1
|
Śmiałek-Bartyzel J, Bzowska M, Mak P. Pro-inflammatory properties of aureocin A53. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105365. [PMID: 38777105 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Aureocin A53 is a peptide bacteriocin produced by an opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus strain A53. The spatial structure of aureocin, unlike its amino acid sequence, is similar to the bacteriocin BacSp222, which was recently found to have the ability to induce the inflammatory response in the host cells. The presented research aimed to verify such properties also for aureocin A53. We demonstrated that the synthetic aureocin has slight cytotoxic activity towards murine monocytic-macrophage cells. This molecule was also able to activate murine P388.D1 and RAW 264.7 cells to IFN-γ-dependent production of nitric oxide and to activate production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine - TNF. We also proved that the observed pro-inflammatory activity of the studied bacteriocin is related to the stimulation of the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimer and, consequently, activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. To sum up, A53 is the second bacteriocin described in the literature, showing the pro-inflammatory activity against murine macrophage-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Śmiałek-Bartyzel
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11 St., 30-348 Kraków, Poland; Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhuang Y, Quirk S, Stover ER, Bureau HR, Allen CR, Hernandez R. Tertiary Plasticity Drives the Efficiency of Enterocin 7B Interactions with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2100-2113. [PMID: 38412510 PMCID: PMC10926100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The ability of antimicrobial peptides to efficiently kill their bacterial targets depends on the efficiency of their binding to the microbial membrane. In the case of enterocins, there is a three-part interaction: initial binding, unpacking of helices on the membrane surface, and permeation of the lipid bilayer. Helical unpacking is driven by disruption of the peptide hydrophobic core when in contact with membranes. Enterocin 7B is a leaderless enterocin antimicrobial peptide produced from Enterococcus faecalis that functions alone, or with its cognate partner enterocin 7A, to efficiently kill a wide variety of Gram-stain positive bacteria. To better characterize the role that tertiary structural plasticity plays in the ability of enterocin 7B to interact with the membranes, a series of arginine single-site mutants were constructed that destabilize the hydrophobic core to varying degrees. A series of experimental measures of structure, stability, and function, including CD spectra, far UV CD melting profiles, minimal inhibitory concentrations analysis, and release kinetics of calcein, show that decreased stabilization of the hydrophobic core is correlated with increased efficiency of a peptide to permeate membranes and in killing bacteria. Finally, using the computational technique of adaptive steered molecular dynamics, we found that the atomistic/energetic landscape of peptide mechanical unfolding leads to free energy differences between the wild type and its mutants, whose trends correlate well with our experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Stephen Quirk
- Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia 30076-2199, United States
| | - Erica R Stover
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hailey R Bureau
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Caley R Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rigoberto Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garrett SR, Palmer T. The role of proteinaceous toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus in interbacterial competition. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae006. [PMID: 38495077 PMCID: PMC10941976 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is highly adapted to colonization of the mammalian host. In humans the primary site of colonization is the epithelium of the nasal cavity. A major barrier to colonization is the resident microbiota, which have mechanisms to exclude S. aureus. As such, S. aureus has evolved mechanisms to compete with other bacteria, one of which is through secretion of proteinaceous toxins. S. aureus strains collectively produce a number of well-characterized Class I, II, and IV bacteriocins as well as several bacteriocin-like substances, about which less is known. These bacteriocins have potent antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive organisms, with some also active against Gram-negative species. S. aureus bacteriocins characterized to date are sporadically produced, and often encoded on plasmids. More recently the type VII secretion system (T7SS) of S. aureus has also been shown to play a role in interbacterial competition. The T7SS is encoded by all S. aureus isolates and so may represent a more widespread mechanism of competition used by this species. T7SS antagonism is mediated by the secretion of large protein toxins, three of which have been characterized to date: a nuclease toxin, EsaD; a membrane depolarizing toxin, TspA; and a phospholipase toxin, TslA. Further study is required to decipher the role that these different types of secreted toxins play in interbacterial competition and colonization of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Garrett
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Palmer
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arbulu S, Kjos M. Revisiting the Multifaceted Roles of Bacteriocins : The Multifaceted Roles of Bacteriocins. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:41. [PMID: 38351266 PMCID: PMC10864542 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria. These peptides are heterogeneous in terms of structure, antimicrobial activities, biosynthetic clusters, and regulatory mechanisms. Bacteriocins are widespread in nature and may contribute to microbial diversity due to their capacity to target specific bacteria. Primarily studied as food preservatives and therapeutic agents, their function in natural settings is however less known. This review emphasizes the ecological significance of bacteriocins as multifunctional peptides by exploring bacteriocin distribution, mobility, and their impact on bacterial population dynamics and biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arbulu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Morten Kjos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ladjouzi R, Dussert E, Teiar R, Belguesmia Y, Drider D. A Review on Enterocin DD14, the Leaderless Two-Peptide Bacteriocin with Multiple Biological Functions and Unusual Transport Pathway. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1188. [PMID: 37508284 PMCID: PMC10376788 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocin DD14 (EntDD14) is a two-peptide leaderless bacteriocin (LLB) produced by Enterococcus faecalis 14, a human strain isolated from meconium. Studies performed on EntDD14 enabled it to show its activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. EntDD14 was also shown to potentiate the activity of different antibiotics such as erythromycin, kanamycin, and methicillin when assessed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro and in vivo in the NMRI-F holoxenic mouse model. Additionally, EntDD14 has an antiviral activity and decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 in inflamed human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The genome of E. faecalis 14 was sequenced and annotated. Molecular tools such as Bagel4 software enabled us to locate a 6.7kb-EntDD14 cluster. Transport of EntDD14 outside of the cytoplasm was shown to be performed synergistically by a channel composed of two pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing proteins, namely DdE/DdF and the ABC transporter DdGHIJ. This latter could also protect the bacteriocinogenic strain against extracellular EntDD14. Here, we focus on academic data and potential therapeutic issues of EntDD14, as a model of two-peptide LLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ladjouzi
