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Azizi-Dargahlou S, Pouresmaeil M. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Plant Transformation: A Review. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1563-1580. [PMID: 37340198 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation is the most dominant technique for the transformation of plants. It is used to transform monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A. tumefaciens apply for stable and transient transformation, random and targeted integration of foreign genes, as well as genome editing of plants. The Advantages of this method include cheapness, uncomplicated operation, high reproducibility, a low copy number of integrated transgenes, and the possibility of transferring larger DNA fragments. Engineered endonucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 systems, TALENs, and ZFNs can be delivered with this method. Nowadays, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is used for the Knock in, Knock down, and Knock out of genes. The transformation effectiveness of this method is not always desirable. Researchers applied various strategies to improve the effectiveness of this method. Here, a general overview of the characteristics and mechanism of gene transfer with Agrobacterium is presented. Advantages, updated data on the factors involved in optimizing this method, and other useful materials that lead to maximum exploitation as well as overcoming obstacles of this method are discussed. Moreover, the application of this method in the generation of genetically edited plants is stated. This review can help researchers to establish a rapid and highly effective Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for any plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahin Pouresmaeil
- Department of Biotechnology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Raman V, Rojas CM, Vasudevan B, Dunning K, Kolape J, Oh S, Yun J, Yang L, Li G, Pant BD, Jiang Q, Mysore KS. Agrobacterium expressing a type III secretion system delivers Pseudomonas effectors into plant cells to enhance transformation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2581. [PMID: 35546550 PMCID: PMC9095702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation (AMT) is the basis of modern-day plant biotechnology. One major drawback of this technology is the recalcitrance of many plant species/varieties to Agrobacterium infection, most likely caused by elicitation of plant defense responses. Here, we develop a strategy to increase AMT by engineering Agrobacterium tumefaciens to express a type III secretion system (T3SS) from Pseudomonas syringae and individually deliver the P. syringae effectors AvrPto, AvrPtoB, or HopAO1 to suppress host defense responses. Using the engineered Agrobacterium, we demonstrate increase in AMT of wheat, alfalfa and switchgrass by ~250%-400%. We also show that engineered A. tumefaciens expressing a T3SS can deliver a plant protein, histone H2A-1, to enhance AMT. This strategy is of great significance to both basic research and agricultural biotechnology for transient and stable transformation of recalcitrant plant species/varieties and to deliver proteins into plant cells in a non-transgenic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhyavathi Raman
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Clemencia M Rojas
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | | | - Kevin Dunning
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jianfei Yun
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Lishan Yang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Guangming Li
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Bikram D Pant
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | | | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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3
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Prías-Blanco M, Chappell TM, Freed EF, Illa-Berenguer E, Eckert CA, Parrott WA. An Agrobacterium strain auxotrophic for methionine is useful for switchgrass transformation. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:661-676. [PMID: 36239844 PMCID: PMC9747830 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxotrophic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens can contribute to the development of more efficient transformation systems, especially for crops historically considered recalcitrant. Homologous recombination was used to derive methionine auxotrophs of two common A. tumefaciens strains, LBA4404 and EHA105. The EHA105 strains were more efficient for switchgrass transformation, while both the EHA105 and LBA4404 strains worked equally well for the rice control. Event quality, as measured by transgene copy number, was not affected by auxotrophy, but was higher for the LBA4404 strains than the EHA105 strains. Ultimately, the use of auxotrophs reduced bacterial overgrowth during co-cultivation and decreased the need for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Prías-Blanco
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Timothy M Chappell
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emily F Freed
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Carrie A Eckert
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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4
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Qian Y, Kong W, Lu T. Precise and reliable control of gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3962-3972. [PMID: 34180537 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil-borne bacterium that is known for its DNA delivery ability and widely exploited for plant transformation. Despite continued interest in improving the utility of the organism, the lack of well-characterized engineering tools limits the realization of its full potential. Here, we present a synthetic biology toolkit that enables precise and effective control of gene expression in A. tumefaciens. We constructed and characterized six inducible expression systems. Then, we optimized the one regulated by cumic acid through amplifier introduction and promoter engineering and evaluated its 15 cognate promoters. To establish fine-tunability, we constructed a series of spacers and a promoter library to systematically modulate both translational and transcriptional rates. We finally demonstrated the application of the tools by co-expressing genes with altered expression levels using a single signal. This study provides precise expression tools for A. tumefaciens, facilitating rational engineering of the bacterium for advanced plant biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wentao Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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5
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De Saeger J, Park J, Chung HS, Hernalsteens JP, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Depuydt S. Agrobacterium strains and strain improvement: Present and outlook. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 53:107677. [PMID: 33290822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Sardesai N, Foulk S, Chen W, Wu H, Etchison E, Gupta M. Coexpression of octopine and succinamopine Agrobacterium virulence genes to generate high quality transgenic events in maize by reducing vector backbone integration. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:539-550. [PMID: 30293127 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a complex process that is widely utilized for generating transgenic plants. However, one of the major concerns of this process is the frequent presence of undesirable T-DNA vector backbone sequences in the transgenic plants. To mitigate this deficiency, a ternary strain of A. tumefaciens was modified to increase the precision of T-DNA border nicking such that the backbone transfer is minimized. This particular strain supplemented the native succinamopine VirD1/VirD2 of EHA105 with VirD1/VirD2 derived from an octopine source (pTi15955), the same source as the binary T-DNA borders tested here, residing on a ternary helper plasmid containing an extra copy of the succinamopine VirB/C/G operons and VirD1. Transformation of maize immature embryos was carried out with two different test constructs, pDAB101556 and pDAB111437, bearing the reporter YFP gene and insecticidal toxin Cry1Fa gene, respectively, contained in the VirD-supplemented and regular control ternary strains. Molecular analyses of ~ 700 transgenic events revealed a significant 2.6-fold decrease in events containing vector backbone sequences, from 35.7% with the control to 13.9% with the VirD-supplemented strain for pDAB101556 and from 24.9% with the control to 9.3% with the VirD-supplemented strain for pDAB111437, without compromising transformation efficiency. In addition, while the number of single copy events recovered was similar, there was a 24-26% increase in backbone-free events with the VirD-supplemented strain compared to the control strain. Thus, supplementing existing VirD1/VirD2 genes in Agrobacterium, to recognize diverse T-DNA borders, proved to be a useful tool to increase the number of high quality events in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Sardesai
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Stephen Foulk
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily Etchison
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Manju Gupta
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Anand A, Bass SH, Wu E, Wang N, McBride KE, Annaluru N, Miller M, Hua M, Jones TJ. An improved ternary vector system for Agrobacterium-mediated rapid maize transformation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:187-200. [PMID: 29687284 PMCID: PMC5945794 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple and versatile ternary vector system that utilizes improved accessory plasmids for rapid maize transformation is described. This system facilitates high-throughput vector construction and plant transformation. The super binary plasmid pSB1 is a mainstay of maize transformation. However, the large size of the base vector makes it challenging to clone, the process of co-integration is cumbersome and inefficient, and some Agrobacterium strains are known to give rise to spontaneous mutants resistant to tetracycline. These limitations present substantial barriers to high throughput vector construction. Here we describe a smaller, simpler and versatile ternary vector system for maize transformation that utilizes improved accessory plasmids requiring no co-integration step. In addition, the newly described accessory plasmids have restored virulence genes found to be defective in pSB1, as well as added virulence genes. Testing of different configurations of the accessory plasmids in combination with T-DNA binary vector as ternary vectors nearly doubles both the raw transformation frequency and the number of transformation events of usable quality in difficult-to-transform maize inbreds. The newly described ternary vectors enabled the development of a rapid maize transformation method for elite inbreds. This vector system facilitated screening different origins of replication on the accessory plasmid and T-DNA vector, and four combinations were identified that have high (86-103%) raw transformation frequency in an elite maize inbred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Anand
