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Han S, Xue Y, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S. Development of a two-enzyme system in Aspergillus niger for efficient production of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine from powdery chitin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130024. [PMID: 37972902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase (PbChi70) from Paenibacillus barengoltzii was engineered by directed evolution to enhance its hydrolysis efficiency towards powder chitin. Through two rounds of screening, a mutant (mPbChi70) with a maximum specific activity of 73.21 U/mg was obtained, which is by far the highest value ever reported. The mutant gene was further transformed into Aspergillus niger FBL-B (ΔglaA) which could secrete high level of endogenously β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase), thus a two-enzyme expression system was constructed. The highest chitinase activity of 61.33 U/mL with GlcNAcase activity of 353.1 U/mL was obtained in a 5-L fermentor by high-cell density fermentation. The chitin-degrading enzyme cocktail was used for the bioconversion of GlcNAc from powder chitin directly, and the highest conversion ratio reached high up to 71.9 % (w/w) with GlcNAc purity ≥95 % (w/w). This study may provide an excellent chitinase as well as a double enzyme cocktail system for efficient biological conversion of chitin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Han
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibin Xue
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Minguet-Lobato M, Cervantes FV, Míguez N, Plou FJ, Fernández-Lobato M. Chitinous material bioconversion by three new chitinases from the yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38245740 PMCID: PMC10799394 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases are widely distributed enzymes that perform the biotransformation of chitin, one of the most abundant polysaccharides on the biosphere, into useful value-added chitooligosaccharides (COS) with a wide variety of biotechnological applications in food, health, and agricultural fields. One of the most important group of enzymes involved in the degradation of chitin comprises the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18), which harbours endo- and exo-enzymes that act synergistically to depolymerize chitin. The secretion of a chitinase activity from the ubiquitous yeast Mestchnikowia pulcherrima and their involvement in the post-harvest biological control of fungal pathogens was previously reported. RESULTS Three new chitinases from M. pulcherrima, MpChit35, MpChit38 and MpChit41, were molecularly characterized and extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris to about 91, 90 and 71 mU ml- 1, respectively. The three enzymes hydrolysed colloidal chitin with optimal activity at 45 ºC and pH 4.0-4.5, increased 2-times their activities using 1 mM of Mn2+ and hydrolysed different types of commercial chitosan. The partial separation and characterization of the complex COS mixtures produced from the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan were achieved by a new anionic chromatography HPAEC-PAD method and mass spectrometry assays. An overview of the predicted structures of these proteins and their catalytic modes of action were also presented. Depicted their high sequence and structural homology, MpChit35 acted as an exo-chitinase producing di-acetyl-chitobiose from chitin while MpChit38 and MpChit41 both acted as endo-chitinases producing tri-acetyl-chitotriose as main final product. CONCLUSIONS Three new chitinases from the yeast M. pulcherrima were molecularly characterized and their enzymatic and structural characteristics analysed. These enzymes transformed chitinous materials to fully and partially acetylated COS through different modes of splitting, which make them interesting biocatalysts for deeper structural-function studies on the challenging enzymatic conversion of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Minguet-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Fadia V Cervantes
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Noa Míguez
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC. C/ Marie Curie, 2. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), University Autonomous from Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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Gonçalves CGE, Lourenço LDFH, Philippsen HK, Santos AS, Santos LND, Ferreira NR. Crude Enzyme Concentrate of Filamentous Fungus Hydrolyzed Chitosan to Obtain Oligomers of Different Sizes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092079. [PMID: 37177223 PMCID: PMC10181246 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a non-cytotoxic polysaccharide that, upon hydrolysis, releases oligomers of different sizes that may have antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the inhibition of cancer cell growth, among other applications. It is, therefore, a hydrolysis process with great biotechnological relevance. Thus, this study aims to use a crude enzyme concentrate (CEC) produced by a filamentous fungus to obtain oligomers with different molecular weights. The microorganism was cultivated in a liquid medium (modified Czapeck-with carboxymethylcellulose as enzyme inducer). The enzymes present in the CEC were identified by LC-MS/MS, with an emphasis on cellobiohydrolase (E.C 3.2.1.91). The fungus of the Aspergillus genus was identified by amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region and metaproteomic analysis, where the excreted enzymes were identified with sequence coverage greater than 84% to A. nidulans. Chitosan hydrolysis assays compared the CEC with the commercial enzyme (Celluclast 1.5 L®). The ability to reduce the initial molecular mass of chitosan by 47.80, 75.24, and 93.26% after 2.0, 5.0, and 24 h of reaction, respectively, was observed. FTIR analyses revealed lower absorbance of chitosan oligomers' spectral signals, and their crystallinity was reduced after 3 h of hydrolysis. Based on these results, we can conclude that the crude enzyme concentrate showed a significant technological potential for obtaining chitosan oligomers of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hellen Kempfer Philippsen
- Faculty of Biology, Socioenvironmental and Water Resources Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Campus Belém, Belem 66077-830, PA, Brazil
