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Ushasree MV, Jia Q, Do SG, Lee EY. New opportunities and perspectives on biosynthesis and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from Aloe vera. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108325. [PMID: 38395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically, the genus Aloe has been an indispensable part of both traditional and modern medicine. Decades of intensive research have unveiled the major bioactive secondary metabolites of this plant. Recent pandemic outbreaks have revitalized curiosity in aloe metabolites, as they have proven pharmacokinetic profiles and repurposable chemical space. However, the structural complexity of these metabolites has hindered scientific advances in the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Multi-omics research interventions have transformed aloe research by providing insights into the biosynthesis of many of these compounds, for example, aloesone, aloenin, noreugenin, aloin, saponins, and carotenoids. Here, we summarize the biological activities of major aloe secondary metabolites with a focus on their mechanism of action. We also highlight the recent advances in decoding the aloe metabolite biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic machinery linked with these pathways. Proof-of-concept studies on in vitro, whole-cell, and microbial synthesis of aloe compounds have also been briefed. Research initiatives on the structural modification of various aloe metabolites to expand their chemical space and activity are detailed. Further, the technological limitations, patent status, and prospects of aloe secondary metabolites in biomedicine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudulakumari Vasudevan Ushasree
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc., 2121 South street suite 400 Tacoma, Washington 98405, USA
| | - Seon Gil Do
- Naturetech, Inc., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27858, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Li Y, Xu Z, Chen P, Zuo C, Chen L, Yan W, Jiao R, Ye Y. Genome Mining and Heterologous Expression Guided the Discovery of Antimicrobial Naphthocyclinones from Streptomyces eurocidicus CGMCC 4.1086. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2914-2923. [PMID: 36731876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A type II polyketide synthase biosynthetic gene cluster (nap) was identified in Streptomyces eurocidicus CGMCC 4.1086 via genome mining. The heterologous expression of the cryptic nap gene cluster in Streptomyces albus J1074 generated dimerized aromatic polyketide naphthocyclinones (1-3), whose structures were determined via extensive analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The biological pathway of naphthocyclinone synthesis was revealed via in vivo gene deletion, in vitro biochemical reactions, and comparative genomics. Remarkably, 3 played a crucial role in inhibiting Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora sojae, with EC50 values of 6.1 and 20.2 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, 3 exhibited a potent protective effect against P. capsici and P. sojae in greenhouse tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zifei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zuo
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Liyifan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ruihua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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Rana B, Bhattacharyya M, Patni B, Arya M, Joshi GK. The Realm of Microbial Pigments in the Food Color Market. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.603892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colors are added to food items to make them more attractive and appealing. Food colorants therefore, have an impressive market due to the requirements of food industries. A variety of synthetic coloring agents approved as food additives are available and being used in different types of food prepared or manufactured worldwide. However, there is a growing concern that the use of synthetic colors may exert a negative impact on human health and environment in the long run. The natural pigments obtained from animals, plants, and microorganisms are a promising alternative to synthetic food colorants. Compared to animal and plant sources, microorganisms offer many advantages such as no seasonal impact on the quality and quantity of the pigment, ease of handling and genetic manipulation, amenability to large scale production with little or no impact on biodiversity etc. Among the microorganisms algae, fungi and bacteria are being used to produce pigments as food colorants. This review describes the types of microbial food pigments in use, their benefits, production strategies, and associated challenges.