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, INRAe 1158, ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Elodie Dussert
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, INRAe 1158, ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Radja Teiar
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, INRAe 1158, ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yanath Belguesmia
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, INRAe 1158, ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, INRAe 1158, ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koniuchovaitė A, Petkevičiūtė A, Bernotaitė E, Gricajeva A, Gegeckas A, Kalėdienė L, Kaunietis A. Novel leaderless bacteriocin geobacillin 6 from thermophilic bacterium Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207367. [PMID: 37396380 PMCID: PMC10311245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics has urged us to develop alternative strategies against bacterial pathogens. Moreover, a demand for food products containing no chemical preservatives has led us to search for new alternative technologies for food preservation. Bacteriocins - ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides - have been proposed as a new alternative to conventional antibiotics or chemicals for food preservation. This study describes biosynthesis and characterization of a novel leaderless bacteriocin, geobacillin 6, which was identified in the thermophilic bacterium Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. Its amino acid sequence shows low similarity to other bacteriocins and it is the first leaderless-type bacteriocin identified in thermophilic bacteria. Based on structure assessment, the bacteriocin forms a multi-helix bundle. Geobacillin 6 exhibits a relatively narrow antimicrobial spectrum, it is active in the μM range and against Gram-positive bacteria, mostly thermophilic species closely related to the producer strain. Bacteriocin demonstrates stability over pH 3-11 and is highly thermostable, retaining 100% of its activity after incubation at 95°C for 6 h. Geobacillin 6 has potential in the food industry and biotechnological processes where contamination with thermophilic bacteria is undesirable.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pérez-Ramos A, Ladjouzi R, Mihasan M, Teiar R, Benachour A, Drider D. Advances in Characterizing the Transport Systems of and Resistance to EntDD14, A Leaderless Two-Peptide Bacteriocin with Potent Inhibitory Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021517. [PMID: 36675049 PMCID: PMC9865063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocin DD14 (EntDD14) is a two-peptide leaderless bacteriocin produced by the Enterococcus faecalis 14 strain previously isolated from meconium. This bacteriocin is mainly active against Gram-positive bacteria. Leaderless bacteriocins do not undergo post-translational modifications and are therefore immediately active after their synthesis. As a result, the cells that produce such bacteriocins have developed means of protection against them which often involve transport systems. In this and our previous work, we constructed different mutants deleted in the genes involved in the transport functions, thus covering all the supposed components of this transport system, using Listeria innocua ATCC 33090 as the indicator strain to assess the activity of externalized EntDD14. We also assessed the self-resistance of the WT and all its engineered derivative mutants against EntDD14, provided extracellularly, in order to evaluate their self-resistance. The results obtained highlight that the ABC transporter constituted by the DdG, H, I, and J proteins contributes to EntDD14 export as well as resistance to an external supply of EntDD14. Our results also have established the essential role of the DdE and DdF proteins as primary transporters dedicated to the externalization of EntDD14. Moreover, the in silico data showed that DdE and DdF appear to assemble in a formation that forms an essential channel for the exit of EntDD14. This channel DdEF may interact with the ABC transporter DdGHIJ in order to control the flow of bacteriocin across the membrane, although the nature of this interaction remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Pérez-Ramos
- ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabia Ladjouzi
- ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Marius Mihasan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I Blvd, no. 20A, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radja Teiar
- ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Abdellah Benachour
- U2RM-Stress and Virulence, UNICAEN, Esplanade de la Paix, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- ICV-Institut Charles Viollette, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro 1158, University Lille, INRAE, University Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, University Artois, University Littoral Côte d’Opale, 59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Torres Salazar B, Lange A, Camus L, Heilbronner S. Sampling of Human Microbiomes to Screen for Antibiotic-Producing Commensals. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2601:39-54. [PMID: 36445578 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2855-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil-derived microorganisms have been sampled intensively throughout the last decades in order to discover bacterial strains that produce new antibiotics. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the constant high demand for new antibiotic classes are leading to the sampling and investigation of new microbiomes that contain antimicrobial producers. Human-associated microbiomes are therefore gaining more and more attention. This chapter presents a detailed description of how human microbiomes can be sampled and how microbiota members from skin and nasal samples can be isolated. Different methods for antimicrobial compound screening are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Torres Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Tübingen, Germany
- (DFG) Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Lange
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Tübingen, Germany
- (DFG) Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Camus
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Tübingen, Germany
- (DFG) Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Heilbronner
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Tübingen, Germany.