| | - Alberdan Silva Santos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Lucely Nogueira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rosa Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Technology Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Kim J, Chhetri G, Kim I, So Y, Seo T. Paenibacillus agilis sp. nov., Paenibacillus cremeus sp. nov. and Paenibacillus terricola sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soils. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [PMID: 36748605 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Paenibacillus are well known for their metabolic versatility and great application potential in plant growth promotion. Three novel bacterial strains, designated N4T, JC52T and PR3T, were isolated from rhizosphere soils and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic and phylogenomic analysis revealed that the three strains belonged to the genus Paenibacillus and formed three independent branches distinct from all reference strains. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses between the three strains and their relatives further demonstrated that the three strains represented different novel genospecies. Strain N4T exhibited the highest similarity, ANI and digital DDH values with Paenibacillus assamensis DSM 18201T (99.0/87.5/33.9 %) and Paenibacillus insulae DS80T (97.2/-/18.2±1.2 %). Values for JC52T with Paenibacillus validus NBRC 15382T were 96.9, 73.3 and 19.6 %, and with Paenibacillus rigui JCM 16352T were 96.1, 72.1 and 19.3 %. Values for PR3T with Paenibacillus ginsengiterrae DCY89T were 98.2, - and 31.8±1.5 %, with Paenibacillus cellulosilyticus ASM318225v1T were 97.8, 83.3 and 26.7 %, and with Paenibacillus kobensis NBRC 15729T were 97.6, 75.7 and 20.4 %. Cells of the three novel bacterial strains were Gram-positive, spore-forming, motile and rod-shaped. The novel species contained anteiso-C15 : 0 and MK-7 as the predominant fatty acid and menaquinone, respectively. The novel strains have numerous similar known clusters of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, siderophores, lanthipeptide, lassopeptide-like bacillibactin, paeninodin and polyketide-like chejuenolide A/B lankacidin C. Based on the distinct morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences from their closest phylogenetic neighbours, we propose that strains N4T, JC52T and PR3T represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, with the names Paenibacillus agilis sp. nov. (=KACC 19717T=JCM 32775T), Paenibacillus cremeus sp. nov. (=KACC 21221T=NBRC 113867T) and Paenibacillus terricola sp. nov. (=KACC 21455T=NBRC 114385T), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Geeta Chhetri
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Inhyup Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
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Kim J, Lee B, Chhetri G, Kim I, So Y, Jang W, Seo T. Identification of Mucilaginibacter conchicola sp. nov., Mucilaginibacter achroorhodeus sp. nov. and Mucilaginibacter pallidiroseus sp. nov. and emended description of the genus Mucilaginibacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three chitinolytic, Gram-negative, light pink, capsule-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strains with gliding motion (MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T) were isolated from seashells, soil and foxtail, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenated alignment of 92 core genes indicated that strains MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T were novel species of the genus
Mucilaginibacter
and exhibited a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (i.e. more than 97.2 %) among each other. These novel strains contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6), iso-C15:0 and MK-7 as the predominant fatty acids and menaquinone. According to the CAZys coding gene of KAAS, MYSH2T and MJ1aT were interpreted as strains containing both GH18 and 19 family coding genes, except for dk17T, which shows only GH19 family genes. These strains likely degrade chitin to chitobiose or directly to N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, which may enhance their chitinolytic capacity, thus making these stains potentially useful for industrial chitin degradation. Based on distinct morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic differences from their closest phylogenetic neighbours, we propose that strains MYSH2T, MJ1aT and dk17T represent three novel species in the genus
Mucilaginibacter
, for which the names Mucilaginibacter conchicola sp. nov. (=KACC 19716T=JCM 32787T), Mucilaginibacter achroorhodeus sp. nov. (=KACC 19906T=NBRC 113667T) and Mucilaginibacter pallidiroseus sp. nov. (=KACC 19907T=NBRC 113666T) are proposed. An emended description of the genus
Mucilaginibacter
is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Byungjo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Geeta Chhetri
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Inhyup Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Yoonseop So
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Wonhee Jang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, South Korea
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Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Bio-applicable Studies on Aspergillus niger Mk981235 Chitinase. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChitinases have many applications in food, agricultural, medical, and pharmaceutical fields. This study succeeded in investigating Aspergillus niger MK981235 chitinase in the spot of its physiochemical, kinetic, thermodynamic, and application. The optimum temperature, pH and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-N-acetyl glucosaminide (PNP-β-GlcNAc) concentration to obtain the highest chitinase activity of 2334.79 U ml−1 were at 60 °C, 5 and 0.25%, respectively. The kinetic parameters, including Km and Vmax were determined to be 0.78 mg ml−1 and 2222.22 µmol ml−1 min−1, respectively. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters T1/2, D-values, ΔH, ΔG and ΔS at 40, 50 and 60 °C were determined to be (864.10, 349.45, 222.34 min), (2870.99, 1161.07, 738.74 min), (126.40, 126.36, 126.32 kJ mol−1), (101.59, 100.62, 100.86 kJ mol−1), (74.50, 76.17, 47.24 J mol−1 K−1), respectively. A. niger chitinase showed, insecticidal activity on Galleria mellonella by feeding and spraying treatments (72 and 52%, respectively), anti-lytic activity against Candida albicans, and effectiveness in improving the dye removal in the presence of crab shell powder as bio-absorbant. A. niger chitinase can be used in the pharmaceutical field for the bio-control of diseases caused by C. albicans and for the pretreatment of wastewater from the textile industry.
