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Das S, Sreevidya VS, Udvadia AJ, Gyaneshwar P. Dopamine-induced sulfatase and its regulator are required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:302-310. [PMID: 30648943 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine hormones enhance the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Studies in the 1980s made intriguing observations that catecholamines were required for induction of sulfatase activity in many enteric pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. In this report, we show that STM3122 and STM3124, part of horizontally acquired Salmonella pathogenesis island 13, encode a catecholamine-induced sulfatase and its regulator, respectively. Induction of sulfatase activity was independent of the well-studied QseBC and QseEF two-component regulatory systems. S. Typhimurium 14028S mutants lacking STM3122 or STM3124 showed reduced virulence in zebrafish. Because catecholamines are inactivated by sulfation in the mammalian gut, S. Typhimurium could utilize CA-induced sulfatase to access free catecholamines for growth and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Ava J Udvadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Prasad Gyaneshwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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2
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Yoon HY, Kim HJ, Jang S, Hong JI. Detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. AMB Express 2017; 7:150. [PMID: 28697587 PMCID: PMC5503846 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arylsulfatases are crucial to biosynthesis in many microorganisms, as bacteria often utilize aryl sulfates as a source of sulfur. The bacterial sulfatases are associated with pathogenesis and are applied in many areas such as industry and agriculture. We developed an activity-based probe 1 for detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. Probe 1 is hydrolyzed by sulfatase to generate fluorescent N-methyl isoindole, which is polymerized to form colored precipitates. These fluorescent and colorimetric properties of probe 1 induced upon treatment of sulfatases were successfully utilized for liquid-phase sulfatase activity assays for colonies and lysates of Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, probe 1 allowed solid-phase colony-based assays of K. aerogenes through the formation of insoluble colored precipitates, thus enabling accurate staining of target colonies under heterogeneous conditions.
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Detection, production, and application of microbial arylsulfatases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9053-9067. [PMID: 27654655 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatases are enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of arylsulfate ester bonds to release a free sulfonate. They are widespread in nature and are found in microorganisms, most animal and human tissues, and plant seeds. However, this review focuses on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and gives an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the production of microbial arylsulfatases using wild-type organisms as well as the recombinant production using Escherichia coli and Kluyveromyces lactis as expression hosts is discussed. Finally, various potential applications of these enzymes are reviewed.
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Stressler T, Leisibach D, Lutz-Wahl S, Kuhn A, Fischer L. Homologous expression and biochemical characterization of the arylsulfatase from Kluyveromyces lactis and its relevance in milk processing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5401-14. [PMID: 26875879 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The industrial manufacturing process of lactose-free milk products depends on the application of commercial β-galactosidase (lactase) preparations. These preparations are often obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis. There is a gene present in the genome of K. lactis which should encode for an enzyme called arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1). Therefore, this enzyme could also be present in β-galactosidase preparations. The arylsulfatase is suspected of being responsible for an unpleasant "cowshed-like" off-flavor resulting from the release of p-cresol from milk endogenous alkylphenol sulfuric esters. So far, no gene/functionality relationship is described. In addition, no study is available which has shown that arylsulfatase from K. lactis is truly responsible for the flavor generation. In this study, we cloned the putative arylsulfatase gene from K. lactis GG799 into the commercially available vector pKLAC2. The cloning strategy chosen resulted in a homologous, secretory expression of the arylsulfatase. We showed that the heretofore putative arylsulfatase has the desired activity with the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl sulfate and with the natural substrate p-cresol sulfate. The enzyme was biochemically characterized and showed an optimum temperature of 45-50 °C and an optimum pH of 9-10. Additionally, the arylsulfatase was activated by Ca(2+) ions and was inactivated by Zn(2+) ions. Moreover, the arylsulfatase was inhibited by p-cresol and sulfate ions. Finally, the enzyme was added to ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk and a sensory triangle test verified that the arylsulfatase from K. lactis can cause an unpleasant "cowshed-like" off-flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stressler
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Desirée Leisibach
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Lutz-Wahl
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Characterization of an acid-inducible sulfatase in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2092-5. [PMID: 23315743 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03707-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases of enteric bacteria can provide access to heavily sulfated mucosal glycans. In this study, we show that aslA (STM0084) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 encodes a sulfatase that requires mildly acidic pH for its expression and activity. AslA is not regulated by sulfur compounds or tyramine but requires the EnvZ-OmpR and PhoPQ regulatory systems, which play an important role in pathogenesis.
