp245 to mechanical and osmotic/water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Shelud'ko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia.
| | - Irina Volokhina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Dmitry Mokeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Telesheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Stella Yevstigneeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Andrei Burov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Anna Tugarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Gennady Burigin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Larisa Matora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Lilia Petrova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
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Doshi A, Shaw M, Tonea R, Moon S, Minyety R, Doshi A, Laine A, Guo J, Danino T. Engineered bacterial swarm patterns as spatial records of environmental inputs. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:878-886. [PMID: 37142806 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A diverse array of bacteria species naturally self-organize into durable macroscale patterns on solid surfaces via swarming motility-a highly coordinated and rapid movement of bacteria powered by flagella. Engineering swarming is an untapped opportunity to increase the scale and robustness of coordinated synthetic microbial systems. Here we engineer Proteus mirabilis, which natively forms centimeter-scale bullseye swarm patterns, to 'write' external inputs into visible spatial records. Specifically, we engineer tunable expression of swarming-related genes that modify pattern features, and we develop quantitative approaches to decoding. Next, we develop a dual-input system that modulates two swarming-related genes simultaneously, and we separately show that growing colonies can record dynamic environmental changes. We decode the resulting multicondition patterns with deep classification and segmentation models. Finally, we engineer a strain that records the presence of aqueous copper. This work creates an approach for building macroscale bacterial recorders, expanding the framework for engineering emergent microbial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Doshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marian Shaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ruxandra Tonea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Soonhee Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rosalía Minyety
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Anish Doshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Laine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Tal Danino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
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6
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Asp ME, Thanh MTH, Dutta S, Comstock JA, Welch RD, Patteson AE. Mechanobiology as a tool for addressing the genotype-to-phenotype problem in microbiology. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021304. [PMID: 38504926 PMCID: PMC10903382 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The central hypothesis of the genotype-phenotype relationship is that the phenotype of a developing organism (i.e., its set of observable attributes) depends on its genome and the environment. However, as we learn more about the genetics and biochemistry of living systems, our understanding does not fully extend to the complex multiscale nature of how cells move, interact, and organize; this gap in understanding is referred to as the genotype-to-phenotype problem. The physics of soft matter sets the background on which living organisms evolved, and the cell environment is a strong determinant of cell phenotype. This inevitably leads to challenges as the full function of many genes, and the diversity of cellular behaviors cannot be assessed without wide screens of environmental conditions. Cellular mechanobiology is an emerging field that provides methodologies to understand how cells integrate chemical and physical environmental stress and signals, and how they are transduced to control cell function. Biofilm forming bacteria represent an attractive model because they are fast growing, genetically malleable and can display sophisticated self-organizing developmental behaviors similar to those found in higher organisms. Here, we propose mechanobiology as a new area of study in prokaryotic systems and describe its potential for unveiling new links between an organism's genome and phenome.
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Clarke OE, Pelling H, Bennett V, Matsumoto T, Gregory GE, Nzakizwanayo J, Slate AJ, Preston A, Laabei M, Bock LJ, Wand ME, Ikebukuro K, Gebhard S, Sutton JM, Jones BV. Lipopolysaccharide structure modulates cationic biocide susceptibility and crystalline biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1150625. [PMID: 37089543 PMCID: PMC10113676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1150625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHD) is a cationic biocide used ubiquitously in healthcare settings. Proteus mirabilis, an important pathogen of the catheterized urinary tract, and isolates of this species are often described as "resistant" to CHD-containing products used for catheter infection control. To identify the mechanisms underlying reduced CHD susceptibility in P. mirabilis, we subjected the CHD tolerant clinical isolate RS47 to random transposon mutagenesis and screened for mutants with reduced CHD minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). One mutant recovered from these screens (designated RS47-2) exhibited ~ 8-fold reduction in CHD MIC. Complete genome sequencing of RS47-2 showed a single mini-Tn5 insert in the waaC gene involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner core biosynthesis. Phenotypic screening of RS47-2 revealed a significant increase in cell surface hydrophobicity and serum susceptibility compared to the wildtype, and confirmed defects in LPS production congruent with waaC inactivation. Disruption of waaC was also associated with increased susceptibility to a range of other cationic biocides but did not affect susceptibility to antibiotics tested. Complementation studies showed that repression of smvA efflux activity in RS47-2 further increased susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, reducing CHD MICs to values comparable with the most CHD susceptible isolates characterized. The formation of crystalline biofilms and blockage of urethral catheters was also significantly attenuated in RS47-2. Taken together, these data show that aspects of LPS structure and upregulation of the smvA efflux system function in synergy to modulate susceptibility to CHD and other cationic biocides, and that LPS structure is also an important factor in P. mirabilis crystalline biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. E. Clarke