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Steven H. Bass
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 4010 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA 94545 USA
| | - Emily Wu
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Kevin E. McBride
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 4010 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA 94545 USA
| | - Narayana Annaluru
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
- Present Address: 1969 West Grand Canyon Drive, Chandler, AZ 85248 USA
| | - Mo Hua
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Todd J. Jones
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont™, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
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8
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Shao S, Zhang X, van Heusden GPH, Hooykaas PJJ. Complete sequence of the tumor-inducing plasmid pTiChry5 from the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Chry5. Plasmid 2018; 96-97:1-6. [PMID: 29427647 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Chry5 is hypervirulent on many plants including soybean that are poorly transformed by other A. tumefaciens strains. Therefore, it is considered as a preferred vector for genetic transformation of plants. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of its chrysopine-type Ti-plasmid pTiChry5. It is comprised of 197,268 bp with an overall GC content of 54.5%. Two T-DNA regions are present and 219 putative protein-coding sequences could be identified in pTiChry5. Roughly one half of the plasmid is highly similar to the agropine-type Ti plasmid pTiBo542, including the virulence genes with an identical virG gene, which is responsible for the supervirulence caused by pTiBo542. The remaining part of pTiChry5 is less related to that of pTiBo542 and embraces the trb operon of conjugation genes, genes involved in the catabolism of Amadori opines and the gene for chrysopine synthase, which replaces the gene for agropine synthase in pTiBo542. With the exception of an insertion of IS869, these Ti plasmids differ completely in the set of transposable elements present, reflecting a different evolutionary history from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Hooykaas
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Netherlands.
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Sardesai N, Subramanyam S. Agrobacterium: A Genome-Editing Tool-Delivery System. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:463-488. [PMID: 30043343 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing global population, it will be extremely challenging to provide food to the world without increasing food production by at least 70% over the next 30 years. As we reach the limits of expanding arable land, the responsibility of meeting this production goal will rely on increasing yields. Traditional plant breeding practices will not be able to realistically meet these expectations, thrusting plant biotechnology into the limelight to fulfill these needs. Better varieties will need to be developed faster and with the least amount of regulatory hurdles. With the need to add, delete, and substitute genes into existing genomes, the field of genome editing and gene targeting is now rapidly developing with numerous new technologies coming to the forefront. Agrobacterium-mediated crop transformation has been the most utilized method to generate transgenic varieties that are better yielding, have new traits, and are disease and pathogen resistant. Genome-editing technologies rely on the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the genomic DNA of target species to facilitate gene disruption, addition, or replacement through either non-homologous end joining or homology-dependent repair mechanisms. DSBs can be introduced through the use of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), or clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas nucleases, among others. Agrobacterium strains have been employed to deliver the reagents for genome editing to the specific target cells. Understanding the biology of transformation from the perspective not only of Agrobacterium, but also of the host, from processing of T-DNA to its integration in the host genome, has resulted in a wealth of information that has been used to engineer Agrobacterium strains having increased virulence. As more technologies are being developed, that will help overcome issues of Agrobacterium host range and random integration of DNA, combined with highly sequence-specific nucleases, a robust crop genome-editing toolkit finally seems attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Sardesai
- Corteva Agriscience™, Agriculture Division of DowDuPont, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, USA.
| | - Subhashree Subramanyam
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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10
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The construction and use of versatile binary vectors carrying pyrG auxotrophic marker and fluorescent reporter genes for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Aspergillus oryzae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Wang GP, Yu XD, Sun YW, Jones HD, Xia LQ. Generation of Marker- and/or Backbone-Free Transgenic Wheat Plants via Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1324. [PMID: 27708648 PMCID: PMC5030305 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to animals and vertical transfer of herbicide resistance genes to the weedy relatives are perceived as major biosafety concerns in genetically modified (GM) crops. In this study, five novel vectors which used gusA and bar as a reporter gene and a selection marker gene, respectively, were constructed based on the pCLEAN dual binary vector system. Among these vectors, 1G7B and 5G7B carried two T-DNAs located on two respective plasmids with 5G7B possessing an additional virGwt gene. 5LBTG154 and 5TGTB154 carried two T-DNAs in the target plasmid with either one or double right borders, and 5BTG154 carried the selectable marker gene on the backbone outside of the T-DNA left border in the target plasmid. In addition, 5BTG154, 5LBTG154, and 5TGTB154 used pAL154 as a helper plasmid which contains Komari fragment to facilitate transformation. These five dual binary vector combinations were transformed into Agrobacterium strain AGL1 and used to transform durum wheat cv Stewart 63. Evaluation of the co-transformation efficiencies, the frequencies of marker-free transgenic plants, and integration of backbone sequences in the obtained transgenic lines indicated that two vectors (5G7B and 5TGTB154) were more efficient in generating marker-free transgenic wheat plants with no or minimal integration of backbone sequences in the wheat genome. The vector series developed in this study for generation of marker- and/or backbone-free transgenic wheat plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation will be useful to facilitate the creation of "clean" GM wheat containing only the foreign genes of agronomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Ping Wang
- Department of Plant Gene Resources and Molecular Design, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Beijing, China
- Cereal Crops Research Laboratory of Hebei Province, National Millet Improvement Center, Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesShijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiu-Dao Yu
- Department of Plant Gene Resources and Molecular Design, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Wei Sun
- Department of Plant Gene Resources and Molecular Design, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Beijing, China
| | - Huw D. Jones
- Translational Genomics for Plant Breeding, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Lan-Qin Xia
- Department of Plant Gene Resources and Molecular Design, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)Beijing, China
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12
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Identification of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for biosynthesis of the potential anti-cancer drug sansalvamide in Fusarium solani. Curr Genet 2016; 62:799-807. [PMID: 26936154 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sansalvamide is a cyclic pentadepsipeptide produced by Fusarium solani and has shown promising results as potential anti-cancer drug. The biosynthetic pathway has until now remained unidentified, but here we used an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) approach to generate knockout mutants of two candidate non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS29 and NRPS30). Comparative studies of secondary metabolites in the two deletion mutants and wild type confirmed the absence of sansalvamide in the NRPS30 deletion mutant, implicating this synthetase in the biosynthetic pathway for sansalvamide. Sansalvamide is structurally related to the cyclic hexadepsipeptide destruxin, which both contain an α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) unit. A gene cluster responsible for destruxin production has previously been identified in Metarhizium robertsii together with a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway. Using comparative bioinformatic analyses of the catalytic domains in the destruxin and sansalvamide NRPSs, we were able to propose a model for sansalvamide biosynthesis. Orthologues of the gene clusters were also identified in species from several other genera including Acremonium chrysogenum and Trichoderma virens, which suggests that the ability to produce compounds related to destruxin and sansalvamide is widespread.