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Cregut M, Piutti S, Slezack-Deschaumes S, Benizri E. Compartmentalization and regulation of arylsulfatase activities in Streptomyces sp., Microbacterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp. soil isolates in response to inorganic sulfate limitation. Microbiol Res 2012; 168:12-21. [PMID: 22921900 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arylsulfatases allow microorganisms to satisfy their sulfur (S) requirements as inorganic sulfate after sulfate ester hydrolysis. Our objectives were to investigate the arylsulfatase activities among soil isolates, especially Streptomyces sp., Microbacterium sp. and Rhodococcus sp., because such investigations are limited for these bacteria, which often live in sulfate-limited conditions. Physiological and biochemical analyses indicated that these isolates possessed strong specific arylsulfatase activities ranging from 6 to 8 U. Moreover, for Streptomyces sp., an arylsulfatase localization study revealed 2 forms of arylsulfatases. A first form was located in the membrane, and a second form was located in the intracellular compartment. Both arylsulfatases had different patterns of induction. Indeed, the intracellular arylsulfatase was strictly induced by inorganic sulfate limitation, whereas the membrane arylsulfatase was induced both by substrate presence or S demand independently. For Microbacterium and Rhodococcus isolates, only a membrane arylsulfatase was found. Consequently, our results suggest the presence of a previously undescribed arylsulfatase in these microorganisms that allows them to develop an alternative strategy to fulfill their S requirements compared to bacteria previously studied in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Cregut
- Nantes University, PRES UNAM, Campus de la Courtaisière-IUT, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, CBAC, 18 Bvd Gaston Defferre, 85035 La Roche sur Yon cedex, France.
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7
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Dodgson KS, Rose FA. Observations on the biological roles of sulphatases. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008:163-76. [PMID: 398761 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720554.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Until recently little was known about the biological roles played by sulphatase enzymes, owing in part to the selection of assay substrates that were convenient but only removely related to the natural substrates. Once this was recognized the elucidation of function proceeded more rapidly. Microbial sulphatases appear to have roles to play in the nutrition of individual microorganisms whilst collectively they enable sulphur, returned to soils and waters in the form of sulphate esters, to be made available for recycling. In contrast, with one or two important exceptions, mammalian sulphatases are concerned, in association with other enzymes, with the turnover of macromolecules. Still defying understanding are the roles of sulphatases acting on adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APT) and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (PAPA). APS sulphatases have now been purified from ox-liver lysosomes and cytosol and from a strain of Comamonas terrigena. The lysosomal enzyme shows wide specificity and can hydrolyse ATP, ADP, FED and pyrophosphate. The cytosol enzyme is apparently specific and may be active only when cellular concentrations of ATP are low. The bacterial enzyme is also specific and has properties and a cellular localization that suggest the possibility of its involvement in sulphate transport.
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9
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Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatases: Structure, Mechanism, Biological Activity, Inhibition, and Synthetic Utility. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:5736-63. [PMID: 15493058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatases, which cleave sulfate esters in biological systems, play a key role in regulating the sulfation states that determine the function of many physiological molecules. Sulfatase substrates range from small cytosolic steroids, such as estrogen sulfate, to complex cell-surface carbohydrates, such as the glycosaminoglycans. The transformation of these molecules has been linked with important cellular functions, including hormone regulation, cellular degradation, and modulation of signaling pathways. Sulfatases have also been implicated in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including hormone-dependent cancers, lysosomal storage disorders, developmental abnormalities, and bacterial pathogenesis. These findings have increased interest in sulfatases and in targeting them for therapeutic endeavors. Although numerous sulfatases have been identified, the wide scope of their biological activity is only beginning to emerge. Herein, accounts of the diversity and growing biological relevance of sulfatases are provided along with an overview of the current understanding of sulfatase structure, mechanism, and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC 357, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hanson SR, Best MD, Wong CH. Sulfatasen: Struktur, Mechanismus, biologische Aktivität, Inhibition, Anwendung in Synthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200300632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Kertesz MA. Riding the sulfur cycle â metabolism of sulfonates and sulfate esters in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Kertesz MA. Riding the sulfur cycle--metabolism of sulfonates and sulfate esters in gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2000; 24:135-75. [PMID: 10717312 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(99)00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonates and sulfate esters are widespread in nature, and make up over 95% of the sulfur content of most aerobic soils. Many microorganisms can use sulfonates and sulfate esters as a source of sulfur for growth, even when they are unable to metabolize the carbon skeleton of