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - H. Pelling
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - V. Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - T. Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G. E. Gregory
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. Nzakizwanayo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. Slate
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A. Preston
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - M. Laabei
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - L. J. Bock
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Wand
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - K. Ikebukuro
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Gebhard
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Sutton
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - B. V. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Drzewiecka D, Siwińska M, Senchenkova SN, Levina EA, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA. Structural and Serological Characterization of the O Antigen of Proteus mirabilis Clinical Isolates Classified into a New Proteus Serogroup, O84. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054699. [PMID: 36902128 PMCID: PMC10003115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two closely related Proteus mirabilis smooth strains, Kr1 and Ks20, were isolated from wound and skin samples, respectively, of two infected patients in central Poland. Serological tests, using the rabbit Kr1-specific antiserum, revealed that both strains presented the same O serotype. Their O antigens are unique among the Proteus O serotypes, which had been described earlier, as they were not recognized in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by a set of Proteus O1-O83 antisera. Additionally, the Kr1 antiserum did not react with O1-O83 lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS, O antigen) of P. mirabilis Kr1 was obtained via the mild acid degradation of the LPSs, and its structure was established via a chemical analysis and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy applied to both initial and O-deacetylated polysaccharides, where most β-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose (N-acetylglucosamine) (GlcNAc) residues are non-stoichiometrically O-acetylated at positions 3, 4, and 6 or 3 and 6, and a minority of α-GlcNAc residues are 6-O-acetylated. Based on the serological features and chemical data, P. mirabilis Kr1 and Ks20 were proposed as candidates to a new successive O-serogroup in the genus Proteus, O84, which is another example of new Proteus O serotypes identified lately among serologically differentiated Proteus bacilli infecting patients in central Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drzewiecka
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-6354469; Fax: +48-42-6655818
| | - Małgorzata Siwińska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sof’ya N. Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniya A. Levina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Suhartono S, Mahdani W, Khalizazia K. Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Clinical Specimens in the Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Proteus mirabilis is Gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family causing various infections.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of Proteus mirabilis isolated from clinical specimens based on patients’ age, gender, type of specimen, and patient wards and their antibiotic sensitivity.
METHODS: This study involved isolating, identifying, and testing antibiotic susceptibility to Proteus mirabilis isolates recoverred from clinical specimens of dr. Zainoel Abidin general hospital Banda Aceh during March 2020-March 2022.
RESULTS: This study showed that 121 isolates of Proteus mirabilis were obtained from clinical specimens during the study with prevalence of almost 2%. Proteus mirabilis distribution based on the specimen type was most predominantly found in pus specimens and from patients in the the operating room and post surgery ward accounting for 84.29% and 35.53%. Proteus mirabilis was detected most frequently in individuals aged 46-55 years old (30.57 %), whereas it was found more frequently in men (71%) based on gender. The susceptibility of Proteus mirabilis to antibiotics was highest to cefoperazone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and amikacin reaching reaching 97.5%, 97.5, and 96.66%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: The distribution of Proteus mirabilis isolates predominantly in pus specimens indicating its association with wound infections. Despite some antibiotics remain effective, implementation of the regular surveillance programs along with rational use of antibiotics may prevent the bacterial pathogen to spread particularly within healthcare settings.
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10
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Gmiter D, Kaca W. Into the understanding the multicellular lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis on solid surfaces. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:864305. [PMID: 36118021 PMCID: PMC9478170 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.864305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indwelling urinary catheterization can lead to the development of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), an important type of nosocomial infection, as well as other medical issues among institutionalized adults. Recently, Proteus mirabilis was highlighted as the important cause of CAUTIs. The pathogenicity of P. mirabilis is dependent on two multicellular types of surface colonization: the adherence and swarming motility. Adhesion, mostly mediated by fimbrial and nonfimbrial adhesins, is important for the initiation of biofilm formation. Moreover, the production of urease frequently results in biofilm crystallization, which leads to the blockage of catheters. The heterologous polymeric matrix of the biofilm offers protection against antibiotics and the host immune system. P. mirabilis displays remarkable motility abilities. After contact with solid surfaces, hyper-flagellated cells are able to rapidly migrate. The importance of swarming motility in CAUTIs development remains controversial; however, it was indicated that swarming cells were able to co-express other virulence factors. Furthermore, flagella are strong immunomodulating proteins. On the other hand, both biofilm formation and swarming motility implicates multiple inter- and intraspecies interactions, which might contribute to the pathogenicity.