Graphical Abstract
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7
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Wang C, Chen X, Zhou N, Chen Y, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Property and Function of a Novel Chitinase Containing Dual Catalytic Domains Capable of Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:790301. [PMID: 35283860 PMCID: PMC8908422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.790301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multifunctional chitinase (CmChi3)-encoding gene was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis and actively expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that CmChi3 contains two glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) catalytic domains and exhibited low identity with well-characterized chitinases. The optimum pH and temperature of purified recombinant CmChi3 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively. CmChi3 exhibited strict substrate specificity of 4.1 U/mg toward colloidal chitin (CC) and hydrolyzed it to yield N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as the sole end product. An analysis of the hydrolysis products toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl COSs) and CC substrates revealed that CmChi3 exhibits endochitinase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and transglycosylase (TGase) activities. Further studies revealed that the N-terminal catalytic domain of CmChi3 exhibited endo-acting and NAGase activities, while the C-terminal catalytic domain showed exo-acting and TGase activities. The hydrolytic properties and favorable environmental adaptations indicate that CmChi3 holds potential for commercial GlcNAc production from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhou M, Xia Q, Fan L, Zhao L. Enhanced bioproduction of chitin in engineered Pichia pastoris. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Ramakrishna B, Sarma PVSRN, Ankati S, Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. Elicitation of defense response by transglycosylated chitooligosaccharides in rice seedlings. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108459. [PMID: 34700217 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain chitooligosaccharides (COS) with degree of polymerization (DP) more than 4 are known to have potential biological activities. A hyper-transglycosylating mutant of an endo-chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD-Y28A) was used to synthesize COS with DP6 and DP7 using COS DP5 as substrate. Purified COS with DP5-7 were tested to elicit the defense response in rice seedlings. Among the COS used, DP7 strongly induced oxidative burst response as well as peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activites. A few selected marker genes in salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid-dependent pathways were evaluated by real-time PCR. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1a and PR10 and defense response genes (chitinase1, peroxidase and β -1,3-glucanase) were up regulated upon COS treatment in rice seedlings. The DP7 induced Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Isochorismate synthase 1 genes, with concomitant increase of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 and WRKY45 transcription factor genes indicated the possible role of phosphorylation in the transmission of a signal to induce SA-mediated defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Ramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - P V S R N Sarma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sravani Ankati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhong L, Fan Q, Lan Z, Ye X, Huang Y, Li Z, Cui Z. Functional Characterization of the Novel Laminaripentaose-Producing β-1,3-Glucanase MoGluB and Its Biocontrol of Magnaporthe oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9571-9584. [PMID: 34378924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cell wall synthesizing enzymes or remodeling enzymes represent key factors for the interaction of plant pathogen and antifungal agents, which are regarded as potential biocontrol agents. In this study, a novel endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Magnaporthe oryzae was expressed and characterized. The expression of MoGluB was significantly upregulated after 2 days of liquid culture and 48 h after infection, indicating that it may be involved in cell wall reconstitution. Purified MoGluB exhibited high activity on insoluble β-glucans, with a specific activity of 8.18 U/mg toward yeast glucan at pH 9.0 and 50 °C. MoGluB hydrolyzed pachymaran and yeast glucan into oligosaccharides dominated by laminaripentaose, suggesting that it is an endo-β-1,3-glucanase. Incubation of 8 μg of MoGluB with 106 spores/mL resulted in the inhibition of conidial germination and appressorium formation of M. oryzae, illustrating effective biocontrol activity. Hydrolysates of pachymaran induced the expression of defense genes restricting M. oryzae infection in rice plants, indicating an immunostimulatory effect of MoGluB hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Lan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Computational Analysis of Thermal Adaptation in Extremophilic Chitinases: The Achilles' Heel in Protein Structure and Industrial Utilization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030707. [PMID: 33572971 PMCID: PMC7866400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding protein stability is critical for the application of enzymes in biotechnological processes. The structural basis for the stability of thermally adapted chitinases has not yet been examined. In this study, the amino acid sequences and X-ray structures of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and hyperthermophilic chitinases were analyzed using computational and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. From the findings, the key features associated with higher stability in mesophilic and thermophilic chitinases were fewer and/or shorter loops, oligomerization, and less flexible surface regions. No consistent trends were observed between stability and amino acid composition, structural features, or electrostatic interactions. Instead, unique elements affecting stability were identified in different chitinases. Notably, hyperthermostable chitinase had a much shorter surface loop compared to psychrophilic and mesophilic homologs, implying that the extended floppy surface region in cold-adapted and mesophilic chitinases may have acted as a “weak link” from where unfolding was initiated. MD simulations confirmed that the prevalence and flexibility of the loops adjacent to the active site were greater in low-temperature-adapted chitinases and may have led to the occlusion of the active site at higher temperatures compared to their thermostable homologs. Following this, loop “hot spots” for stabilizing and destabilizing mutations were also identified. This information is not only useful for the elucidation of the structure–stability relationship, but will be crucial for designing and engineering chitinases to have enhanced thermoactivity and to withstand harsh industrial processing conditions
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13
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Bhuvanachandra B, Sivaramakrishna D, Alim S, Preethiba G, Rambabu S, Swamy MJ, Podile AR. New Class of Chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for the Generation of Chitooligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:78-87. [PMID: 33393308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) generated from either chitin (chitin oligosaccharides) or chitosan (chitosan oligosaccharides) have a wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields. Here, we report the characterization of a chitosanase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BamCsn) and the importance of a tryptophan (Trp), W204, for BamCsn activity. BamCsn hydrolyzed the chitosan polymer by an endo mode. It also hydrolyzed chitin oligosaccharides and interestingly exhibited transglycosylation activity on chitotetraose and chitopentaose. Mutation of W204, a nonconserved amino acid in chitosanases, to W204A abolished the hydrolytic activity of BamCsn, with a change in the structure that resulted in a decreased affinity for the substrate and impaired the catalytic ability. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BamCsn could belong to a new class of chitosanases that showed unique properties like transglycosylation, cleavage of chitin oligosaccharides, and the presence of W204 residues, which is important for activity. Chitosanases belonging to the BamCsn class showed a high potential to generate COS from chitinous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Dokku Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Sk Alim
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Gopi Preethiba
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Samudrala Rambabu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
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14
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Mallakuntla MK, Podile AR. Catalytic efficiency of a multi-domain transglycosylating chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) is influenced by polycystic kidney disease domains. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109702. [PMID: 33375970 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases recruited multiple accessory domains for the conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides to simple soluble sugars/amino sugars. Here, we report detailed properties of a multi-domain GH18 chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) that preferred β-chitin as substrate. EcChi2 exhibited transglycosylation (TG) activity on oligomeric substrates from DP4-DP6. The high amount of DP2 is indicative of exo mode activity of EcChi2. We generated EcChi2 variants (truncated and fusion chimeras) and elucidated the role of catalytic and accessory domains. The catalytic efficiency of truncated GH18 and fusion chimera of GH18+ChBD1-ChBD2 decreased to 22 and 17-fold, respectively, than EcChi2, and lost the hydrolytic activity on polymeric substrates, except colloidal chitin. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of truncated PKD1-GH18-PKD2 on polymeric and oligomeric substrates was similar to EcChi2, suggesting that PKD domains are essential for increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, the truncated ChBD1-ChBD2 and fusion PKD1 + PKD2 participated in chitin-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Krishna Mallakuntla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India.
