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Liu TY, Tsai SH, Chen JW, Wang YC, Hu ST, Chen YY. Mab_3083c Is a Homologue of RNase J and Plays a Role in Colony Morphotype, Aggregation, and Sliding Motility of Mycobacterium abscessus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040676. [PMID: 33805851 PMCID: PMC8064342 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an opportunistic pathogen causing human diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. M. abscessus strains with a rough morphotype are more virulent than those with a smooth morphotype. Morphotype switch may occur during a clinical infection. To investigate the genes involved in colony morphotype switching, we performed transposon mutagenesis in a rough clinical strain of M. abscessus. A morphotype switching mutant (smooth) named mab_3083c::Tn was obtained. This mutant was found to have a lower aggregative ability and a higher sliding motility than the wild type strain. However, its glycopeptidolipid (GPL) content remained the same as those of the wild type. Complementation of the mutant with a functional mab_3083c gene reverted its morphotype back to rough, indicating that mab_3083c is associated with colony morphology of M. abscessus. Bioinformatic analyses showed that mab_3083c has a 75.4% identity in amino acid sequence with the well-characterized ribonuclease J (RNase J) of M. smegmatis (RNase JMsmeg). Complementation of the mutant with the RNase J gene of M. smegmatis also switched its colony morphology from smooth back to rough. These results suggest that Mab_3083c is a homologue of RNase J and involved in regulating M. abscessus colony morphotype switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (S.-H.T.)
| | - Sheng-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (S.-H.T.)
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Wang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi Univeristy, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
| | - Shiau-Ting Hu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (T.-Y.L.); (S.-H.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.-T.H.); (Y.-Y.C.)
| | - Yih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi Univeristy, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.-T.H.); (Y.-Y.C.)
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Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Two dd-Carboxypeptidases from Mycobacterium smegmatis Affect Cell Surface Properties through Regulation of Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking and Glycopeptidolipids. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00760-17. [PMID: 29735762 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00760-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the peptidoglycan (PG) maturation of mycobacteria, the glycan strands are interlinked by both 3-3 (between two meso-diaminopimelic acids [meso-DAPs]) and 4-3 cross-links (between d-Ala and meso-DAP), though there is a predominance (60 to 80%) of 3-3 cross-links. The dd-carboxypeptidases (dd-CPases) act on pentapeptides to generate tetrapeptides that are used by ld-transpeptidases as substrates to form 3-3 cross-links. Therefore, dd-CPases play a crucial role in mycobacterial PG cross-link formation. However, the physiology of dd-CPases in mycobacteria is relatively unexplored. In this study, we deleted two dd-CPase genes, msmeg_2433 and msmeg_2432, both individually and in combination, from Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. Though the single dd-CPase gene deletions had no significant impact on the mycobacterial physiology, many interesting functional alterations were observed in the double-deletion mutant, viz, a predominance in PG cross-link formation was shifted from 3-3 cross-links to 4-3, cell surface glycopeptidolipid (GPL) expression was reduced, and susceptibility to β-lactams and antitubercular agents was enhanced. Moreover, the survival rate of the double mutant within murine macrophages was higher than that of the parent. Interestingly, the complementation with any one of the dd-CPase genes could restore the wild-type phenotype. In a nutshell, we infer that the altered ratio of 4-3 to 3-3 PG cross-links might have influenced the expression of surface GPLs, colony morphology, biofilm formation, drug susceptibility, and subsistence of the cells within macrophages.IMPORTANCE The glycan strands in mycobacterial peptidoglycan (PG) are interlinked by both 3-3 and 4-3 cross-links. The dd-CPases generate tetrapeptides by acting on the pentapeptides, and ld-transpeptidases use tetrapeptides as substrates to form 3-3 cross-links. In this study, we showed that simultaneous deletions of two dd-CPases alter the nature of PG cross-linking from 3-3 cross-links to 4-3 cross-links. The deletions subsequently decrease the expression of glycopeptidolipids (significant surface lipid present in many nontuberculous mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium smegmatis) and affect other physiological parameters, like cell morphology, growth rate, biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, and survival within murine macrophages. Thus, unraveling the physiology of dd-CPases might help us design antimycobacterial therapeutics in the future.
