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Takano S, Tomita J, Sonoike K, Iwasaki H. The initiation of nocturnal dormancy in Synechococcus as an active process. BMC Biol 2015; 13:36. [PMID: 26058805 PMCID: PMC4494158 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most organisms, especially photoautotrophs, alter their behaviours in response to day-night alternations adaptively because of their great reliance on light. Upon light-to-dark transition, dramatic and universal decreases in transcription level of the majority of the genes in the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 are observed. Because Synechococcus is an obligate photoautotroph, it has been generally assumed that repression of the transcription in the dark (dark repression) would be caused by a nocturnal decrease in photosynthetic activities through the reduced availability of energy (e.g. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) needed for mRNA synthesis. RESULTS However, against this general assumption, we obtained evidence that the rapid and dynamic dark repression is an active process. Although the addition of photosynthesis inhibitors to cells exposed to light mimicked transcription profiles in the dark, it did not significantly affect the cellular level of ATP. By contrast, when ATP levels were decreased by the inhibition of both photosynthesis and respiration, the transcriptional repression was attenuated through inhibition of RNA degradation. This observation indicates that Synechococcus actively downregulates genome-wide transcription in the dark. Even though the level of total mRNA dramatically decreased in the dark, Synechococcus cells were still viable, and they do not need de novo transcription for their survival in the dark for at least 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS Dark repression appears to enable cells to enter into nocturnal dormancy as a feed-forward process, which would be advantageous for their survival under periodic nocturnal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Takano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Biological Science, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuhoku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Kintake Sonoike
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
| | - Hideo Iwasaki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Biological Science, Waseda University, TWIns, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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Caslake LF, Gruber TM, Bryant DA. Expression of two alternative sigma factors of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is modulated by carbon and nitrogen stress. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 12):3807-3818. [PMID: 9421905 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-12-3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The sigB and sigC genes, encoding two alternative sigma factors of the unicellular marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, were cloned and characterized. Strains in which the sigB and sigC genes were insertionally inactivated were viable under standard laboratory conditions, indicating that SigB and SigC are group 2 sigma factors. Starvation for either nitrogen or carbon caused an increase in sigB mRNA levels. Transcripts for the sigC gene initially increased but then decreased during nitrogen and carbon starvation. The SigC protein could not be identified in cyanobacterial extracts using antisera to Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 SigA or RpoD from Bacillus subtilis. The ratio of the principal vegetative sigma factor, SigA, to SigB decreased during either nitrogen starvation or carbon starvation, and the levels of SigB also increased in the sigC mutant strain. These results imply that SigB and SigC play roles in modifying transcription in response to changes in carbon and nitrogen availability in this cyanobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja M Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,PA 16802,USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,PA 16802,USA
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3
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Aspects of the relation between
Cyanophora paradoxa
(Korschikoff) and its endosymbiotic cyanelles
Cyanocyta korschikoffiana
(Hall & Claus) - IV. The effects of rifampicin, chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on the synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acids and chlorophyll. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1978.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the antibiotics rifampicin, cycloheximide, and chloramphenicol on ribosomal RNA synthesis in
Cyanophora paradoxa
and its endosymbiotic cyanelles,
Cyanocyta korschikoffiana
, were examined. Rifampicin inhibited synthesis of the cyanelle 23
S
and 16
S
r-RNA. Chloramphenicol had a similar, though less marked, effect. By contrast, cycloheximide appeared to inhibit synthesis of only the host’s 25
S
and 18
S
r-RNA. Neither rifampicin nor chloramphenicol had as marked an inhibitory effect on chlorophyll synthesis as did cycloheximide.