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Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M. Fungi as a Potential Source of Pigments: Harnessing Filamentous Fungi. Front Chem 2020; 8:369. [PMID: 32457874 PMCID: PMC7227384 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing concern over the harmful effects of synthetic colorants on both the consumer and the environment has raised a strong interest in natural coloring alternatives. As a result the worldwide demand for colorants of natural origin is rapidly increasing in the food, cosmetic and textile sectors. Natural colorants have the capacity to be used for a variety of industrial applications, for instance, as dyes for textile and non-textile substrates such as leather, paper, within paints and coatings, in cosmetics, and in food additives. Currently, pigments and colorants produced through plants and microbes are the primary source exploited by modern industries. Among the other non-conventional sources, filamentous fungi particularly ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi (mushrooms), and lichens (symbiotic association of a fungus with a green alga or cyanobacterium) are known to produce an extraordinary range of colors including several chemical classes of pigments such as melanins, azaphilones, flavins, phenazines, and quinines. This review seeks to emphasize the opportunity afforded by pigments naturally found in fungi as a viable green alternative to current sources. This review presents a comprehensive discussion on the capacity of fungal resources such as endophytes, halophytes, and fungi obtained from a range or sources such as soil, sediments, mangroves, and marine environments. A key driver of the interest in fungi as a source of pigments stems from environmental factors and discussion here will extend on the advancement of greener extraction techniques used for the extraction of intracellular and extracellular pigments. The search for compounds of interest requires a multidisciplinary approach and techniques such as metabolomics, metabolic engineering and biotechnological approaches that have potential to deal with various challenges faced by pigment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Kalra
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Division of Sustainable Agriculture, TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, India
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Sen T, Barrow CJ, Deshmukh SK. Microbial Pigments in the Food Industry-Challenges and the Way Forward. Front Nutr 2019; 6:7. [PMID: 30891448 PMCID: PMC6411662 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as carotenoids and anthocyanins. Microbial food colorants can be produced at scale at relatively low costs. This review highlights the significance of color in the food industry, why there is a need to shift to natural food colors compared to synthetic ones and how using microbial pigments as food colorants, instead of colors from other natural sources, is a preferable option. We also summarize the microbial derived food colorants currently used and discuss their classification based on their chemical structure. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by the use and development of food grade microbial pigments and how to deal with these challenges, using advanced techniques including metabolic engineering and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuka Sen
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
This review highlights the protein–protein interactions between type II post-PKS tailoring enzymes with an emphasis on gilvocarcin and mithramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redding Gober
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Ryan Wheeler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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7
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Generation of a cluster-free Streptomyces albus chassis strains for improved heterologous expression of secondary metabolite clusters. Metab Eng 2018; 49:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
One of the greatest sources of metabolic and enzymatic diversity are microorganisms. In recent years, emerging recombinant DNA and genomic techniques have facilitated the development of new efficient expression systems, modification of biosynthetic pathways leading to new metabolites by metabolic engineering, and enhancement of catalytic properties of enzymes by directed evolution. Complete sequencing of industrially important microbial genomes is taking place very rapidly, and there are already hundreds of genomes sequenced. Functional genomics and proteomics are major tools used in the search for new molecules and development of higher-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CDMX, México
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9
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Narsing Rao MP, Xiao M, Li WJ. Fungal and Bacterial Pigments: Secondary Metabolites with Wide Applications. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1113. [PMID: 28690593 PMCID: PMC5479939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for natural colors is increasing day by day due to harmful effects of some synthetic dyes. Bacterial and fungal pigments provide a readily available alternative source of naturally derived pigments. In contrast to other natural pigments, they have enormous advantages including rapid growth, easy processing, and independence of weather conditions. Apart from colorant, bacterial and fungal pigments possess many biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. This review outlines different types of pigments. It lists some bacterial and fungal pigments and current bacterial and fungal pigment status and challenges. It also focuses on possible fungal and bacterial pigment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of SciencesÛrúmqi, China
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Aromatic Polyketide GTRI-02 is a Previously Unidentified Product of theactGene Cluster inStreptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Chembiochem 2017; 18:1428-1434. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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New isofuranonaphthoquinones and isoindolequinones from Streptomyces sp. CB01883. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:414-422. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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13
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Katsuyama Y, Sone K, Satou R, Izumikawa M, Takagi M, Fujie M, Satoh N, Shin-ya K, Ohnishi Y. Involvement of the Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase IfnQ in the Biosynthesis of Isofuranonaphthoquinone Scaffold of JBIR-76 and -77. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1021-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Katsuyama
