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Rioseras B, Yagüe P, López-García MT, Gonzalez-Quiñonez N, Binda E, Marinelli F, Manteca A. Characterization of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase involved in spore cell wall maturation, resistance, and germination in Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21659. [PMID: 26867711 PMCID: PMC4751497 DOI: 10.1038/srep21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work contributes to the understanding of cell wall modifications during sporulation and germination in Streptomyces by assessing the biological function and biochemical properties of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase (DD-CPase) constitutively expressed during development. SCO4439 harbors a DD-CPase domain and a putative transcriptional regulator domain, separated by a putative transmembrane region. The recombinant protein shows that DD-CPase activity is inhibited by penicillin G. The spores of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant are affected in their resistance to heat and acid and showed a dramatic increase in swelling during germination. The mycelium of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant is more sensitive to glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin). The DD-CPase domain and the hydrophobic transmembrane region are highly conserved in Streptomyces, and both are essential for complementing the wild type phenotypes in the mutant. A model for the biological mechanism behind the observed phenotypes is proposed, in which SCO4439 DD-CPase releases D-Ala from peptidoglycan (PG) precursors, thereby reducing the substrate pool for PG crosslinking (transpeptidation). PG crosslinking regulates spore physical resistance and germination, and modulates mycelium resistance to glycopeptides. This study is the first demonstration of the role of a DD-CPase in the maturation of the spore cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nathaly Gonzalez-Quiñonez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.,"The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico of Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.,"The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico of Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Relationship between glycopeptide production and resistance in the actinomycete Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5191-201. [PMID: 24957828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02626-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptides and β-lactams inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria; resistance to these antibiotics is studied intensively in enterococci and staphylococci because of their relevance to infectious disease. Much less is known about antibiotic resistance in glycopeptide-producing actinomycetes that are likely to represent the evolutionary source of resistance determinants found in bacterial pathogens. Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727, the producer of A40926 (the precursor for the semisynthetic dalbavancin), does not harbor the canonical vanHAX genes. Consequently, we investigated the role of the β-lactam-sensitive D,D-peptidase/D,D-carboxypeptidase encoded by vanYn, the only van-like gene found in the A40926 biosynthetic gene cluster, in conferring immunity to the antibiotic in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. Taking advantage of the tools developed recently to genetically manipulate this uncommon actinomycete, we varied vanYn gene dosage and expressed vanHatAatXat from the teicoplanin producer Actinoplanes teichomyceticus in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. Knocking out vanYn, complementing a vanYn mutant, or duplicating vanYn had no effect on growth but influenced antibiotic resistance and, in the cases of complementation and duplication, antibiotic production. Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 was found to be resistant to penicillins, but its glycopeptide resistance was diminished in the presence of penicillin G, which inhibits VanYn activity. The heterologous expression of vanHatAatXat increased A40926 resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 but did not increase antibiotic production, indicating that the level of antibiotic production is not directly determined by the level of resistance. The vanYn-based self-resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 resembles the glycopeptide resistance mechanism described recently in mutants of Enterococcus faecium selected in vitro for high-level resistance to glycopeptides and penicillins.
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Binda E, Marcone GL, Berini F, Pollegioni L, Marinelli F. Streptomyces spp. as efficient expression system for a D,D-peptidase/D,D-carboxypeptidase involved in glycopeptide antibiotic resistance. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:24. [PMID: 23497129 PMCID: PMC3610138 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VanYn, encoded by the dbv7 gene (also known as vanYn) of the biosynthetic cluster devoted to A40926 production, is a novel protein involved in the mechanism of self-resistance in Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727. This filamentous actinomycete is an uncommon microorganism, difficult-to-handle but biotechnologically valuable since it produces the glycopeptide antibiotic A40926, which is the precursor of the second-generation dalbavancin in phase III of clinical development. In order to investigate VanYn role in glycopeptide resistance in the producer actinomycete an appropriate host-vector expression system is required. RESULTS The cloning strategy of vanYn gene (G-C ratio 73.3%) in the expression vector pIJ86 yielded a recombinant protein with a tag encoding for a histidine hexamer added at the C-terminus (C-His6-vanYn) or at the N-terminus (N-His6-vanYn). These plasmids were used to transform three Streptomyces spp., which are genetically-treatable high G-C content Gram-positive bacteria taxonomically related to the homologous producer Nonomuraea sp.. Highest yield of protein expression and purification (12 mg of protein per liter of culture at 3 L bioreactor-scale) was achieved in Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 10595, that is a fast growing streptomyces susceptible to glycopeptides. VanYn is a transmembrane protein which was easily detached and recovered from the cell wall fraction. Purified C-His6-VanYn showed d,d-carboxypeptidase and d,d-dipeptidase activities on synthetic analogs of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) precursors. C-His6-VanYn over-expression conferred glycopeptide resistance to S. venezuelae. On the contrary, the addition of His6-tag at the N-terminus of the protein abolished its biological activity either in vitro or in vivo assays. CONCLUSIONS Heterologous expression of vanYn from Nonomuraea sp. ATCC 39727 in S. venezuelae was successfully achieved and conferred the host an increased level of glycopeptide resistance. Cellular localization of recombinant VanYn together with its enzymatic activity as a d,d-peptidase/d,d-carboxypeptidase agree with its role in removing the last d-Ala from the pentapeptide PG precursors and reprogramming cell wall biosynthesis, as previously reported in glycopeptide resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J, H, Dunant 3, Varese, Italy.