- (DFG) Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin X, An S, Kightlinger W, Zhou J, Hong SH. Engineering Escherichia coli to produce and secrete colicins for rapid and selective biofilm cell killing. AIChE J 2021; 67:e17466. [PMID: 36329688 PMCID: PMC9629166 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are associated with chronic infectious diseases and are highly resistant to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial bacteriocins are alternatives to conventional antibiotics and are characterized by unique cell-killing mechanisms, including pore formation on cell membranes, nuclease activity, and cell wall synthesis inhibition. Here, we used cell-free protein synthesis to rapidly evaluate the anti-biofilm activities of colicins E1, E2, and E3. We found that E2 (with DNase activity) most effectively killed target biofilm cells (i.e., the K361 strain) while leaving non-targeted biofilms intact. We then engineered probiotic Escherichia coli microorganisms with genetic circuits to controllably synthesize and secrete colicin E2, which successfully inhibited biofilms and killed pre-formed indicator biofilms. Our findings suggest that colicins rapidly and selectively kill target biofilm cells in multispecies biofilms and demonstrate the potential of using microorganisms engineered to produce antimicrobial colicin proteins as live therapeutic strategies to treat biofilm-associated infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Sungjun An
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jiacheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Seok Hoon Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evidence for the Involvement of Pleckstrin Homology Domain-Containing Proteins in the Transport of Enterocin DD14 (EntDD14); a Leaderless Two-Peptide Bacteriocin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312877. [PMID: 34884682 PMCID: PMC8657885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins synthesis is initiated from an inactive precursor, which is composed of an N-terminal leader peptide attached to a C-terminal pro-peptide. However, leaderless bacteriocins (LLB) do not possess this N-terminal leader peptide nor undergo post-translational modifications. These atypical bacteriocins are observed to be immediately active after their translation in the cytoplasm. However, although considered to be simple, the biosynthetic pathway of LLB remains to be fully understood. Enterocin DD14 (EntDD14) is a two-peptide LLB produced by Enterococcus faecalis 14, which is a strain isolated from meconium. In silico analysis of DNA encoding EntDD14 located a cluster of 10 genes ddABCDEFGHIJ, where ddE and ddF encode the peculiar DdE and DdF proteins, carrying pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. These modules are quite common in Eucarya proteins and are known to be involved in intracellular signaling or cytoskeleton organization. To elucidate their role within the EntDD14 genetic determinants, we constructed deletion mutants of the ddE and ddF genes. As a result, the mutants were unable to export EntDD14 outside of the cytoplasm even though there was a clear expression of structural genes ddAB encoding EntDD14, and genes ddHIJ encoding an ABC transporter. Importantly, in these mutant strains (ΔddE and ΔddF), EntDD14 was detected by mass spectrometry in the intracellular soluble fraction exerting, upon its accumulation, a toxic effect on the producing strain as revealed by cell-counting and confocal microscopy analysis. Taken together, these results clearly indicate that PH domain-containing proteins, such as DdE and DdF, are involved in the transport of the leaderless two-peptide EntDD14.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Ramos A, Madi-Moussa D, Coucheney F, Drider D. Current Knowledge of the Mode of Action and Immunity Mechanisms of LAB-Bacteriocins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2107. [PMID: 34683428 PMCID: PMC8538875 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB-bacteriocins) may serve as alternatives for aging antibiotics. LAB-bacteriocins can be used alone, or in some cases as potentiating agents to treat bacterial infections. This approach could meet the different calls and politics, which aim to reduce the use of traditional antibiotics and develop novel therapeutic options. Considering the clinical applications of LAB-bacteriocins as a reasonable and desirable therapeutic approach, it is therefore important to assess the advances achieved in understanding their modes of action, and the resistance mechanisms developed by the producing bacteria to their own bacteriocins. Most LAB-bacteriocins act by disturbing the cytoplasmic membrane through forming pores, or by cell wall degradation. Nevertheless, some of these peptides still have unknown modes of action, especially those that are active against Gram-negative bacteria. Regarding immunity, most bacteriocin-producing strains have an immunity mechanism involving an immunity protein and a dedicated ABC transporter system. However, these immunity mechanisms vary from one bacteriocin to another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Djamel Drider
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, ICV—Institut Charles Viollette, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.P.-R.); (D.M.-M.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toyoncin, a Novel Leaderless Bacteriocin That Is Produced by Bacillus toyonensis XIN-YC13 and Specifically Targets B. cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0018521. [PMID: 33811023 PMCID: PMC8174769 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00185-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins have attracted increasing interest because of their potential as natural preservatives. Recent studies showed that the Bacillus cereus group is a prominent producer of bacteriocins. Using a laboratory-based screening strategy, we identified a strain in the B. cereus group, Bacillus toyonensis XIN-YC13, with antimicrobial activity against B. cereus. A novel, 70-amino-acid-long leaderless bacteriocin, toyoncin, was purified from the culture supernatant of strain XIN-YC13, and its molecular mass was found to be 7,817.1012 Da. Toyoncin shares no similarity with any other known bacteriocins, and its N-terminal amino acid is formylmethionine rather than methionine. Toyoncin shows good pH and heat stability and exhibits specific antimicrobial activity against two important foodborne pathogens, B. cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, toyoncin exerts bactericidal activity and induces cell membrane damage. Toyoncin can also inhibit the outgrowth of B. cereus spores. Preservation assays showed that toyoncin effectively suppressed or eradicated B. cereus and L. monocytogenes in pasteurized skim milk. These results suggest that toyoncin can be used as a new biopreservative against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes in the food industry. IMPORTANCE We identified a novel leaderless bacteriocin, toyoncin, produced by B. toyonensis XIN-YC13. Toyoncin shows good pH and heat stability, and it has specific antimicrobial activity against B. cereus and L. monocytogenes (two important foodborne pathogens), likely by destroying their cell membrane integrity. Toyoncin inhibited the outgrowth of B. cereus spores and effectively inhibited or eliminated B. cereus and L. monocytogenes in a milk model system. These results indicate the potential of toyoncin as a food preservative.