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13
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Diamos AG, Rosenthal SH, Mason HS. 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions Strongly Enhance Performance of Geminiviral Replicons in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:200. [PMID: 26941764 PMCID: PMC4764687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported a recombinant protein production system based on a geminivirus replicon that yields high levels of vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies in plants. The bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) replicon generates massive amounts of DNA copies, which engage the plant transcription machinery. However, we noticed a disparity between transcript level and protein production, suggesting that mRNAs could be more efficiently utilized. In this study, we systematically evaluated genetic elements from human, viral, and plant sources for their potential to improve the BeYDV system. The tobacco extensin terminator enhanced transcript accumulation and protein production compared to other commonly used terminators, indicating that efficient transcript processing plays an important role in recombinant protein production. Evaluation of human-derived 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) indicated that many provided high levels of protein production, supporting their cross-kingdom function. Among the viral 5' UTRs tested, we found the greatest enhancement with the tobacco mosaic virus omega leader. An analysis of the 5' UTRs from the Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotinana benthamiana photosystem I K genes found that they were highly active when truncated to include only the near upstream region, providing a dramatic enhancement of transgene production that exceeded that of the tobacco mosaic virus omega leader. The tobacco Rb7 matrix attachment region inserted downstream from the gene of interest provided significant enhancement, which was correlated with a reduction in plant cell death. Evaluation of Agrobacterium strains found that EHA105 enhanced protein production and reduced cell death compared to LBA4301 and GV3101. We used these improvements to produce Norwalk virus capsid protein at >20% total soluble protein, corresponding to 1.8 mg/g leaf fresh weight, more than twice the highest level ever reported in a plant system. We also produced the monoclonal antibody rituximab at 1 mg/g leaf fresh weight.
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Guy E, Boulain H, Aigu Y, Le Pennec C, Chawki K, Morlière S, Schädel K, Kunert G, Simon JC, Sugio A. Optimization of Agroinfiltration in Pisum sativum Provides a New Tool for Studying the Salivary Protein Functions in the Pea Aphid Complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1171. [PMID: 27555856 PMCID: PMC4977312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are piercing-sucking insect pests and feed on phloem sap. During feeding, aphids inject a battery of salivary proteins into host plant. Some of these proteins function like effectors of microbial pathogens and influence the outcome of plant-aphid interactions. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is the model aphid and encompasses multiple biotypes each specialized to one or a few legume species, providing an opportunity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the compatibility between plants and aphid biotypes. We aim to identify the aphid factors that determine the compatibility with host plants, hence involved in the host plant specialization process, and hypothesize that salivary proteins are one of those factors. Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression is a powerful tool to perform functional analyses of effector (salivary) proteins in plants. However, the tool was not established for the legume species that A. pisum feeds on. Thus, we decided to optimize the method for legume plants to facilitate the functional analyses of A. pisum salivary proteins. We screened a range of cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). None of the M. sativa cultivars was suitable for agroinfiltration under the tested conditions; however, we established a protocol for efficient transient gene expression in two cultivars of P. sativum, ZP1109 and ZP1130, using A. tumefaciens AGL-1 strain and the pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vector. We confirmed that the genes are expressed from 3 to 10 days post-infiltration and that aphid lines of the pea adapted biotype fed and reproduced on these two cultivars while lines of alfalfa and clover biotypes did not. Thus, the pea biotype recognizes these two cultivars as typical pea plants. By using a combination of ZP1109 and an A. pisum line, we defined an agroinfiltration procedure to examine the effect of in planta expression of selected salivary proteins on A. pisum fitness and demonstrated that transient expression of one candidate salivary gene increased the fecundity of the aphids. This result confirms that the agroinfiltration can be used to perform functional analyses of salivary proteins in P. sativum and consequently to study the molecular mechanisms underlying host specialization in the pea aphid complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endrick Guy
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Hélène Boulain
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Yoann Aigu
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Charlotte Le Pennec
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Khaoula Chawki
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Stéphanie Morlière
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Kristina Schädel
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
| | - Akiko Sugio
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant ProtectionLe Rheu, France
- *Correspondence: Akiko Sugio,
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15
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Marthe C, Kumlehn J, Hensel G. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) transformation using immature embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1223:71-83. [PMID: 25300832 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1695-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Barley is a major crop species, and also has become a genetic model for the small grain temperate cereals. A draft barley genome sequence has recently been completed, opening many opportunities for candidate gene isolation and functionality testing. Thanks to the development of customizable endonucleases, also site-directed genome modification recently became feasible for higher plants, which marks the beginning of a new era of genetic engineering. The development of improved binary vectors and hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains has raised the efficiency of genetic transformation in barley to a level where the technique has become relatively routine. The transformation method described here involves immature barley embryos cocultivated with Agrobacterium after removal of their embryo axis. Critical adjustments to the protocol have included the supplementation of the cocultivation medium with the polyphenolic signaling compound acetosyringone at comparatively high concentration and the use of cysteine to reduce the extent of cellular oxidation upon agroinfection. In addition, the use of liquid, rather than solid, cocultivation medium promotes the throughput of the method. The protocol has delivered well over 10,000 transgenic barley plants over the past 10 years. Routine transformation efficiency, calculated on the basis of the recovery of independent transgenics per 100 explants, has reached about 25 % in cultivar (cv.) "Golden Promise". The protocol has proven effective for more than 20 barley cultivars, although some adjustments to the culture conditions have had to be made in some cases. The transformation efficiency of cv. "Golden Promise" remains higher than that of any other cultivar tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Marthe