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Kaoru Sone
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Ryutaro Satou
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
| | - Miho Izumikawa
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC); 2-4-7 Aomi Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Motoki Takagi
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBIC); 2-4-7 Aomi Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Manabu Fujie
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Satoh
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Kunigami-gun Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 2-4-7 Aomi Koto-ku Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657 Japan
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14
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Dong X, Bailey CD, Williams C, Crosby J, Simpson TJ, Willis CL, Crump MP. Recognition of extended linear and cyclised polyketide mimics by a type II acyl carrier protein. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1779-1785. [PMID: 28936328 PMCID: PMC5595124 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are secondary metabolites which display both valuable pharmaceutical and agrochemical properties. Biosynthesis is performed by polyketide synthases (PKSs), and the acyl carrier protein (ACP), a small acidic protein, that transports the growing polyketide chain and is essential for activity. Here we report the synthesis of two aromatic probes and a linear octaketide mimic that have been tethered to actinorhodin ACP. These experiments were aimed at probing the ACP's capacity to sequester a non-polar versus a phenolic aromatic ring (that more closely mimics a polyketide intermediate) as well as investigations with extended polyketide chain surrogates. The binding of these mimics has been assessed using high-resolution solution NMR studies and high-resolution structure determination. These results reveal that surprisingly a PKS ACP is able to bind and sequester a bulky non-polar substrate containing an aromatic ring in a fatty acid type binding mode, but the introduction of even a small degree of polarity favours a markedly different association at a surface site that is distinct from that employed by fatty acid ACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Dong
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Christopher D Bailey
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - John Crosby
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Christine L Willis
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , UK . ;
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Structural and functional analysis of two di-domain aromatase/cyclases from type II polyketide synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6844-51. [PMID: 26631750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512976112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aromatic polyketides make up a large class of natural products with diverse bioactivity. During biosynthesis, linear poly-β-ketone intermediates are regiospecifically cyclized, yielding molecules with defined cyclization patterns that are crucial for polyketide bioactivity. The aromatase/cyclases (ARO/CYCs) are responsible for regiospecific cyclization of bacterial polyketides. The two most common cyclization patterns are C7-C12 and C9-C14 cyclizations. We have previously characterized three monodomain ARO/CYCs: ZhuI, TcmN, and WhiE. The last remaining uncharacterized class of ARO/CYCs is the di-domain ARO/CYCs, which catalyze C7-C12 cyclization and/or aromatization. Di-domain ARO/CYCs can further be separated into two subclasses: "nonreducing" ARO/CYCs, which act on nonreduced poly-β-ketones, and "reducing" ARO/CYCs, which act on cyclized C9 reduced poly-β-ketones. For years, the functional role of each domain in cyclization and aromatization for di-domain ARO/CYCs has remained a mystery. Here we present what is to our knowledge the first structural and functional analysis, along with an in-depth comparison, of the nonreducing (StfQ) and reducing (BexL) di-domain ARO/CYCs. This work completes the structural and functional characterization of mono- and di-domain ARO/CYCs in bacterial type II polyketide synthases and lays the groundwork for engineered biosynthesis of new bioactive polyketides.
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Andreani NA, Carraro L, Martino ME, Fondi M, Fasolato L, Miotto G, Magro M, Vianello F, Cardazzo B. A genomic and transcriptomic approach to investigate the blue pigment phenotype in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 213:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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New bhimamycins from Streptomyces sp. AK 671. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:719-26. [PMID: 24045329 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From the wild-type strain Steptomyces sp. AK 671, three nitrogen-containing octaketides were isolated, bhimamycins F, H and I, besides the known azaanthraquinone utahmycin A and polyketide shunt products SEK 4, SEK 4b, mutactin, dehydromutactin and EM18. The structures were characterized by MS and NMR experiments. The hitherto unknown absolute configuration of the two enantiomers of EM18 was determined by online-CD spectroscopy and quantum-chemical CD calculations. Bhimamycins H and I show weak antibacterial activities, whereas the enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 is strongly inhibited by bhimamycins H and I, which has never been reported for nitrogen-containing octaketides. In addition, bhimamycin H inhibits the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β.
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19
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20
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Abstract
Microorganisms are one of the greatest sources of metabolic and enzymatic diversity. In recent years, emerging recombinant DNA and genomic techniques have facilitated the development of new efficient expression systems, modification of biosynthetic pathways leading to new metabolites by metabolic engineering, and enhancement of catalytic properties of enzymes by directed evolution. Complete sequencing of industrially important microbial genomes is taking place very rapidly and there are already hundreds of genomes sequenced. Functional genomics and proteomics are major tools used in the search for new molecules and development of higher-producing strains.