the compounds. In these organisms, expression of sulfatases and sulfonatases is repressed in the presence of sulfate, in a process mediated by the LysR-type regulator protein CysB, and the corresponding genes therefore constitute an extension of the cys regulon. Additional regulator proteins required for sulfonate desulfonation have been identified in Escherichia coli (the Cbl protein) and Pseudomonas putida (the AsfR protein). Desulfonation of aromatic and aliphatic sulfonates as sulfur sources by aerobic bacteria is oxygen-dependent, carried out by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase, or by one of several FMNH(2)-dependent monooxygenases. Desulfurization of condensed thiophenes is also FMNH(2)-dependent, both in the rhodococci and in two Gram-negative species. Bacterial utilization of aromatic sulfate esters is catalyzed by arylsulfatases, most of which are related to human lysosomal sulfatases and contain an active-site formylglycine group that is generated post-translationally. Sulfate-regulated alkylsulfatases, by contrast, are less well characterized. Our increasing knowledge of the sulfur-regulated metabolism of organosulfur compounds suggests applications in practical fields such as biodesulfurization, bioremediation, and optimization of crop sulfur nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Hummerjohann J, Küttel E, Quadroni M, Ragaller J, Leisinger T, Kertes MA. Regulation of the sulfate starvation response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: role of cysteine biosynthetic intermediates. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 5):1375-1386. [PMID: 9611812 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-5-1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 grew in defined synthetic medium with any of a broad variety of single sulfur sources, including sulfate, cysteine, thiocyanate, alkanesulfonates, organosulfate esters and methionine, but not with aromatic sulfonates, thiophenols or organothiocyanates or isothiocyanates. During growth with any of these compounds except sulfate, cysteine or thiocyanate, a set of 10 sulfate starvation-induced (SSI) proteins was strongly up-regulated, as observed by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis of total cell extracts. A comparable level of up-regulation was found for the hydrolytic enzyme arylsulfatase, which has previously been used as a marker enzyme for the sulfate starvation response. One of the SSI proteins was identified by N-terminal sequencing as a high-affinity periplasmic sulfate-binding protein, and another was related to thiol-specific antioxidants, but the N-terminal sequences of the other SSI proteins revealed no similarity to N-termini of proteins of known function, and they probably represent uncharacterized enzymes involved in sulfur scavenging when preferred sulfur sources are absent. To study the role that cysteine biosynthetic intermediates play in the synthesis of these proteins in vivo, we isolated mini-Tn5 transposon mutants of P. aeruginosa with insertions in the cysN and cysI genes, which encode subunits of ATP-sulfurylase and sulfite reductase, respectively. These two genes were cloned and sequenced. cysI showed high similarity to the cognate gene in Escherichia coli, whereas cysN encoded a 69.3 kDa protein with two domains corresponding to the E. coli CysN and CysC proteins. Sulfate no longer repressed synthesis of the SSI proteins in cysN mutants, but repression was restored by sulfite; in the cysI mutant, sulfate, sulfite and sulfide all led to repression of SSI protein synthesis. This suggests that there are at least two independent corepressors of the sulfate starvation response in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Küttel
- Institutes of MicrobiologyCH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Biochemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Davies JP, Yildiz FH, Grossman A. Sac1, a putative regulator that is critical for survival of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during sulfur deprivation. EMBO J 1996; 15:2150-9. [PMID: 8641280 PMCID: PMC450137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sac1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is aberrant in most of the normal responses to sulfur limitation; it cannot synthesize arylsulfatase, does not take up sulfate as rapidly as wild-type cells, and does not synthesize periplasmic proteins that normally accumulate during sulfur-limited growth. Here, we show that the sac1 mutant dies much more rapidly than wild-type cells during sulfur deprivation; this emphasizes the vital role of the acclimation process. The loss of viability of the sac1 mutant during sulfur deprivation is only observed in the light and is mostly inhibited by DCMU. During sulfur-stress, wild-type cells, but not the sac1 mutant, downregulate photosynthesis. Thus, death of the sac1 mutant during sulfur deprivation is probably a consequence of its inability to downregulate photosynthesis. Furthermore, since SAC1 is necessary for the downregulation of photosynthesis, the process must be highly controlled and not simply the result of a general decrease in protein synthesis due to sulfur limitation. Genomic and cDNA copies of the SAC1 gene have been cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence of Sac1 is similar to an Escherichia coli gene that may involved in the response of E.coli to nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Davies