Collapse
|
13
|
de Freire Bastos MDC, Miceli de Farias F, Carlin Fagundes P, Varella Coelho ML. Staphylococcins: an update on antimicrobial peptides produced by staphylococci and their diverse potential applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10339-10368. [PMID: 33128614 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins produced by staphylococci. They can be separated into different classes, depending on their amino acid composition, structural complexity, and steps involved in their production. In this review, an overview of the current knowledge on staphylococcins will be presented with emphasis on the information collected in the last decade, including a brief description of new peptides. Most staphylococcins characterized to date are either lantibiotics or linear class II bacteriocins. Recently, gene clusters coding for production of circular bacteriocins, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides have been mined from the genome of staphylococcal isolates. In contrast to class II bacteriocins, lantibiotics, sactipeptides, and thiopeptides undergo post-translational modifications that can be quite extensive, depending on the peptide. Few staphylococcins inhibit only some staphylococcal species, but most of them have proven to target pathogens belonging to different genera and involved in a variety of infectious diseases of clinical or agronomic importance. Therefore, these peptides exhibit potential application as anti-infective drugs in different areas. This review will also cover this diverse and remarkable potential. To be commercialized, however, staphylococcin production should be cost-effective and result in high bacteriocin yields, which are not generally achieved from the culture supernatant of their native producers. Such low yields make their production quite costly and not suitable at large industrial scale. Efforts already made to overcome this limitation, minimizing costs and time of production of some staphylococcins and employing either chemical synthesis or in vivo biosynthesis, will be addressed in this review as well. KEY POINTS: • Staphylococci produce a variety of antimicrobial peptides known as staphylococcins. • Most staphylococcins are post-translationally modified peptides. • Staphylococcins exhibit potential biotechnological applications. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Miceli de Farias
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Carlin Fagundes
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ladjouzi R, Lucau-Danila A, Benachour A, Drider D. A Leaderless Two-Peptide Bacteriocin, Enterocin DD14, Is Involved in Its Own Self-Immunity: Evidence and Insights. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:644. [PMID: 32671042 PMCID: PMC7332713 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocin DD14 (EntDD14) is a two-peptide leaderless bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecalis 14, a strain previously isolated from meconium. EntDD14 has a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Leaderless bacteriocins, unlike bacteriocins with leader peptides, are immediately active after their translation, and a producing strain has then to develop specific mechanisms to protect both intra and extracellular compartments. The in silico analysis of Ent. faecalis 14 genome allowed to locate downstream of structural ddAB genes, 8 other adjacent genes, designed ddCDEFGHIJ, which collectively may form three operons. To gain insights on immunity mechanisms of Ent. faecalis 14, mutant strains knocked out in ddAB genes encoding bacteriocin precursor peptides (Δbac) and/or ABC transporter (ΔddI) of EntDD14 were constructed and characterized. Importantly, Δbac mutant strains, from which structural ddAB genes were deleted, resulted unable to produce EntDD14 and sensitive to exogenous EntDD14 showing their involvement in the Ent. faecalis 14 immunity system. Moreover, the sensitivity of Δbac mutants appeared not to be associated with the down-regulation of ddCDEFGHIJ gene expression since they were similarly expressed in both Δbac and wild-type strains during the log phase while they were found significantly down-regulated in the Δbac mutant strain after 24 h of growth. Data gathered from this study suggest also the implication of the ABC transporter (ddHIJ) in the active export of EntDD14 but ruled-out its involvement in the primary self-immunity system. Interestingly, non-bacteriocin producing Ent. faecalis JH2-2 cells transformed with ddAB, or ddAB plus genes encoding the ABC transporter (ddAB-HIJ) did not produce EntDD14 and remained sensitive to its action. Of note, trans-complementation of the Δbac mutant strain with these constructions allowed to recover the WT phenotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study delineating the role of the intracellular two-peptide leaderless bacteriocins in their self-immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ladjouzi
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro N° 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Anca Lucau-Danila
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro N° 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | | | - Djamel Drider
- UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro N° 1158, Univ. Lille, INRAE, Univ. Liège, UPJV, YNCREA, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salustiano Marques-Bastos SL, Varella Coelho ML, Ceotto-Vigoder H, Carlin Fagundes P, Silva Almeida G, Brede DA, Nes IF, Vasconcelos de Paiva Brito MA, de Freire Bastos MDC. Molecular characterization of aureocin 4181: a natural N-formylated aureocin A70 variant with a broad spectrum of activity. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1527-1538. [PMID: 32542423 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by prokaryotes. Here, the molecular characterization of aureocin 4181, a bacteriocin produced by Staphylococcus aureus 4181, a strain involved in bovine mastitis, is presented. Aureocin 4181 gene cluster (aurRID1CBAT) was mined from scaffold 15 of the draft genome of its producer strain. Three (AurABC) out of the four structural peptides of aureocin 4181 are identical to those of aureocin A70, except for AurD1 of aureocin 4181, which showed a conservative substitution of Leu29 to Phe29 when compared to AurD of aureocin A70. According to molecular mass determination and peptide sequencing, combined with genome sequencing data, aureocin 4181 is an N-formylated variant of aureocin A70. The analysis of its antimicrobial spectrum was extended to include strains of the two major contagious pathogens involved in bovine mastitis, S. aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Aureocin 4181 exhibited a striking activity against S. aureus, inhibiting most strains tested. Besides having a broader spectrum of activity, aureocin 4181 exhibited a stronger bacteriolytic action against the target strains and proved to be from two- to fourfold more active than aureocin A70 against S. aureus. Aureocin 4181 has potential to become an alternative drug for prevention and control of mastitic staphylococci, a pathogen that imposes a huge economic burden to dairy industry worldwide. It also represents the third four-component bacteriocin described in the literature, the second in staphylococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hilana Ceotto-Vigoder
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Carlin Fagundes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silva Almeida
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dag A Brede
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingolf F Nes
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco I, room I-1-059, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Van der Veken D, Benhachemi R, Charmpi C, Ockerman L, Poortmans M, Van Reckem E, Michiels C, Leroy F. Exploring the Ambiguous Status of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in the Biosafety of Fermented Meats: The Case of Antibacterial Activity Versus Biogenic Amine Formation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020167. [PMID: 31991613 PMCID: PMC7074764 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 332 staphylococcal strains, mainly isolated from meat, were screened for antibacterial activity. Eighteen strains exhibited antibacterial activity towards species within the same genus. These antibacterial strains were further screened against Clostridium botulinum, to assess their potential as anticlostridial starter cultures for the development of fermented meat products without added nitrate or nitrite. Only Staphylococcus sciuri IMDO-S72 had the ability to inhibit all clostridial strains tested, whilst displaying additional activity against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Apart from their potential as bioprotective cultures, the staphylococcal collection was also screened for biogenic amine production, as these compounds may compromise food quality. To this end, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied. A low incidence of biogenic amine production was found, with tyramine and β-phenylethylamine being the most prevalent ones. Concentrations remained relatively low (< 52 mg/L) after a prolonged incubation period, posing no or little threat towards food safety. Taken together, S. sciuri IMDO-S72 could serve as an interesting candidate for the bioprotection of fermented meats as it showed promising antibacterial activity as well as absence of biogenic amine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Van der Veken
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.V.d.V.); (C.C.); (L.O.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Rafik Benhachemi
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.B.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Christina Charmpi
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.V.d.V.); (C.C.); (L.O.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Lore Ockerman
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.V.d.V.); (C.C.); (L.O.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Marijke Poortmans
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.B.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Emiel Van Reckem
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.V.d.V.); (C.C.); (L.O.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Chris Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (R.B.); (M.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.V.d.V.); (C.C.); (L.O.); (E.V.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lynch D, O’Connor PM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Field D, Begley M. Identification and characterisation of capidermicin, a novel bacteriocin produced by Staphylococcus capitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223541. [PMID: 31618225 PMCID: PMC6795431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred human-derived coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) were screened for antimicrobial activity using agar-based deferred antagonism assays with a range of indicator bacteria. Based on the findings of the screen and subsequent well assays with cell free supernatants and whole cell extracts, one strain, designated CIT060, was selected for further investigation. It was identified as Staphylococcus capitis and herein we describe the purification and characterisation of the novel bacteriocin that the strain produces. This bacteriocin which we have named capidermicin was extracted from the cell-free supernatant of S. capitis CIT060 and purified to homogeneity using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric (MS) analysis revealed that the capidermicin peptide has a mass of 5,464 Da. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) experiments showed that capidermicin was active in the micro-molar range against all the Gram-positive bacteria that were tested. Antimicrobial activity was retained over a range of pHs (2–11) and temperatures (10–121°C x 15 mins). The draft genome sequence of S. capitis CIT060 was determined and the genes predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of capidermicin were identified. These genes included the predicted capidermicin precursor gene, and genes that are predicted to encode a membrane transporter, an immunity protein and a transcriptional regulator. Homology searches suggest that capidermicin is a novel member of the family of class II leaderless bacteriocins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula M. O’Connor
