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Nakano RT, Shimasaki T. Long-Term Consequences of PTI Activation and Its Manipulation by Root-Associated Microbiota. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:681-693. [PMID: 38549511 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In nature, plants are constantly colonized by a massive diversity of microbes engaged in mutualistic, pathogenic or commensal relationships with the host. Molecular patterns present in these microbes activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which detects microbes in the apoplast or at the tissue surface. Whether and how PTI distinguishes among soil-borne pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and commensal microbes within the soil microbiota remains unclear. PTI is a multimodal series of molecular events initiated by pattern perception, such as Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen burst, and extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. These short-term responses may manifest within minutes to hours, while the long-term consequences of chronic PTI activation persist for days to weeks. Chronic activation of PTI is detrimental to plant growth, so plants need to coordinate growth and defense depending on the surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Recent studies have demonstrated that root-associated commensal microbes can activate or suppress immune responses to variable extents, clearly pointing to the role of PTI in root-microbiota interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms by which root commensals interfere with root immunity and root immunity modulates microbial behavior remain largely elusive. Here, with a focus on the difference between short-term and long-term PTI responses, we summarize what is known about microbial interference with host PTI, especially in the context of root microbiota. We emphasize some missing pieces that remain to be characterized to promote the ultimate understanding of the role of plant immunity in root-microbiota interactions.
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2
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Schnabel E, Thomas J, El-Hawaz R, Gao Y, Poehlman WL, Chavan S, Pasha A, Esteban E, Provart N, Feltus FA, Frugoli J. Laser Capture Microdissection Transcriptome Reveals Spatiotemporal Tissue Gene Expression Patterns of Medicago truncatula Roots Responding to Rhizobia. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:805-820. [PMID: 37717250 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0029-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a public resource for examining the spatiotemporal RNA expression of 54,893 Medicago truncatula genes during the first 72 h of response to rhizobial inoculation. Using a methodology that allows synchronous inoculation and growth of more than 100 plants in a single media container, we harvested the same segment of each root responding to rhizobia in the initial inoculation over a time course, collected individual tissues from these segments with laser capture microdissection, and created and sequenced RNA libraries generated from these tissues. We demonstrate the utility of the resource by examining the expression patterns of a set of genes induced very early in nodule signaling, as well as two gene families (CLE peptides and nodule specific PLAT-domain proteins) and show that despite similar whole-root expression patterns, there are tissue differences in expression between the genes. Using a rhizobial response dataset generated from transcriptomics on intact root segments, we also examined differential temporal expression patterns and determined that, after nodule tissue, the epidermis and cortical cells contained the most temporally patterned genes. We circumscribed gene lists for each time and tissue examined and developed an expression pattern visualization tool. Finally, we explored transcriptomic differences between the inner cortical cells that become nodules and those that do not, confirming that the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases distinguishes inner cortical cells that become nodules and provide and describe potential downstream genes involved in early nodule cell division. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Schnabel
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Jacklyn Thomas
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Rabia El-Hawaz
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Yueyao Gao
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - William L Poehlman
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA 98121, U.S.A
| | - Suchitra Chavan
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Leidos, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30345, U.S.A
| | - Asher Pasha
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Eddi Esteban
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - F Alex Feltus
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Biomedical Data Science and Informatics Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
- Clemson Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC 29636, U.S.A
| | - Julia Frugoli
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
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3
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Dunn MF, Becerra-Rivera VA. The Biosynthesis and Functions of Polyamines in the Interaction of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria with Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2671. [PMID: 37514285 PMCID: PMC10385936 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are members of the plant rhizomicrobiome that enhance plant growth and stress resistance by increasing nutrient availability to the plant, producing phytohormones or other secondary metabolites, stimulating plant defense responses against abiotic stresses and pathogens, or fixing nitrogen. The use of PGPR to increase crop yield with minimal environmental impact is a sustainable and readily applicable replacement for a portion of chemical fertilizer and pesticides required for the growth of high-yielding varieties. Increased plant health and productivity have long been gained by applying PGPR as commercial inoculants to crops, although with uneven results. The establishment of plant-PGPR relationships requires the exchange of chemical signals and nutrients between the partners, and polyamines (PAs) are an important class of compounds that act as physiological effectors and signal molecules in plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we focus on the role of PAs in interactions between PGPR and plants. We describe the basic ecology of PGPR and the production and function of PAs in them and the plants with which they interact. We examine the metabolism and the roles of PAs in PGPR and plants individually and during their interaction with one another. Lastly, we describe some directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Víctor A Becerra-Rivera
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
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4
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Legumes Regulate Symbiosis with Rhizobia via Their Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032800. [PMID: 36769110 PMCID: PMC9917363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation. With clear implications for host-specificity, the immune system has the potential to be an important target for engineering versatile crops for effective nodulation in the field. However, current knowledge of the interacting components governing this pathway is limited, and further research is required to build on what is currently known to improve our understanding. This review provides a general overview of the plant immune system's role in nodulation. With a focus on the cycles of microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we highlight key molecular players and recent findings while addressing the current knowledge gaps in this area.
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5
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Bhattacharjee O, Raul B, Ghosh A, Bhardwaj A, Bandyopadhyay K, Sinharoy S. Nodule INception-independent epidermal events lead to bacterial entry during nodule development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2265-2281. [PMID: 36098671 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can host nitrogen-fixing rhizobia inside root nodules. In model legumes, rhizobia enter via infection threads (ITs) and develop nodules in which the infection zone contains a mixture of infected and uninfected cells. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) diversified from model legumes c. 50-55 million years ago. Rhizobia enter through 'cracks' to form nodules in peanut roots where cells of the infection zone are uniformly infected. Phylogenomic studies have indicated symbiosis as a labile trait in peanut. These atypical features prompted us to investigate the molecular mechanism of peanut nodule development. Combining cell biology, genetics and genomic tools, we visualized the status of hormonal signaling in peanut nodule primordia. Moreover, we dissected the signaling modules of Nodule INception (NIN), a master regulator of both epidermal infection and cortical organogenesis. Cytokinin signaling operates in a broad zone, from the epidermis to the pericycle inside nodule primordia, while auxin signaling is narrower and focused. Nodule INception is involved in nodule organogenesis, but not in crack entry. Nodulation Pectate Lyase, which remodels cell walls during IT formation, is not required. By contrast, Nodule enhanced Glycosyl Hydrolases (AhNGHs) are recruited for cell wall modification during crack entry. While hormonal regulation is conserved, the function of the NIN signaling modules is diversified in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharjee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon, Manesar, Haryana, 122412, India
| | - Bikash Raul
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akanksha Bhardwaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kaustav Bandyopadhyay
- Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley, Panchgaon, Manesar, Haryana, 122412, India
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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6
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Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
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7