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Ohshiro T, Suzuki K, Izumi Y. Regulation of dibenzothiophene degrading enzyme activity of Rhodococcus erythropolis D-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)87588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Azakami H, Sugino H, Iwata N, Yokoro N, Yamashita M, Murooka Y. A Klebsiella aerogenes moaEF operon is controlled by the positive MoaR regulator of the monoamine regulon. Gene 1995; 164:89-94. [PMID: 7590328 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A 30-kDa protein accumulated upon induction by a high concentration of tyramine or dopamine in cells of Klebsiella aerogenes (Ka). These cells carried a plasmid (pAS123) that included the arylsulfatase operon (atsBA). Deletion analysis showed that the region essential for induction of the 30-kDa protein was located within a 2.0-kb cloned segment downstream of the atsBA operon. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the 2.0-kb fragment revealed two open reading frames (ORFs), moaE and moaF. Transcription from a putative promoter of moaE was induced by the addition of tyramine, and the moaF gene was co-transcribed from this monoamine-inducible Ka promoter. The deduced Ka MoaE protein was homologous to insect-type alcohol dehydrogenase. The sequence of the 18 amino acids from the N-terminus of the purified 30-kDa protein agreed with that deduced from the nt sequence of moaF. Using a Ka strain with a mutant moaR gene, we found that MoaR, that acts as the positive regulator of the monoamine regulon, also acts as the positive regulator of the moaEF operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azakami
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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17
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Beil S, Kehrli H, James P, Staudenmann W, Cook AM, Leisinger T, Kertesz MA. Purification and characterization of the arylsulfatase synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO during growth in sulfate-free medium and cloning of the arylsulfatase gene (atsA). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 229:385-94. [PMID: 7744061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0385k.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and purified 2700-fold to homogeneity. Synthesis of this enzyme was repressed when sulfate, cysteine or thiocyanate was supplied as the sole sulfur source for growth, but derepressed with all other sulfur sources tested. The apparent molecular mass was determined by SDS/PAGE to be 57 kDa, and the enzyme was presumed to be a monomer after gel filtration chromatography. The arylsulfatase showed maximal activity at 57 degrees C and pH 8.9, and a Km of 105 microM for 4-nitrocatecholsulfate. Despite previous reports that both inducible and derepressible forms of arylsulfatase exist in P. aeruginosa, we found only one enzyme under a variety of growth conditions: a sulfate-repressed enzyme with a native isoelectric point of 4.76. The gene encoding this enzyme (atsA) was isolated by complementation of a Tn5-751 mutant of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Sequencing revealed a 1602-bp reading frame encoding a 534-amino-acid protein with sequence similarity to known bacterial and eukaryotic arylsulfatases (30-40% and 25-30% identity, respectively), but lacking the signal peptide which is present in all known sequences. The lack of this signal peptide suggests that the P. aeruginosa arylsulfatase is neither periplasmic nor membrane-associated, unlike other known arylsulfatases. The atsA gene was located at 15-17' on the P. aeruginosa genome by Southern hybridization. Only a single copy was observed under moderate stringency conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beil
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
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18
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Kertesz MA, Cook AM, Leisinger T. Microbial metabolism of sulfur- and phosphorus-containing xenobiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1994; 15:195-215. [PMID: 7946467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1994.tb00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymes involved in the microbial metabolism of many important phosphorus- or sulfur-containing xenobiotics, including organophosphate insecticides and precursors to organosulfate and organosulfonate detergents and dyestuffs have been characterized. In several instances their genes have been cloned and analysed. For phosphonate xenobiotics, the enzyme system responsible for the cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond has not yet been observed in vitro, though much is understood on a genetic level about phosphonate degradation. Phosphonate metabolism is regulated as part of the Pho regulon, under phosphate starvation control. For organophosphorothionate pesticides the situation is not so clear, and the mode of regulation appears to depend on whether the compounds are utilized to provide phosphorus, carbon or sulfur for cell growth. The same is true for organosulfonate metabolism, where different (and differently regulated) enzymatic pathways are involved in the utilization of sulfonates as carbon and as sulfur sources, respectively. Observations at the protein level in a number of bacteria suggest that a regulatory system is present which responds to sulfate limitation and controls the synthesis of proteins involved in providing sulfur to the cell and which may reveal analogies between the regulation of phosphorus and sulfur metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich
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20
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Azakami H, Sugino H, Yokoro N, Iwata N, Murooka Y. moaR, a gene that encodes a positive regulator of the monoamine regulon in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:6287-92. [PMID: 8407801 PMCID: PMC206725 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.19.6287-6292.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We cloned and sequenced a Klebsiella aerogenes gene (moaR) for activation of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine. This gene was cloned by complementation of a K. aerogenes mutant in which tyramine fails to relieve the arylsulfatase repression caused by sulfur compounds. The moaR gene also activated induction of the synthesis of both tyramine oxidase and the 30-kDa protein that is specifically induced by high concentrations of tyramine or catecholamines. The moaR gene on the chromosome of the wild-type strain of K. aerogenes was disrupted by homologous recombination with a plasmid containing the inactivated moaR. The resultant mutant showed the same phenotype as previously isolated atsT mutant strains that are negative for the derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase. In this mutant strain, tyramine also failed to induce the synthesis of tyramine oxidase or the production of a 30-kDa protein. The moaR gene is capable of encoding a protein of 26,238 Da. The putative MoaR protein has a helix-turn-helix motif in its C terminus. Thus, it seems likely that the MoaR protein regulates the operons by binding to the regulatory region of the monoamine regulon. The MoaR protein is subject to autogenous control, which was shown by use of a moaR'-lacZ transcriptional fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azakami