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21
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Lee HN, Kim HJ, Kim P, Lee HS, Kim ES. Minimal polyketide pathway expression in an actinorhodin cluster-deleted and regulation-stimulated Streptomyces coelicolor. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 39:805-11. [PMID: 22252445 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Along with traditional random mutagenesis-driven strain improvement, cloning and heterologous expression of Streptomyces secondary metabolite gene clusters have become an attractive complementary approach to increase its production titer, of which regulation is typically under tight control via complex multiple regulatory networks present in a metabolite low-producing wild-type strain. In this study, we generated a polyketide non-producing strain by deleting the entire actinorhodin cluster from the chromosome of a previously generated S. coelicolor mutant strain, which was shown to stimulate actinorhodin biosynthesis through deletion of two antibiotic downregulators as well as a polyketide precursor flux downregulator (Kim et al. in Appl Environ Microbiol 77:1872-1877, 2011). Using this engineered S. coelicolor mutant strain as a surrogate host, a model minimal polyketide pathway for aloesaponarin II, an actinorhodin shunt product, was cloned in a high-copy conjugative plasmid, followed by functional pathway expression and quantitative metabolite analysis. Aloesaponarin II production was detected only in the presence of a pathway-specific regulatory gene, actII-ORF4, and its production level was the highest in the actinorhodin cluster-deleted and downregulator-deleted mutant strain, implying that this engineered polyketide pathway-free and regulation-optimized S. coelicolor mutant strain could be used as a general surrogate host for efficient expression of indigenous or foreign polyketide pathways derived from diverse actinomycetes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Na Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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22
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Javidpour P, Korman TP, Shakya G, Tsai SC. Structural and biochemical analyses of regio- and stereospecificities observed in a type II polyketide ketoreductase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4638-49. [PMID: 21506596 DOI: 10.1021/bi200335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type II polyketides include antibiotics such as tetracycline and chemotherapeutics such as daunorubicin. Type II polyketides are biosynthesized by the type II polyketide synthase (PKS) that consists of 5-10 stand-alone domains. In many type II PKSs, the type II ketoreductase (KR) specifically reduces the C9-carbonyl group. How the type II KR achieves such a high regiospecificity and the nature of stereospecificity are not well understood. Sequence alignment of KRs led to a hypothesis that a well-conserved 94-XGG-96 motif may be involved in controlling the stereochemistry. The stereospecificity of single-, double-, and triple-mutant combinations of P94L, G95D, and G96D were analyzed in vitro and in vivo for the actinorhodin KR (actKR). The P94L mutation is sufficient to change the stereospecificity of actKR. Binary and ternary crystal structures of both wild-type and P94L actKR were determined. Together with assay results, docking simulations, and cocrystal structures, a model for stereochemical control is presented herein that elucidates how type II polyketides are introduced into the substrate pocket such that the C9-carbonyl can be reduced with high regio- and stereospecificities. The molecular features of actKR important for regio- and stereospecificities can potentially be applied in biosynthesizing new polyketides via protein engineering that rationally controls polyketide keto reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Javidpour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Zhang H, Boghigian BA, Armando J, Pfeifer BA. Methods and options for the heterologous production of complex natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:125-51. [PMID: 21060956 PMCID: PMC9896020 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00037j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review will detail the motivations, experimental approaches, and growing list of successful cases associated with the heterologous production of complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Science & Technology Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Abstract
For over 40 years, natural products have served us well in combating cancer. The main sources of these successful compounds are microbes and plants from the terrestrial and marine environments. The microbes serve as a major source of natural products with anti‐tumour activity. A number of these products were first discovered as antibiotics. Another major contribution comes from plant alkaloids, taxoids and podophyllotoxins. A vast array of biological metabolites can be obtained from the marine world, which can be used for effective cancer treatment. The search for novel drugs is still a priority goal for cancer therapy, due to the rapid development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the high toxicity usually associated with some cancer chemotherapy drugs and their undesirable side‐effects increase the demand for novel anti‐tumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side‐effects and/or with greater therapeutic efficiency. This review points out those technologies needed to produce the anti‐tumour compounds of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Charles A Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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Adrio JL, Demain AL. Recombinant organisms for production of industrial products. Bioeng Bugs 2009; 1:116-31. [PMID: 21326937 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.2.10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of DNA and the development of recombinant DNA technology. Traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. Novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding techniques and their modifications are contributing greatly to the development of improved industrial processes. In addition, functional genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are being exploited for the discovery of novel valuable small molecules for medicine as well as enzymes for catalysis. The sequencing of industrial microbal genomes is being carried out which bodes well for future process improvement and discovery of new industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Adrio
- NeuronBioPharma, S.A., Parque Tecnologico de Ciencias de la Salud, Edificio BIC, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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Xu XP, Wang ZJ, Fan KQ, Wang SL, Jia CJ, Han H, Ramalingam E, Yang KQ. Localization of the ActIII actinorhodin polyketide ketoreductase to the cell wall. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 287:15-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Niemi J, Metsä-Ketelä M, Schneider G, Mäntsälä P. Biosynthetic Anthracycline Variants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Demain AL, Adrio JL. Strain improvement for production of pharmaceuticals and other microbial metabolites by fermentation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 65:251-289. [PMID: 18084918 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have been good to us. They have given us thousands of valuable products with novel structures and activities. In nature, they only produce tiny amounts of these secondary metabolic products as a matter of survival. Thus, these metabolites are not overproduced in nature, but they must be overproduced in the pharmaceutical industry. Genetic manipulations are used in industry to obtain strains that produce hundreds or thousands of times more than that produced by the originally isolated strain. These strain improvement programs traditionally employ mutagenesis followed by screening or selection; this is known as 'brute-force' technology. Today, they are supplemented by modern strategic technologies developed via advances in molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, and genetics. The progress in strain improvement has increased fermentation productivity and decreased costs tremendously. These genetic programs also serve other goals such as the elimination of undesirable products or analogs, discovery of new antibiotics, and deciphering of biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE), HS-330, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940 USA.