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Zhang L, Li N, Wang Y, Zheng W, Shan D, Yu L, Luo L. Sinorhizobium meliloti ohrR genes affect symbiotic performance with alfalfa (Medicago sativa). ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:595-603. [PMID: 35510290 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti infects the host plant alfalfa to induce formation of nitrogen-fixation root nodules, which inevitably elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts and organic peroxide generation. The MarR family regulator OhrR regulates the expression of chloroperoxidase and organic hydrogen resistance protein, which scavenge organic peroxides in free-living S. meliloti cells. The single mutant of ohrR genes SMc01945 (ohrR1) and SMc00098 (ohrR2) lacked symbiotic phenotypes. In this work, we identified the novel ohrR gene SMa2020 (ohrR3) and determined that ohrR genes are important for rhizobial infection, nodulation and nitrogen fixation with alfalfa. By analysing the phenotypes of the single, double and triple deletion mutants of ohrR genes, we demonstrate that ohrR1 and ohrR3 slightly affect rhizobial growth, but ohrR2 and ohrR3 influence cellular resistance to the organic peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Deletion of ohrR1 and ohrR3 negatively affected infection thread formation and nodulation, and consequently, plant growth. Correspondingly, the expression of the ROS detoxification genes katA and sodB as well as that of the nitrogenase gene nifH was downregulated in bacteroids of the double and triple deletion mutants, which may underlie the symbiotic defects of these mutants. These findings demonstrate that OhrR proteins play a role in the S. meliloti-alfalfa symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanya Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenjia Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Dandan Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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8
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Pacoud M, Mandon K, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Frendo P, Alloing G. Redox-sensitive fluorescent biosensors detect Sinorhizobium meliloti intracellular redox changes under free-living and symbiotic lifestyles. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 184:185-195. [PMID: 35390454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are key signaling molecules that control the setup and functioning of Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. This interaction results in the formation of a new organ, the root nodule, in which bacteria enter the host cells and differentiate into nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteroids. The interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago truncatula is a genetic model to study N2-fixing symbiosis. In previous work, S. meliloti mutants impaired in the antioxidant defense, showed altered symbiotic properties, emphasizing the importance of redox-based regulation in the bacterial partner. However, direct measurements of S. meliloti intracellular redox state have never been performed. Here, we measured dynamic changes of intracellular H2O2 and glutathione redox potential by expressing roGFP2-Orp1 and Grx1-roGFP2 biosensors in S. meliloti. Kinetic analyses of redox changes under free-living conditions showed that these biosensors are suitable to monitor the bacterial redox state in real-time, after H2O2 challenge and in different genetic backgrounds. In planta, flow cytometry and confocal imaging experiments allowed the determination of sensor oxidation state in nodule bacteria. These cellular studies establish the existence of an oxidative shift in the redox status of S. meliloti during bacteroid differentiation. Our findings open up new possibilities for in vivo studies of redox dynamics during N2-fixing symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pacoud
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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9
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Hawkins JP, Oresnik IJ. The Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Co-opting Successful Stress Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:796045. [PMID: 35046982 PMCID: PMC8761673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of bacteria with plants can result in either a positive, negative, or neutral association. The rhizobium-legume interaction is a well-studied model system of a process that is considered a positive interaction. This process has evolved to require a complex signal exchange between the host and the symbiont. During this process, rhizobia are subject to several stresses, including low pH, oxidative stress, osmotic stress, as well as growth inhibiting plant peptides. A great deal of work has been carried out to characterize the bacterial response to these stresses. Many of the responses to stress are also observed to have key roles in symbiotic signaling. We propose that stress tolerance responses have been co-opted by the plant and bacterial partners to play a role in the complex signal exchange that occurs between rhizobia and legumes to establish functional symbiosis. This review will cover how rhizobia tolerate stresses, and how aspects of these tolerance mechanisms play a role in signal exchange between rhizobia and legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J. Oresnik
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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10
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Lara-Rojas F, Sarmiento-López LG, Pascual-Morales E, Ryken SE, Bezanilla M, Cardenas L. Using DCP-Rho1 as a fluorescent probe to visualize sulfenic acid-containing proteins in living plant cells. Methods Enzymol 2022; 683:291-308. [PMID: 37087193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the biologically relevant reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has special properties. H2O2 can diffuse across membranes, has a low reactivity, and is very stable. Deprotonated cysteine residues in proteins can be oxidized by H2O2 into a highly reactive sulfenic acid derivative (-SOH), which can react with another cysteine to form a disulfide. Under higher oxidative stress the sulfenic acid undergo further oxidation to sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H), which can subsequently be reduced. The sulfinic acid can be hyperoxidized to sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H), whose reduction is irreversible. Formation of sulfenic acids can have a role in sensing oxidative stress, signal transduction, modulating localization and activity to regulate protein functions. Therefore, there is an emerging interest in trying to understand the pool of proteins that result in these sorts of modification in response to oxidative stress. This is known as the sulfenome and several approaches have been developed in animal and plant cells to analyze the sulfenome under different stress responses. These approaches can be proteomic, molecular, immunological (i.e., antibodies), or expressing genetically encoded probes that specifically react to sulfenic modifications. In this chapter, we describe an additional approach that allows visualization of sulfenic modification in vivo. This is newly developed fluorescent probe DCP-Rho1 can be implemented in any plant cell to analyze the sulfenic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos, México
| | | | - Edgar Pascual-Morales
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Samantha E Ryken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Luis Cardenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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11
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Mamenko TP. Regulation of Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis: Molecular Genetic Aspects and Participation of Reactive Oxygen Species. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Mandon K, Nazaret F, Farajzadeh D, Alloing G, Frendo P. Redox Regulation in Diazotrophic Bacteria in Interaction with Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060880. [PMID: 34070926 PMCID: PMC8226930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a large number of microorganisms that greatly influence their growth and health. Among the beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere bacteria known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria increase plant fitness by producing compounds such as phytohormones or by carrying out symbioses that enhance nutrient acquisition. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either as endophytes or as endosymbionts, specifically improve the growth and development of plants by supplying them with nitrogen, a key macro-element. Survival and proliferation of these bacteria require their adaptation to the rhizosphere and host plant, which are particular ecological environments. This adaptation highly depends on bacteria response to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), associated to abiotic stresses or produced by host plants, which determine the outcome of the plant-bacteria interaction. This paper reviews the different antioxidant defense mechanisms identified in diazotrophic bacteria, focusing on their involvement in coping with the changing conditions encountered during interaction with plant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Fanny Nazaret
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Davoud Farajzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 5375171379, Iran;
- Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran 158757788, Iran
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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14
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Goyal RK, Schmidt MA, Hynes MF. Molecular Biology in the Improvement of Biological Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobia and Extending the Scope to Cereals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010125. [PMID: 33430332 PMCID: PMC7825764 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to the total N requirement of food and feed crops diminished in importance with the advent of synthetic N fertilizers, which fueled the “green revolution”. Despite being environmentally unfriendly, the synthetic versions gained prominence primarily due to their low cost, and the fact that most important staple crops never evolved symbiotic associations with bacteria. In the recent past, advances in our knowledge of symbiosis and nitrogen fixation and the development and application of recombinant DNA technology have created opportunities that could help increase the share of symbiotically-driven nitrogen in global consumption. With the availability of molecular biology tools, rapid improvements in symbiotic characteristics of rhizobial strains became possible. Further, the technology allowed probing the possibility of establishing a symbiotic dialogue between rhizobia and cereals. Because the evolutionary process did not forge a symbiotic relationship with the latter, the potential of molecular manipulations has been tested to incorporate a functional mechanism of nitrogen reduction independent of microbes. In this review, we discuss various strategies applied to improve rhizobial strains for higher nitrogen fixation efficiency, more competitiveness and enhanced fitness under unfavorable environments. The challenges and progress made towards nitrogen self-sufficiency of cereals are also reviewed. An approach to integrate the genetically modified elite rhizobia strains in crop production systems is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K. Goyal
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Augusta Schmidt
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Michael F. Hynes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
