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Cardin M, Cardazzo B, Coton M, Carraro L, Lucchini R, Novelli E, Coton E, Mounier J. Ecological diversity and associated volatilome of typical mountain Caciotta cheese from Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110523. [PMID: 38134579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional products are particularly appreciated by consumers and among these products, cheese is a major contributor to the Italian mountainous area economics. In this study, shotgun metagenomics and volatilomics were used to understand the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to mountain Caciotta cheese typicity and diversity. Results showed that the origin of cheese played a significant role; however, curd cooking temperature, pH, salt concentration and water activity also had an impact. Viral communities exhibited higher biodiversity and discriminated cheese origins in terms of production farms. Among the most dominant bacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus showed higher intraspecific diversity and closer relationship to production farm when compared to Lactobacillus delbrueckii. However, despite a few cases in which the starter culture was phylogenetically separated from the most dominant strains sequenced in the cheese, starter cultures and dominant cheese strains clustered together suggesting substantial starter colonization in mountain Caciotta cheese. The Caciotta cheese volatilome contained prominent levels of alcohols and ketones, accompanied by lower proportions of terpenes. Volatile profile not only demonstrated a noticeable association with production farm but also significant differences in the relative abundances of enzymes connected to flavor development. Moreover, correlations of different non-homologous isofunctional enzymes highlighted specific contributions to the typical flavor of mountain Caciotta cheese. Overall, this study provides a deeper understanding of the factors shaping typical mountain Caciotta cheese, and the potential of metagenomics for characterizing and potentially authenticating food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cardin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Barbara Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Monika Coton
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Lisa Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Rosaria Lucchini
- Italian Health Authority and Research Organization for Animal Health and Food Safety (Istituto zooprofilattico sperimentale delle Venezie), Viale Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Enrico Novelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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2
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Boo YC. Metabolic Basis and Clinical Evidence for Skin Lightening Effects of Thiol Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030503. [PMID: 35326153 PMCID: PMC8944565 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigment is a major factor in determining the color of the skin, and its abnormal increase or decrease can cause serious pigmentation disorders. The melanin pigment of the skin is divided into light pheomelanin and dark eumelanin, and a big difference between them is whether they contain sulfur. Melanin synthesis starts from a common reaction in which tyrosine or dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is oxidized by tyrosinase (TYR) to produce dopaquinone (DQ). DQ is spontaneously converted to leukodopachrome and then oxidized to dopachrome, which enters the eumelanin synthesis pathway. When DQ reacts with cysteine, cysteinyl dopa is generated, which is oxidized to cysteinyl DQ and enters the pheomelanin synthesis pathway. Therefore, thiol compounds can influence the relative synthesis of eumelanin and pheomelanin. In addition, thiol compounds can inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to copper ions at the active site of TYR, and act as an antioxidant scavenging reactive oxygen species and free radicals or as a modulator of redox balance, thereby inhibiting overall melanin synthesis. This review will cover the metabolic aspects of thiol compounds, the role of thiol compounds in melanin synthesis, comparison of the antimelanogenic effects of various thiol compounds, and clinical trials on the skin lightening efficacy of thiol compounds. We hope that this review will help identify the advantages and disadvantages of various thiol compounds as modulators of skin pigmentation and contribute to the development of safer and more effective strategies for the treatment of pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea
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3
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Azcarate-Peril MA, Roach J, Marsh A, Chey WD, Sandborn WJ, Ritter AJ, Savaiano DA, Klaenhammer TR. A double-blind, 377-subject randomized study identifies Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Christensenella, and Collinsella as long-term potential key players in the modulation of the gut microbiome of lactose intolerant individuals by galacto-oligosaccharides. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1957536. [PMID: 34365905 PMCID: PMC8354614 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1957536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Our recent publication (Chey et al., Nutrients 2020) showed that a 30-day administration of pure galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) significantly reduced symptoms and altered the fecal microbiome in patients with lactose intolerance (LI). Results. In this addendum, we performed an in-depth analysis of the fecal microbiome of the 377 LI patients randomized to one of two GOS doses (Low, 10-15 grams/day or High, 15-20 grams/day), or placebo in a multi-center, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons was done on GOS or placebo groups at weeks zero (baseline), four (end of treatment), nine, 16 and 22. Taxa impacted by treatment and subsequent dairy consumption included lactose-fermenting species of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus. Increased secondary fermentation microorganisms included Coprococcus and Ruminococcus species, Blautia producta, and Methanobrevibacterium. Finally, tertiary fermenters that use acetate to generate butyrate were also increased, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia faecis, and C. eutactus. Conclusions. Results confirmed and expanded data on GOS microbiome modulation in LI individuals. Microbiome analysis at 16 and 22 weeks after treatment further suggested relatively long-term benefits when individuals continued consumption of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,CONTACT M. A. Azcarate-Peril Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 332 Isaac Taylor Hall, Chapel Hill, NC27599-7545