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Brachmann AO, Joyce SA, Jenke-Kodama H, Schwär G, Clarke DJ, Bode HB. A Type II Polyketide Synthase is Responsible for Anthraquinone Biosynthesis inPhotorhabdus luminescens. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1721-8. [PMID: 17722122 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Type II polyketide synthases are involved in the biosynthesis of numerous clinically relevant secondary metabolites with potent antibiotic or anticancer activity. Until recently the only known producers of type II PKSs were members of the Gram-positive actimomycetes, well-known producers of secondary metabolites in general. Here we present the second example of a type II PKS from Gram-negative bacteria. We have identified the biosynthesis gene cluster responsible for the production of anthraquinones (AQs) from the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. This is the first example of AQ production in Gram-negative bacteria, and their heptaketide origin was confirmed by feeding experiments. Deletion of a cyclase/aromatase involved in AQ biosynthesis resulted in accumulation of mutactin and dehydromutactin, which have been described as shunt products of typical octaketide compounds from streptomycetes, and a pathway for AQ formation from octaketide intermediates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Brachmann
- Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Cui HX, Shaaban KA, Schiebel M, Qin S, Laatsch H. New antibiotic with typical plant anthraquinone structure obtained studying terrestrial and marine Streptomycetes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tahlan K, Ahn SK, Sing A, Bodnaruk TD, Willems AR, Davidson AR, Nodwell JR. Initiation of actinorhodin export in Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 2007; 63:951-61. [PMID: 17338074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many microorganisms produce molecules having antibiotic activity and expel them into the environment, presumably enhancing their ability to compete with their neighbours. Given that these molecules are often toxic to the producer, mechanisms must exist to ensure that the assembly of the export apparatus accompanies or precedes biosynthesis. Streptomyces coelicolor produces the polyketide antibiotic actinorhodin in a multistep pathway involving enzymes encoded by genes that are clustered together. Embedded within the cluster are genes for actinorhodin export, two of which, actR and actA resemble the classic tetR and tetA repressor/efflux pump-encoding gene pairs that confer resistance to tetracycline. Like TetR, which represses tetA, ActR is a repressor of actA. We have identified several molecules that can relieve repression by ActR. Importantly (S)-DNPA (an intermediate in the actinorhodin biosynthetic pathway) and kalafungin (a molecule related to the intermediate dihydrokalafungin), are especially potent ActR ligands. This suggests that along with the mature antibiotic(s), intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway might activate expression of the export genes thereby coupling export to biosynthesis. We suggest that this could be a common feature in the production of many bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Lee TS, Das A, Khosla C. Structure-activity relationships of semisynthetic mumbaistatin analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5207-18. [PMID: 17524653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mumbaistatin (1), a new anthraquinone natural product, is one of the most potent known inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase, an important target for the treatment of type II diabetes. Its availability, however, has been limited due to its extremely low yield from the natural source. Starting from DMAC (5, 3,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid), a structurally related polyketide product of engineered biosynthesis, we developed a facile semisynthetic method that afforded a variety of mumbaistatin analogs within five steps. This work was facilitated by the initial development of a DMAC overproduction system. In addition to reinforcing the biological significance of the anthraquinone moiety of mumbaistatin, several semisynthetic analogs were found to have low micromolar potency against the translocase in vitro. Two of them were also active in glucose release assays from primary hepatocytes. The synergistic combination of biosynthesis and synthesis is a promising avenue for the discovery of new bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Soon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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34
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Anthracycline Biosynthesis: Genes, Enzymes and Mechanisms. ANTHRACYCLINE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY I 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hertweck C, Luzhetskyy A, Rebets Y, Bechthold A. Type II polyketide synthases: gaining a deeper insight into enzymatic teamwork. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:162-90. [PMID: 17268612 DOI: 10.1039/b507395m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances in understanding of the biosynthesis of polyketides produced by type II PKS systems at the genetic, biochemical and structural levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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36