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Whang J, Back YW, Lee KI, Fujiwara N, Paik S, Choi CH, Park JK, Kim HJ. Mycobacterium abscessus glycopeptidolipids inhibit macrophage apoptosis and bacterial spreading by targeting mitochondrial cyclophilin D. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3012. [PMID: 28837151 PMCID: PMC5596598 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) is a species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and a major causative pathogen of pulmonary diseases especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. MAB infection is notoriously difficult to treat because of its intrinsic or inducible resistance to most antibiotics. The rough (R) morphotype of MAB, lacking cell surface glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), is associated with more severe and persistent infection than the smooth (S) type; however, the mechanisms underlying the R type's virulence and the relation with GPLs remain unclear. In this study, we found that R-type MAB is much more proapoptotic than the S type, as a result of GPL-mediated inhibition of macrophage apoptosis. Polar GPLs inhibited an apoptotic response (induced by proapoptotic stimuli) by suppressing ROS production and the cytochrome c release and by preserving mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Furthermore, GPLs were found to be targeted to mitochondria and interacted with cyclophilin D; their acetylation was essential for this interaction. Finally, GPLs inhibited the intracellular growth and bacterial spreading of R-type MAB among macrophages via apoptosis inhibition. These findings suggest that GPLs limit MAB virulence by inhibiting apoptosis and the spread of bacteria and therefore provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying virulence of MAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Whang
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Back
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kang-In Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Tezukayama University, Gakuenminami, Nara, Japan
| | - Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Kyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Kobayashi K. Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in humans: translational research from basic mycobacteriology to clinical medicine. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 67:329-32. [PMID: 25241680 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases, including mycobacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB) and diseases due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), is a very important element of global health. The gold standard in diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases remains clinical examination, combined with direct microscopic examination of sputum and culture of bacteria. Culture of slowly growing mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM (such as M. avium complex: MAC), can take up to 4 to 6 weeks, and in 10-20% of cases the bacillus is not successfully cultivated. Diagnosis of MAC pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is complicated and time-consuming (usually at least 1 month). I have characterized the nature of MAC antigens and immune responses from the aspect of basic mycobacteriology, and then translated to clinical science. My multicenter study in Japan has demonstrated the usefulness of a serodiagnostic test to determine serum IgA antibodies against mycobacterial glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antigen for diagnosing MAC-PD within a few hours. To validate in a larger number of patients, at diverse geographic locations, and among other races, the test was also assessed the usefulness internationally in the United States and Taiwan. In this review, I discuss development of serodiagnosis of MAC-PD by translational research and international collaboration study.
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Fujiwara N, Ohara N, Ogawa M, Maeda S, Naka T, Taniguchi H, Yamamoto S, Ayata M. Glycopeptidolipid of Mycobacterium smegmatis J15cs Affects Morphology and Survival in Host Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126813. [PMID: 25970481 PMCID: PMC4430512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis has been widely used as a mycobacterial infection model. Unlike the M. smegmatis mc2155 strain, M. smegmatis J15cs strain has the advantage of surviving for one week in murine macrophages. In our previous report, we clarified that the J15cs strain has deleted apolar glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) in the cell wall, which may affect its morphology and survival in host cells. In this study, the gene causing the GPL deletion in the J15cs strain was identified. The mps1-2 gene (MSMEG_0400-0402) correlated with GPL biosynthesis. The J15cs strain had 18 bps deleted in the mps1 gene compared to that of the mc2155 strain. The mps1-complemented J15cs mutant restored the expression of GPLs. Although the J15cs strain produces a rough and dry colony, the colony morphology of this mps1-complement was smooth like the mc2155 strain. The length in the mps1-complemented J15cs mutant was shortened by the expression of GPLs. In addition, the GPL-restored J15cs mutant did not survive as long as the parent J15cs strain in the murine macrophage cell line J774.1 cells. The results are direct evidence that the deletion of GPLs in the J15cs strain affects bacterial size, morphology, and survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Nara City, Nara, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Okayama, Japan
| | - Midori Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Molecular Epidemiology Division, Mycobacterium Reference Center, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Naka
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