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11
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Niemiec MJ, Kapitan M, Himmel M, Döll K, Krüger T, Köllner TG, Auge I, Kage F, Alteri CJ, Mobley HL, Monsen T, Linde S, Nietzsche S, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Jacobsen ID. Augmented Enterocyte Damage During Candida albicans and Proteus mirabilis Coinfection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:866416. [PMID: 35651758 PMCID: PMC9149288 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.866416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut acts as the main reservoir of microbes and a relevant source of life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. There, the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans adapts to the host environment and additionally interacts with residing bacteria. We investigated fungal-bacterial interactions by coinfecting enterocytes with the yeast Candida albicans and the Gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis resulting in enhanced host cell damage. This synergistic effect was conserved across different P. mirabilis isolates and occurred also with non-albicans Candida species and C. albicans mutants defective in filamentation or candidalysin production. Using bacterial deletion mutants, we identified the P. mirabilis hemolysin HpmA to be the key effector for host cell destruction. Spatially separated coinfections demonstrated that synergism between Candida and Proteus is induced by contact, but also by soluble factors. Specifically, we identified Candida-mediated glucose consumption and farnesol production as potential triggers for Proteus virulence. In summary, our study demonstrates that coinfection of enterocytes with C. albicans and P. mirabilis can result in increased host cell damage which is mediated by bacterial virulence factors as a result of fungal niche modification via nutrient consumption and production of soluble factors. This supports the notion that certain fungal-bacterial combinations have the potential to result in enhanced virulence in niches such as the gut and might therefore promote translocation and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joanna Niemiec
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Kapitan
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Himmel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kristina Döll
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabel Auge
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Kage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Alteri
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | - Harry L.T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tor Monsen
- Department Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanne Linde
- Center for Electron Microscopy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center for Electron Microscopy, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ilse D. Jacobsen,
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12
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Asp ME, Ho Thanh MT, Germann DA, Carroll RJ, Franceski A, Welch RD, Gopinath A, Patteson AE. Spreading rates of bacterial colonies depend on substrate stiffness and permeability. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac025. [PMID: 36712798 PMCID: PMC9802340 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to colonize and grow on different surfaces is an essential process for biofilm development. Here, we report the use of synthetic hydrogels with tunable stiffness and porosity to assess physical effects of the substrate on biofilm development. Using time-lapse microscopy to track the growth of expanding Serratia marcescens colonies, we find that biofilm colony growth can increase with increasing substrate stiffness, unlike what is found on traditional agar substrates. Using traction force microscopy-based techniques, we find that biofilms exert transient stresses correlated over length scales much larger than a single bacterium, and that the magnitude of these forces also increases with increasing substrate stiffness. Our results are consistent with a model of biofilm development in which the interplay between osmotic pressure arising from the biofilm and the poroelastic response of the underlying substrate controls biofilm growth and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill E Asp
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Minh-Tri Ho Thanh
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Danielle A Germann
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Robert J Carroll
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Alana Franceski
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Roy D Welch
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA,Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Arvind Gopinath
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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13
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Spatial regulation of cell motility and its fitness effect in a surface-attached bacterial community. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1004-1011. [PMID: 34759303 PMCID: PMC8940935 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
On a surface, microorganisms grow into a multi-cellular community. When a community becomes densely populated, cells migrate away to expand the community's territory. How microorganisms regulate surface motility to optimize expansion remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized surface motility of Proteus mirabilis. P. mirabilis is well known for its ability to expand its colony rapidly on a surface. Cursory visual inspection of an expanding colony suggests partial migration, i.e., one fraction of a population migrates while the other is sessile. Quantitative microscopic imaging shows that this migration pattern is determined by spatially inhomogeneous regulation of cell motility. Further analyses reveal that this spatial regulation is mediated by the Rcs system, which represses the expression of the motility regulator (FlhDC) in a nutrient-dependent manner. Alleviating this repression increases the colony expansion speed but results in a rapid drop in the number of viable cells, lowering population fitness. These findings collectively demonstrate how Rcs regulates cell motility dynamically to increase the fitness of an expanding bacterial population, illustrating a fundamental trade-off underlying bacterial colonization of a surface.