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens exoR controls acid response genes and impacts exopolysaccharide synthesis, horizontal gene transfer, and virulence gene expression. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:3221-33. [PMID: 24982308 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01751-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a facultative plant pathogen and the causative agent of crown gall disease. The initial stage of infection involves attachment to plant tissues, and subsequently, biofilms may form at these sites. This study focuses on the periplasmic ExoR regulator, which was identified based on the severe biofilm deficiency of A. tumefaciens exoR mutants. Genome-wide expression analysis was performed to elucidate the complete ExoR regulon. Overproduction of the exopolysaccharide succinoglycan is a dramatic phenotype of exoR mutants. Comparative expression analyses revealed that the core ExoR regulon is unaffected by succinoglycan synthesis. Several findings are consistent with previous observations: genes involved in succinoglycan biosynthesis, motility, and type VI secretion are differentially expressed in the ΔexoR mutant. In addition, these studies revealed new functional categories regulated by ExoR, including genes related to virulence, conjugation of the pAtC58 megaplasmid, ABC transporters, and cell envelope architecture. To address how ExoR exerts a broad impact on gene expression from its periplasmic location, a genetic screen was performed to isolate suppressor mutants that mitigate the exoR motility phenotype and identify downstream components of the ExoR regulatory pathway. This suppression analysis identified the acid-sensing two-component system ChvG-ChvI, and the suppressor mutant phenotypes suggest that all or most of the characteristic exoR properties are mediated through ChvG-ChvI. Subsequent analysis indicates that exoR mutants are simulating a response to acidic conditions, even in neutral media. This work expands the model for ExoR regulation in A. tumefaciens and underscores the global role that this regulator plays on gene expression.
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17
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Nester EW. Agrobacterium: nature's genetic engineer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:730. [PMID: 25610442 PMCID: PMC4285021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium was identified as the agent causing the plant tumor, crown gall over 100 years ago. Since then, studies have resulted in many surprising observations. Armin Braun demonstrated that Agrobacterium infected cells had unusual nutritional properties, and that the bacterium was necessary to start the infection but not for continued tumor development. He developed the concept of a tumor inducing principle (TIP), the factor that actually caused the disease. Thirty years later the TIP was shown to be a piece of a tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid excised by an endonuclease. In the next 20 years, most of the key features of the disease were described. The single-strand DNA (T-DNA) with the endonuclease attached is transferred through a type IV secretion system into the host cell where it is likely coated and protected from nucleases by a bacterial secreted protein to form the T-complex. A nuclear localization signal in the endonuclease guides the transferred strand (T-strand), into the nucleus where it is integrated randomly into the host chromosome. Other secreted proteins likely aid in uncoating the T-complex. The T-DNA encodes enzymes of auxin, cytokinin, and opine synthesis, the latter a food source for Agrobacterium. The genes associated with T-strand formation and transfer (vir) map to the Ti plasmid and are only expressed when the bacteria are in close association with a plant. Plant signals are recognized by a two-component regulatory system which activates vir genes. Chromosomal genes with pleiotropic functions also play important roles in plant transformation. The data now explain Braun's old observations and also explain why Agrobacterium is nature's genetic engineer. Any DNA inserted between the border sequences which define the T-DNA will be transferred and integrated into host cells. Thus, Agrobacterium has become the major vector in plant genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene W. Nester
- *Correspondence: Eugene W. Nester, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, Box 357735, Seattle, WA 98195, USA e-mail:
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18
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Hensel G, Kastner C, Oleszczuk S, Riechen J, Kumlehn J. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer to cereal crop plants: current protocols for barley, wheat, triticale, and maize. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT GENOMICS 2009; 2009:835608. [PMID: 19584907 PMCID: PMC2699555 DOI: 10.1155/2009/835608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of powerful "omics" technologies has enabled researchers to identify many genes of interest for which comprehensive functional analyses are highly desirable. However, the production of lines which ectopically express recombinant genes, or those in which endogenous genes are knocked down via stable transformation, remains a major bottleneck for the association between genetics and gene function in monocotyledonous crops. Methods of effective DNA transfer into regenerable cells of immature embryos from cereals by means of Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been modified in a stepwise manner. The effect of particular improvement measures has often not been significantly evident, whereas their combined implementation has resulted in meaningful advances. Here, we provide updated protocols for the Agrobacterium-mediated generation of stably transgenic barley, wheat, triticale and maize. Based upon these methods, several hundred independent transgenic lines have been delivered, with efficiencies of inoculated embryos leading to stably transgenic plants reaching 86% in barley, 10% in wheat, 4% in triticale, and 24% in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- *Goetz Hensel:
| | - Christine Kastner
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sylwia Oleszczuk
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Blonie, Poland
| | - Jan Riechen
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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19
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Lu J, Sivamani E, Li X, Qu R. Activity of the 5' regulatory regions of the rice polyubiquitin rubi3 gene in transgenic rice plants as analyzed by both GUS and GFP reporter genes. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1587-600. [PMID: 18636262 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is an abundant protein involved in protein degradation and cell cycle control in plants and rubi3 is a polyubiquitin gene isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.). Using both GFP and GUS as reporter genes, we analyzed the expression pattern of the rubi3 promoter as well as the effects of the rubi3 5'-UTR (5' untranslated region) intron and the 5' terminal 27 bp of the rubi3 coding sequence on the activity of the promoter in transgenic rice plants. The rubi3 promoter with the 5'-UTR intron was active in all the tissue and cell types examined and supported more constitutive expression of reporter genes than the maize Ubi-1 promoter. The rubi3 5'-UTR intron mediated enhancement on the activity of its promoter in a tissue-specific manner but did not alter its overall expression pattern. The enhancement was particularly intense in roots, pollen grains, inner tissue of ovaries, and embryos and aleurone layers in maturing seeds. The translational fusion of the first 27 bp of the rubi3 coding sequence to GUS gene further enhanced GUS expression directed by the rubi3 promoter in all the tissues examined. The rubi3 promoter should be an important addition to the arsenal of strong and constitutive promoters for monocot transformation and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Lu
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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20
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Gene expression enhancement mediated by the 5′ UTR intron of the rice rubi3 gene varied remarkably among tissues in transgenic rice plants. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 279:563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Komori T, Imayama T, Kato N, Ishida Y, Ueki J, Komari T. Current status of binary vectors and superbinary vectors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:1155-60. [PMID: 18056865 PMCID: PMC2151727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Komori
- Plant Innovation Center, Japan Tobacco Incorporated, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan.