- MBR Co. Ltd., Toyonaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Taniguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Ayata
- Department of Virology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
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Podvin S, Dang X, Meads M, Kurabi A, Costantini T, Eliceiri BP, Baird A, Coimbra R. Esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4) interactions with the innate immunity receptor complex. Inflamm Res 2014; 64:107-18. [PMID: 25511108 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The human c2orf40 gene encodes a tumor suppressor gene called esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4) with pro- and anti-inflammatory activities that depend on cell surface processing. Here, we investigated its physical and functional association with the innate immunity receptor complex. METHODS Interactions between ECRG4 and the innate immunity receptor complex were assessed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and co-immunoprecipitation. Phage display was used for ligand targeting to cells that overexpress the TLR4-MD2-CD14. RESULTS Immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate a physical interaction between ECRG4 and TLR4-MD2-CD14 on human granulocytes. Flow cytometry shows ECRG4 on the cell surface of a subset of CD14(+) and CD16(+) leukocytes. In a cohort of trauma patients, the C-terminal 16 amino acid domain of ECRG4 (ECRG4(133-148)) appears to be processed and shed, presumably at a thrombin-like consensus sequence. Phage targeting this putative ligand shows that this peptide sequence internalizes into cells through the TLR4/CD14/MD2 complex, but modulates inflammation through non-canonical, NFκB signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS ECRG4 is present on the surface of human monocytes and granulocytes. Its interaction with the human innate immunity receptor complex supports a role for cell surface activation of ECRG4 during inflammation and implicates this receptor in its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Podvin
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Gao J, Sampson NS. A GMC oxidoreductase homologue is required for acetylation of glycopeptidolipid in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:611-3. [PMID: 24444367 PMCID: PMC3985799 DOI: 10.1021/bi4015083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3409c gene is
required for modulation of the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling
response in infected macrophages. Although each is annotated as encoding
a cholesterol oxidase, neither Rv3409c nor its ortholog MSMEG1604 is required for the metabolism of cholesterol
in mycobacteria. Here we report that a unique lipid, L1334, accumulates
in a MSMEG1604 transposon mutant in the Mycobacterium smegmatis cell envelope. L1334 is a polar glycopeptidolipid that is hyperrhamnosylated
and in which the 6-deoxytalose moiety is not acetylated. The alteration
of L1334 acetylation is consistent with a reduced level of interference
with TLR-2 signaling in mutant infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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Valdés I, Montoro E, Mata-Espinoza D, Asín O, Barrios-Payan J, Francisco-Cruz A, Valdivia JA, Hernández-Pando R. Immunogenicity and protection conferred by Mycobacterium habana in a murine model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:65-72. [PMID: 24332882 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium habana was isolated in Cuba in 1971. Later, was demonstrated its protection capacity in mycobacterial infection. Here we determined the level of virulence, immunogenicity and the efficacy of three different M. habana strains as attenuated live vaccines. Intratracheal infection of BALB/c mice with high dose M. habana TMC 5135 or IPK-337 strains permitted 100% survival and limited tissue damage. Mice infected with M. habana IPK-220 showed lower attenuation, so it was discarded for the vaccination experiments. Strains IPK-337 and TMC 5135 were used as subcutaneous vaccine and compared with BCG. Nude mice vaccinated with strain 5135 showed longer but non-significant survival than BCG vaccinated animals. Cell suspensions from M. habana vaccinated mice produced higher IFNγ after stimulation with mycobacterial antigens than BCG recipients. After four months of challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv, mice vaccinated with BCG substrain Phipps or strain TMC 5135 showed total survival, while 60% survival was exhibited by animals vaccinated with M. habana IPK-337. Both M. habana strains do not prevent the infection with M. tuberculosis but avoided the progression of the experimental disease; strain TMC 5135 showed similar level of protection than BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Valdés
- National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, P.O. Box 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Montoro
- National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, P.O. Box 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinoza
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP-14000, Mexico
| | - Odalys Asín
- National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, P.O. Box 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payan
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP-14000, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Francisco-Cruz
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP-14000, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Valdivia
- National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center, Tropical Medicine Institute "Pedro Kouri" (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6½, La Lisa, P.O. Box 601, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City CP-14000, Mexico.