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Bringmann G, Noll TF, Gulder TAM, Grüne M, Dreyer M, Wilde C, Pankewitz F, Hilker M, Payne GD, Jones AL, Goodfellow M, Fiedler HP. Different polyketide folding modes converge to an identical molecular architecture. Nat Chem Biol 2006; 2:429-33. [PMID: 16829953 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diversity is being studied intensively by evolutionary biologists, but so far there has been no comparison of biosynthetic pathways leading to a particular secondary metabolite in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We have detected the bioactive anthraquinone chrysophanol, which serves as a chemical defense in diverse eukaryotic organisms, in a bacterial Nocardia strain, thereby permitting the first comparative biosynthetic study. Two basic modes of folding a polyketide chain to fused-ring aromatic structures have so far been described: mode F (referring to fungi) and mode S (from Streptomyces). We have demonstrated that in eukaryotes (fungi, higher plants and insects), chrysophanol is formed via folding mode F. In actinomycetes, by contrast, the cyclization follows mode S. Thus, chrysophanol is the first polyketide synthase product that is built up by more than one polyketide folding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Two Anthraquinone Compounds from a Marine Actinomycete Isolate M097 Isolated from Jiaozhou Bay. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Abstract
Although microorganisms are extremely good in presenting us with an amazing array of valuable products, they usually produce them only in amounts that they need for their own benefit; thus, they tend not to overproduce their metabolites. In strain improvement programs, a strain producing a high titer is usually the desired goal. Genetics has had a long history of contributing to the production of microbial products. The tremendous increases in fermentation productivity and the resulting decreases in costs have come about mainly by mutagenesis and screening/selection for higher producing microbial strains and the application of recombinant DNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Adrio
- Department of Biotechnology, Puleva Biotech, S.A., Granada, Spain.
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Fontana A. Biogenetic proposals and biosynthetic studies on secondary metabolites of opisthobranch molluscs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 43:303-32. [PMID: 17153349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-30880-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine chemical diversity is generated by a large number of transformations often not noted in terrestrial counterparts. Life in the oceans differs in most respects from life on land and our knowledge of the genetics and biochemistry of marine organisms is still very limited to a small number of species. Biosynthetic studies and biogenetic speculations can therefore be crucial in predicting relevant enzymes and their encoding genes, with a view to setting the stage for rational engineering of marine natural products. A further useful outcome to the identification of biosynthetic pathways is the resulting classification of natural products, which can serve to correlate chemical diversity and biodiversity. This review summarizes the present knowledge on secondary metabolites biogenesis in marine opisthobranchs, a class of organisms that has been emerging as a prolific source of structurally diverse metabolites possessing a broad variety of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fontana
- Instituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
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Li A, Itoh T, Taguchi T, Xiang T, Ebizuka Y, Ichinose K. Functional studies on a ketoreductase gene from Streptomyces sp. AM-7161 to control the stereochemistry in medermycin biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6856-63. [PMID: 16169737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Medermycin shows the same trans (3S,15R) configuration as actinorhodin in the pyran ring crucial for its bioactivity. One medermycin biosynthetic gene, med-ORF12, is assumed to be involved in the stereochemical control at C-3. Functional complementation suggested that it plays a similar role as actVI-ORF1 previously proved to determine the stereospecificity at C-3 in actinorhodin biosynthesis. Co-expression of med-ORF12 with actinorhodin early biosynthetic genes further demonstrated that med-ORF12 encodes a ketoreductase responsible for the enantioselective reduction at C-3 in the formation of the pyran ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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Abstract
The bacterial multienzyme polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce a diverse array of products that have been developed into medicines, including antibiotics and anticancer agents. The modular genetic architecture of these PKSs suggests that it might be possible to engineer the enzymes to produce novel drug candidates, a strategy known as 'combinatorial biosynthesis'. So far, directed engineering of modular PKSs has resulted in the production of more than 200 new polyketides, but key challenges remain before the potential of combinatorial biosynthesis can be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira J Weissman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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Abstract
Rapid advances have been made over the past 10 years in the identification of the biosynthetic machinery that carries out the biosynthesis of polyketide natural products. Many such compounds are used in various therapeutic areas, including antibacterials, anticancer, antifungals and cholesterol lowering. It is now possible to alter the biosynthetic machinery to produce radically altered structural analogues that are not accessible by conventional technologies, such as total synthesis or semi synthesis. The most rapid progress has been achieved in the antibiotic field through the production of a large number of novel erythromycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Staunton
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Booker‐Milburn KI, Gillan R, Kimberley M, Taguchi T, Ichinose K, Stephenson GR, Ebizuka Y, Hopwood DA. Enantioselective Reduction of β‐Keto Acids with Engineered
Streptomyces coelicolor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin I. Booker‐Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117‐929‐8611
| | - Rebecca Gillan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117‐929‐8611