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14
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Patteson AE, Asp ME, Janmey PA. Materials science and mechanosensitivity of living matter. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9:011320. [PMID: 35392267 PMCID: PMC8969880 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Living systems are composed of molecules that are synthesized by cells that use energy sources within their surroundings to create fascinating materials that have mechanical properties optimized for their biological function. Their functionality is a ubiquitous aspect of our lives. We use wood to construct furniture, bacterial colonies to modify the texture of dairy products and other foods, intestines as violin strings, bladders in bagpipes, and so on. The mechanical properties of these biological materials differ from those of other simpler synthetic elastomers, glasses, and crystals. Reproducing their mechanical properties synthetically or from first principles is still often unattainable. The challenge is that biomaterials often exist far from equilibrium, either in a kinetically arrested state or in an energy consuming active state that is not yet possible to reproduce de novo. Also, the design principles that form biological materials often result in nonlinear responses of stress to strain, or force to displacement, and theoretical models to explain these nonlinear effects are in relatively early stages of development compared to the predictive models for rubberlike elastomers or metals. In this Review, we summarize some of the most common and striking mechanical features of biological materials and make comparisons among animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial systems. We also summarize some of the mechanisms by which living systems develop forces that shape biological matter and examine newly discovered mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to the forces they generate themselves, which are resisted by their environment, or that are exerted upon them by their environment. Within this framework, we discuss examples of how physical methods are being applied to cell biology and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Patteson
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, 13244, USA
| | - Merrill E. Asp
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, 13244, USA
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering and Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
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15
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Surveying a Swarm: Experimental Techniques to Establish and Examine Bacterial Collective Motion. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0185321. [PMID: 34878816 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01853-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival and successful spread of many bacterial species hinges on their mode of motility. One of the most distinct of these is swarming, a collective form of motility where a dense consortium of bacteria employ flagella to propel themselves across a solid surface. Surface environments pose unique challenges, derived from higher surface friction/tension and insufficient hydration. Bacteria have adapted by deploying an array of mechanisms to overcome these challenges. Beyond allowing bacteria to colonize new terrain in the absence of bulk liquid, swarming also bestows faster speeds and enhanced antibiotic resistance to the collective. These crucial attributes contribute to the dissemination, and in some cases pathogenicity, of an array of bacteria. This mini-review highlights; 1) aspects of swarming motility that differentiates it from other methods of bacterial locomotion. 2) Facilitatory mechanisms deployed by diverse bacteria to overcome different surface challenges. 3) The (often difficult) approaches required to cultivate genuine swarmers. 4) The methods available to observe and assess the various facets of this collective motion, as well as the features exhibited by the population as a whole.
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16
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The conserved serine transporter SdaC moonlights to enable self recognition. J Bacteriol 2021; 204:e0034721. [PMID: 34662238 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00347-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells can use self recognition to achieve cooperative behaviors. Self-recognition genes are thought to principally evolve in tandem with partner self-recognition alleles. However, other constraints on protein evolution could exist. Here, we have identified an interaction outside of self-recognition loci that could constrain the sequence variation of a self-recognition protein. We show that during collective swarm expansion in Proteus mirabilis, self-recognition signaling co-opts SdaC, a serine transporter. Serine uptake is crucial for bacterial survival and colonization. Single-residue variants of SdaC reveal that self recognition requires an open conformation of the protein; serine transport is dispensable. A distant ortholog from Escherichia coli is sufficient for self recognition; however, a paralogous serine transporter, YhaO, is not. Thus, SdaC couples self recognition and serine transport, likely through a shared molecular interface. Self recognition proteins may follow the framework of a complex interaction network rather than an isolated two-protein system. Understanding molecular and ecological constraints on self-recognition proteins lays the groundwork for insights into the evolution of self recognition and emergent collective behaviors. Importance Bacteria can receive secret messages from kin during migration. For Proteus mirabilis, these messages are necessary for virulence in multi-species infections. We show that a serine transporter-conserved among gamma-enterobacteria- enables self recognition. Molecular co-option of nutrient uptake could limit the sequence variation of these message proteins. SdaC is the primary transporter for L-serine, a vital metabolite for colonization during disease. Unlike many self-recognition receptors, SdaC is sufficiently conserved between species to achieve recognition. The predicted open conformation is shared by transport and recognition. SdaC reveals the interdependence of communication and nutrient acquisition. As the broader interactions of self-recognition proteins are studied, features shared among microbial self-recognition systems, such as Dictyostelium spp. and Neurospora spp., could emerge.