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Pang L, Tian X, Pan W, Xie J. Structure and function of mycobacterium glycopeptidolipids from comparative genomics perspective. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1705-13. [PMID: 23444081 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) attached to the outer surface of the greasy cell envelope, are a class of important glycolipids synthesized by several non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. The deletion or structure change of GPLs confers several phenotypical changes including colony morphology, hydrophobicity, aggregation, sliding motility, and biofilm formation. In addition, GPLs, particular serovar specific GPLs, are important immunomodulators. This review aims to summarize the advance on the structure, function and biosynthesis of mycobacterium GPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Tsai SH, Shen GH, Lin CH, Liau JR, Lai HC, Hu ST. Mab_3168c, a putative acetyltransferase, enhances adherence, intracellular survival and antimicrobial resistance of Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67563. [PMID: 23840740 PMCID: PMC3695912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium. It can cause diseases in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and is highly resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. M. abscessus displays two different colony morphology types: smooth and rough morphotypes. Cells with a rough morphotype are more virulent. The purpose of this study was to identify genes responsible for M. abscessus morphotype switching. With transposon mutagenesis, a mutant with a Tn5 inserted into the promoter region of the mab_3168c gene was found to switch its colonies from a rough to a smooth morphotype. This mutant had a higher sliding motility but a lower ability to form biofilms, aggregate in culture, and survive inside macrophages. Results of bioinformatic analyses suggest that the putative Mab_3168c protein is a member of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. This prediction was supported by the demonstration that the mab_3168c gene conferred M. abscessus and M. smegmatis cells resistance to amikacin. The multiple roles of mab_3168c suggest that it could be a potential target for development of therapeutic regimens to treat diseases caused by M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Gwan-Han Shen
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Institute of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Institute of Nursing Care, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Jiue-Ru Liau
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Shiau-Ting Hu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
- * E-mail:
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13
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Staudacher E. Methylation--an uncommon modification of glycans. Biol Chem 2013; 393:675-85. [PMID: 22944672 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A methyl (Me) group on a sugar residue is a rarely reported event. Until now, this type of modification has been found in the animal kingdom only in worms and molluscs, whereas it is more frequently present in some species of bacteria, fungi, algae and plants, but not in mammals. The monosaccharides involved as well as the positions of the Me groups on the sugar vary with species. Methylation appears to play a role in some recognition events, but details are still unknown. This review summarises the current knowledge on methylation of sugars in all types of organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Fujiwara N, Naka T, Ogawa M, Yamamoto R, Ogura H, Taniguchi H. Characteristics of Mycobacterium smegmatis J15cs strain lipids. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 92:187-92. [PMID: 22056691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis is a rapidly growing, non-pathogenic mycobacterium, and M. smegmatis strain mc(2)155 in particular has been used as a tool for molecular analysis of mycobacteria because of its high rate of transformation. We examined another strain, M. smegmatis J15cs, which has the advantage of surviving for six days in murine macrophages. The J15cs strain produces a rough dry colony, and we hypothesized that the long survival of the J15cs strain was correlated with its cell wall components. Therefore, the lipid compositions of these two strains were compared. The subclasses and carbon species of the mycolic acids were very similar, and the major glycolipids and phospholipids were expressed in both strains. However, apolar glycopeptidolipids were deleted only in the J15cs strain. The presence of apolar glycopeptidolipids gives the cell wall a different structure. Moreover, the apolar glycopeptidolipids were recognized by macrophages via toll-like receptor 2, but not 4. We concluded that the absence of apolar glycopeptidolipids is a definitive feature of the J15cs strain, and affects its morphology and survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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15
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Naka T, Maeda S, Niki M, Ohara N, Yamamoto S, Yano I, Maeyama JI, Ogura H, Kobayashi K, Fujiwara N. Lipid phenotype of two distinct subpopulations of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Tokyo 172 substrain. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44153-44161. [PMID: 22030395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.310037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Tokyo 172 is a predominant World Health Organization Reference Reagent for the BCG vaccine. Recently, the BCG Tokyo 172 substrain was reported to consist of two subpopulations with different colony morphologies, smooth and rough. Smooth colonies had a characteristic 22-bp deletion in Rv3405c of the region of difference (RD) 16 (type I), and rough colonies were complete in this region (type II). We hypothesized that the morphological difference is related to lipid phenotype and affects their antigenicity. We determined the lipid compositions and biosynthesis of types I and II. Scanning electron microscopy showed that type I was 1.5 times longer than type II. Phenolic glycolipid (PGL) and phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) were found only in type I. Although it has been reported that the RD16 is involved in the expression of PGL, type II did not possess PGL/PDIM. We examined the ppsA-E gene responsible for PGL/PDIM biosynthesis and found that the existence of PGL/PDIM in types I and II is caused by a ppsA gene mutation not regulated by the RD16. PGL suppressed the host recognition of total lipids via Toll-like receptor 2, and this suggests that PGL is antigenic and involved in host responses, acting as a cell wall component. This is the first report to show the difference between lipid phenotypes of types I and II. It is important to clarify the heterogeneity of BCG vaccine substrains to discuss and evaluate the quality, safety, and efficacy of the BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Naka
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; MBR Co. Ltd., Osaka 560-8552, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Molecular Epidemiology Division, Mycobacterium Reference Center, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - Mamiko Niki
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoya Ohara
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | | | - Ikuya Yano
- Japan BCG Laboratory, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; Department of Virology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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