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Plett JM, Solomon J, Snijders F, Marlow-Conway J, Plett KL, Bithell SL. Order of microbial succession affects rhizobia-mediated biocontrol efforts against Phytophthora root rot. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126628. [PMID: 33153885 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The management of soilborne root diseases in pulse crops is challenged by a limited range of resistance sources and often a complete absence of in-crop management options. Therefore, alternative management strategies need to be developed. We evaluated disease limiting interactions between the rhizobia species Mesorhizobium ciceri, and the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora medicaginis, which causes Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). For the PRR susceptible var. Sonali plants, post-pathogen M. ciceri inoculation significantly improved probability of plant survival when compared to P. medicaginis infected plants only pre-inoculated with M. ciceri (75 % versus 35 %, respectively). Potential mechanisms for these effects were investigated: rhizobia inoculation benefits to plant nodulation were not demonstrated, but the highest nodule N-fixation activity of P. medicaginis inoculated plants occurred for the post-pathogen M. ciceri treatment; rhizobia inoculation treatment did not reduce lesion development but certain combinations of microbial inoculation led to significant reduction in root growth. Microcosm studies, however, showed that the presence of M. ciceri reduced growth of P. medicaginis isolates. Putative chickpea disease resistance gene expression was evaluated using qPCR in var. Sonali roots. When var. Sonali plants were treated with M. ciceri post-P. medicaginis inoculation, the gene regulation in the plant host became more similar to PRR moderately resistant var. PBA HatTrick. These results suggest that M. ciceri application post P. medicaginis inoculation may improve plant survival by inducing defense responses similar to a PRR moderately resistant chickpea variety. Altogether, these results indicate that order of microbial succession can significantly affect PRR plant survial in susceptible chickpea under controlled conditions and improved plant survival effects are due to a number of different mechanisms including improved host nutrition, through direct inhibiton of pathogen growth, as well as host defense priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
| | - J Solomon
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - F Snijders
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - J Marlow-Conway
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - K L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - S L Bithell
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth, NSW, 2340, Australia
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Miloradovic van Doorn M, Merl-Pham J, Ghirardo A, Fink S, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Root isoprene formation alters lateral root development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2207-2223. [PMID: 32495947 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a C5 volatile organic compound, which can protect aboveground plant tissue from abiotic stress such as short-term high temperatures and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we uncover new roles for isoprene in the plant belowground tissues. By analysing Populus x canescens isoprene synthase (PcISPS) promoter reporter plants, we discovered PcISPS promoter activity in certain regions of the roots including the vascular tissue, the differentiation zone and the root cap. Treatment of roots with auxin or salt increased PcISPS promoter activity at these sites, especially in the developing lateral roots (LR). Transgenic, isoprene non-emitting poplar roots revealed an accumulation of O2- in the same root regions where PcISPS promoter activity was localized. Absence of isoprene emission, moreover, increased the formation of LRs. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity suppressed LR development, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this process. The analysis of the fine root proteome revealed a constitutive shift in the amount of several redox balance, signalling and development related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, various peroxidases and linoleate 9S-lipoxygenase, in isoprene non-emitting poplar roots. Together our results indicate for isoprene a ROS-related function, eventually co-regulating the plant-internal signalling network and development processes in root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Miloradovic van Doorn
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Fink
- Forest Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Si Z, Guan N, Zhou Y, Mei L, Li Y, Li Y. A Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B Is Required for the Establishment of Astragalus sinicus-Mesorhizobium Symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1631-1645. [PMID: 32618998 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) is involved in oxidative stress or defense responses in plants. However, little is known about its role in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, an MsrB gene was identified from Astragalus sinicus and its function in symbiosis was characterized. AsMsrB was induced under phosphorus starvation and displayed different expression patterns under symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions. Hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen treatment enhanced the transcript level of AsMsrB in roots and nodules. Subcellular localization showed that AsMsrB was localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and co-localized with rhizobia in nodules. Plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, nodule nitrogenase activity and fresh weight of the aerial part, as well as an abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Statistical analysis of infection events showed that plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots had significant decreases in the number of root hair curling events, infection threads and nodule primordia compared with the control. The content of hydrogen peroxide increased in AsMsrB-RNAi roots but decreased in AsMsrB overexpression roots at the early stage of infection. The transcriptome analysis showed synergistic modulations of the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, defense and pathogenesis and early nodulation. In addition, a candidate protein interacting with AsMsrB was identified and confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, our results indicate that AsMsrB plays an essential role in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by affecting the redox homeostasis in roots and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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18
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Yang L, El Msehli S, Benyamina S, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Hérouart D, Achi-Smiti S, Boncompagni E, Frendo P. Glutathione Deficiency in Sinorhizobium meliloti Does Not Impair Bacteroid Differentiation But Induces Early Senescence in the Interaction With Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:137. [PMID: 32194584 PMCID: PMC7063052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes are able to interact symbiotically with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family. This interaction gives rise to a new organ, named a root nodule. Root nodules are characterized by an increased glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) content compared to roots. These low molecular thiols are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation. In order to characterize the modification of nodule activity induced by the microsymbiont glutathione deficiency, physiological, biochemical, and gene expression modifications were analyzed in nodules after the inoculation of Medicago truncatula with the SmgshB mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti which is deficient in GSH production. The decline in nitrogen fixation efficiency was correlated to the reduction in plant shoot biomass. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SmgshB bacteroids present a higher DNA content than free living bacteria. Live/dead microscopic analysis showed an early bacteroid degradation in SmgshB nodules compared to control nodules which is correlated to a lower bacteroid content at 20 dpi. Finally, the expression of two marker genes involved in nitrogen fixation metabolism, Leghemoglobin and Nodule Cysteine Rich Peptide 001, decreased significantly in mutant nodules at 20 dpi. In contrast, the expression of two marker genes involved in the nodule senescence, Cysteine Protease 6 and Purple Acid Protease, increased significantly in mutant nodules at 10 dpi strengthening the idea that an early senescence process occurs in SmgshB nodules. In conclusion, our results showed that bacterial GSH deficiency does not impair bacterial differentiation but induces an early nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sarra El Msehli
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Annie Lambert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Samira Achi-Smiti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Dang X, Dong X, Xie Z. Azorhizobium caulinodans c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase Chp1 involved in motility, EPS production, and nodulation of the host plant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2715-2729. [PMID: 32002604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Establishment of the rhizobia-legume symbiosis is usually accompanied by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by the legume host at the site of infection, a process detrimental to rhizobia. In Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, deletion of chp1, a gene encoding c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, led to increased resistance against H2O2 and to elevated nodulation efficiency on its legume host Sesbania rostrata. Three domains were identified in the Chp1: a PAS domain, a degenerate GGDEF domain, and an EAL domain. An in vitro enzymatic activity assay showed that the degenerate GGDEF domain of Chp1 did not have diguanylate cyclase activity. The phosphodiesterase activity of Chp1 was attributed to its EAL domain which could hydrolyse c-di-GMP into pGpG. The PAS domain functioned as a regulatory domain by sensing oxygen. Deletion of Chp1 resulted in increased intracellular c-di-GMP level, decreased motility, increased aggregation, and increased EPS (extracellular polysaccharide) production. H2O2-sensitivity assay showed that increased EPS production could provide ORS571 with resistance against H2O2. Thus, the elevated nodulation efficiency of the ∆chp1 mutant could be correlated with a protective role of EPS in the nodulation process. These data suggest that c-di-GMP may modulate the A. caulinodans-S. rostrata nodulation process by regulating the production of EPS which could protect rhizobia against H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Ocean Mag-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Wang X, Huo H, Luo Y, Liu D, Zhao L, Zong L, Chou M, Chen J, Wei G. Type III secretion systems impact Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 compatibility with Robinia pseudoacacia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1533-1550. [PMID: 31274160 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia and legume plants are famous mutualistic symbiosis partners who provide nitrogen nutrition to the natural environment. Rhizobial type III secretion systems (T3SSs) deliver effectors that manipulate the metabolism of eukaryotic host cells. Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 (GS0123) contains two T3SS gene clusters, T3SS-I and T3SS-II. T3SS-I contains all the basal components for an integrated T3SS, and the expression of T3SS-I genes is up-regulated in the presence of flavonoids. In contrast, T3SS-II lacks the primary extracellular elements of T3SSs, and the expression of T3SS-II genes is down-regulated in the presence of flavonoids. Inoculation tests on Robinia pseudoacacia displayed considerable differences in gene expression patterns and levels among roots inoculated with GS0123 and T3SS-deficient mutant (GS0123ΔrhcN1 (GS0123ΔT1), GS0123ΔrhcN2 (GS0123ΔT2) and GS0123ΔrhcN1ΔrhcN2 (GS0123ΔS)). Compared with the GS0123-inoculated plants, GS0123ΔT1-inoculated roots formed very few infection threads and effective nodules, while GS0123ΔT2-inoculated roots formed a little fewer infection threads and effective nodules with increased numbers of bacteroids enclosed in one symbiosome. Moreover, almost no infection threads or effective nodules were observed in GS0123ΔS-inoculated roots. In addition to evaluations of plant immunity signals, we observed that the coexistence of T3SS-I and T3SS-II promoted infection by suppressing host defense response in the reactive oxygen species defense response pathway. Future studies should focus on identifying rhizobial T3SS effectors and their host target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minxia Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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21
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Yu L, Huang L, Zeng S, Tang G, Wang S, Li N, Yan J, Luo L. Reactive oxygen species accumulation patterns of alfalfa root nodules identified using an optimized method. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:448-451. [PMID: 30977514 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leqi Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sunjun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Chromium(VI) Toxicity in Legume Plants: Modulation Effects of Rhizobial Symbiosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8031213. [PMID: 29662899 PMCID: PMC5832134 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8031213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most legume species have the ability to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria that promote plant growth and productivity. There is an increasing evidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) important role in formation of legume-rhizobium symbiosis and nodule functioning. Environmental pollutants such as chromium compounds can cause damage to rhizobia, legumes, and their symbiosis. In plants, toxic effects of chromium(VI) compounds are associated with the increased production of ROS and oxidative stress development as well as with inhibition of pigment synthesis and modification of virtually all cellular components. These metabolic changes result in inhibition of seed germination and seedling development as well as reduction of plant biomass and crop yield. However, if plants establish symbiosis with rhizobia, heavy metals are accumulated preferentially in nodules decreasing the toxicity of metals to the host plant. This review summarizes data on toxic effects of chromium on legume plants and legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, we discussed the role of oxidative stress in both chromium toxicity and formation of rhizobial symbiosis and use of nodule bacteria for minimizing toxic effects of chromium on plants.
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Sinorhizobium meliloti Glutathione Reductase Is Required for both Redox Homeostasis and Symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01937-17. [PMID: 29150514 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01937-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine) (GSH), one of the key antioxidants in Sinorhizobium meliloti, is required for the development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) nitrogen-fixing nodules. Glutathione exists as either reduced glutathione (GSH) or oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and its content is regulated by two pathways in S. meliloti The first pathway is the de novo synthesis of glutathione from its constituent amino acids, namely, Glu, Cys, and Gly, catalyzed by γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GshA) and glutathione synthetase (GshB). The second pathway is the recycling of GSSG via glutathione reductase (GR). However, whether the S. meliloti GR functions similarly to GshA and GshB1 during symbiotic interactions with alfalfa remains unknown. In this study, a plasmid insertion mutation of the S. melilotigor gene, which encodes GR, was constructed, and the mutant exhibited delayed alfalfa nodulation, with 75% reduction in nitrogen-fixing capacity. The gor mutant demonstrated increased accumulation of GSSG and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio in cells. The mutant also showed defective growth in rich broth and minimal broth and was more sensitive to the oxidants H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside. Interestingly, the expression of gshA, gshB1, katA, and katB was induced in the mutant. These findings reveal that the recycling of glutathione is important for S. meliloti to maintain redox homeostasis and to interact symbiotically with alfalfa.IMPORTANCE The antioxidant glutathione is regulated by its synthetase and reductase in cells. In the symbiotic bacterium S. meliloti, the de novo synthesis of glutathione is essential for alfalfa nodulation and nitrogen fixation. In this study, we observed that the recycling of glutathione from GSSG not only was required for redox homeostasis and oxidative stress protection in S. meliloti cells but also contributed to alfalfa nodule development and competition capacity. Our findings demonstrate that the recycling of glutathione plays a key role in nitrogen fixation symbiosis.
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24
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Domonkos Á, Kovács S, Gombár A, Kiss E, Horváth B, Kováts GZ, Farkas A, Tóth MT, Ayaydin F, Bóka K, Fodor L, Ratet P, Kereszt A, Endre G, Kaló P. NAD1 Controls Defense-Like Responses in Medicago truncatula Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixing Nodules Following Rhizobial Colonization in a BacA-Independent Manner. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E387. [PMID: 29240711 PMCID: PMC5748705 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes form endosymbiotic interaction with host compatible rhizobia, resulting in the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Within symbiotic nodules, rhizobia are intracellularly accommodated in plant-derived membrane compartments, termed symbiosomes. In mature nodule, the massively colonized cells tolerate the existence of rhizobia without manifestation of visible defense responses, indicating the suppression of plant immunity in the nodule in the favur of the symbiotic partner. Medicago truncatulaDNF2 (defective in nitrogen fixation 2) and NAD1 (nodules with activated defense 1) genes are essential for the control of plant defense during the colonization of the nitrogen-fixing nodule and are required for bacteroid persistence. The previously identified nodule-specific NAD1 gene encodes a protein of unknown function. Herein, we present the analysis of novel NAD1 mutant alleles to better understand the function of NAD1 in the repression of immune responses in symbiotic nodules. By exploiting the advantage of plant double and rhizobial mutants defective in establishing nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction, we show that NAD1 functions following the release of rhizobia from the infection threads and colonization of nodule cells. The suppression of plant defense is self-dependent of the differentiation status of the rhizobia. The corresponding phenotype of nad1 and dnf2 mutants and the similarity in the induction of defense-associated genes in both mutants suggest that NAD1 and DNF2 operate close together in the same pathway controlling defense responses in symbiotic nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágota Domonkos
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Szilárd Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Gombár
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Ernő Kiss
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Beatrix Horváth
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Gyöngyi Z Kováts
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Attila Farkas
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mónika T Tóth
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Károly Bóka
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lili Fodor
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Péter Kaló
- National Agricultural and Innovation Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
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Powell AF, Doyle JJ. Non-Additive Transcriptomic Responses to Inoculation with Rhizobia in a Young Allopolyploid Compared with Its Diploid Progenitors. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E357. [PMID: 29189710 PMCID: PMC5748675 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Root nodule symbioses (nodulation) and whole genome duplication (WGD, polyploidy) are both important phenomena in the legume family (Leguminosae). Recently, it has been proposed that polyploidy may have played a critical role in the origin or refinement of nodulation. However, while nodulation and polyploidy have been studied independently, there have been no direct studies of mechanisms affecting the interactions between these phenomena in symbiotic, nodule-forming species. Here, we examined the transcriptome-level responses to inoculation in the young allopolyploid Glycine dolichocarpa (T2) and its diploid progenitor species to identify underlying processes leading to the enhanced nodulation responses previously identified in T2. We assessed the differential expression of genes and, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), identified modules associated with nodulation and compared their expression between species. These transcriptomic analyses revealed patterns of non-additive expression in T2, with evidence of transcriptional responses to inoculation that were distinct from one or both progenitors. These differential responses elucidate mechanisms underlying the nodulation-related differences observed between T2 and the diploid progenitors. Our results indicate that T2 has reduced stress-related transcription, coupled with enhanced transcription of modules and genes implicated in hormonal signaling, both of which are important for nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Powell
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Tang G, Xing S, Wang S, Yu L, Li X, Staehelin C, Yang M, Luo L. Regulation of cysteine residues in LsrB proteins fromSinorhizobium melilotiunder free-living and symbiotic oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:5130-5145. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