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15
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Alsina C, Sancho-Vaello E, Aranda-Martínez A, Faijes M, Planas A. Auxiliary active site mutations enhance the glycosynthase activity of a GH18 chitinase for polymerization of chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117121. [PMID: 33183587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Depolymerization of chitin results in chitooligosaccharides (COS) that induce immunostimulatory effects and disease protective responses and have many potential applications in agriculture and medicine. Isolation of bioactive COS with degree of polymerization (DP) larger than six from chitin hydrolyzates is hampered by their water insolubility. Enzymatic synthesis by exploiting the transglycosylation activity of GH18 chitinases offers a potential strategy to access oligomers in the range of bioactive DPs. We engineered SpChiD chitinase as a glycosynthase by mutation of the assisting residue of the catalytic triad in the substrate-assisted mechanism for polymerization of an oxazoline substrate (DP5ox). The insoluble polymer containing DP10 was partially hydrolyzed due to the significant residual hydrolase activity of the mutant enzyme. Combined mutations that strongly reduce the hydrolytic activity, in which the original catalytic triad only retains the essential acid/base residue, together with neighboring mutations in the -1/+1 subsites region, render glycosynthase-like chitinases able to produce chitin oligomers with DP10 as major product in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alsina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Madhuprakash J, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Thermodynamic insights into the role of aromatic residues in chitooligosaccharide binding to the transglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140414. [PMID: 32224199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
| | - T Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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17
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Kumar M, Rajput M, Soni T, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Chemoenzymatic Production and Engineering of Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl Glucosamine for Refining Biological Activities. Front Chem 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32671017 PMCID: PMC7329927 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) are currently of enormous relevance to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, food, and agriculture industries due to their wide range of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, wound healing, immunoregulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A range of methods have been developed for the synthesis of COS with a specific degree of polymerization along with high production titres. In this respect, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial means, along with modern genetic manipulation techniques, have been extensively explored; however no method has been able to competently produce defined COS and GlcNAc in a mono-system approach. Henceforth, the chitin research has turned toward increased exploration of chemoenzymatic processes for COS and GlcNAc generation. Recent developments in the area of green chemicals, mainly ionic liquids, proved vital for the specified COS and GlcNAc synthesis with better yield and purity. Moreover, engineering of COS and GlcNAc to generate novel derivatives viz. carboxylated, sulfated, phenolic acid conjugated, amino derived COS, etc., further improved their biological activities. Consequently, chemoenzymatic synthesis and engineering of COS and GlcNAc emerged as a useful approach to lead the biologically-active compound-based biomedical research to an advanced prospect in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Meenakshi Rajput
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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18
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Rojas-Osnaya J, Rocha-Pino Z, Nájera H, González-Márquez H, Shirai K. Novel transglycosylation activity of β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Lecanicillium lecanii produced by submerged culture. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:759-767. [PMID: 31887380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. A transglycosylating chitinase from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis (CsChiL) hydrolyzes chitin in a processive manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Arnold ND, Brück WM, Garbe D, Brück TB. Enzymatic Modification of Native Chitin and Conversion to Specialty Chemical Products. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E93. [PMID: 32019265 PMCID: PMC7073968 DOI: 10.3390/md18020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Chitin is one of the most abundant biomolecules on earth, occurring in crustacean shells and cell walls of fungi. While the polysaccharide is threatening to pollute coastal ecosystems in the form of accumulating shell-waste, it has the potential to be converted into highly profitable derivatives with applications in medicine, biotechnology, and wastewater treatment, among others. Traditionally this is still mostly done by the employment of aggressive chemicals, yielding low quality while producing toxic by-products. In the last decades, the enzymatic conversion of chitin has been on the rise, albeit still not on the same level of cost-effectiveness compared to the traditional methods due to its multi-step character. Another severe drawback of the biotechnological approach is the highly ordered structure of chitin, which renders it nigh impossible for most glycosidic hydrolases to act upon. So far, only the Auxiliary Activity 10 family (AA10), including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), is known to hydrolyse native recalcitrant chitin, which spares the expensive first step of chemical or mechanical pre-treatment to enlarge the substrate surface. The main advantages of enzymatic conversion of chitin over conventional chemical methods are the biocompability and, more strikingly, the higher product specificity, product quality, and yield of the process. Products with a higher Mw due to no unspecific depolymerisation besides an exactly defined degree and pattern of acetylation can be yielded. This provides a new toolset of thousands of new chitin and chitosan derivatives, as the physio-chemical properties can be modified according to the desired application. This review aims to provide an overview of the biotechnological tools currently at hand, as well as challenges and crucial steps to achieve the long-term goal of enzymatic conversion of native chitin into specialty chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Arnold
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Garbe
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
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21
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Alsina C, Faijes M, Planas A. Glycosynthase-type GH18 mutant chitinases at the assisting catalytic residue for polymerization of chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2019; 478:1-9. [PMID: 31005672 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS), the depolymerization products of chitin, have many potential applications in agriculture and medicine since they induce immunostimulating effects and disease protective responses. Most of their biological activities require degrees of polymerization (DP) larger than the tetrasaccharide, but structurally well-defined COS with DP larger than six are difficult to produce due to their high insolubility and complex isolation from chitin hydrolysates. Enzymatic synthesis by exploiting the transglycosylation activity of chitinases offers a potential strategy for the assembly of oligomers in the range of bioactive DPs. We here explore the glycosynthase-like activity of six GH18 chitinases from bacterial and archaeal origin by mutating the catalytic assisting residue in the substrate-assisted mechanism of this enzyme family. The alanine mutants at the assisting residue have a significant, but not essential, effect on the hydrolase activity. We studied the ability of the alanine mutants at the assisting residue to catalyze the polymerization of an oxazoline derivative as donor substrate, selecting the oxazoline of pentaacetylchitopentaose (DP5ox) with the aim of