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22
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Ditt RF, Nester E, Comai L. The plant cell defense and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 247:207-13. [PMID: 15936896 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified changes in gene expression in Ageratum conyzoides plant cells inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens by using cDNA-AFLP. Here, we show that a subset of defense-related genes is differentially regulated by an Agrobacterium attachment-deficient mutant. The expression pattern triggered by this mutant is similar to that induced by inoculation with non-pathogenic bacteria. We also observed that the expression level of the defense genes was inversely correlated with the efficiency of transformation by Agrobacterium. We propose that the plant defense system has an important role in controlling infection and transformation and that Agrobacterium may dampen some plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fava Ditt
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Box 355325, WA 98195, USA
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23
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Jones HD, Doherty A, Wu H. Review of methodologies and a protocol for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of wheat. PLANT METHODS 2005; 1:5. [PMID: 16270934 PMCID: PMC1277018 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the first report of wheat transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in 1997, various factors that influence T-DNA delivery and regeneration in tissue culture have been further investigated and modified. This paper reviews the current methodology literature describing Agrobacterium transformation of wheat and provides a complete protocol that we have developed and used to produce over one hundred transgenic lines in both spring and winter wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw D Jones
- CPI Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Angela Doherty
- CPI Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Huixia Wu
- CPI Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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24
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Vain P, Harvey A, Worland B, Ross S, Snape JW, Lonsdale D. The effect of additional virulence genes on transformation efficiency, transgene integration and expression in rice plants using the pGreen/pSoup dual binary vector system. Transgenic Res 2005; 13:593-603. [PMID: 15672840 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-004-2808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of four different virulence (vir) gene combinations on plant transformation efficiency and transgene behaviour in rice using the pGreen/pSoup dual binary vector system. Transformation experiments were conducted using a pGreen vector containing the bar and gusA expression units with, or without, the virG542, virGN54D, virGwt or the virG/B/C genes added to the backbone. Additonal vir gene(s) significantly altered plant transformation efficiency and the integration of vector backbone sequences. However, no differences in transgene copy number, percentage of expressing lines and expression levels could be detected. Addition of virGwt was the most beneficial, doubling the overall performance of the pGreen/pSoup vector system based on transformation frequency, absence of backbone sequence integration and expression of unselected transgenes. In 39% of the plant lines, the additional vir genes were integrated into the rice genome. The contribution of 'super dual binary' pGreen/pSoup vectors to the development of efficient rice transformation systems and to the production of plants free of selectable marker genes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vain
- John Innes Centre, Crop Genetics Department, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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25
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Kim KH, Lee YH, Kim D, Park YH, Lee JY, Hwang YS, Kim YH. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Perilla frutescens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 23:386-90. [PMID: 15368075 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2003] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible plant regeneration and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol were developed for Perilla frutescens (perilla). The largest number of adventitious shoots were induced directly without an intervening callus phase from hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The effects of preculture and extent of cocultivation were examined by assaying beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in explants infected with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the plasmid pIG121-Hm. The highest number of GUS-positive explants were obtained from hypocotyl explants cocultured for 3 days with Agrobacterium without precultivation. Transgenic perilla plants were regenerated and selected on MS basal medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BA, 125 mg/l kanamycin, and 500 mg/l carbenicillin. The transformants were confirmed by PCR of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene and genomic Southern hybridization analysis of the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene. The frequency of transformation from hypocotyls was about 1.4%, and the transformants showed normal growth and sexual compatibility by producing progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwan Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707, South Korea
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26
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Luo H, Hu Q, Nelson K, Longo C, Kausch AP, Chandlee JM, Wipff JK, Fricker CR. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) transformation using phosphinothricin selection results in a high frequency of single-copy transgene integration. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 22:645-652. [PMID: 14615907 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of creeping bentgrass mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been achieved. Embryogenic callus initiated from seeds (cv. Penn-A-4) was infected with an A. tumefaciens strain (LBA4404) harboring a super-binary vector that contained an herbicide-resistant bar gene driven either by the CaMV 35S promoter or a rice ubiquitin promoter. Plants were regenerated from 219 independent transformation events. The overall stable transformation efficiency ranged from 18% to 45%. Southern blot and genetic analysis confirmed transgene integration in the creeping bentgrass genome and normal transmission and stable expression of the transgene in the T1 generation. All independent transformation events carried one to three copies of the transgene, and a majority (60-65%) contained only a single copy of the foreign gene with no apparent rearrangements. We report here the successful use of Agrobacterium for the large-scale production of transgenic creeping bentgrass plants with a high frequency of a single-copy transgene insertion that exhibit stable inheritance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luo
- HybriGene, 530 Liberty Lane, RI 02892, West Kingston, RI, USA.
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27
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Akutsu M, Ishizaki T, Sato H. Transformation of the monocotyledonous Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 22:561-568. [PMID: 14615906 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2003] [Revised: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An efficient procedure is described for the transformation of the monocotyledonous Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium tumefaciens via callus regeneration. Calli derived from ovules were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strains EHA101 and LBA4404, which harbored the binary vector plasmids pIG121Hm and pTOK233, respectively. These plasmids contain the beta-glucuronidase gene ( gusA) as a reporter gene and the hygromycin phosphotransferase and neomycin phosphotransferase II ( nptII) genes as selective markers. Inoculated calli were first plated for 4 weeks on medium containing cefotaxime to eliminate bacteria, following which time transformed cells were selected on medium that contained 20 mg/l hygromycin. A histochemical assay for GUS activity revealed that hygromycin-based selection was completed after 8 weeks. The integration of the T-DNA of pIG121Hm and pTOK233 into the genome of the cells was confirmed by PCR analysis. Efficient shoot regeneration from the transformed calli was observed on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l benzyladenine after about 5 months of culture. The presence of the gusA and nptII genes in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by means of PCR and PCR-Southern hybridization, and the expression of these transgenes was verified by reverse transcription-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akutsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, 060-8589 Sapporo, Japan.