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Sinsuwan S, Rodtong S, Yongsawatdigul J. Evidence of cell-associated proteinases from Virgibacillus sp. SK33 isolated from fish sauce fermentation. J Food Sci 2011; 76:C413-9. [PMID: 21535808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-associated proteinases from Virgibacillus sp. SK33 isolated from fish sauce fermentation were extracted and characterized. Proteinases were effectively released when washed cells were incubated in 0.3 mg/mL lysozyme in 50 mM Tris-maleate (pH 7) at 37 °C for 2 h. Major cell-associated proteinases exhibited molecular mass of 17, 32, and 65 kDa, but only a 32-kDa proteinase showed strong amidolytic activity toward Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-AMC. Activity of all cell-associated proteinases was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, indicating a characteristic of serine proteinase. In addition, a 65-kDa serine proteinase was also inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, implying a metal-dependent characteristic. Optimum activity toward a synthetic peptide substrate was at 50 °C and pH 8 and 11. Proteinases with molecular mass of 17 and 32 kDa exhibited caseinolytic activity at 25% NaCl and activity based on a synthetic peptide substrate increased with NaCl concentrations up to 25%, suggesting their role in hydrolyzing proteins at high salt concentrations. This is the first report of liberated cell-associated proteinases from a moderate halophile, Virgibacillus sp. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The cell-associated proteinases could be extracted from Virgibacillus sp. SK 33 using lysozyme. The extracted enzyme could be applied to hydrolyze food proteins at NaCl content as high as 25%. In addition, this study demonstrated that not only extracellular but also cell-associated proteinases are key factors contributing to protein-degrading ability at high salt environment of Virgibacillus sp. SK 33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sornchai Sinsuwan
- Food Protein Research Unit, School of Food Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Massidda O, Kariyama R, Daneo-Moore L, Shockman GD. Evidence that the PBP 5 synthesis repressor (psr) of Enterococcus hirae is also involved in the regulation of cell wall composition and other cell wall-related properties. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:5272-8. [PMID: 8752348 PMCID: PMC178327 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.17.5272-5278.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
psr has been reported by M. Ligozzi, F. Pittaluga, and R. Fontana, (J. Bacteriol. 175:2046-2051, 1993) to be a genetic element located just upstream of the structural gene for the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP 5) in the chromosome of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 and to be involved in the repression of PBP 5 synthesis. By comparing properties of strains of E. hirae that contain a full-length, functional psr with those of strains that possess a truncated form of the gene, we have obtained data that indicate that psr is involved in the regulation of several additional surface-related properties. We observed that cells of strains that possessed a truncated psr were more sensitive to lysozyme-catalyzed protoplast formation, autolyzed more rapidly in 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), and, in contrast to strains that possess a functional psr, retained these characteristics after the cultures entered the stationary growth phase. Cellular lytic properties did not correlate with differences in the cellular contents of muramidase-1 or muramidase-2, with the levels of PBP 5 produced, or with the penicillin susceptibilities of the strains. However, a strong correlation was observed with the amounts of rhamnose present in the cell walls of the various strains. All of the strains examined that possessed a truncated form of psr also possessed approximately one-half of the rhamnose content present in the walls of strains that possessed a functional psr. These data suggest that psr is also involved in the regulation of the synthesis of, or covalent linkage to the cell wall peptidoglycan of, a rhamnose-rich polysaccharide. These differences in cell wall composition could be responsible for the observed phenotypic differences. However, the multiple effects of psr suggest that it is part of a global regulatory system that, perhaps independently, affects several cell surface-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Massidda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Shockman GD. The autolytic ('suicidase') system of Enterococcus hirae: from lysine depletion autolysis to biochemical and molecular studies of the two muramidases of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 100:261-7. [PMID: 1362171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb14050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autolysis of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 is the result of the action of endogenous enzymes that hydrolyze bonds in the protective and shape-maintaining cell wall peptidoglycan. It is thought that these potentially suicidal enzymes play a positive role(s) in wall growth and division and are expressed as autolysins when cell wall assembly and/or repair are inhibited. E. hirae possesses two potentially