obtaining larger oligomers/polymers that, being insoluble, might be resistant to further reactions by the hydrolytically compromised mutant enzymes. For all the enzymes, insoluble polymeric material was obtained, with DP10 as major component, but other COS with different DPs were also obtained, limiting the practical application to produce oligomers/polymers with a defined DP. The balance between the residual hydrolase activity of the mutant enzymes and the solubility/precipitation kinetics still lead to hydrolysis and/or transglycosylation reactions on the newly formed products. From the selected enzymes, the Thermococcus kodakaraensis ChiA D1022A mutant gave the best results, with the formation of insoluble polymers in 45% yield (w/w) and containing about 55% of the target DP10 product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alsina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Zhou J, Dai R, Wang Y, Li M, Zhu Y, Chen L, Kang L, Liu Z, Yang Y, Yuan S. A novel thermophilic exochitinase ChiEn3 from Coprinopsis cinerea exhibits a hyperhydrolytic activity toward 85% deacetylated chitosan and a significant application to preparation of chitooligosaccharides from the chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 207:729-736. [PMID: 30600059 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ChiEn3 from Coprinopsis cinerea was characterized as an exo-acting chitinase with a processivity. ChiEn3 hydrolyzed only soluble chitin and exhibited a hyperhydrolytic activity toward 85% deacetylated chitosan which was 33.6-fold higher than its hydrolytic activity toward glycol chitin. Its maximum hydrolytic activity was observed at 60 °C and retained 66.2% of hydrolytic activity after 60 min incubation at 60 °C. Commercial 85% deacetylated chitosan was degraded by ChiEn3 to a series of COSs with a DP of 2-20 in which COSs with a DP of 3-6 were dominant, whereas, lab-prepared chitosan (FA = 0.65) was degraded by ChiEn3 to COSs with a DP of 2-10 in which the AA dimer was dominant. DPPH-radical-scavenging activity of ChiEn3-digested products of 85% deacetylated chitosan was 3.32-fold higher than that of undigested 85% deacetylated chitosan. Therefore, ChiEn3 shows a valuable advantage for application to the preparation of COSs from commercial 85% deacetylated chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Maomao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yao Yang
- Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, 122 Ninghai Road, Nanjing, 210097, PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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23
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Zhou J, Chen L, Kang L, Liu Z, Bai Y, Yang Y, Yuan S. ChiE1 from Coprinopsis cinerea is Characterized as a Processive Exochitinase and Revealed to Have a Significant Synergistic Action with Endochitinase ChiIII on Chitin Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12773-12782. [PMID: 30404442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting bodies that exhibit strong autolysis of Coprinopsis cinerea are a good resource for the chitinolytic system. In this study, a new Chitinase ChiE1 from C. cinerea was cloned, heterologously expressed, and characterized. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that ChiE1 is an exochitinase with a processive mode of action. Although ChiE1 contains only a single catalytic domain without a binding domain, it can bind to and degrade insoluble chitin powder and colloidal chitin. The combination of ChiE1 and C. cinerea endochitinase ChiIII could increase the amount of reducing sugar released from chitin powder by approximately 120% compared to using ChiE1 and ChiIII alone. The synergistic action of ChiE1 and ChiIII on degradation of chitin powder is higher than all previously reported synergism of chitinases. The recombinant Chitinase ChiE1 expressed in Pichia pastoris may be used as a synergistic chitinase for a reconstituted chitinolytic system for agricultural, biological, and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Liqin Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
| | - Yao Yang
- Ginling College , Nanjing Normal University , 122 Ninghai Road , Nanjing 210097 , PR China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , PR China
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24
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Choi YL. Cloning, purification, and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant chitinase, MtCh509, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:303. [PMID: 30455732 PMCID: PMC6222997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to use organic solvents in enzyme reactions offers a number of industrially useful advantages. However, most enzymes are almost completely inactive in the presence of organic solvents. Thus, organic solvent-tolerant enzymes have potential applications in industrial processes. RESULTS A chitinase gene from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 (mtch509) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular weight of the expressed MtCh509 protein was approximately 60 kDa, and it was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimum temperature for MtCh509 chitinase activity was 55 °C, and the enzyme was stable for 2 h at up to 50 °C. The optimum pH for MtCh509 activity was in the sub-acidic range, at pH 4.6 and 5.0. The activity of MtCh509 was maintained in presence of 1 M salt, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations, with residual activity (20%) detected after incubation in 5 M salt. Some organic solvents (benzene, DMSO, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene; 10-20%, v/v) increased the reactivity of MtCh509 relative to the aqueous system. When using NAG3, as a substrate, MtCh509 produced NAG2 as the major product, as well as NAG4, demonstrating that MtCh509 has transglycosylation activity. The K m and V max values for MtCh509 using colloidal chitin as a substrate were 9.275 mg/mL and 20.4 U/mg, respectively. Thus, MtCh509 could be used in extreme industrial conditions. CONCLUSION The results of the hydrolysate analysis and the observed increase in enzyme activity in the presence of organic solvents show that MtCh509 has industrially attractive advantages. This is the first report on an organic solvent-tolerant and transglycosylating chitinase from Microbulbifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
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Vaikuntapu PR, Mallakuntla MK, Das SN, Bhuvanachandra B, Ramakrishna B, Nadendla SR, Podile AR. Applicability of endochitinase of Flavobacterium johnsoniae with transglycosylation activity in generating long-chain chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Menghiu G, Ostafe V, Prodanovic R, Fischer R, Ostafe R. Biochemical characterization of chitinase A from Bacillus licheniformis DSM8785 expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 154:25-32. [PMID: 30237128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant biopolymer found mainly in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. The degradation of chitin using chitinases is one way to address the accumulation of chitin waste streams in the environment, and research has therefore focused on the identification, improvement and expression of suitable enzymes. Here we describe the production, purification and characterization of Bacillus licheniformis chitinase A in the Pichia pastoris expression system. Optimal enzyme activity occurred at pH 4.0-5.0 and within the temperature range 50-60 °C. With colloidal chitin as the substrate, the Km (2.307 mM) and Vmax (0.024 mM min-1) of the enzyme were determined using a 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay. The degradation products of colloidal chitin and hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose were compared by thin-layer chromatography. The activity of the glycosylated enzyme produced in P. pastoris was compared with the in vitro deglycosylated and aglycosylated version produced in Escherichia coli. We showed that the glycosylated chitinase was more active than the deglycosylated and aglycosylated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Menghiu
- Institute for Biology VII, Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology - Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4, 300086, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vasile Ostafe
- Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Biology - Chemistry, West University of Timisoara, Oituz 4, 300086, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radivoje Prodanovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Biology VII, Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Indiana Bioscience Research Institute, W. 16th St. Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Raluca Ostafe
- Institute for Biology VII, Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Indiana Bioscience Research Institute, W. 16th St. Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Oyeleye A, Normi YM. Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR2018032300. [PMID: 30042170 PMCID: PMC6131217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Ramakrishna B, Vaikuntapu P, Mallakuntla MK, Bhuvanachandra B, Sivaramakrishna D, Uikey S, Podile AR. Carboxy-terminal glycosyl hydrolase 18 domain of a carbohydrate active protein of Chitinophaga pinensis is a non-processive exochitinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:1225-1232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zhang A, He Y, Wei G, Zhou J, Dong W, Chen K, Ouyang P. Molecular characterization of a novel chitinase CmChi1 from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and its use in N-acetyl-d-glucosamine production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:179. [PMID: 29983742 PMCID: PMC6020246 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) possesses many bioactivities that have been used widely in many fields. The enzymatic production of GlcNAc is eco-friendly, with high yields and a mild production process compared with the traditional chemical process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover a better chitinase for GlcNAc production from chitin. RESULTS A novel chitinase gene (Cmchi1) cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. The recombinant enzyme (CmChi1) contains a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 catalytic module that shows low identity (12-27%) with the corresponding domain of the well-characterized chitinases. CmChi1 was purified with a recovery yield of 89% by colloidal chitin affinity chromatography, whereupon it had a specific activity of up to 15.3 U/mg. CmChi1 had an approximate molecular mass of 70 kDa after the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its optimum activity for colloidal chitin (CC) hydrolysis occurred at pH 5.2 and 50 °C. Furthermore, CmChi1 exhibited kcat/Km values of 7.8 ± 0.11 mL/s/mg and 239.1 ± 2.6 mL/s/μmol toward CC and 4-nitrophenol N,N'-diacetyl-β-d-chitobioside [p-NP-(GlcNAc)2], respectively. Analysis of the hydrolysis products revealed that CmChi1 exhibits exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl CHOS) and CC substrates, behavior that makes it different from typical reported chitinases. As a result, GlcNAc could be produced by hydrolyzing CC using recombinant CmChi1 alone with a yield of nearly 100% and separated simply from the hydrolysate with a high purity of 98%. CONCLUSION The hydrolytic properties and good environmental adaptions indicate that CmChi1 has excellent potential in commercial GlcNAc production. This is the first report on exo-acting, endo-acting and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities from Chitinolyticbacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, NanjingTech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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30
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Improvement of catalytic, thermodynamics and antifungal activity of constitutive Trichoderma longibrachiatum KT693225 exochitinase by covalent coupling to oxidized polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Smets G, Rüdelsheim P. Biotechnologically produced chitosan for nanoscale products. A legal analysis. N Biotechnol 2018; 42:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Cloning, characterization and substrate degradation mode of a novel chitinase from Streptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414. Food Chem 2018; 261:329-336. [PMID: 29739601 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel chitinase gene was cloned from Streptomyces albolongus ATCC 27414, and expressed successfully in Escherichia coli BL21. The recombinant enzyme (SaChiA4) belongs to glycoside hydrolases (GH) family 18 and consists of a catalytic domain and a chitin binding domain (CBD) in its C-terminus. SaChiA4 was purified homogeneously (specific activity of 66.2 U/mg with colloidal chitin as substrate), and showed a molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa. SaChiA4 showed its optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 55 °C and exhibited remarkable pH and temperature stability. SaChiA4 has been proved to have a higher specificity toward glycosides containing acetyl groups and hydrolyzes the substrates in a non-processive manner with higher ability to produce (GlcNAc)2 and GlcNAc. The results indicated that SaChiA4 is a novel endo-type chitinase, which has potential applications in the treatment of chitin wastes and the production of (GlcNAc)2.
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Bhuvanachandra B, Madhuprakash J, Podile AR. Active-site mutations improved the transglycosylation activity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia chitinase A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:407-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Niu X, Zhou JS, Wang YX, Liu CC, Liu ZH, Yuan S. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Novel Chitinase (ChiEn1) from Coprinopsis cinerea and its Synergism in the Degradation of Chitin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6943-6956. [PMID: 28721730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase ChiEn1 did not hydrolyze insoluble chitin but showed hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities toward chitin-oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the addition of ChiEn1 increased the amount of reducing sugars released from chitin powder by endochitinase ChiIII by 105.0%, and among the released reducing sugars the amount of (GlcNAc)2 was increased by 149.5%, whereas the amount of GlcNAc was decreased by 10.3%. The percentage of GlcNAc in the products of chitin powder with the combined ChiIII and ChiEn1 was close to that in the products of chitin-oligosaccharides with ChiEn1, rather than that with ChiIII. These results indicate that chitin polymers are first degraded into chitin oligosaccharides by ChiIII and the latter are further degraded to monomers and dimers by ChiEn1, and the synergistic action of ChiEn1 and ChiIII is involved in the efficient degradation of chitin in cell walls during pileus autolysis. The structure modeling explores the molecular base of ChiEn1 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Jiang-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Yan-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
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35
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Transglycosylation by a chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae generates longer chitin oligosaccharides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5113. [PMID: 28698589 PMCID: PMC5505975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have exploited natural resources for a variety of applications. Chitin and its derivative chitin oligosaccharides (CHOS) have potential biomedical and agricultural applications. Availability of CHOS with the desired length has been a major limitation in the optimum use of such natural resources. Here, we report a single domain hyper-transglycosylating chitinase, which generates longer CHOS, from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae 13047 (EcChi1). EcChi1 was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C with a Km of 15.2 mg ml−1, and kcat/Km of 0.011× 102 mg−1 ml min−1 on colloidal chitin. The profile of the hydrolytic products, major product being chitobiose, released from CHOS indicated that EcChi1 was an endo-acting enzyme. Transglycosylation (TG) by EcChi1 on trimeric to hexameric CHOS resulted in the formation of longer CHOS for a prolonged duration. EcChi1 showed both chitobiase and TG activities, in addition to hydrolytic activity. The TG by EcChi1 was dependent, to some extent, on the length of the CHOS substrate and concentration of the enzyme. Homology modeling and docking with CHOS suggested that EcChi1 has a deep substrate-binding groove lined with aromatic amino acids, which is a characteristic feature of a processive enzyme.