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4
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Osborn AM, Bruce KD, Ritchie DA, Strike P. The sigA gene encoding the major sigma factor of RNA polymerase from the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002: cloning and characterization. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 2):337-345. [PMID: 8932708 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-2-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding the principal sigma factor from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 was isolated and characterized. The Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 sigA gene encodes a protein of 375 amino acids (43 center dot 7 kDa) that is required for viability under normal growth conditions. The SigA protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli and the purified protein was used to raise polyclonal antiserum in rabbits. This antiserum was used in immunoblot analyses of partially purified RNA polymerase from Synechococcus sp. strain PR6000. The probable in vivo translational start site was identified by a comparison of amino acid sequencing results obtained with SigA proteins overproduced in E. coli with immunoblot analyses of SigA protein in crude preparations of RNA polymerase from the cyanobacterium. The sigA gene is encoded on a transcript of 1700 bases that initiates 496 nucleotides upstream from the probable in vivo translational start site. The abundance of sigA transcripts decreases rapidly after the removal of combined nitrogen from the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Osborn
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Donnan Laboratories, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - K D Bruce
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Donnan Laboratories, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - D A Ritchie
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Donnan Laboratories, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - P Strike
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Donnan Laboratories, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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5
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Wagner SJ, Thomas SP, Kaufman RI, Nixon BT, Stevens SE. The glnA gene of the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 is nonessential for ammonium assimilation. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:604-12. [PMID: 7678591 PMCID: PMC196195 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.3.604-612.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The glnA gene of the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 (Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002) was isolated by complementing an Escherichia coli strain auxotrophic for glutamine (YMC11) with a PR-6 cosmid library. PR-6 glnA is a single-copy gene that encodes a deduced amino acid sequence that is highly homologous to the deduced glnA amino acid sequences reported for other bacteria. No homology was found between the PR-6 glnA flanking sequences and the ntrB, ntrC, or glnB genes of other bacteria. Northern (RNA) and primer extension analyses of PR-6 RNA revealed one predominant and several minor glnA transcripts of about 1.5 to 1.7 kb. The steady-state amounts of these transcripts increased three- to fivefold when the cells were starved for nitrogen. However, we found that mutant PR-6 cells lacking glnA were still able to use nitrate or ammonium as a sole nitrogen source. Although no RNA homologous to an internal fragment of the glnA gene could be detected in the mutant cells, they retained about 60% of wild-type glutamine biosynthetic activity. The mutant cells were more sensitive than the wild-type cells to methionine sulfoximine, a transition state analog of glutamate, a result that might indicate the presence of an additional glutamine synthetase; however, cell extracts of wild-type PR-6 cells and those lacking glnA were both able to use carbamyl phosphate instead of ammonium as a nitrogen donor for the synthesis of glutamine, a result that indicates the use of carbamyl phosphate synthetase to assimilate ammonium and produce glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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6
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de Lorimier RM, Smith RL, Stevens SE. Regulation of phycobilisome structure and gene expression by light intensity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 98:1003-10. [PMID: 16668720 PMCID: PMC1080301 DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.3.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 (Synechococcus sp PCC 7002) was grown turbidostatically in white light at three levels of irradiance: 20, 200, and 1260 microeinsteins per square meter per second. Phycobilisomes were isolated from each culture and analyzed by absorbance, gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. The ratio of phycocyanin to allophycocyanin decreased 1.8-fold from the lowest to highest irradiance. This change was due entirely to an approximately 2.5-fold decrease in one structural unit of rod domains, the complex of phycocyanin, and a 33-kilodalton linker polypeptide (LR33). For a given irradiance, phycobilisomes from cells grown on ammonium as the nitrogen source had 10 to 20% more phycocyanin than those from nitrate cultures. Total RNA was isolated from all cultures and probed with gene fragments specific to phycocyanin and allophycocyanin subunits and LR33. The relative level of RNAs encoding phycocyanin and allophycocyanin was found to vary with light intensity in parallel with the phycobiliprotein ratio. Hence, the light-harvesting capacity of phycobilisomes is directly regulated by relative levels of phycobiliprotein mRNA. The LR33 transcript occurs as a 3' extension on about 10% of phycocyanin transcripts. The ratio of RNA encoding LR33 to that encoding phycocyanin did not vary with irradiance, although the protein ratio changed 1.7- to twofold between extremes. Based on these and other observations, we propose that the LR33 protein is constitutively synthesized at a rate higher than that required to complex with available phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M de Lorimier
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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7
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The effect of irradiance and specific inhibitors on protein and nucleic acid synthesis in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH 7803. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Lynn ME, Ownby JD. Transcriptional activity of heterocysts isolated from Anabaena variabilis. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Molecular cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from a blue-green alga, Anacystis nidulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00352505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Doolittle WF. The cyanobacterial genome, its expression, and the control of that expression. Adv Microb Physiol 1980; 20:1-102. [PMID: 119432 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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MacKay RM, Zablen LB, Woese CR, Doolittle WF. Homologies in processing and sequence between the 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acids of Paracoccus denitrificans and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Arch Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Meier JR, Brownstein BH. Structure, synthesis, and post-transcriptional modification of ribosomal ribonucleic acid in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 454:86-96. [PMID: 791372 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The structure, synthesis, and post-transcriptional modifications of 23-S and 16-S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) have been studied in the facultatively parasitic bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. The mature 23-S and 16-S type of rRNAs in Bdellovibrio are larger than the analogous molecules in Escherichia coli by at least 1.0 - 10(5) and 0.5 - 10(5) daltons, respectively, and have a conformation different from E. coli rRNAs as judged by relative electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels with and without denaturing conditions. Studies on the kinetics of synthesis and maturation of ribosomal RNA in Bdellovibrio show that precursor forms analogous to p23-S and p16-S in E. coli are synthesized. In addition, some earlier precursor rRNAs in Bdellovibrio are seen that appear analogous to the 25S and 17.5-S pre-rRNAs that have only been observed in the RNAase III deficient mutant of E. coli strain AB301-105 (Nikolaev, Birenbaum, M. and Schlessinger, D. (1975) Biocheim, Biophys. Acta 395, 478-489). These early precursor stages have not been observed in other procaryotic species, including E. coli that have normal levels of RNAase III. The results from the Bdellovibrio system provide that the 25-s and 17.5-S pre-rRNAs are normal stages of rRNA modification and are part of a multiple step maturation process, and therefore are not aberrations associated with the RNase III deficient mutation.