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Abstract
The application of modern biotechnological approaches to cut flowers has clearly become instrumental and rewarding for the floriculture industry. In recent years, several gene-transfer procedures have been developed for some of the major commercial cut flowers. Using Agrobactrium or microprojectile bombardment, several basic protocols are now available. However, despite the great progress and interest in gene transfer to these crops, their transformation is routine in only a limited number of laboratories, and its application is still considered to be an "art form". This review summarizes the reported gene-transfer procedures for the main cut-flower crops, with an emphasis on the unique factors of each method and the recent progress in introducing new traits of horticultural interest into these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zuker
- The Kennedy-Leigh Centre for Horticultural Research and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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. RR, . MMKK, . SK. Involvement of Protein Phosphorylation and Reactive Oxygen Species in Jasmonate-elicited Accumulation of Defense/stress-related Proteins in Rice Seedlings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2003.994.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chabaud M, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Barker DG. Efficient transformation of Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong using the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2003; 22:46-51. [PMID: 12827434 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Revised: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of the model legume Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong (genotype 2HA) was evaluated for strains LBA 4404, C58pMP90, C58pGV2260 and AGL1. Binary vectors carrying promoter- gus/ gfp reporter gene fusions and the nptII gene as selectable marker were used for plant in vitro transformation/regeneration. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained with the disarmed hypervirulent strain AGL1 (Ti plasmid TiBo542), for which the percentage of explants forming kanamycin (Km)-resistant calli was double that obtained with each of the other three strains. In addition, we were able to reduce the time necessary for plant regeneration using AGL1, with 24% of the explants generating Km-resistant transgenic plantlets within only 4-5 months of culture. Transgene expression in planta was analysed and found to be conserved in the T(1) descendents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chabaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA-CNRS, UMR215, BP 27, 31326 Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France.
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Jakubowski SJ, Krishnamoorthy V, Christie PJ. Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB6 protein participates in formation of VirB7 and VirB9 complexes required for type IV secretion. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2867-78. [PMID: 12700266 PMCID: PMC154386 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.9.2867-2878.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the contribution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB6, a polytopic inner membrane protein, to the formation of outer membrane VirB7 lipoprotein and VirB9 protein multimers required for type IV secretion. VirB7 assembles as a disulfide cross-linked homodimer that associates with the T pilus and a VirB7-VirB9 heterodimer that stabilizes other VirB proteins during biogenesis of the secretion machine. Two presumptive VirB protein complexes, composed of VirB6, VirB7, and VirB9 and of VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10, were isolated by immunoprecipitation or glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays from detergent-solubilized membrane extracts of wild-type A348 and a strain producing only VirB6 through VirB10 among the VirB proteins. To examine the biological importance of VirB6 complex formation for type IV secretion, we monitored the effects of nonstoichiometric VirB6 production and the synthesis of VirB6 derivatives with 4-residue insertions (VirB6.i4) on VirB7 and VirB9 multimerization, T-pilus assembly, and substrate transfer. A virB6 gene deletion mutant accumulated VirB7 dimers at diminished steady-state levels, whereas complementation with a plasmid bearing wild-type virB6 partially restored accumulation of the dimers. VirB6 overproduction was correlated with formation of higher-order VirB9 complexes or aggregates and also blocked substrate transfer without a detectable disruption of T-pilus production; these phenotypes were displayed by cells grown at 28 degrees C, a temperature that favors VirB protein turnover, but not by cells grown at 20 degrees C. Strains producing several VirB6.i4 mutant proteins assembled novel VirB7 and VirB9 complexes detectable by nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and two strains producing the D60.i4 and L191.i4 mutant proteins translocated IncQ plasmid and VirE2 effector protein substrates in the absence of a detectable T pilus. Our findings support a model that VirB6 mediates formation of VirB7 and VirB9 complexes required for biogenesis of the T pilus and the secretion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gelvin SB. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003; 67:16-37, table of contents. [PMID: 12626681 PMCID: PMC150518 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.67.1.16-37.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species have been known as plant pathogens since the beginning of the 20th century. However, only in the past two decades has the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer DNA to plant cells been harnessed for the purposes of plant genetic engineering. Since the initial reports in the early 1980s using Agrobacterium to generate transgenic plants, scientists have attempted to improve this "natural genetic engineer" for biotechnology purposes. Some of these modifications have resulted in extending the host range of the bacterium to economically important crop species. However, in most instances, major improvements involved alterations in plant tissue culture transformation and regeneration conditions rather than manipulation of bacterial or host genes. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is a highly complex and evolved process involving genetic determinants of both the bacterium and the host plant cell. In this article, I review some of the basic biology concerned with Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Knowledge of fundamental biological principles embracing both the host and the pathogen have been and will continue to be key to extending the utility of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA.
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Kamoun S, Hamada W, Huitema E. Agrosuppression: a bioassay for the hypersensitive response suited to high-throughput screening. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:7-13. [PMID: 12580277 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method, agrosuppression, that addresses the need for an assay of the hypersensitive response (HR) in intact plants that is rapid and adapted to high-throughput functional screening of plant and pathogen genes. The agrosuppression assay is based on inoculation of intact plants with a mixture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains carrying (i) a binary plasmid with one or more candidate HR-inducing genes and (ii) a tumor-inducing (oncogenic) T-DNA. In the absence of HR induction, tumor formation is initiated, resulting in a typical crown gall phenotype. However, upon induction of the HR, tumor formation by the oncogenic T-DNA is suppressed, resulting in a phenotype that can be readily scored. We tested and optimized agrosuppression in Nicotiana benthamiana using the inf1 elicitin gene from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which specifically induces the HR in Nicotiana spp., and the gene-for-gene pair Avr9/Cf-9 from the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato), respectively. Agrosuppression protocols that can be rapidly performed using simple mechanical wounding of petioles of intact N. benthamiana plants were developed and appeared particularly adapted to intensive high-throughput screening. This assay promises to greatly facilitate the cloning of novel plant R genes and pathogen Avr genes and to accelerate functional analyses and structure-function studies of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophien Kamoun