| | - J. Roach
- UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,UNC Information Technology Services and Research Computing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A. Marsh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William D. Chey
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William J. Sandborn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Dennis A. Savaiano
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - T. R. Klaenhammer
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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4
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Levante A, Lazzi C, Vatsellas G, Chatzopoulos D, Dionellis VS, Makrythanasis P, Neviani E, Folli C. Genome Sequencing of five Lacticaseibacillus Strains and Analysis of Type I and II Toxin-Antitoxin System Distribution. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030648. [PMID: 33800997 PMCID: PMC8003834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of bacterial genomes is a potent tool to investigate the distribution of specific traits related to the ability of surviving in particular environments. Among the traits associated with the adaptation to hostile conditions, toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have recently gained attention in lactic acid bacteria. In this work, genome sequences of Lacticaseibacillus strains of dairy origin were compared, focusing on the distribution of type I TA systems homologous to Lpt/RNAII and of the most common type II TA systems. A high number of TA systems have been identified spread in all the analyzed strains, with type I TA systems mainly located on plasmid DNA. The type II TA systems identified in these strains highlight the diversity of encoded toxins and antitoxins and their organization. This study opens future perspectives on the use of genomic data as a resource for the study of TA systems distribution and prevalence in microorganisms of industrial relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Levante
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.L.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (C.F.); Tel.: +39-0521-906524 (A.L.); +39-0521-905174 (C.F.)
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Giannis Vatsellas
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (D.C.); (V.S.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Dimitris Chatzopoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (D.C.); (V.S.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Vasilis S. Dionellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (D.C.); (V.S.D.); (P.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 115 27 Athens, Greece; (G.V.); (D.C.); (V.S.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Erasmo Neviani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Claudia Folli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (C.L.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (C.F.); Tel.: +39-0521-906524 (A.L.); +39-0521-905174 (C.F.)
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5
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Woods DF, Kozak IM, O'Gara F. Microbiome and Functional Analysis of a Traditional Food Process: Isolation of a Novel Species ( Vibrio hibernica) With Industrial Potential. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:647. [PMID: 32373093 PMCID: PMC7179675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional food preservation processes are vital for the food industry. They not only preserve a high-quality protein and nutrient source but can also provide important value-added organoleptic properties. The Wiltshire process is a traditional food curing method applied to meat, and special recognition is given to the maintenance of a live rich microflora within the curing brine. We have previously analyzed a curing brine from this traditional meat process and characterized a unique microbial core signature. The characteristic microbial community is actively maintained and includes the genera, Marinilactibacillus, Carnobacterium, Leuconostoc, and Vibrio. The bacteria present are vital for Wiltshire curing compliance. However, the exact function of this microflora is largely unknown. A microbiome profiling of three curing brines was conducted and investigated for functional traits by the robust bioinformatic tool, Tax4Fun. The key objective was to uncover putative metabolic functions associated with the live brine and to identify changes over time. The functional bioinformatic analysis revealed metabolic enrichments over time, with many of the pathways identified as being involved in organoleptic development. The core bacteria present in the brine are Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), with the exception of the Vibrio genus. LAB are known for their positive contribution to food processing, however, little work has been conducted on the use of Vibrio species for beneficial processes. The Vibrio genome was sequenced by Illumina MiSeq technologies and annotated in RAST. A phylogenetic reconstruction was completed using both the 16S rRNA gene and housekeeping genes, gapA, ftsZ, mreB, topA, gyrB, pyrH, recA, and rpoA. The isolated Vibrio species was defined as a unique novel species, named Vibrio hibernica strain B1.19. Metabolic profiling revealed that the bacterium has a unique substrate scope in comparison to other closely related Vibrio species tested. The possible function and industrial potential of the strain was investigated using carbohydrate metabolizing profiling under food processing relevant conditions. Vibrio hibernica is capable of metabolizing a unique carbohydrate profile at low temperatures. This characteristic provides new application options for use in the industrial food sector, as well as highlighting the key role of this bacterium in the Wiltshire curing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woods