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36
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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37
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Genomic, proteomic and biochemical analysis of the chitinolytic machinery of Serratia marcescens BJL200. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:414-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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39
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Vaikuntapu PR, Rambabu S, Madhuprakash J, Podile AR. A new chitinase-D from a plant growth promoting Serratia marcescens GPS5 for enzymatic conversion of chitin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:200-207. [PMID: 27567481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of single-modular chitinase-D from Serratia marcescens (SmChiD) with unprecedented catalytic properties which include chitobiase and transglycosylation (TG) activities besides hydrolytic activity. Without accessory domains, SmChiD, hydrolyzed insoluble polymeric chitin substrates like colloidal, α- and β-chitin. Activity studies on CHOS with degree of polymerization (DP) 2-6 as substrate revealed that SmChiD hydrolyzed DP2 with a chitobiase activity and showed TG activity on CHOS with DP3-6, producing longer chain CHOS. But, the TG products were further hydrolyzed to shorter chain CHOS with DP1-2 products. SmChiD with its unique catalytic properties, could be a potential enzyme for the production of long chain CHOS and also for the preparation of efficient enzyme cocktails for chitin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papa Rao Vaikuntapu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Samudrala Rambabu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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40
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Li C, Wang LX. Endoglycosidases for the Synthesis of Polysaccharides and Glycoconjugates. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:73-116. [PMID: 27816108 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in glycobiology have implicated essential roles of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in many important biological recognition processes, including intracellular signaling, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, cancer progression, host-pathogen interactions, and immune responses. A detailed understanding of the biological functions, as well as the development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, often requires structurally well-defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which are usually difficult to isolate in pure form from natural sources. To meet with this urgent need, chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis has become increasingly important as the major means to provide homogeneous compounds for functional glycocomics studies and for drug/vaccine development. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, an approach that combines chemical synthesis and enzymatic manipulations, is often the method of choice for constructing complex oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates that are otherwise difficult to achieve by purely chemical synthesis. Among these, endoglycosidases, a class of glycosidases that hydrolyze internal glycosidic bonds in glycoconjugates and polysaccharides, are emerging as a very attractive class of enzymes for synthetic purposes, due to their transglycosylation activity and their capability of transferring oligosaccharide units en bloc in a single step, in contrast to the limitation of monosaccharide transfers by common glycosyltransferases. In this chapter, we provide an overview on the application of endoglycosidases for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, including oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and other biologically relevant polysaccharides. The scope, limitation, and future directions of endoglycosidase-catalyzed synthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Das SN, Wagenknecht M, Nareddy PK, Bhuvanachandra B, Niddana R, Balamurugan R, Swamy MJ, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Amino Groups of Chitosan Are Crucial for Binding to a Family 32 Carbohydrate Binding Module of a Chitosanase from Paenibacillus elgii. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18977-90. [PMID: 27405759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the role and mechanism of specificity of a family 32 carbohydrate binding module (CBM32) of a glycoside hydrolase family 8 chitosanase from Paenibacillus elgii (PeCsn). Both the activity and mode of action of PeCsn toward soluble chitosan polymers were not different with/without the CBM32 domain of P. elgii (PeCBM32). The decreased activity of PeCsn without PeCBM32 on chitosan powder suggested that PeCBM32 increases the relative concentration of enzyme on the substrate and thereby enhanced enzymatic activity. PeCBM32 specifically bound to polymeric and oligomeric chitosan and showed very weak binding to chitin and cellulose. In isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding stoichiometry of 2 and 1 for glucosamine monosaccharide (GlcN) and disaccharide (GlcN)2, respectively, was indicative of two binding sites in PeCBM32. A three-dimensional model-guided site-directed mutagenesis and the use of defined disaccharides varying in the pattern of acetylation suggested that the amino groups of chitosan and the polar residues Glu-16 and Glu-38 of PeCBM32 play a crucial role for the observed binding. The specificity of CBM32 has been further elucidated by a generated fusion protein PeCBM32-eGFP that binds to the chitosan exposing endophytic infection structures of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Phylogenetic analysis showed that CBM32s appended to chitosanases are highly conserved across different chitosanase families suggesting their role in chitosan recognition and degradation. We have identified and characterized a chitosan-specific CBM32 useful for in situ staining of chitosans in the fungal cell wall during plant-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Wagenknecht
- the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Ramana Niddana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, 500046-Hyderabad, India and
| | | | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, 500046-Hyderabad, India and
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- the Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- From the Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences,
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Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:883-899. [PMID: 27206559 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are well documented, and numerous reports of COS production using specific and non-specific enzymes are available. However, strategies for improving the overall yield by making it monomer free need to be developed. Continuous enzymatic production from chitosan derived from marine wastes is desirable and is cost-effective. Isolation of potential microbes showing chitosanase activity from various ecological niches, gene cloning, enzyme immobilization, and fractionation/purification of COS are some areas, where lot of work is in progress. This review covers recent measures to improve monomer-free COS production using chitosanase/non-specific enzymes and purification/fractionation of these molecules using ultrafiltration and column chromatographic techniques. Various bioprocess strategies, gene cloning for enhanced chitosanase enzyme production, and other measures for COS yield improvements have also been covered in this review. COS derivative preparation as well as COS-coated nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery are being focused in recent studies.