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Tzfira T, Vaidya M, Citovsky V. Increasing plant susceptibility to Agrobacterium infection by overexpression of the Arabidopsis nuclear protein VIP1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:10435-40. [PMID: 12124400 PMCID: PMC124932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162304099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium is a unique model system as well as a major biotechnological tool for genetic manipulation of plant cells. It is still unknown, however, whether host cellular factors exist that are limiting for infection, and whether their overexpression in plant cells can increase the efficiency of the infection. Here, we examined the effect of overexpression in tobacco plants of an Arabidopsis gene, VIP1, which encodes a recently discovered cellular protein required for Agrobacterium infection. Our results indicate that VIP1 is imported into the plant cell nucleus via the karyopherin alphadependent pathway and that elevated intracellular levels of VIP1 render the host plants significantly more susceptible to transient and stable genetic transformation by Agrobacterium, probably because of the increased nuclear import of the transferred-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvi Tzfira
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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Krishnamohan A, Balaji V, Veluthambi K. Efficient vir gene induction in Agrobacterium tumefaciens requires virA, virG, and vir box from the same Ti plasmid. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:4079-89. [PMID: 11395473 PMCID: PMC95292 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.13.4079-4089.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vir genes of octopine, nopaline, and L,L-succinamopine Ti plasmids exhibit structural and functional similarities. However, we observed differences in the interactions between octopine and nopaline vir components. The induction of an octopine virE(A6)::lacZ fusion (pSM358cd) was 2.3-fold higher in an octopine strain (A348) than in a nopaline strain (C58). Supplementation of the octopine virG(A6) in a nopaline strain with pSM358 did not completely restore virE(A6) induction. However, addition of the octopine virA(A6) to the above strain increased virE(A6) induction to a level almost comparable to that in octopine strains. In a reciprocal analysis, the induction of a nopaline virE(C58)::cat fusion (pUCD1553) was two- to threefold higher in nopaline (C58 and T37) strains than in octopine (A348 and Ach5) and L,L-succinamopine (A281) strains. Supplementation of nopaline virA(C58) and virG(C58) in an octopine strain (A348) harboring pUCD1553 increased induction levels of virE(C58)::cat fusion to a level comparable to that in a nopaline strain (C58). Our results suggest that octopine and L,L-succinamopine VirG proteins induce the octopine virE(A6) more efficiently than they do the nopaline virE(C58). Conversely, the nopaline VirG protein induces the nopaline virE(C58) more efficiently than it does the octopine virE(A6). The ability of Bo542 virG to bring about supervirulence in tobacco is observed for an octopine vir helper (LBA4404) but not for a nopaline vir helper (PMP90). Our analyses reveal that quantitative differences exist in the interactions between VirG and vir boxes of different Ti plasmids. Efficient vir gene induction in octopine and nopaline strains requires virA, virG, and vir boxes from the respective Ti plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krishnamohan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang Y, Mukhopadhyay A, Howitz VR, Binns AN, Lynn DG. Construction of an efficient expression system for Agrobacterium tumefaciens based on the coliphage T5 promoter. Gene 2000; 242:105-14. [PMID: 10721702 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A versatile expression vector utilizing a promoter of coliphage T5, P(N25) (Gentz and Bujard, 1985. J. Bacteriol. 164, 70-77) and a derivative of the IncW broad-host-range plasmid pJB20 (Beaupré et al., 1997. J. Bacteriol. 179, 78-89) has been developed. This vector successfully expresses virulence proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciens encoded by virG and a mutant allele of virA, virA (delta1-284, G665D) in Escherichia coli as well as in A. tumefaciens. The signal transduction proteins VirA (delta1-284, G665D) and VirG are fully functional when expressed in Agrobacterium, and the P(N25) driven expression overrides the complex transcriptional regulation present with the native promoters. This expression system will enable a more detailed analysis of the activation events in signal transduction in A. tumefaciens, and we expect it to be useful in other prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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39
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hansen
- Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnology Research, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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41
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Wenck AR, Quinn M, Whetten RW, Pullman G, Sederoff R. High-efficiency Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:407-16. [PMID: 10092170 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006126609534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for many plant biotechnology laboratories; however, large-scale use of this organism in conifer transformation has been limited by difficult propagation of explant material, selection efficiencies and low transformation frequency. We have analyzed co-cultivation conditions and different disarmed strains of Agrobacterium to improve transformation. Additional copies of virulence genes were added to three common disarmed strains. These extra virulence genes included either a constitutively active virG or extra copies of virG and virB, both from pTiBo542. In experiments with Norway spruce, we increased transformation efficiencies 1000-fold from initial experiments where little or no transient expression was detected. Over 100 transformed lines expressing the marker gene beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were generated from rapidly dividing embryogenic suspension-cultured cells co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. GUS activity was used to monitor transient expression and to further test lines selected on kanamycin-containing medium. In loblolly pine, transient expression increased 10-fold utilizing modified Agrobacterium strains. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a useful technique for large-scale generation of transgenic Norway spruce and may prove useful for other conifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Wenck
- Forest Biotechnology Group, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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42
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Methods of Genetic Transformation: Agrobacterium tumefaciens. MOLECULAR IMPROVEMENT OF CEREAL CROPS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4802-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Egnin M, Mora A, Prakash CS. Factors enhancing Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1998; 34:310-318. [PMID: 11760772 DOI: 10.1007/bf02822740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Parameters enhancing Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of foreign genes to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cells were investigated. An intron-containing beta-glucuronidase uidA (gusA) gene under the transcriptional control of CaMV 35S promoter served as a reporter. Transformation frequency was evaluated by scoring the number of sectors expressing GUS activity on leaf and epicotyl explants. The 'Valencia Select' market type cv. New Mexico was more amenable to Agrobacterium transformation than the 'runner' market type cultivars tested (Florunner, Georgia Runner, Sunrunner, or South Runner). The disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 was superior in facilitating the transfer of uidA gene to peanut cells compared to the disarmed strain C58. Rinsing of explants in half-strength Murashige-Skoog (MS) media prior to infection by Agrobacterium significantly increased the transformation efficiency. The use of cocultivation media containing high auxin [1.0 or 2.5 mg/l (4.53 micromolar or 11.31 micromolar) 2,4-D] and low cytokinin [0.25 or 0.5 mg/l (1.0 micromolar or 2.0 micromolar) BA] promoted higher transformation than either hormone-free or thidiazuron-containing medium. The polarity of the epicotyl during cocultivation was important; explants incubated in an inverted (vertically) manner followed by a vertically upright position resulted in improved transformation and shoot regeneration frequencies. Preculture of explants in MS basal medium or with 2.5 mg thidiazuron per l prior to infection drastically decreased the number of transformed zones. The optimized protocol was used to obtain transient transformation frequencies ranging from 12% to 36% for leaf explants, 15% to 42% for epicotyls. Initial evidence of transformation was obtained by polymerase chain reaction and subsequently confirmed by Southern analysis of regenerated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Egnin
- Center for Plant Biotechnology Research, College of Agricultural, Environmental and Natural Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA
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45