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Iwona M Kozak
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Human Microbiome Programme, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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6
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Hernandez-Valdes JA, van Gestel J, Kuipers OP. A riboswitch gives rise to multi-generational phenotypic heterogeneity in an auxotrophic bacterium. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1203. [PMID: 32139702 PMCID: PMC7058034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxotrophy, the inability to produce an organic compound essential for growth, is widespread among bacteria. Auxotrophic bacteria rely on transporters to acquire these compounds from their environment. Here, we study the expression of both low- and high-affinity transporters of the costly amino acid methionine in an auxotrophic lactic acid bacterium, Lactococcus lactis. We show that the high-affinity transporter (Met-transporter) is heterogeneously expressed at low methionine concentrations, resulting in two isogenic subpopulations that sequester methionine in different ways: one subpopulation primarily relies on the high-affinity transporter (high expression of the Met-transporter) and the other subpopulation primarily relies on the low-affinity transporter (low expression of the Met-transporter). The phenotypic heterogeneity is remarkably stable, inherited for tens of generations, and apparent at the colony level. This heterogeneity results from a T-box riboswitch in the promoter region of the met operon encoding the high-affinity Met-transporter. We hypothesize that T-box riboswitches, which are commonly found in the Lactobacillales, may play as-yet unexplored roles in the predominantly auxotrophic lifestyle of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatan A Hernandez-Valdes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jordi van Gestel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Lichev A, Angelov A, Cucurull I, Liebl W. Amino acids as nutritional factors and (p)ppGpp as an alarmone of the stringent response regulate natural transformation in Micrococcus luteus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11030. [PMID: 31363120 PMCID: PMC6667448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural competence for genetic transformation refers to the natural ability of various bacteria to take up exogenous DNA from their surroundings and to incorporate internalized genetic information into their genomes. By promoting bacterial diversification and adaptability, this process represents a major driving force in bacterial evolution. Micrococcus luteus was one of the first organisms used to study natural transformation in bacteria. Since then, however, only very little information about this phenomenon has been reported in M. luteus or in any member of the Actinobacteria phylum (low-GC Gram-positive bacteria). Previous work in our group indicated major differences between the transformation apparatus of M. luteus and the transformation machinery described for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive model bacteria belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (high-GC Gram-positive bacteria). This prompted us to initiate a study concerning the regulation mechanism of competence development in M. luteus. In this report, we identify amino acids as a nutritional factor that influences competence in a concentration-dependent manner. By using a transcriptional reporter strain for one of the late competence genes, we demonstrate how increasing concentrations of both amino acids mixtures and single amino acids supplemented to the growth medium affect transformability on transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, we revisit previously generated auxotrophic mutants to show that the transformation machinery is turned down during a state of extreme hunger for amino acids presumably as a part of a general response to auxotrophy. Finally, by generating and analysing knockout mutants for two predicted stringent response enzymes, we provide evidence for the involvement of the alarmone (p)ppGpp as a putative mediator of the effects on transformation development caused by amino acids. As a member of the Actinobacteria phylum, M. luteus could serve as a model for other representatives of the phylum, including a number of important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Lichev
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Angel Angelov
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Inigo Cucurull
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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8
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Wu D, Feng M, Wang ZX, Qiao K, Tachibana H, Cheng XJ. Molecular and biochemical characterization of key enzymes in the cysteine and serine metabolic pathways of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:604. [PMID: 30477573 PMCID: PMC6257972 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoeba spp. can cause serious human infections, including Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and cutaneous acanthamoebiasis. Cysteine biosynthesis and the L-serine metabolic pathway play important roles in the energy metabolism of Acanthamoeba spp. However, no study has confirmed the functions of cysteine synthase (AcCS) in the cysteine pathway and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (AcGDH) or phosphoserine aminotransferase (AcSPAT) in the non-phosphorylation serine metabolic pathway of Acanthamoeba. Methods The AcCS, AcGDH and AcSPAT genes were amplified by PCR, and their recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli. Polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant proteins were prepared in mice and used to determine the subcellular localisation of each native protein by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The enzymatic activity of each recombinant protein was also analysed. Furthermore, each gene expression level was analysed by quantitative PCR after treatment with different concentrations of cysteine or L-serine. Results The AcCS gene encodes a 382-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.1 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.11. The AcGDH gene encodes a 350-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 39.1 kDa and a pI of 5.51. The AcSPAT gene encodes a 354-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 38.3 kDa and a pI of 6.26. Recombinant AcCS exhibited a high cysteine synthesis activity using O-acetylserine and Na2S as substrates. Both GDH and SPAT catalysed degradation, rather than synthesis, of serine. Exogenous L-serine or cysteine inhibited the expression of all three enzymes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions This study demonstrated that AcCS participates in cysteine biosynthesis and serine degradation via the non-phosphorylation serine metabolic pathway, providing a molecular basis for the discovery of novel anti-Acanthamoeba drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3188-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Qiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Xun-Jia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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9
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Lamichhane P, Pietrzyk A, Feehily C, Cotter PD, Mannion DT, Kilcawley KN, Kelly AL, Sheehan JJ. Effect of milk centrifugation and incorporation of high heat-treated centrifugate on the microbial composition and levels of volatile organic compounds of Maasdam cheese. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5738-5750. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Wüthrich D, Wenzel C, Bavan T, Bruggmann R, Berthoud H, Irmler S. Transcriptional Regulation of Cysteine and Methionine Metabolism in Lactobacillus paracasei FAM18149. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29942297 PMCID: PMC6004538 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei is common in the non-starter lactic acid bacteria (LAB) community of raw milk cheeses. This species can significantly contribute to flavor formation through amino acid metabolism. In this study, the DNA and RNA of L. paracasei FAM18149 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies to reconstruct the metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine. Twenty-three genes were found to be involved in cysteine biosynthesis, the conversion of cysteine to methionine and vice versa, the S-adenosylmethionine recycling pathway, and the transport of sulfur-containing amino acids. Additionally, six methionine-specific T-boxes and one cysteine-specific T-box were found. Five of these were located upstream of genes encoding transporter functions. RNA-seq analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase reaction assays showed that expression of genes located downstream of these T-boxes was affected by the absence of either cysteine or methionine. Remarkably, the cysK2-ctl1-cysE2 operon, which is associated with te methionine-to-cysteine conversion and is upregulated in the absence of cysteine, showed high read coverage in the 5′-untranslated region and an antisense-RNA in the 3′-untranslated region. This indicates that this operon is regulated by the combination of cis- and antisense-mediated regulation mechanisms. The results of this study may help in the selection of L. paracasei strains to control sulfuric flavor formation in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wüthrich
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Wu Q, Shah NP. Comparative mRNA-Seq Analysis Reveals the Improved EPS Production Machinery in Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275 During Optimized Milk Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29593689 PMCID: PMC5859087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exo-polysaccharide (EPS) produced by dairy starters plays critical roles in improving texture and functionalities of fermented dairy products. One of such high EPS producers, Streptococcus thermophilus ASCC 1275 (ST1275) was used as a model dairy strain to understand the stimulation of its EPS production under optimal milk fermentation conditions. The mRNA-seq analysis and targeted pathway analysis indicate that genes associated with lactose (milk sugar) catabolism, EPS assembly, proteolytic activity, and arginine/methionine/cysteine synthesis and transport in ST1275 were significantly up-regulated under the optimized conditions of pH 5.5, 40°C, or WPI supplementation compared to that of pH 6.5 and 37°C, respectively. This indicates that genes involved in above metabolisms cooperate together for improving EPS yield from ST1275. This study provides a global view map on potential targeted pathways and specific genes accounted for enhanced EPS production in Str. thermophilus and that could be modulated by fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagendra P. Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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12
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Fargašová A, Balzerová A, Prucek R, Sedláková MH, Bogdanová K, Gallo J, Kolář M, Ranc V, Zbořil R. Detection of Prosthetic Joint Infection Based on Magnetically Assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6598-6607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Fargašová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Balzerová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Htoutou Sedláková
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bogdanová
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Gallo
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ranc
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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13