- School of Communication & Information Engineering; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Shenghui Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Sunjun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioresources, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Menghua Yang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, China-Australia Joint-Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology; Zhejiang A&F University; Zhejiang Lin'an 311300 China
| | - Li Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
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27
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Figueredo MS, Tonelli ML, Ibáñez F, Morla F, Cerioni G, del Carmen Tordable M, Fabra A. Induced systemic resistance and symbiotic performance of peanut plants challenged with fungal pathogens and co-inoculated with the biocontrol agent Bacillus sp. CHEP5 and Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA6144. Microbiol Res 2017; 197:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Glyan’ko AK, Ischenko AA. Immunity of a leguminous plant infected by nodular bacteria Rhizobium spp. F.: Review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Liu X, Luo Y, Li Z, Wei G. Functional analysis of PrkA - a putative serine protein kinase from Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2 - in stress resistance. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:227. [PMID: 27686068 PMCID: PMC5041497 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serine/threonine protein kinases are highly conserved kinases with a wide distribution in microbes and with multiple functions. Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2, a α-proteobacterium which could be able to form symbiosis with Alhagi sparsifolia in northwest of China, contains a putative PrkA-family serine protein kinase, PrkA. In our previous study, the expression of prkA was found to be downregulated in high-salt conditions. To elucidate the function of M. alhagi PrkA, a prkA deletion mutant was constructed and the phenotypes of the mutant were analyzed. Results The salt and alkaline tolerance and antioxidant capacity of the wild-type strain and the prkA deletion mutant was measured. Our results showed that the deletion mutant had higher salt and alkaline tolerance than the wild-type strain. The total cellular Na+ content was measured and showed no significant difference between the wild-type strain and the mutant. The prkA deletion mutant also showed a higher H2O2 tolerance than the wild-type strain. Therefore the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Catalase activity was similar in the wild-type and the deletion mutant, while the superoxide dismutase activity in the mutant was higher than that in the wild-type. Conclusions We firstly analyze the function of a serine protein kinase, PrkA, in M. alhagi. Our data indicate that PrkA could reduce the survival of M. alhagi under environmental stress and deletion of prkA dramatically improved the salt and alkaline tolerance and antioxidant capacity of M. alhagi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yantao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhefei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Rachwał K, Boguszewska A, Kopcińska J, Karaś M, Tchórzewski M, Janczarek M. The Regulatory Protein RosR Affects Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii Protein Profiles, Cell Surface Properties, and Symbiosis with Clover. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1302. [PMID: 27602024 PMCID: PMC4993760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is capable of establishing a symbiotic relationship with plants from the genus Trifolium. Previously, a regulatory protein encoded by rosR was identified and characterized in this bacterium. RosR possesses a Cys2-His2-type zinc finger motif and belongs to Ros/MucR family of rhizobial transcriptional regulators. Transcriptome profiling of the rosR mutant revealed a role of this protein in several cellular processes, including the synthesis of cell-surface components and polysaccharides, motility, and bacterial metabolism. Here, we show that a mutation in rosR resulted in considerable changes in R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii protein profiles. Extracellular, membrane, and periplasmic protein profiles of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii wild type and the rosR mutant were examined, and proteins with substantially different abundances between these strains were identified. Compared with the wild type, extracellular fraction of the rosR mutant contained greater amounts of several proteins, including Ca(2+)-binding cadherin-like proteins, a RTX-like protein, autoaggregation protein RapA1, and flagellins FlaA and FlaB. In contrast, several proteins involved in the uptake of various substrates were less abundant in the mutant strain (DppA, BraC, and SfuA). In addition, differences were observed in membrane proteins of the mutant and wild-type strains, which mainly concerned various transport system components. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, we characterized the topography and surface properties of the rosR mutant and wild-type cells. We found that the mutation in rosR gene also affected surface properties of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii. The mutant cells were significantly more hydrophobic than the wild-type cells, and their outer membrane was three times more permeable to the hydrophobic dye N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. The mutation of rosR also caused defects in bacterial symbiotic interaction with clover plants. Compared with the wild type, the rosR mutant infected host plant roots much less effectively and its nodule occupation was disturbed. At the ultrastructural level, the most striking differences between the mutant and the wild-type nodules concerned the structure of infection threads, release of bacteria, and bacteroid differentiation. This confirms an essential role of RosR in establishment of successful symbiotic interaction of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii with clover plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rachwał
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boguszewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kopcińska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tchórzewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Lublin, Poland
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31
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Muñoz V, Ibáñez F, Figueredo MS, Fabra A. An oxidative burst and its attenuation by bacterial peroxidase activity is required for optimal establishment of the Arachis hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium sp. symbiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:244-53. [PMID: 27037857 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the Arachis hypogaea L. root oxidative burst, produced at early stages of its symbiotic interaction with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144, and the bacterial antioxidant system are required for the successful development of this interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Pharmacological approaches were used to reduce both plant oxidative burst and bacterial peroxidase enzyme activity. In plants whose H2 O2 levels were decreased, a low nodule number, a reduction in the proportion of red nodules (%) and an increase in the bacteroid density were found. The symbiotic phenotype of plants inoculated with a Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 culture showing decreased peroxidase activity was also affected, since the biomass production, nodule number and percentage of red nodules in these plants were lower than in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. control cultures. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that the oxidative burst triggered at the early events of the symbiotic interaction in peanut, is a prerequisite for the efficient development of root nodules, and that the antioxidant system of bradyrhizobial peanut symbionts, particularly the activity of peroxidases, is counteracting this oxidative burst for the successful establishment of the symbiosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of the symbiotic interaction established in A. hypogaea L. a legume infected in an intercellular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Figueredo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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32
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Sinharoy S, Liu C, Breakspear A, Guan D, Shailes S, Nakashima J, Zhang S, Wen J, Torres-Jerez I, Oldroyd G, Murray JD, Udvardi MK. A Medicago truncatula Cystathionine-β-Synthase-like Domain-Containing Protein Is Required for Rhizobial Infection and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2204-17. [PMID: 26884486 PMCID: PMC4825145 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between leguminous plants and soil rhizobia culminates in the formation of nitrogen-fixing organs called nodules that support plant growth. Two Medicago truncatula Tnt1-insertion mutants were identified that produced small nodules, which were unable to fix nitrogen effectively due to ineffective rhizobial colonization. The gene underlying this phenotype was found to encode a protein containing a putative membrane-localized domain of unknown function (DUF21) and a cystathionine-β-synthase domain. The cbs1 mutants had defective infection threads that were sometimes devoid of rhizobia and formed small nodules with greatly reduced numbers of symbiosomes. We studied the expression of the gene, designated M truncatula Cystathionine-β-Synthase-like1 (MtCBS1), using a promoter-β-glucuronidase gene fusion, which revealed expression in infected root hair cells, developing nodules, and in the invasion zone of mature nodules. An MtCBS1-GFP fusion protein localized itself to the infection thread and symbiosomes. Nodulation factor-induced Ca(2+) responses were observed in the cbs1 mutant, indicating that MtCBS1 acts downstream of nodulation factor signaling. MtCBS1 expression occurred exclusively during Medicago-rhizobium symbiosis. Induction of MtCBS1 expression during symbiosis was found to be dependent on Nodule Inception (NIN), a key transcription factor that controls both rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Interestingly, the closest homolog of MtCBS1, MtCBS2, was specifically induced in mycorrhizal roots, suggesting common infection mechanisms in nodulation and mycorrhization. Related proteins in Arabidopsis have been implicated in cell wall maturation, suggesting a potential role for CBS1 in the formation of the infection thread wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjuti Sinharoy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Chengwu Liu
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Andrew Breakspear
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Dian Guan
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Sarah Shailes
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (S.S., J.N., S.Z., J.W., I.T.-J., M.K.U.); and John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK (C.L., A.B., D.G., S.S., I.T.-J., G.O., J.D.M.)