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13
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Bonen L, Allen GV, Dobson PR, Doolittle WF. Nonribosomal nature of novel, stable ribonucleic acid species accumulated by blue-green bacteria. J Bacteriol 1976; 126:1020-3. [PMID: 816786 PMCID: PMC233247 DOI: 10.1128/jb.126.2.1020-1023.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultatively chemoheterotrophic blue-green bacterium Aphanocapsa 6714 accumulates two novel, stable ribonucleic acid species when deprived of sources of carbon and energy. At least one of these species is nonribosomal.
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14
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Sutton LA, Woese CR. Stable large variant of 5S RNA in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. Nature 1975; 256:64-6. [PMID: 1134586 DOI: 10.1038/256064a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Woese CR, Sogin ML, Bonen L, Stahl D. Sequence studies on 16S ribosomal RNA from a blue-green alga. J Mol Evol 1975; 4:307-15. [PMID: 813006 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 16S ribosomal RNA of the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans has been characterized in terms of the oligomers generated by digestion with T1 ribonuclease. A. nidulans by this criterion is definitely a procaryote; being no more distant from Bacilli or Enterics than the latter two are from one another. A. nidulans appears to be somewhat more closely related to the Bacilli than to the Enterics.
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16
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Dmitriev A, Grodzinsky D. Effect of radiosensitizing agents on DNA single-strand breaks and their repair in Anacystis nidulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(75)90251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Singer RA, Doolittle WF. Novel ribonucleic acid species accumulated in the dark in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. J Bacteriol 1974; 118:351-7. [PMID: 4208132 PMCID: PMC246765 DOI: 10.1128/jb.118.2.351-357.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dark, the obligately photoautotrophic blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans accumulates large relative amounts of two novel stable ribonucleic acid species (RNAs). These species are also made in illuminated cells but are unstable in them. When darkened cells are reilluminated, these RNAs are rapidly degraded; degradation is inhibited by chloramphenicol. Upon denaturation with heat or urea, one novel species (0.33 x 10(6) daltons) dissociates into two fragments that comigrate with the second novel species (0.16 x 10(6) daltons) on polyacrylamide gels. Both RNAs are associated with particles sedimenting between 30S and 50S through sucrose gradients and are removed from these particles at low magnesium concentration. The function(s) of these RNAs remains unknown.
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18
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Dobson PR, Doolittle WF, Sogin ML. Precursor of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:660-6. [PMID: 4204437 PMCID: PMC285557 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.660-666.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The maturation of 5S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) in the obligately photoautotrophic unicellular blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been studied by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and T1 ribonuclease oligonucleotide analysis. A. nidulans mature 5S rRNA (m5) is of approximately the same molecular weight as the 5S rRNA of Escherichia coli, and is derived by cleavage of a precursor (p5) containing a few (three to six) additional nucleotides. Some of these additional nucleotides occur at the 5' end of the precursor molecule; others may occur at the 3' end. Kinetic experiments indicate that precursors of mature 5S rRNA larger than p5 either do not exist or are very transient in A. nidulans. These results are discussed in relation to those obtained with other prokaryotes.
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Pace NR. Structure and synthesis of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid of prokaryotes. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1973; 37:562-603. [PMID: 4203396 PMCID: PMC413834 DOI: 10.1128/br.37.4.562-603.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Grierson D, Smith H. The synthesis and stability of ribosomal RNA in blue-green algae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:280-5. [PMID: 4200178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Doolittle WF. Postmaturational cleavage of 23s ribosomal ribonucleic acid and its metabolic control in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:1256-63. [PMID: 4632397 PMCID: PMC251691 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.3.1256-1263.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Data are presented consistent with the notion that the 23s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of Anacystis nidulans undergoes specific endonucleolytic cleavage in vivo, to produce two fragments with molecular weights of 0.88 x 10(6) and 0.17 x 10(6) daltons. Cleavage occurred at random after 23s rRNA formation and was stimulated by light in this organism, an obligately photoautotrophic unicellular blue-green alga. The half-life of intact 23s rRNA was about 5 h in illuminated cultures and 10 h in unilluminated cultures. 3-(p-Chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, an inhibitor of photosystem II, retarded 23s rRNA cleavage in the light. The results are discussed in the context of recent reports of rRNA instability in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.
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22
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Seitz U, Seitz U. Biosynthese der ribosomalen RNS bei der blaugr�nen Alge Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00424973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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