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Cheng X, Sardana R, Kaplan H, Altosaar I. Agrobacterium-transformed rice plants expressing synthetic cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) genes are highly toxic to striped stem borer and yellow stem borer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2767-72. [PMID: 9501164 PMCID: PMC19643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 2,600 transgenic rice plants in nine strains were regenerated from >500 independently selected hygromycin-resistant calli after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The plants were transformed with fully modified (plant codon optimized) versions of two synthetic cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) coding sequences from Bacillus thuringiensis as well as the hph and gus genes, coding for hygromycin phosphotransferase and beta-glucuronidase, respectively. These sequences were placed under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, the CaMV35S promoter, and the Brassica Bp10 gene promoter to achieve high and tissue-specific expression of the lepidopteran-specific delta-endotoxins. The integration, expression, and inheritance of these genes were demonstrated in R0 and R1 generations by Southern, Northern, and Western analyses and by other techniques. Accumulation of high levels (up to 3% of soluble proteins) of CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) proteins was detected in R0 plants. Bioassays with R1 transgenic plants indicated that the transgenic plants were highly toxic to two major rice insect pests, striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), with mortalities of 97-100% within 5 days after infestation, thus offering a potential for effective insect resistance in transgenic rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 40 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5 Canada
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46
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Heath JD, Boulton MI, Raineri DM, Doty SL, Mushegian AR, Charles TC, Davies JW, Nester EW. Discrete regions of the sensor protein virA determine the strain-specific ability of Agrobacterium to agroinfect maize. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1997; 10:221-7. [PMID: 9057328 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Agrobacterium strains to infect transformation-recalcitrant maize plants has been shown to be determined mainly by the virA locus, implicating vir gene induction as the major factor influencing maize infection. In this report, we further explore the roles of vir induction-associated bacterial factors in maize infection using the technique of agroinfection. The Ti plasmid and virA source are shown to be important in determining the ability of a strain to infect maize, and the monosaccharide binding protein ChvE is absolutely required for maize agroinfection. The linker domain of VirAC58 from an agroinfection-competent strain, C58, is sufficient to convert VirAA6 of a nonagroinfecting strain, A348,to agroinfection competence. The periplasmic domain of VirAC58 is also able to confer a moderate level of agroinfection competence to VirAA6. In addition, the VirAA6 protein from A348 is agroinfection competent when removed from its cognate Ti plasmid background and placed in a pTiC58 background. The presence of a pTiA6-encoded, VirAA6-specific inhibitor is hypothesized and examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Heath
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle 98195-7242, USA
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Tzfira T, Ben-Meir H, Vainstein A, Altman A. Highly efficient transformation and regeneration of aspen plants through shoot-bud formation in root culture. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1996; 15:566-71. [PMID: 24178519 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/1995] [Revised: 09/08/1995] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The natural capacity of aspen (Populus tremula L.) roots for direct shoot-bud regeneration was harnessed to establish a highly efficient transformation and regeneration procedure that does not require a pre-selection stage on antibiotics. Aspen stem segments were transformed using wildtype Agrobacterium rhizogenes (LBA9402) with the binary p35SGUSINT plasmid carrying the genes coding for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II. High levels of transient GUS expression were found in the basal cut surface of 87% of the segments, and 98% of these formed well-developed adventitious roots. Proliferating root cultures were established in liquid culture, and GUS expression was found in 75% of the roots. Shoot-bud regeneration in root cultures was very high: 99% of the roots yielded shoot-buds (4.3 buds per root), of which 91% expressed GUS. Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction confirmed the transgenic nature of the plants expressing GUS. Kanamycin resistance of transformants was tested with respect to callus growth and bud regeneration. Callus from transgenic plants exhibited a high growth rate in the presence of up to 100 μg/μl kanamycin, and bud regeneration from transformed roots occurred in the presence of up to 30 μg/μl kanamycin. Callus and buds from control (non-transformed) plants failed to proliferate or regenerate, respectively, in the presence of kanamycin at concentrations above 10 μg/μl. Ninety-four independent clones from different transformation events were established, of which 52 were phenotypically true-to-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tzfira
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Kennedy-Leigh Centre for Horticultural Research and The Otto Warburg Center for Biotechnology in Agriculture, 76-100, Rehovot, Israel
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Piers KL, Heath JD, Liang X, Stephens KM, Nester EW. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:1613-8. [PMID: 8643679 PMCID: PMC39990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.4.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers a piece of its Ti plasmid DNA (transferred DNA or T-DNA) into plant cells during crown gall tumorigenesis. A. tumefaciens can transfer its T-DNA to a wide variety of hosts, including both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. We show that the host range of A. tumefaciens can be extended to include Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, we demonstrate that while T-DNA transfer into S. cerevisiae is very similar to T-DNA transfer into plants, the requirements are not entirely conserved. The Ti plasmid-encoded vir genes of A. tumefaciens that are required for T-DNA transfer into plants are also required for T-DNA transfer into S. cerevisiae, as is vir gene induction. However, mutations in the chromosomal virulence genes of A. tumefaciens involved in attachment to plant cells have no effect on the efficiency of T-DNA transfer into S. cerevisiae. We also demonstrate that transformation efficiency is improved 500-fold by the addition of yeast telomeric sequences within the T-DNA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Piers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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49
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Rempel HC, Nelson LM. Analysis of conditions forAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco cells in suspension. Transgenic Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01968785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Hansen G, Das A, Chilton MD. Constitutive expression of the virulence genes improves the efficiency of plant transformation by Agrobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7603-7. [PMID: 8052627 PMCID: PMC44450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible virulence (vir) genes of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid are under control of a two-component regulatory system. In response to environmental factors (phenolic compounds, sugars, pH) VirA protein phosphorylates VirG, which in turn interacts with the promoters of other vir genes, causing induction. A mutation of virG, virGN54D (which codes for a Asn-54-->Asp amino acid change in the product), causes constitutive expression of other vir genes independent of virA. We have investigated whether providing Agrobacterium with a plasmid containing virGN54D augments the efficiency of transfer of the T-DNA (transferred DNA). For both tobacco and cotton, we observed an enhancement of transformation efficiency when the inciting Agrobacterium strain carries the virGN54D mutation. We also tested whether supplying Agrobacterium with a similar plasmid containing wild-type virG affects the efficiency of T-DNA transfer. An intermediate efficiency was observed when this plasmid was employed. Using a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene to assess transient expression of T-DNA after transfer to tobacco and maize tissues, we observed a higher frequency of GUS-expressing foci after inoculation with Agrobacterium strains carrying virGN54D than with Agrobacterium carrying the wild-type virG. Gene-transfer efficiency to maize by an octopine strain was greatly improved upon introduction of virGN54D. Multiple copies of wild-type virG were equally effective in promoting transient expression efficiency in tobacco but were virtually ineffective in maize. We propose the use of virGN54D to improve the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, especially for recalcitrant plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hansen
- Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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