| | - Meriel Kimberley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117‐929‐8611
| | - Takaaki Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033, Japan
| | - Koji Ichinose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033, Japan
- Current address: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202‐8585, Japan
| | - G. Richard Stephenson
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Yutaka Ebizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo 113‐0033, Japan
| | - David A. Hopwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
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Jansson A, Koskiniemi H, Erola A, Wang J, Mäntsälä P, Schneider G, Niemi J. Aclacinomycin 10-Hydroxylase Is a Novel Substrate-assisted Hydroxylase Requiring S-Adenosyl-l-methionine as Cofactor. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:3636-44. [PMID: 15548527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aclacinomycin 10-hydroxylase is a methyltransferase homologue that catalyzes a S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent hydroxylation of the C-10 carbon atom of 15-demethoxy-epsilon-rhodomycin, a step in the biosynthesis of the polyketide antibiotic beta-rhodomycin. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine is an inhibitor of the enzyme, whereas the AdoMet analogue sinefungin can act as cofactor, indicating that a positive charge is required for catalysis. 18O2 experiments show that the hydroxyl group is derived from molecular oxygen. The reaction further requires thiol reagents such as glutathione or dithiothreitol. Incubation of the enzyme with substrate in the absence of reductant leads to the accumulation of an intermediate with a molecular mass consistent with a perhydroxy compound. This intermediate is turned into product upon addition of glutathione. The crystal structure of an abortive enzyme-AdoMet product ternary complex reveals large conformational changes consisting of a domain rotation leading to active site closure upon binding of the anthracycline ligand. The data suggest a mechanism where decarboxylation of the substrate results in the formation of a carbanion intermediate, which is stabilized by resonance through the aromatic ring system of the anthracycline substrate. The delocalization of the electrons is facilitated by the positive charge of the cofactor AdoMet. The activation of oxygen and formation of a hydroxyperoxide intermediate occurs in a manner similar to that observed in flavoenzymes. Aclacinomycin-10-hydroxylase is the first example of a AdoMet-dependent hydroxylation reaction, a novel function for this cofactor. The enzyme lacks methyltransferase activity due to the positioning of the AdoMet methyl group unfavorable for a SN2-type methyl transfer to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Booker-Milburn KI, Gillan R, Kimberley M, Taguchi T, Ichinose K, Stephenson GR, Ebizuka Y, Hopwood DA. Enantioselective Reduction of β‐Keto Acids with Engineered
Streptomyces coelicolor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1121-1125. [PMID: 15645472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin I Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117-929-8611
| | - Rebecca Gillan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117-929-8611
| | - Meriel Kimberley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK, Fax: (+44) 117-929-8611
| | - Takaaki Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Ichinose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Current address: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Shinmachi, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - G Richard Stephenson
- Wolfson Materials and Catalysis Centre, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Yutaka Ebizuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - David A Hopwood
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
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Kalaitzis JA, Moore BS. Heterologous biosynthesis of truncated hexaketides derived from the actinorhodin polyketide synthase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2004; 67:1419-1422. [PMID: 15332868 DOI: 10.1021/np0499564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of the actinorhodin polyketide synthase in the recombinant host Streptomyces lividans K4-114 led to the characterization of three new minor polyketides, the novel hexaketides BSM1 and BSM3 and 9'-hydroxyaloesaponarin II, in addition to known anthraquinone and aromatic octaketides. The structures of BSM1 and BSM3 imply that these compounds are derived from a C-5-reduced hexaketide intermediate, suggesting that the timing of the ketoreduction reaction in the actinorhodin biosynthetic pathway may take place during the polyketide elongation process rather than after the completion of the octaketide chain as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kalaitzis
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
Combinatorial biosynthesis involves the genetic manipulation of natural product biosynthetic enzymes to produce potential new drug candidates that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. In either a theoretical or practical sense, the number of combinations possible from different types of natural product pathways ranges widely. Enzymes that have been the most amenable to this technology synthesize the polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, and hybrids of the two. The number of polyketide or peptide natural products theoretically possible is huge, but considerable work remains before these large numbers can be realized. Nevertheless, many analogs have been created by this technology, providing useful structure-activity relationship data and leading to a few compounds that may reach the clinic in the next few years. In this review the focus is on recent advances in our understanding of how different enzymes for natural product biosynthesis can be used successfully in this technology.