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Belmondo S, Calcagno C, Genre A, Puppo A, Pauly N, Lanfranco L. The Medicago truncatula MtRbohE gene is activated in arbusculated cells and is involved in root cortex colonization. PLANTA 2016; 243:251-262. [PMID: 26403286 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Our study demonstrated that the NAPDH oxidase gene MtRbohE is expressed in arbusculated cells and plays a role in arbuscule development. Plant NADPH oxidases, known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOH), belong to a multigenic family that plays an important role in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we monitored the expression profiles of five Rboh genes (MtRbohA, MtRbohB, MtRbohE, MtRbohG, MtRbohF) in the roots of the model species Medicago truncatula upon colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A complementary cellular and molecular approach was used to monitor changes in mRNA abundance and localize transcripts in different cell types from mycorrhizal roots. Rboh transcript levels did not drastically change in total RNA extractions from whole mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots. Nevertheless, the analysis of laser microdissected cells and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots expressing a GUS transcriptional fusion construct highlighted the MtRbohE expression in arbuscule-containing cells. Furthermore, the down regulation of MtRbohE by an RNAi approach generated an altered colonization pattern in the root cortex, when compared to control roots, with fewer arbuscules and multiple penetration attempts. Altogether our data indicate a transient up-regulation of MtRbohE expression in cortical cells colonized by arbuscules and suggest a role for MtRbohE in arbuscule accommodation within cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Belmondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Alain Puppo
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNSR, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNSR, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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Damiani I, Pauly N, Puppo A, Brouquisse R, Boscari A. Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Control Early Steps of the Legume - Rhizobium Symbiotic Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:454. [PMID: 27092165 PMCID: PMC4824774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule. Early steps of the interaction are characterized by the production of bacterial Nod factors, the reorientation of root-hair tip growth, the formation of an infection thread (IT) in the root hair, and the induction of cell division in inner cortical cells of the root, leading to a nodule primordium formation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been detected in early steps of the interaction. ROS/NO are determinant signals to arbitrate the specificity of this mutualistic association and modifications in their content impair the development of the symbiotic association. The decrease of ROS level prevents root hair curling and ITs formation, and that of NO conducts to delayed nodule formation. In root hairs, NADPH oxidases were shown to produce ROS which could be involved in the hair tip growth process. The use of enzyme inhibitors suggests that nitrate reductase and NO synthase-like enzymes are the main route for NO production during the early steps of the interaction. Transcriptomic analyses point to the involvement of ROS and NO in the success of the infection process, the induction of early nodulin gene expression, and the repression of plant defense, thereby favoring the establishment of the symbiosis. The occurrence of an interplay between ROS and NO was further supported by the finding of both S-sulfenylated and S-nitrosylated proteins during early symbiotic interaction, linking ROS/NO production to a redox-based regulation of the symbiotic process.
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Lang C, Long SR. Transcriptomic Analysis of Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago truncatula Symbiosis Using Nitrogen Fixation-Deficient Nodules. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:856-868. [PMID: 25844838 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0407-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti interacts symbiotically with legume plant hosts such as Medicago truncatula to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules. During symbiosis, plant and bacterial cells differentiate in a coordinated manner, resulting in specialized plant cells that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Both plant and bacterial genes are required at each developmental stage of symbiosis. We analyzed gene expression in nodules formed by wild-type bacteria on six plant mutants with defects in nitrogen fixation. We observed differential expression of 482 S. meliloti genes with functions in cell envelope homeostasis, cell division, stress response, energy metabolism, and nitrogen fixation. We simultaneously analyzed gene expression in M. truncatula and observed differential regulation of host processes that may trigger bacteroid differentiation and control bacterial infection. Our analyses of developmentally arrested plant mutants indicate that plants use distinct means to control bacterial infection during early and late symbiotic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Lang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, U.S.A
| | - Sharon R Long
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, U.S.A
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Chen DS, Liu CW, Roy S, Cousins D, Stacey N, Murray JD. Identification of a core set of rhizobial infection genes using data from single cell-types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:575. [PMID: 26284091 PMCID: PMC4517396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide expression studies on nodulation have varied in their scale from entire root systems to dissected nodules or root sections containing nodule primordia (NP). More recently efforts have focused on developing methods for isolation of root hairs from infected plants and the application of laser-capture microdissection technology to nodules. Here we analyze two published data sets to identify a core set of infection genes that are expressed in the nodule and in root hairs during infection. Among the genes identified were those encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis enzymes including Chalcone-O-Methyltransferase which is required for the production of the potent Nod gene inducer 4',4-dihydroxy-2-methoxychalcone. A promoter-GUS analysis in transgenic hairy roots for two genes encoding Chalcone-O-Methyltransferase isoforms revealed their expression in rhizobially infected root hairs and the nodule infection zone but not in the nitrogen fixation zone. We also describe a group of Rhizobially Induced Peroxidases whose expression overlaps with the production of superoxide in rhizobially infected root hairs and in nodules and roots. Finally, we identify a cohort of co-regulated transcription factors as candidate regulators of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, WuhanChina
| | - Cheng-Wu Liu
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Sonali Roy
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Donna Cousins
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Nicola Stacey
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
| | - Jeremy D. Murray
- John Innes Centre, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, NorfolkUK
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Gourion B, Berrabah F, Ratet P, Stacey G. Rhizobium-legume symbioses: the crucial role of plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:186-94. [PMID: 25543258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium-legume infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely essential for this symbiosis, were shown to be dispensable under particular conditions. Similarly, an NF receptor, previously considered to be solely involved in symbiosis, was shown to function during plant pathogen infections. Indeed, there is a growing realization that plant innate immunity is a crucial component in the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis. We review here the factors involved in the suppression of plant immunity during rhizobium-legume symbiosis, and we attempt to place this information into context with the most recent and sometimes surprising research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Fathi Berrabah
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
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Smith DL, Praslickova D, Ilangumaran G. Inter-organismal signaling and management of the phytomicrobiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:722. [PMID: 26442036 PMCID: PMC4568390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The organisms of the phytomicrobiome use signal compounds to regulate aspects of each other's behavior. Legumes use signals (flavonoids) to regulate rhizobial nod gene expression during establishment of the legume-rhizobia N2-fixation symbiosis. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by rhizobia act as return signals to the host plant and are recognized by specific lysine motif receptor like kinases, which triggers a signal cascade leading to nodulation of legume roots. LCOs also enhance plant growth, particularly when plants are stressed. Chitooligosaccharides activate plant immune responses, providing enhanced resistance against diseases. Co-inoculation of rhizobia with other plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve nodulation and crop growth. PGPR also alleviate plant stress by secreting signal compounds including phytohormones and antibiotics. Thuricin 17, a small bacteriocin produced by a phytomicrobiome member promotes plant growth. Lumichrome synthesized by soil rhizobacteria function as stress-sensing cues. Inter-organismal signaling can be used to manage/engineer the phytomicrobiome to enhance crop productivity, particularly in the face of stress. Stressful conditions are likely to become more frequent and more severe because of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Smith
- *Correspondence: Donald L. Smith, Plant Science Department, McGill University/Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada,