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Kertesz MA, Leisinger T, Cook AM. Proteins induced by sulfate limitation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, or Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1187-90. [PMID: 8432711 PMCID: PMC193037 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.4.1187-1190.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins from Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus aureus, grown with methionine or one of a variety of organosulfates and organosulfonates as the sole source of sulfur, showed expression of specific sets of 7 to 14 proteins which were not observed during growth with sulfate or cysteine for all three species or with thiocyanate for P. putida and S. aureus. Under the same conditions, arylsulfatase activity in P. putida and S. aureus was seen to increase by up to 140-fold, suggesting that the proteins induced under these conditions may be involved in sulfur metabolism. We propose that these proteins are members of a sulfate starvation-induced stimulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kertesz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich
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Sugino H, Sasaki M, Azakami H, Yamashita M, Murooka Y. A monoamine-regulated Klebsiella aerogenes operon containing the monoamine oxidase structural gene (maoA) and the maoC gene. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2485-92. [PMID: 1556068 PMCID: PMC205886 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.8.2485-2492.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Klebsiella aerogenes gene maoA, which is involved in the synthesis of monoamine oxidase, was induced by tyramine and the related compounds, subjected to catabolite and ammonium ion repression, and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the region involved in monoamine oxidase synthesis was determined. Two open reading frames, the maoA gene and a hitherto unknown gene (maoC), were found. These are located between a potential promoter sequence and a transcriptional terminator sequence. A region of the Escherichia coli chromosome that was highly homologous to the Klebsiella maoA gene was found. The potential maoA gene is located at 30.9 min on the E. coli chromosome. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of the first 11 amino acids from the N terminus of the purified monoamine oxidase agrees with those deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the maoA gene. The leader peptide extends over 30 amino acids and has the characteristics of a signal sequence. Primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping of transcripts generated in vivo suggests that the tyramine-induced mRNA starts at a site 62 bases upstream from the ATG initiation codon of the maoC gene. In the putative promoter region, a high degree of similarity to the consensus sequence for the binding site of cyclic AMP receptor protein was found. Thus, the mao region is composed of two cistrons, and the mao operon is regulated by monoamine compounds, glucose, and ammonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugino
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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23
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Azakami H, Sugino H, Murooka Y. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a negative regulator gene for Klebsiella aerogenes arylsulfatase synthesis and identification of the gene as folA. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2344-51. [PMID: 1551851 PMCID: PMC205857 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.7.2344-2351.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A negative regulator gene for synthesis of arylsulfatase in Klebsiella aerogenes was cloned. Deletion analysis showed that the regulator gene was located within a 1.6-kb cloned segment. Transfer of the plasmid, which contains the cloned fragment, into constitutive atsR mutant strains of K. aerogenes resulted in complementation of atsR; the synthesis of arylsulfatase was repressed in the presence of inorganic sulfate or cysteine, and this repression was relieved, in each case, by the addition of tyramine. The nucleotide sequence of the 1.6-kb fragment was determined. From the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA sequence, we found two open reading frames. One of them lacked the N-terminal region but was highly homologous to the gene which codes for diadenosine tetraphosphatase (apaH) in Escherichia coli. The other open reading frame was located counterclockwise to the apaH-like gene. This gene was highly homologous to the gene which codes for dihydrofolate reductase (folA) in E. coli. We detected 30 times more activity of dihydrofolate reductase in the K. aerogenes strains carrying the plasmid, which contains the arylsulfatase regulator gene, than in the strains without plasmid. Further deletion analysis showed that the K. aerogenes folA gene is consistent with the essential region required for the repression of arylsulfatase synthesis. Transfer of a plasmid containing the E. coli folA gene into atsR mutant cells of K. aerogenes resulted in repression of the arylsulfatase synthesis. Thus, we conclude that the folA gene codes a negative regulator for the ats operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Azakami
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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24