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Lokesh J, Kiron V. Transition from freshwater to seawater reshapes the skin-associated microbiota of Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19707. [PMID: 26806545 PMCID: PMC4726331 DOI: 10.1038/srep19707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge concerning shifts in microbiota is important in order to elucidate the perturbations in the mucosal barrier during the transitional life stages of the host. In the present study, a 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique was employed to examine the compositional changes and presumptive functions of the skin-associated bacterial communities of Atlantic salmon reared under controlled laboratory conditions and transferred from freshwater to seawater. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in salmon from both freshwater (45%) and seawater (above 89%). Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were the most abundant phyla in salmon from freshwater. The transition to seawater influenced the OTU richness and evenness. The high abundance (~62%) of the genus Oleispira made Proteobacteria the most significantly abundant phylum in salmon from seawater. The predictive functional profile suggested that the communities had the ability to extract energy from amino acids in order to maintain their metabolism and scavenge and biosynthesise compounds to make structural changes and carry out signalling for their survival. These findings need to be further explored in relation to metabolic processes, the fish genotype, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jep Lokesh
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Nordland, Norway
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Nordland, Norway
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14
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Bogicevic B, Berthoud H, Portmann R, Bavan T, Meile L, Irmler S. Cysteine biosynthesis in Lactobacillus casei: identification and characterization of a serine acetyltransferase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw012. [PMID: 26790714 PMCID: PMC4742844 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, cysteine can be synthesized from serine by two steps involving an L-serine O-acetyltransferase (SAT) and a cysteine synthase (CysK). While CysK is found in the publicly available annotated genome from Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334, a gene encoding SAT (cysE) is missing. In this study, we found that various strains of L. casei grew in a chemically defined medium containing sulfide as the sole sulfur source, indicating the presence of a serine O-acetyltransferase. The gene lying upstream of cysK is predicted to encode a homoserine trans-succinylase (metA). To study the function of this gene, it was cloned from L. casei FAM18110. The purified, recombinant protein did not acylate L-homoserine in vitro. Instead, it catalyzed the formation of O-acetyl serine from L-serine and acetyl-CoA. Furthermore, the plasmid expressing the L. casei gene complemented an Escherichia coli cysE mutant strain but not an E. coli metA mutant. This clearly demonstrated that the gene annotated as metA in fact encodes the SAT function and should be annotated as cysE. A gene that is annotated as homoserine succinyltransferase actually encodes a serine acetyltransferase in Lactobacillus casei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Berthoud
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Reto Portmann
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Tharmatha Bavan
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Leo Meile
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Irmler
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences IFS, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
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15
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Ferrario C, Duranti S, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Lugli GA, Turroni F, Mangifesta M, Viappiani A, Ossiprandi MC, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Exploring Amino Acid Auxotrophy in Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1331. [PMID: 26635786 PMCID: PMC4656816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition and assimilation strategies followed by members of the infant gut microbiota to retrieve nitrogen from the gut lumen are still largely unknown. In particular, no information on these metabolic processes is available regarding bifidobacteria, which are among the first microbial colonizers of the human intestine. Here, evaluation of amino acid auxotrophy and prototrophy of Bifidobacterium bifidum, with particular emphasis on B. bifidum strain PRL2010 (LMG S-28692), revealed a putative auxotrophy for cysteine. In addition, we hypothesized that cysteine plays a role in the oxidative stress response in B. bifidum. The use of glutathione as an alternative reduced sulfur compound did not alleviate cysteine auxotrophy of this strain, though it was shown to stimulate expression of the genes involved in cysteine biosynthesis, reminiscent of oxidative stress response. When PRL2010 was grown on a medium containing complex substrates, such as whey proteins or casein hydrolysate, we noticed a distinct growth-promoting effect of these compounds. Transcriptional analysis involving B. bifidum PRL2010 cultivated on whey proteins or casein hydrolysate revealed that the biosynthetic pathways for cysteine and methionine are modulated by the presence of casein hydrolysate. Such findings support the notion that certain complex substrates may act as potential prebiotics for bifidobacteria in their ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ferrario
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele A Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria C Ossiprandi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma Parma, Italy
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16