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Ribeiro CW, Alloing G, Mandon K, Frendo P. Redox regulation of differentiation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1469-78. [PMID: 25433163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes leads to the formation of a new organ, the root nodule. The development of the nodule requires the differentiation of plant root cells to welcome the endosymbiotic bacterial partner. This development includes the formation of an efficient vascular tissue which allows metabolic exchanges between the root and the nodule, the formation of a barrier to oxygen diffusion necessary for the bacterial nitrogenase activity and the enlargement of cells in the infection zone to support the large bacterial population. Inside the plant cell, the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids which are able to reduce atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia needed for plant growth in exchange for carbon sources. Nodule functioning requires a tight regulation of the development of plant cells and bacteria. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Nodule functioning requires a tight regulation of the development of plant cells and bacteria. The importance of redox control in nodule development and N-fixation is discussed in this review. The involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the importance of the antioxidant defense are analyzed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Plant differentiation and bacterial differentiation are controlled by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense and antioxidant compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The establishment and functioning of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis involve a redox control important for both the plant-bacteria crosstalk and the consideration of environmental parameters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Werner Ribeiro
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Karine Mandon
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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40
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Muñoz V, Ibáñez F, Tordable M, Megías M, Fabra A. Role of reactive oxygen species generation and Nod factors during the early symbiotic interaction between bradyrhizobia and peanut, a legume infected by crack entry. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:182-92. [PMID: 25413288 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the plant antioxidant system are involved in the symbiotic interaction between bradyrhizobia and legumes infected by crack entry, without intracellular infection threads (IT) formation, such as Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut). The role of bradyrhizobial Nod factors (NF) in modulating the plants' oxidative burst was also analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS Histochemical and quantitative procedures were used to detect ROS levels in inoculated and in NF-treated peanut roots. Increase in root H2O2 production was determined at 10 min postinoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 or after NF addition. ROS production was modulated by NF. From 15 to 30 min postinoculation, the compatibility of Bradyrhizobium sp.-peanut interaction depends mostly on the H2O2 detoxification via catalase. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that the early events of the symbiotic interaction in legumes invaded by crack entry trigger an increase in ROS production (represented exclusively by a higher H2O2 content) in which NADPH-oxidase seems not to be involved. NF modulate this response by enhancing the plant antioxidant machinery, contributing to the creation of adequate conditions for symbiosis development. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our data provide new insights into the mechanism involves in the symbiotic interaction that establish legumes infected by crack entry and suggest that ROS response shows differences compared with legumes invaded by IT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Moné Y, Monnin D, Kremer N. The oxidative environment: a mediator of interspecies communication that drives symbiosis evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133112. [PMID: 24807248 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions are ubiquitous in nature and play a major role in driving the evolution of life. Interactions between partners are often mediated by shared signalling pathways, which strongly influence both partners' biology and the evolution of the association in various environments. As an example of 'common language', the regulation of the oxidative environment plays an important role in driving the evolution of symbiotic associations. Such processes have been occurring for billions of years, including the increase in Earth's atmospheric oxygen and the subsequent evolution of mitochondria. The effect of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) has been characterized functionally, but the molecular dialogue between partners has not been integrated within a broader evolutionary context yet. Given the pleiotropic role of RONS in cell-cell communication, development and immunity, but also their associated physiological costs, we discuss here how their regulation can influence the establishment, the maintenance and the breakdown of various symbiotic associations. By synthesizing recent developments in redox biology, we aim to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of the influence of such mediators of interspecies communication on the evolution and stability of symbioses, which in turn can shape ecosystems and play a role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Moné
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, , Villeurbanne, France, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR 203, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, , Villeurbanne, France, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, , Madison, WI, USA
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42
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Arthikala MK, Sánchez-López R, Nava N, Santana O, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. RbohB, a Phaseolus vulgaris NADPH oxidase gene, enhances symbiosome number, bacteroid size, and nitrogen fixation in nodules and impairs mycorrhizal colonization. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:886-900. [PMID: 24571730 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by respiratory burst oxidative homologs (Rbohs) are involved in numerous plant cell signaling processes, and have critical roles in the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Previously, down-regulation of RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris was shown to suppress ROS production and abolish Rhizobium infection thread (IT) progression, but also to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization. Thus, Rbohs function both as positive and negative regulators. Here, we assessed the effect of enhancing ROS concentrations, by overexpressing PvRbohB, on the P. vulgaris--rhizobia and P. vulgaris--AMF symbioses. We estimated superoxide concentrations in hairy roots overexpressing PvRbohB, determined the status of early and late events of both Rhizobium and AMF interactions in symbiont-inoculated roots, and analyzed the nodule ultrastructure of transgenic plants overexpressing PvRbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB significantly enhanced ROS production, the formation of ITs, nodule biomass, and nitrogen-fixing activity, and increased the density of symbiosomes in nodules, and the density and size of bacteroides in symbiosomes. Furthermore, PvCAT, early nodulin, PvSS1, and PvGOGAT transcript abundances were elevated in these nodules. By contrast, mycorrhizal colonization was reduced in roots that overexpressed RbohB. Overexpression of PvRbohB augmented nodule efficiency by enhancing nitrogen fixation and delaying nodule senescence, but impaired AMF colonization.
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MESH Headings
- Biomass
- Cloning, Molecular
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Models, Biological
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nitrogen Fixation/genetics
- Phaseolus/enzymology
- Phaseolus/genetics
- Phaseolus/microbiology
- Phaseolus/ultrastructure
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Rhizobium/physiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/growth & development
- Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/ultrastructure
- Symbiosis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62271, México
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Patel SJ, Padilla-Benavides T, Collins JM, Argüello JM. Functional diversity of five homologous Cu+-ATPases present in Sinorhizobium meliloti. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:1237-1251. [PMID: 24662147 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an important element in host-microbe interactions, acting both as a catalyst in enzymes and as a potential toxin. Cu(+)-ATPases drive cytoplasmic Cu(+) efflux and protect bacteria against metal overload. Many pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria contain multiple Cu(+)-ATPase genes within particular genetic environments, suggesting alternative roles for each resulting protein. This hypothesis was tested by characterizing five homologous Cu(+)-ATPases present in the symbiotic organism Sinorhizobium meliloti. Mutation of each gene led to different phenotypes and abnormal nodule development in the alfalfa host. Distinct responses were detected in free-living S. meliloti mutant strains exposed to metal and redox stresses. Differential gene expression was detected under Cu(+), oxygen or nitrosative stress. These observations suggest that CopA1a maintains the cytoplasmic Cu(+) quota and its expression is controlled by Cu(+) levels. CopA1b is also regulated by Cu(+) concentrations and is required during symbiosis for bacteroid maturation. CopA2-like proteins, FixI1 and FixI2, are necessary for the assembly of two different cytochrome c oxidases at different stages of bacterial life. CopA3 is a phylogenetically distinct Cu(+)-ATPase that does not contribute to Cu(+) tolerance. It is regulated by redox stress and required during symbiosis. We postulated a model where non-redundant homologous Cu(+)-ATPases, operating under distinct regulation, transport Cu(+) to different target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarju J Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jessica M Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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44
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Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Borucki W. Localization of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and diamine oxidase activity in pea root nodules under aluminum stress. Micron 2014; 57:13-22. [PMID: 24246127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is one of the environmental stressors that induces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and H2O2-generated apoplast diamine oxidase (DAO) activity were detected cytochemically via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules exposed to high (50 μM AlCl3, for 2 and 24h) Al stress. The nodules were shown to respond to Al stress by disturbances in infection thread (IT) growth, bacteria endocytosis, premature degeneration of bacteroidal tissue and generation of H2O2 in nodule apoplast. Large amounts of peroxide were found at the same sites as high DAO activity under Al stress, suggesting that DAO is a major source of Al-induced peroxide accumulation in the nodules. Peroxide distribution and DAO activity in the nodules of both control plants and Al-treated ones were typically found in the plant cell walls, intercellular spaces and infection threads. However, 2 h Al treatment increased DAO activity and peroxide accumulation in the nodule apoplast and bacteria within threads. A prolonged Al treatment (24 h) increased the H2O2 content and DAO activity in the nodule apoplast, especially in the thread walls, matrix and bacteria within infection threads. In addition to ITs, prematurely degenerated bacteroids, which occurred in response to Al, were associated with intense staining for H2O2 and DAO activity. These results suggest the involvement of DAO in the production of a large amount of H2O2 in the nodule apoplast under Al stress. The role of reactive oxygen species in pea-Rhizobium symbiosis under Al stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Borucki