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Des Field
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MB); (DF)
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (MB); (DF)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perez RH, Zendo T, Sonomoto K. Circular and Leaderless Bacteriocins: Biosynthesis, Mode of Action, Applications, and Prospects. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2085. [PMID: 30233551 PMCID: PMC6131525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are a huge family of ribosomally synthesized peptides known to exhibit a range of bioactivities, most predominantly antibacterial activities. Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria are of particular interest due to the latter's association to food fermentation and the general notion of them to be safe. Among the family of bacteriocins, the groups known as circular bacteriocins and leaderless bacteriocins are gaining more attention due to their enormous potential for industrial application. Circular bacteriocins and leaderless bacteriocins, arguably the least understood groups of bacteriocins, possess distinctively peculiar characteristics in their structures and biosynthetic mechanisms. Circular bacteriocins have N-to-C- terminal covalent linkage forming a structurally distinct circular peptide backbone. The circular nature of their structures provides them superior stability against various stresses compared to most linear bacteriocins. The molecular mechanism of their biosynthesis, albeit has remained poorly understood, is believed to possesses huge application prospect as it can serve as scaffold in bioengineering other biologically important peptides. On the other hand, while most bacteriocins are synthesized as inactive precursor peptides, which possess an N-terminal leader peptide attached to a C-terminal propeptide, leaderless bacteriocins are atypical as they do not have an N-terminal leader peptide, hence the name. Leaderless bacteriocins are active right after translation as they do not undergo any post-translational processing common to other groups of bacteriocins. This "simplicity" in the biosynthesis of leaderless bacteriocins offers a huge commercial potential as scale-up production systems are considerably easier to assemble. In this review, we summarize the current studies of both circular and leaderless bacteriocins, highlighting the progress in understanding their biosynthesis, mode of action, application and their prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney H Perez
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carlin Fagundes P, Nascimento de Sousa Santos I, Silva Francisco M, Mattos Albano R, de Freire Bastos MDC. Genetic and biochemical characterization of hyicin 3682, the first bacteriocin reported for Staphylococcus hyicus. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
Draft Genome Sequence of the Aureocin A53–Producing Strain
Staphylococcus aureus
A53. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00858-16. [PMID: 27563042 PMCID: PMC5000826 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00858-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Here, we present the 2,658,363-bp draft genome sequence of the aureocin A53–producing strain
Staphylococcus aureus
A53. This genome information may contribute to the optimal and rational exploitation of aureocin A53 as an antimicrobial agent and to its production in large scale.
Collapse
|
21
|
Janek D, Zipperer A, Kulik A, Krismer B, Peschel A. High Frequency and Diversity of Antimicrobial Activities Produced by Nasal Staphylococcus Strains against Bacterial Competitors. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005812. [PMID: 27490492 PMCID: PMC4973975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human nasal microbiota is highly variable and dynamic often enclosing major pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. The potential roles of bacteriocins or other mechanisms allowing certain bacterial clones to prevail in this nutrient-poor habitat have hardly been studied. Of 89 nasal Staphylococcus isolates, unexpectedly, the vast majority (84%) was found to produce antimicrobial substances in particular under habitat-specific stress conditions, such as iron limitation or exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Activity spectra were generally narrow but highly variable with activities against certain nasal members of the Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, or several groups of bacteria. Staphylococcus species and many other Firmicutes were insusceptible to most of the compounds. A representative bacteriocin was identified as a nukacin-related peptide whose inactivation reduced the capacity of the producer Staphylococcus epidermidis IVK45 to limit growth of other nasal bacteria. Of note, the bacteriocin genes were found on mobile genetic elements exhibiting signs of extensive horizontal gene transfer and rearrangements. Thus, continuously evolving bacteriocins appear to govern bacterial competition in the human nose and specific bacteriocins may become important agents for eradication of notorious opportunistic pathogens from human microbiota. The complex and dynamic microbial communities of human body surfaces are of utmost importance for human body functions in health and diseases. Human microbiomes contribute to metabolic processes, instruct the immune system, and often include antibiotic-resistant pathogens, responsible for the majority of severe bacterial infections. It is generally accepted that microbiota composition is strongly affected by mechanisms of microbial interference, but how specific bacteria may achieve fitness benefits and outcompete other microbes has remained largely unknown. We demonstrate that production of antimicrobial bacteriocins is not an occasional trait but a dominant and highly variable strategy among human nasal bacteria for limiting the growth of competing microbes. We found that more than 80% of nasal Staphylococcus isolates produce bacteriocins with highly diverse activity spectra, in particular under habitat-specific stress conditions such as iron limitation and exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Inactivation of a representative bacteriocin diminished the producer’s competitive capability indicating that bacteriocins may be a major driving force for the dynamics of microbiomes in nutrient-poor habitats such as the human nose. The identification of bacteriocin genes on mobile genetic elements with composite structure suggests that they are subject to highly dynamic co-evolutionary processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Janek