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Murooka Y, Ishibashi K, Yasumoto M, Sasaki M, Sugino H, Azakami H, Yamashita M. A sulfur- and tyramine-regulated Klebsiella aerogenes operon containing the arylsulfatase (atsA) gene and the atsB gene. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:2131-40. [PMID: 2180918 PMCID: PMC208713 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.4.2131-2140.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural gene for arylsulfatase (atsA) of Klebsiella aerogenes was cloned into a pKI212 vector in Escherichia coli. Deletion analysis showed that the atsA gene with the promoter region was located within a 3.2-kilobase cloned segment. In E. coli cells which carried the plasmid, the synthesis of arylsulfatase was repressed by various sources of sulfur; the repression was relieved, in each case, by tyramine. Transfer of the plasmid into atsA or constitutive atsR mutant strains of K. aerogenes resulted in complementation of atsA but not of atsR. The nucleotide sequence of the 3.2-kilobase fragment was determined. Two open reading frames, the atsA gene and an unknown gene (atsB), were found. These are located between a potential promoter and a transcriptional terminator sequence. Deletion analysis suggests that atsB is a potential positive factor for the regulation of arylsulfatase. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of the first 13 amino acids from the N terminus of the purified secreted arysulfatase agrees with that of the nucleotide sequence of atsA. The leader peptide extends over 20 amino acids and has the characteristics of a signal sequence. Primer extension mapping of transcripts generated in vivo suggests that the synthesis of mRNA starts at a site 31 or 32 bases upstream from the ATG initiation codon of the atsB gene. By Northern (RNA) blot analysis of the transcripts induced by tyramine, we found a 2.7-kilobase transcript which is identical in size to the total sequence of the atsB and atsA genes. Thus, the ats operon is composed of two cistrons and is regulated by sulfur and tyramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murooka
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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25
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O'Hara GW, Franklin M, Dilworth MJ. Effect of sulfur supply on sulfate uptake, and alkaline sulfatase activity in free-living and symbiotic bradyrhizobia. Arch Microbiol 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Cerbelaud EC, Conway LJ, Galliher PM, Langer RS, Cooney CL. Sulfur regulation of heparinase and sulfatases in Flavobacterium heparinum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:640-6. [PMID: 3963813 PMCID: PMC238932 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.3.640-646.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur regulation of heparinase synthesis and sulfatase synthesis was studied in Flavobacterium heparinum. Heparinase synthesis was strongly repressed by sulfate and L-cysteine, while the activity of this enzyme showed little or no inhibition by these compounds. Heparinase was synthesized in the absence of heparin when L-methionine was used as the sole sulfur source. The sulfatases produced by F. heparinum, which include the sulfatases involved in heparin catabolism, were also studied. At least some of the sulfatase activity was regulated by sulfur compounds in a manner similar to heparinase regulation. L-Cysteic acid and taurine were not suitable sulfur sources to support the growth of F. heparinum.
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27
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Fitzgerald J, Kellogg R, Stewart G. Stimulation of arylsulphatase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosaby exogenous nucleotides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb06942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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28
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George JR, Fitzgerald JW. Arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas sp. strain C12B: purification to homogeneity, immunological analysis, and physical properties. J Bacteriol 1981; 145:1428-31. [PMID: 7204346 PMCID: PMC217151 DOI: 10.1128/jb.145.3.1428-1431.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatase was purified 219-fold from Pseudomonas sp. strain C12B. The final preparation was homogeneous by electrophoretic and immunological analysis. The enzyme is a monomer of molecular weight about 51,000, with a Stokes radius of 3.0 X 10(-7) cm, a frictional ratio of 1.2, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.1S.
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29
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Murooka Y, Harada T. Regulation of derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase by tyramine oxidase in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1981; 145:796-802. [PMID: 7007350 PMCID: PMC217181 DOI: 10.1128/jb.145.2.796-802.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The participation of tyramine oxidase in the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by inorganic sulfate, cysteine, methionine, or taurine. This repression was relieved by tyramine, octopamine, or dopamine, which induced tyramine oxidase synthesis, although the level of arylsulfatase activity was very low. The induction of tyramine oxidase and derepression of arylsulfatase by tyramine were strongly inhibited by glucose and ammonium chloride, and the repression of both enzymes was relieved by use of xylose as a carbon source after consumption of glucose or by use of tyramine as the sole source of nitrogen, irrespective of the carbon source used. The initial rates of tyramine uptake by cells grown with glucose and xylose were similar. Results with tyramine oxidase-constitutive mutants showed that constitutive expression of the tyramine oxidase gene resulted in derepression of arylsulfatase synthesis in the absence of tyramine. Thus, catabolite and ammonium repressions of arylsulfatase synthesis and the induction of the enzyme by tyramine seem to reflect the levels of tyramine oxidase synthesis. These results in S. typhimurium support our previous finding that the specific regulation system of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine oxidase is conserved in enteric bacteria.