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17
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Ganusova EE, Vo LT, Mukherjee T, Alexandre G. Multiple CheY Proteins Control Surface-Associated Lifestyles of Azospirillum brasilense. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664826. [PMID: 33968002 PMCID: PMC8100600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial chemotaxis is the directed movement of motile bacteria in gradients of chemoeffectors. This behavior is mediated by dedicated signal transduction pathways that couple environment sensing with changes in the direction of rotation of flagellar motors to ultimately affect the motility pattern. Azospirillum brasilense uses two distinct chemotaxis pathways, named Che1 and Che4, and four different response regulators (CheY1, CheY4, CheY6, and CheY7) to control the swimming pattern during chemotaxis. Each of the CheY homologs was shown to differentially affect the rotational bias of the polar flagellum and chemotaxis. The role, if any, of these CheY homologs in swarming, which depends on a distinct lateral flagella system or in attachment is not known. Here, we characterize CheY homologs’ roles in swimming, swarming, and attachment to abiotic and biotic (wheat roots) surfaces and biofilm formation. We show that while strains lacking CheY1 and CheY6 are still able to navigate air gradients, strains lacking CheY4 and CheY7 are chemotaxis null. Expansion of swarming colonies in the presence of gradients requires chemotaxis. The induction of swarming depends on CheY4 and CheY7, but the cells’ organization as dense clusters in productive swarms appear to depend on functional CheYs but not chemotaxis per se. Similarly, functional CheY homologs but not chemotaxis, contribute to attachment to both abiotic and root surfaces as well as to biofilm formation, although these effects are likely dependent on additional cell surface properties such as adhesiveness. Collectively, our data highlight distinct roles for multiple CheY homologs and for chemotaxis on swarming and attachment to surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lam T Vo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Gladys Alexandre
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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18
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Unique inducible filamentous motility identified in pathogenic Bacillus cereus group species. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2997-3010. [PMID: 32770116 PMCID: PMC7784679 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Active migration across semi-solid surfaces is important for bacterial success by facilitating colonization of unoccupied niches and is often associated with altered virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. We isolated an atmospheric contaminant, subsequently identified as a new strain of Bacillus mobilis, which showed a unique, robust, rapid, and inducible filamentous surface motility. This flagella-independent migration was characterized by formation of elongated cells at the expanding edge and was induced when cells were inoculated onto lawns of metabolically inactive Campylobacter jejuni cells, autoclaved bacterial biomass, adsorbed milk, and adsorbed blood atop hard agar plates. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), bacterial membrane components, and sterile human fecal extracts were also sufficient to induce filamentous expansion. Screening of eight other Bacillus spp. showed that filamentous motility was conserved amongst B. cereus group species to varying degrees. RNA-Seq of elongated expanding cells collected from adsorbed milk and PC lawns versus control rod-shaped cells revealed dysregulation of genes involved in metabolism and membrane transport, sporulation, quorum sensing, antibiotic synthesis, and virulence (e.g., hblA/B/C/D and plcR). These findings characterize the robustness and ecological significance of filamentous surface motility in B. cereus group species and lay the foundation for understanding the biological role it may play during environment and host colonization.
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19
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20
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Freitas C, Glatter T, Ringgaard S. The release of a distinct cell type from swarm colonies facilitates dissemination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the environment. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 14:230-244. [PMID: 31624347 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria experience changes in their environment and have developed various strategies to respond accordingly. To accommodate environmental changes, certain bacteria differentiate between specialized cell types. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a marine bacterium, a worldwide human pathogen and the leading agent of seafood-borne gastroenteritis. It exists as swimmer or swarmer cells, specialized for life in liquid and on solid environments, respectively. Swarmer cells are characteristically highly elongated-a morphology important for swarming behavior. When attached to surfaces it forms swarm colonies, however, it is not known how cells within swarming populations respond to changes in the external milieu and how its distinct life cycle influences its ecological dissemination. The worldwide distribution of V. parahaemolyticus accentuates the need for understanding the factors contributing to its dissemination. Here we determine the stage-wise development of swarm colonies and show how the swarm colony architecture fluctuates with changing environmental conditions. Swarm colonies act as a continuous source of cells that are released from the swarm colony into the environment. Surprisingly, the cell length distribution of released cells was very homogenous and almost no long cells were detected, indicating that swarmer cells are not released into the liquid environment but stay surface attached during flooding. Released cells comprise a distinct cell type that is morphologically optimized for swimming behavior and is capable of spreading in the liquid environment and attach to new surfaces. Release of this distinct cell type facilitates the dissemination of V. parahaemolyticus in the environment and likely influences the ecology of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Freitas
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Ringgaard
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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