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipperer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbiology/Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Infection Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Acedo JZ, van Belkum MJ, Lohans CT, Towle KM, Miskolzie M, Vederas JC. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Solution Structures of Lacticin Q and Aureocin A53 Reveal a Structural Motif Conserved among Leaderless Bacteriocins with Broad-Spectrum Activity. Biochemistry 2016; 55:733-42. [PMID: 26771761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lacticin Q (LnqQ) and aureocin A53 (AucA) are leaderless bacteriocins from Lactococcus lactis QU5 and Staphylococcus aureus A53, respectively. These bacteriocins are characterized by the absence of an N-terminal leader sequence and are active against a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria. LnqQ and AucA consist of 53 and 51 amino acids, respectively, and have 47% identical sequences. In this study, their three-dimensional structures were elucidated using solution nuclear magnetic resonance and were shown to consist of four α-helices that assume a very similar compact, globular overall fold (root-mean-square deviation of 1.7 Å) with a highly cationic surface and a hydrophobic core. The structures of LnqQ and AucA resemble the shorter two-component leaderless bacteriocins, enterocins 7A and 7B, despite having low levels of sequence identity. Homology modeling revealed that the observed structural motif may be shared among leaderless bacteriocins with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive organisms. The elucidated structures of LnqQ and AucA also exhibit some resemblance to circular bacteriocins. Despite their similar overall fold, inhibition studies showed that LnqQ and AucA have different antimicrobial potency against the Gram-positive strains tested, suggesting that sequence disparities play a crucial role in their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeella Z Acedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Marco J van Belkum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Christopher T Lohans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Kaitlyn M Towle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wladyka B, Piejko M, Bzowska M, Pieta P, Krzysik M, Mazurek Ł, Guevara-Lora I, Bukowski M, Sabat AJ, Friedrich AW, Bonar E, Międzobrodzki J, Dubin A, Mak P. A peptide factor secreted by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exhibits properties of both bacteriocins and virulence factors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14569. [PMID: 26411997 PMCID: PMC4585962 DOI: 10.1038/srep14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common commensal bacterium colonizing the skin and mucosal surfaces of household animals. However, it has recently emerged as a dangerous opportunistic pathogen, comparable to S. aureus for humans. The epidemiological situation is further complicated by the increasing number of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius infections and evidence of gene transmission driving antibiotic resistance between staphylococci colonizing human and zoonotic hosts. In the present study, we describe a unique peptide, BacSp222, that possesses features characteristic of both bacteriocins and virulence factors. BacSp222 is secreted in high quantities by S. pseudintermedius strain 222 isolated from dog skin lesions. This linear, fifty-amino-acid highly cationic peptide is plasmid-encoded and does not exhibit significant sequence similarities to any other known peptides or proteins. BacSp222 kills gram-positive bacteria (at doses ranging from 0.1 to several micromol/l) but also demonstrates significant cytotoxic activities towards eukaryotic cells at slightly higher concentrations. Moreover, at nanomolar concentrations, the peptide also possesses modulatory properties, efficiently enhancing interferon gamma-induced nitric oxide release in murine macrophage-like cell lines. BacSp222 appears to be one of the first examples of multifunctional peptides that breaks the convention of splitting bacteriocins and virulence factors into two unrelated groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piejko
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,3rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Krzysik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mazurek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ibeth Guevara-Lora
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur J Sabat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Bonar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Dubin
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Libberton B, Horsburgh MJ, Brockhurst MA. The effects of spatial structure, frequency dependence and resistance evolution on the dynamics of toxin-mediated microbial invasions. Evol Appl 2015; 8:738-50. [PMID: 26240609 PMCID: PMC4516424 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that interference competition between bacteria shapes the distribution of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in the lower nasal airway of humans, either by preventing colonization or by driving displacement. This competition within the nasal microbial community would add to known host factors that affect colonization. We tested the role of toxin-mediated interference competition in both structured and unstructured environments, by culturing S. aureus with toxin-producing or nonproducing Staphylococcus epidermidis nasal isolates. Toxin-producing S. epidermidis invaded S. aureus populations more successfully than nonproducers, and invasion was promoted by spatial structure. Complete displacement of S. aureus was prevented by the evolution of toxin resistance. Conversely, toxin-producing S. epidermidis restricted S. aureus invasion. Invasion of toxin-producing S. epidermidis populations by S. aureus resulted from the evolution of toxin resistance, which was favoured by high initial frequency and low spatial structure. Enhanced toxin production also evolved in some invading populations of S. epidermidis. Toxin production therefore promoted invasion by, and constrained invasion into, populations of producers. Spatial structure enhanced both of these invasion effects. Our findings suggest that manipulation of the