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Antifungal performance of extracellular chitinases and culture supernatants of Streptomyces galilaeus CFFSUR-B12 against Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:44. [PMID: 26873555 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tropical and mycoparasite strain Streptomyces galilaeus CFFSUR-B12 was evaluated as an antagonist of Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet, causal agent of the Black Sigatoka Disease (BSD) of banana. On zymograms of CFFSUR-B12 culture supernatants, we detected four chitinases of approximately 32 kDa (Chi32), 20 kDa (Chi20), and two with masses well over 170 kDa (ChiU) that showed little migration during denaturing electrophoresis at different concentrations of polyacrylamide. The thymol-sulphuric acid assay showed that the ChiU were glycosylated chitinases. Moreover, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS analysis revealed that the ChiU are the same protein and identical to a family 18 chitinase from Streptomyces sp. S4 (gi|498328075). Chi32 was similar to an extracellular protein from Streptomyces albus J1074 (gi|478687481) and Chi20 was non-significantly similar to chitinases from five different strains of Streptomyces (P > 0.05). Subsequently, Chi32 and Chi20 were partially purified by anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography and tested against M. fijiensis. Chitinases failed to inhibit ascospore germination, but inhibited up to 35 and 62% of germ tube elongation and mycelial growth, respectively. We found that crude culture supernatant and living cells of S. galilaeus CFFSUR-B12 were the most effective in inhibiting M. fijiensis and are potential biocontrol agents of BSD.
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Yang S, Fu X, Yan Q, Guo Y, Liu Z, Jiang Z. Cloning, expression, purification and application of a novel chitinase from a thermophilic marine bacterium Paenibacillus barengoltzii. Food Chem 2016; 192:1041-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Purification and biochemical characterization of chitinase of Aeromonas hydrophila SBK1 biosynthesized using crustacean shell. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Madhuprakash J, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Production of bioactive chitosan oligosaccharides using the hypertransglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:503-509. [PMID: 26432054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological activities of chitosan and its oligosaccharides are greatly influenced by properties such as the degree of polymerization (DP), degree of acetylation (DA) and pattern of acetylation (PA). Here, structurally diverse chitosan oligosaccharides from chitosan polymers (DA=35% or 61%) were generated using Serratia proteamaculans wild-type chitinase D (SpChiD) and the W114A mutant which lacks transglycosylase activity. The crude oligosaccharide mixtures and purified fractions with specific DP and DA ranges were tested for their ability to induce an oxidative burst in rice cell suspension cultures. The crude mixtures were more active when produced by the W114A mutant whereas the purified fractions were more active when produced by wild-type SpChiD. Neither hydrolysis nor transglycosylation by SpChiD was inhibited in the presence of fully-deacetylated oligosaccharides, suggesting that SpChiD could be exploited to generate oligosaccharides with defined DA and PA values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nour Eddine El Gueddari
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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48
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Inverse relationship between chitobiase and transglycosylation activities of chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans revealed by mutational and biophysical analyses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15657. [PMID: 26493546 PMCID: PMC4616163 DOI: 10.1038/srep15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia proteamaculans chitinase-D (SpChiD) has a unique combination of hydrolytic and transglycosylation (TG) activities. The TG activity of SpChiD can be used for large-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS). The multiple activities (hydrolytic and/or chitobiase activities and TG) of SpChiD appear to be strongly influenced by the substrate-binding cleft. Here, we report the unique property of SpChiD substrate-binding cleft, wherein, the residues Tyr28, Val35 and Thr36 control chitobiase activity and the residues Trp160 and Trp290 are crucial for TG activity. Mutants with reduced (V35G and T36G/F) or no (SpChiDΔ30–42 and Y28A) chitobiase activity produced higher amounts of the quantifiable even-chain TG product with degree of polymerization (DP)-6, indicating that the chitobiase and TG activities are inversely related. In addition to its unprecedented catalytic properties, unlike other chitinases, the single modular SpChiD showed dual unfolding transitions. Ligand-induced thermal stability studies with the catalytically inactive mutant of SpChiD (E153A) showed that the transition temperature increased upon binding of CHOS with DP2–6. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed the exceptionally high binding affinities for E153A to CHOS with DP2–6. These observations strongly support that the architecture of SpChiD substrate-binding cleft adopted to control chitobiase and TG activities, in addition to usual chitinase-mediated hydrolysis.
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Baker P, Whitfield GB, Hill PJ, Little DJ, Pestrak MJ, Robinson H, Wozniak DJ, Howell PL. Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Glycoside Hydrolase PslG Reveals That Its Levels Are Critical for Psl Polysaccharide Biosynthesis and Biofilm Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28374-28387. [PMID: 26424791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.674929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A key component of colonization, biofilm formation, and protection of the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide Psl. Composed of a pentameric repeating unit of mannose, glucose, and rhamnose, the biosynthesis of Psl is proposed to occur via a Wzx/Wzy-dependent mechanism. Previous genetic studies have shown that the putative glycoside hydrolase PslG is essential for Psl biosynthesis. To understand the function of this protein, the apo-structure of the periplasmic domain of PslG (PslG(31-442)) and its complex with mannose were determined to 2.0 and 1.9 Å resolution, respectively. Despite a domain architecture and positioning of catalytic residues similar to those of other family 39 glycoside hydrolases, PslG(31-442) exhibits a unique 32-Å-long active site groove that is distinct from other structurally characterized family members. PslG formed a complex with two mannose monosaccharides in this groove, consistent with binding data obtained from intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. PslG was able to catalyze the hydrolysis of surface-associated Psl, and this activity was abolished in a E165Q/E276Q double catalytic variant. Surprisingly, P. aeruginosa variants with these chromosomal mutations as well as a pslG deletion mutant were still capable of forming Psl biofilms. However, overexpression of PslG in a pslG deletion background impaired biofilm formation and resulted in less surface-associated Psl, suggesting that regulation of this enzyme is important during polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Preston J Hill
- Division of Infectious Disease, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dustin J Little
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Matthew J Pestrak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Howard Robinson
- Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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50
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Modulation of the transglycosylation activity of plant family GH18 chitinase by removing or introducing a tryptophan side chain. FEBS Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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