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30
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Murooka Y, Yim MH, Harada T. Formation and Purification of
Serratia marcescens
Arylsulfatase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 39:812-7. [PMID: 16345546 PMCID: PMC291424 DOI: 10.1128/aem.39.4.812-817.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of culture conditions on arylsulfatase production by six strains of the genus
Serratia
were studied. Synthesis of arylsulfatases in all six strains was repressed in media with inorganic sulfate or methionine as the sole source of sulfur and derepressed by the addition of tyramine.
Serratia marcescens
IFO 3046 grew most rapidly and produced a high level of arylsulfatase when cultured on mannitol with inorganic sulfate and tyramine. The derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase in
S. marcescens
was not subject to strong catabolite repression. The molecular weight of purified arylsulfatase was determined to be between 46,000 and 49,000. Arylsulfatase from
S. marcescens
differed in
K
m
and
V
max
values, substrate specificities, fluoride inhibition, and electrophoretic mobility from the enzyme from
K. aerogenes
, but had the same molecular weight as the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murooka
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565, Japan
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31
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Henderson MJ, Milazzo FH. Arylsulfatase in Salmonella typhimurium: detection and influence of carbon source and tyramine on its synthesis. J Bacteriol 1979; 139:80-7. [PMID: 222733 PMCID: PMC216829 DOI: 10.1128/jb.139.1.80-87.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatase synthesis was shown to occur in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 50,000 and was separated into five forms by isoelectrofocusing. The optimal pH for substrate hydrolysis was pH 6.7, with Michaelis constants for nitrocatechol sulfate and nitrophenyl sulfate being 4.1 and 7.9 mM, respectively. Enzyme synthesis was strongly influenced by the presence of tyramine in the growth medium. The uptake of [14C]tyramine and arylsulfatase synthesis were initiated during the second phase of a diauxie growth response, when the organism was cultured with different carbon sources. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid enhanced the uptake of tyramine and the levels of arylsulfatase synthesized. However, the addition of glucose and glycerol to organisms actively transporting tyramine and synthesizing enzyme caused a rapid inhibition of both of these processes. This inhibition was not reversed by adding adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid. The results suggest that the effect of the carbon source on tyramine transport and arylsulfatase synthesis may be explained in terms of inducer exclusion.
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32
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George J, Fitzgerald J. Tyramine-mediated enhancement of bacterial arylsulphatase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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33
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Yamada T, Murooka Y, Harada T. Comparative immunological studies on arylsulfatase in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae: occurrence of latent arylsulfatase protein regulated by sulfur compounds and tyramine. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:536-41. [PMID: 415041 PMCID: PMC222055 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.2.536-541.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The arylsulfatases of 21 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae were compared by measuring their enzymatic activities and immunological reactivities. Enzyme formation under repressing, nonrepressing, and derepressing conditions was tested. Antiserum prepared against pure arylsulfatase from Klebsiella aerobgenes W70 was tested against the enzyme extracts from the strains using double diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and immunoelectrophoresis. No close relationship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactionship was found between arylsulfatase activity and immunological cross-reactivity. The strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae could be divided into two groups on the basis of the immunological properties of their enzyme. Antisera formed a precipitin band with both active and inactive enzyme proteins from Escherichia, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, but not with the proteins from Serratia, Proteus, and Erwinia, even though some strains of these species had enzyme activity. It was also found that the formation of arylsulfatase proteins, irrespective of whether they had enzyme activity, were under regulation by sulfur compounds and tyramine.
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34
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Murooka Y, Yim MH, Yamada T, Harada T. Affinity chromatography od Klebsiella arylsulfatase on tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamine-beta-1,3-glucan and immunoadsorbent. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 485:134-40. [PMID: 334267 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and convenient method for preparation of a highly purified arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) from Klebsiella aerogenes has been developed. Specificity of purification was achieved by using affinity chromatography on a tyrosyl-hexamethylenediamino-beta-1,3-glucan or on a solid phase immunoadsorbent. By using affinity chromatography a homogeneous enzyme was obtained with high yield. It is also proposed that the beads of curdlan type polysaccharide consisting of beta-1,3-glucan can be used as a good matrix for affinity chromatography.