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Hertweck C, Xiang L, Kalaitzis JA, Cheng Q, Palzer M, Moore BS. Context-Dependent Behavior of the Enterocin Iterative Polyketide Synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:461-8. [PMID: 15123240 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous expression and mutagenesis of the enterocin type II polyketide synthase (PKS) system suggest for the first time that the association of an extended set of proteins and substrates is needed for the effective production of the enterocin-wailupemycin polyketides. In the absence of its endogenous ketoreductase (KR) EncD in either the enterocin producer "Streptomyces maritimus" or the engineered host S. lividans K4-114, the enterocin minimal PKS is unable to produce benzoate-primed polyketides, even when complemented with the homologous actinorhodin KR ActIII or with EncD active site mutants. These data suggest that the enterocin PKS requires EncD to serve a catalytic and not just a structural role in the functional PKS enzyme complex. This strongly implies that EncD reduces the polyketide chain during elongation rather than after its complete assembly, as suggested for most type II PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertweck
- Hans-Knöll-Institute for Natural Products Research, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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50
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Tang Y, Lee TS, Khosla C. Engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides using bimodular polyketide synthases. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E31. [PMID: 14966533 PMCID: PMC340942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial aromatic polyketides such as tetracycline and doxorubicin are a medicinally important class of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by actinomyces bacteria. Their backbones are derived from malonyl-CoA units by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The nascent polyketide chain is synthesized by the minimal PKS, a module consisting of four dissociated enzymes. Although the biosynthesis of most aromatic polyketide backbones is initiated through decarboxylation of a malonyl building block (which results in an acetate group), some polyketides, such as the estrogen receptor antagonist R1128, are derived from nonacetate primers. Understanding the mechanism of nonacetate priming can lead to biosynthesis of novel polyketides that have improved pharmacological properties. Recent biochemical analysis has shown that nonacetate priming is the result of stepwise activity of two dissociated PKS modules with orthogonal molecular recognition features. In these PKSs, an initiation module that synthesizes a starter unit is present in addition to the minimal PKS module. Here we describe a general method for the engineered biosynthesis of regioselectively modified aromatic polyketides. When coexpressed with the R1128 initiation module, the actinorhodin minimal PKS produced novel hexaketides with propionyl and isobutyryl primer units. Analogous octaketides could be synthesized by combining the tetracenomycin minimal PKS with the R1128 initiation module. Tailoring enzymes such as ketoreductases and cyclases were able to process the unnatural polyketides efficiently. Based upon these findings, hybrid PKSs were engineered to synthesize new anthraquinone antibiotics with predictable functional group modifications. Our results demonstrate that (i) bimodular aromatic PKSs present a general mechanism for priming aromatic polyketide backbones with nonacetate precursors; (ii) the minimal PKS controls polyketide chain length by counting the number of atoms incorporated into the backbone rather than the number of elongation cycles; and (iii) in contrast, auxiliary PKS enzymes such as ketoreductases, aromatases, and cyclases recognize specific functional groups in the backbone rather than overall chain length. Among the anthracyclines engineered in this study were compounds with (i) more superior activity than R1128 against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and (ii) inhibitory activity against glucose-6-phosphate translocase, an attractive target for the treatment of Type II diabetes. Analogues of microbial secondary metabolites, which include many antibiotics and antitumor drugs, can be engineered from unusual primer units of the polyketide backbone to create new medicinal compounds with promising novel pharmacological properties
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- 2Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 2Department of Chemistry, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Stanford UniversityStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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