autolytic enzymes, both of which are muramidases. Although they hydrolyze the same bond as hen egg-white lysozyme, both are high-molecular-mass, complex enzymes. Muramidase-1 is synthesized as a zymogen, requiring protease activation. It is a glucoenzyme that is also multiply nucleotidylated with an unusual nucleotide, 5-mercaptouridine monophosphate. Muramidase-2 is almost certainly a product of a separate gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of a cloned gene for extracellular muramidase-2 showed several unusual features. It appears to be a two-, or perhaps three-domain protein with a putative glycosidase-active site near the N-terminal end and six 45-amino-acid-long repeats at the C-terminal end which are presumed to be involved with high-affinity binding to the insoluble peptidoglycan substrate. Muramidase-2 binds penicillin with low affinity. The presence of several amino acid groupings characteristic of serine-active site beta-lactam-interactive proteins is consistent with the possible presence of a penicillin-binding, third domain. Indirect evidence consistent with a role(s) for these enzymes in cell wall growth and division has been obtained. However, proof of such role(s) awaits modern genetic, molecular, and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Shockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Shahbal S, Hemme D, Renault P. Characterization of a Cell Envelope-Associated Proteinase Activity from
Streptococcus thermophilus
H-Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:177-82. [PMID: 16348841 PMCID: PMC202074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.1.177-182.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and biochemical properties of cell envelope-associated proteinases from two strains of
Streptococcus thermophilus
(strains CNRZ 385 and CNRZ 703) were compared. No significant difference in proteinase activity was found for strain CNRZ 385 when cells were grown in skim milk medium and M17 broth. Strain CNRZ 703 exhibited a threefold-higher proteinase activity when cells were grown in low-heat skim milk medium than when grown in M17 broth. Forty-one percent of the total activity of CNRZ 385 was localized on the cell wall. The optimum pH for enzymatic activity at 37°C was around 7.0. Serine proteinase inhibitors, such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate, inhibited the enzyme activity in both strains. The divalents cations Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, and Mn
2+
were activators, while Zn
2+
and Cu
2+
were inhibitors. β-Casein was hydrolyzed more rapidly than α
s1
-casein. The results of DNA hybridization and immunoblot studies suggested that the
S. thermophilus
cell wall proteinase and the lactococcal proteinase are not closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shahbal
- Station de Recherches Laitières, Centre de Recherches de Jouy-en-Josas, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Shockman GD. The autolytic ('suicidase') system of Enterococcus hirae: From lysine depletion autolysis to biochemical and molecular studies of the two muramidases of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kariyama R, Shockman GD. Extracellular and cellular distribution of muramidase-2 and muramidase-1 of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3236-41. [PMID: 1577692 PMCID: PMC205991 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3236-3241.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial portion of the second peptidoglycan hydrolase (muramidase-2) activity of Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 (formerly Streptococcus faecium) is present in the supernatant culture medium. In contrast, nearly all muramidase-1 activity is associated with cells in the latent, proteinase-activatable form. Muramidase-2 activity is produced and secreted throughout growth, with maximal levels attained at or near the end of exponential growth in a rich organic medium. Muramidase-2 activity in the culture medium remained high even during overnight incubations in the absence of proteinase inhibitors. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of supernatant culture medium concentrated by 60% saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation showed the presence of several Coomassie blue-staining bands. One intensely staining protein band, at about 71 kDa, selectively adsorbed to the insoluble peptidoglycan fraction of cell walls of E. hirae, retained muramidase-2 activity, and reacted in Western immunoblots with monoclonal antibodies to muramidase-2. The mobility of extracellular muramidase-2 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was indistinguishable from that of muramidase-2 extracted with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride from intact bacteria. Muramidase-2 appears to have only a limited number of binding sites on the peptidoglycan of E. hirae cell walls but binds with high affinity. Although high levels of muramidase-2 activity were present in supernatants of stationary-phase cultures, the bacteria were resistant to autolysis. Thus it appears that the peptidoglycan in walls of intact cells of E. hirae is somehow protected from the hydrolytic action of extracellular muramidase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kariyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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