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35
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Fitzgerald J, Cline ME. The occurrence of an inducible arylsulphatase in Comamonas terrigena. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1977.tb00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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36
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Immunological study of the regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1977; 132:247-53. [PMID: 72063 PMCID: PMC221850 DOI: 10.1128/jb.132.1.247-253.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cellular arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes was analyzed by immunological techniques. Antibody directed against the purified arylsulfatase from K. aerogenes W70 was obtained from rabbits and characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, double-diffusion, quantitative precipitation, and enzyme neutralization tests. Arylsulfatase was located in the periplasmic space when the wild-type strain was cultured with methionine or with inorganic sulfate plus tyramine, but not with inorganic sulfate without tyramine, as the sole sulfur source. Tyramine oxidase was retained in the membrane fraction prepared from cells grown in the presence of tyramine. Arylsulfatase protein was not synthesized in the presence of tyramine and inorganic sulfate by mutant K611, which is deficient in tyramine oxidase (tynA). We conclude that the expression of the arylsulfatase gene (atsA) is regulated by the expression of tynA and that inorganic sulfate serves as a corepressor. In addition, strains mutated in the atsA gene were analyzed by using antibody.
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37
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Murooka Y, Adachi T, Okamura H, Harada T. Genetic control of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1977; 130:74-81. [PMID: 853036 PMCID: PMC235175 DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.1.74-81.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown that at least four genes are specifically responsible for arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. Mutations at chromosome site atsA result in enzymatically inactive arylsulfatase. Mutants showing constitutive synthesis of arylsulfatase (atsR) were isolated by using inorganic sulfate or cysteine as the sulfur source. Another mutation in which repression of arylsulfatase by inorganic sulfate or cysteine could not be relieved by tyramine was determined by genetic analysis to be on the tyramine oxidase gene (tyn). This site was distinguished from the atsC mutation site, which is probably concerned with the action or synthesis of corepressors of arylsulfatase synthesis. Genetic analysis with transducing phage PW52 showed that the order of mutation sites was atsC-atsR-atsA-tynA-tynB. On the basis of these results and previous physiological findings, we propose a new model for regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis.
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38
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Okamura H, Murooka Y, Harada T. Tyramine oxidase and regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1977; 129:59-65. [PMID: 830648 PMCID: PMC234894 DOI: 10.1128/jb.129.1.59-65.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The participation of tyramine oxidase in the regulation of arylsulfatase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes was studied. Arylsulfatase was synthesized when this organism was grown with methionine or taurine as the sulfur source (nonrepressing conditions) and was repressed by inorganic sulfate or cysteine; this repression was relieved by tyramine and related compounds (derepressing conditions). Under nonrepressing conditions, arylsulfatase synthesis was not regulated by tyramine oxidase synthesis. However, derepression of arylsulfatase and induction of tyramine oxidase synthesis by tyramine were both antagonized by glucose and other carbohydrate compounds. The derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase, like that of tyramine oxidase, was released from catabolite repression by use of tyramine as the sole source of nitrogen. A mutant strain that exhibits constitutive synthesis of glutamine synthetase and high levels of histidase when grown in glucose-ammonium medium was subject to the catabolite repression of both tyramine oxidase and arylsulfatase syntheses. Mutants in which repression of arylsulfatase could not be relieved by tyramine could not utilize tyramine as the sole source of nitrogen and were defective in the gene for tyramine oxidase.
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39
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Fitzgerald JW. Sulfate ester formation and hydrolysis: a potentially important yet often ignored aspect of the sulfur cycle of aerobic soils. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1976; 40:698-721. [PMID: 791238 PMCID: PMC413977 DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.698-721.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Okamura H, Murooka Y, Harada T. Regulation of tyramine oxidase synthesis in Klebsiella aerogenes. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:24-31. [PMID: 179974 PMCID: PMC233028 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.1.24-31.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyramine oxidase in Klebsiella aerogenes is highly specific for tyramine, dopamine, octopamine, and norepinephrine, and its synthesis is induced specifically by these compounds. The enzyme is present in a membrane-bound form. The Km value for tyramine is 9 X 10(-4) M. Tyramine oxidase synthesis was subjected to catabolite repression by glucose in the presence of ammonium salts. Addition of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) overcame the catabolite repression. A mutant strain, K711, which can produce a high level of beta-galactosidase in the presence of glucose and ammonium chloride, can also synthesize tyramine oxidase and histidase in the presence of inducer in glucose ammonium medium. Catabolite repression of tyramine oxidase synthesis was relieved when the cells were grown under conditions of nitrogen limitation, whereas beta-galactosidase was strongly repressed under these conditions. A cAMP-requiring mutant, MK54, synthesized tyramine oxidase rapidly when tyramine was used as the sole source of nitrogen in the absence of cAMP. However, a glutamine synthetase-constitutive mutant, MK94, failed to synthesize tyramine oxidase in the presence of glucose and ammonium chloride, although it synthesized histidase rapidly under these conditions. These results suggest that catabolite repression of tyramine oxidase synthesis in K. aerogenes is regulated by the intracellular level of cAMP and an unknown cytoplasmic factor that acts independently of cAMP and is formed under conditions of nitrogen limitation.
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