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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45
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Lu D, Tang G, Wang D, Luo L. The Sinorhizobium meliloti LysR family transcriptional factor LsrB is involved in regulation of glutathione biosynthesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:882-8. [PMID: 23883684 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione, a key antioxidant in Sinorhizobium meliloti, is required for the development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) nitrogen-fixing nodules. This tripeptide can be synthesized by both γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GshA) and glutathione synthetase (GshB) in Escherichia coli and S. meliloti. Genetic evidence has indicated that the null mutant of S. meliloti gshA or gshB1 does not establish efficient symbiosis on alfalfa. However, the transcriptional regulation of gshA and gshB has not been well understood. Here, S. meliloti LsrB, a member of LysR family transcriptional factors, was found to positively regulate glutathione biosynthesis by activating the transcription of gshA and gshB1 under both free-living and symbiotic conditions. The decrease in glutathione production in the lsrB in-frame deletion mutant (lsrB1-2) was determined by using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The expression of gshA and gshB1 was correspondingly reduced in the mutant under free-living and symbiotic conditions by analyses of real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and promoter-GUS fusions. Interestingly, LsrB positively regulated the transcription of oxyR, which encodes another member of LysR family regulators and responds to oxidative stresses in S. meliloti. The oxyR null mutant produced less glutathione, in which the transcription of gshA was consistently down-regulated. These findings demonstrate that glutathione biosynthesis is positively regulated by both LsrB and OxyR in S. meliloti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Lu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Heifei 230039, China
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46
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Exopolysaccharides from Sinorhizobium meliloti can protect against H2O2-dependent damage. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:5362-9. [PMID: 24078609 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00681-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti requires exopolysaccharides in order to form a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Medicago species. Additionally, during early stages of symbiosis, S. meliloti is presented with an oxidative burst that must be overcome. Levels of production of the exopolysaccharides succinoglycan (EPS-I) and galactoglucan (EPS-II) were found to correlate positively with survival in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 damage is dependent on the presence of iron and is mitigated when EPS-I and EPS-II mutants are cocultured with cells expressing either exopolysaccharide. Purified EPS-I is able to decrease in vitro levels of H2O2, and this activity is specific to the symbiotically active low-molecular-weight form of EPS-I. This suggests a potential protective function of exopolysaccharides against H2O2 during early symbiosis.
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Li Y, Tian CF, Chen WF, Wang L, Sui XH, Chen WX. High-resolution transcriptomic analyses of Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 bacteroids in determinate nodules of Vigna unguiculata and indeterminate nodules of Leucaena leucocephala. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70531. [PMID: 23936444 PMCID: PMC3732241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a model system for studying mutualistic interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes. Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 is distinguished by its ability to form either indeterminate nodules or determinate nodules with diverse legumes. Here, we presented a high-resolution RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of NGR234 bacteroids in indeterminate nodules of Leucaena leucocephala and determinate nodules of Vigna unguiculata. In contrast to exponentially growing free-living bacteria, non-growing bacteroids from both legumes recruited several common cellular functions such as cbb3 oxidase, thiamine biosynthesis, nitrate reduction pathway (NO-producing), succinate metabolism, PHB (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) biosynthesis and phosphate/phosphonate transporters. However, different transcription profiles between bacteroids from two legumes were also uncovered for genes involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, T3SS (type three secretion system) and effector proteins, cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone), cytochrome c550, pseudoazurin, biotin, phasins and glycolate oxidase, and in the metabolism of glutamate and phenylalanine. Noteworthy were the distinct expression patterns of genes encoding phasins, which are thought to be involved in regulating the surface/volume ratio of PHB granules. These patterns are in good agreement with the observed granule size difference between bacteroids from L. leucocephala and V. unguiculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wen Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hua Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Puppo A, Pauly N, Boscari A, Mandon K, Brouquisse R. Hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide: key regulators of the Legume-Rhizobium and mycorrhizal symbioses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2202-19. [PMID: 23249379 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During the Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and nitric oxide (NO) appear to play an important signaling role in the establishment and the functioning of this interaction. Modifications of the levels of these reactive species in both partners impair either the development of the nodules (new root organs formed on the interaction) or their N(2)-fixing activity. RECENT ADVANCES NADPH oxidases (Noxs) have been recently described as major sources of H(2)O(2) production, via superoxide anion dismutation, during symbiosis. Nitrate reductases (NR) and electron transfer chains from both partners were found to significantly contribute to NO production in N(2)-fixing nodules. Both S-sulfenylated and S-nitrosylated proteins have been detected during early interaction and in functioning nodules, linking reactive oxygen species (ROS)/NO production to redox-based protein regulation. NO was also found to play a metabolic role in nodule energy metabolism. CRITICAL ISSUES H(2)O(2) may control the infection process and the subsequent bacterial differentiation into the symbiotic form. NO is required for an optimal establishment of symbiosis and appears to be a key player in nodule senescence. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A challenging question is to define more precisely when and where reactive species are generated and to develop adapted tools to detect their production in vivo. To investigate the role of Noxs and NRs in the production of H(2)O(2) and NO, respectively, the use of mutants under the control of organ-specific promoters will be of crucial interest. The balance between ROS and NO production appears to be a key point to understand the redox regulation of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, TGU INRA 1355-CNRS 7254, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Muresu R, Tondello A, Polone E, Sulas L, Baldan B, Squartini A. Antioxidant treatments counteract the non-culturability of bacterial endophytes isolated from legume nodules. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:385-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Andrio E, Marino D, Marmeys A, de Segonzac MD, Damiani I, Genre A, Huguet S, Frendo P, Puppo A, Pauly N. Hydrogen peroxide-regulated genes in the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:179-189. [PMID: 23347006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), play an important role in signalling in various cellular processes. The involvement of H(2)O(2) in the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiotic interaction raises questions about its effect on gene expression. A transcriptome analysis was performed on inoculated roots of M. truncatula in which ROS production was inhibited with diphenylene iodonium (DPI). In total, 301 genes potentially regulated by ROS content were identified 2 d after inoculation. These genes included MtSpk1, which encodes a putative protein kinase and is induced by exogenous H(2)O(2) treatment. MtSpk1 gene expression was also induced by nodulation factor treatment. MtSpk1 transcription was observed in infected root hair cells, nodule primordia and the infection zone of mature nodules. Analysis with a fluorescent protein probe specific for H(2)O(2) showed that MtSpk1 expression and H(2)O(2) were similarly distributed in the nodule infection zone. Finally, the establishment of symbiosis was impaired by MtSpk1 downregulation with an artificial micro-RNA. Several genes regulated by H(2)O(2) during the establishment of rhizobial symbiosis were identified. The involvement of MtSpk1 in the establishment of the symbiosis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Andrio
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Marino
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, Apdo 644, E-48080, Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Anthony Marmeys
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Marion Dunoyer de Segonzac
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Damiani
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin and IPP-CNR, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165 - Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne - ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue G. Crémieux, CP 5708, F-91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Pauly
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice - Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, F-06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
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