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Using a genome-scale metabolic model of Enterococcus faecalis V583 to assess amino acid uptake and its impact on central metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1622-33. [PMID: 25527553 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03279-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria necessitates the development of new medication strategies. Interfering with the metabolic network of the pathogen can provide novel drug targets but simultaneously requires a deeper and more detailed organism-specific understanding of the metabolism, which is often surprisingly sparse. In light of this, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model of the pathogen Enterococcus faecalis V583. The manually curated metabolic network comprises 642 metabolites and 706 reactions. We experimentally determined metabolic profiles of E. faecalis grown in chemically defined medium in an anaerobic chemostat setup at different dilution rates and calculated the net uptake and product fluxes to constrain the model. We computed growth-associated energy and maintenance parameters and studied flux distributions through the metabolic network. Amino acid auxotrophies were identified experimentally for model validation and revealed seven essential amino acids. In addition, the important metabolic hub of glutamine/glutamate was altered by constructing a glutamine synthetase knockout mutant. The metabolic profile showed a slight shift in the fermentation pattern toward ethanol production and increased uptake rates of multiple amino acids, especially l-glutamine and l-glutamate. The model was used to understand the altered flux distributions in the mutant and provided an explanation for the experimentally observed redirection of the metabolic flux. We further highlighted the importance of gene-regulatory effects on the redirection of the metabolic fluxes upon perturbation. The genome-scale metabolic model presented here includes gene-protein-reaction associations, allowing a further use for biotechnological applications, for studying essential genes, proteins, or reactions, and the search for novel drug targets.
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17
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Leyn SA, Suvorova IA, Kholina TD, Sherstneva SS, Novichkov PS, Gelfand MS, Rodionov DA. Comparative genomics of transcriptional regulation of methionine metabolism in Proteobacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113714. [PMID: 25411846 PMCID: PMC4239095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine metabolism and uptake genes in Proteobacteria are controlled by a variety of RNA and DNA regulatory systems. We have applied comparative genomics to reconstruct regulons for three known transcription factors, MetJ, MetR, and SahR, and three known riboswitch motifs, SAH, SAM-SAH, and SAM_alpha, in ∼ 200 genomes from 22 taxonomic groups of Proteobacteria. We also identified two novel regulons: a SahR-like transcription factor SamR controlling various methionine biosynthesis genes in the Xanthomonadales group, and a potential RNA regulatory element with terminator-antiterminator mechanism controlling the metX or metZ genes in beta-proteobacteria. For each analyzed regulator we identified the core, taxon-specific and genome-specific regulon members. By analyzing the distribution of these regulators in bacterial genomes and by comparing their regulon contents we elucidated possible evolutionary scenarios for the regulation of the methionine metabolism genes in Proteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen A. Leyn
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna A. Suvorova
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana D. Kholina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Pavel S. Novichkov
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mikhail S. Gelfand
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Rodionov
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
This review describes recent scientific research on the production of aroma compounds by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented food products. We discuss the various precursor molecules for the formation of aroma compounds in connection with the metabolic pathways involved. The roles of nonmetabolic properties such as cell lysis are also described in relation to aroma formation. Finally, we provide an overview of the literature on methods to steer and control aroma formation by LAB in mixed culture fermentations. We demonstrate that the technological progress made recently in high-throughput analysis methods has been driving the development of new approaches to understand, control, and steer aroma formation in (dairy) fermentation processes. This currently entails proposing new rules for designing stable, high-performance mixed cultures constituting a selection of strains, which in concert and on the basis of their individual predicted gene contents deliver the required functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Smid
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and
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19
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Steele J, Broadbent J, Kok J. Perspectives on the contribution of lactic acid bacteria to cheese flavor development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 24:135-41. [PMID: 23279928 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been known since the 1960s that lactic acid bacteria are essential for the development of cheese flavor. In the ensuing 50 years significant research has been directed at understanding the microbiology, genetics and biochemistry of this process. This review briefly covers the current status of cheese flavor development and then provides our vision for approaches which will enhance our understanding of this process. The long-term goal of this area of research is to enable technology (i.e. cultures and enzymes) that results in consistent rapid development of cheese variety-specific characteristic flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Food Science, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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