nasal microbial community could be used to limit colonization by S. aureus, which might limit transmission and infection rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Libberton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK ; Karolinska Institute SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bastos MDCDF, Coelho MLV, Santos OCDS. Resistance to bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:683-700. [PMID: 25406453 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.082289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriocins are prokaryotic proteins or peptides with antimicrobial activity. Most of them exhibit a broad spectrum of activity, inhibiting micro-organisms belonging to different genera and species, including many bacterial pathogens which cause human, animal or plant infections. Therefore, these substances have potential biotechnological applications in either food preservation or prevention and control of bacterial infectious diseases. However, there is concern that continuous exposure of bacteria to bacteriocins may select cells resistant to them, as observed for conventional antimicrobials. Based on the models already investigated, bacteriocin resistance may be either innate or acquired and seems to be a complex phenomenon, arising at different frequencies (generally from 10(-9) to 10(-2)) and by different mechanisms, even amongst strains of the same bacterial species. In the present review, we discuss the prevalence, development and molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria. These mechanisms generally involve changes in the bacterial cell envelope, which result in (i) reduction or loss of bacteriocin binding or insertion, (ii) bacteriocin sequestering, (iii) bacteriocin efflux pumping (export) and (iv) bacteriocin degradation, amongst others. Strategies that can be used to overcome this resistance are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo de Freire Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, sala I-1-59, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, sala I-1-59, Rio de Janeiro Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, INPI, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olinda Cabral da Silva Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco I, sala I-1-59, Rio de Janeiro
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Potter A, Ceotto H, Coelho MLV, Guimarães AJ, Bastos MDCDF. The gene cluster of aureocyclicin 4185: the first cyclic bacteriocin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:917-928. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus 4185 was previously shown to produce at least two bacteriocins. One of them is encoded by pRJ101. To detect the bacteriocin-encoding gene cluster, an ~9160 kb region of pRJ101 was sequenced. In silico analyses identified 10 genes (aclX, aclB, aclI, aclT, aclC, aclD, aclA, aclF, aclG and aclH) that might be involved in the production of a novel cyclic bacteriocin named aureocyclicin 4185. The organization of these genes was quite similar to that of the gene cluster responsible for carnocyclin A production and immunity. Four putative proteins encoded by these genes (AclT, AclC, AclD and AclA) also exhibited similarity to proteins encoded by cyclic bacteriocin gene clusters. Mutants derived from insertion of Tn917-lac into aclC, aclF, aclH and aclX were affected in bacteriocin production and growth. AclX is a 205 aa putative protein not encoded by the gene clusters of other cyclic bacteriocins. AclX exhibits 50 % similarity to a permease and has five putative membrane-spanning domains. Transcription analyses suggested that aclX is part of the aureocyclicin 4185 gene cluster, encoding a protein required for bacteriocin production. The aclA gene is the structural gene of aureocyclicin 4185, which shows 65 % similarity to garvicin ML. AclA is proposed to be cleaved off, generating a mature peptide with a predicted M
r of 5607 Da (60 aa). By homology modelling, AclA presents four α-helices, like carnocyclin A. AclA could not be found at detectable levels in the culture supernatant of a strain carrying only pRJ101. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a cyclic bacteriocin gene cluster in the genus Staphylococcus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Potter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hilana Ceotto
- Instituto Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lívio Varella Coelho
- Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, INPI, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Immunity to the Staphylococcus aureus leaderless four-peptide bacteriocin aureocin A70 is conferred by AurI, an integral membrane protein. Res Microbiol 2014; 165:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Bifunctional gene cluster lnqBCDEF mediates bacteriocin production and immunity with differential genetic requirements. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2446-9. [PMID: 23335763 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03783-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive gene disruption of lacticin Q biosynthetic cluster lnqQBCDEF was carried out. The results demonstrated the necessity of the complete set of lnqQBCDEF for lacticin Q production, whereas immunity was flexible, with LnqEF (ABC transporter) being essential for and LnqBCD partially contributing to immunity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Iwatani S, Yoneyama F, Miyashita S, Zendo T, Nakayama J, Sonomoto K. Identification of the genes involved in the secretion and self-immunity of lacticin Q, an unmodified leaderless bacteriocin from Lactococcus lactis QU 5. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2927-2935. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.062943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Iwatani
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shiho Miyashita
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Zendo
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kenji Sonomoto
- Laboratory of Functional Food Design, Department of Functional Metabolic Design, Bio-Architecture Center, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Division of Applied Molecular Microbiology and Biomass Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van Belkum MJ, Vederas JC. The ABC Transporter CclEFGH Facilitates the Production of the Circular Bacteriocin Carnocyclin A. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2012; 4:273-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-012-9112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|