1
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Wang Y, Ruan L, Li R. GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in budding yeast. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad263. [PMID: 38289859 PMCID: PMC10917523 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a hallmark of cellular aging and aging-related diseases. Maintaining a balanced proteostasis requires a complex network of molecular machineries that govern protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. Under proteotoxic stress, misfolded proteins that accumulate in cytosol can be imported into mitochondria for degradation through the "mitochondrial as guardian in cytosol" (MAGIC) pathway. Here, we report an unexpected role of Gas1, a cell wall-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase in the budding yeast, in differentially regulating MAGIC and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Deletion of GAS1 inhibits MAGIC but elevates protein ubiquitination and UPS-mediated protein degradation. Interestingly, we found that the Gas1 protein exhibits mitochondrial localization attributed to its C-terminal GPI anchor signal. But this mitochondria-associated GPI anchor signal is not required for mitochondrial import and degradation of misfolded proteins through MAGIC. By contrast, catalytic inactivation of Gas1 via the gas1-E161Q mutation inhibits MAGIC but not its mitochondrial localization. These data suggest that the glucanosyltransferase activity of Gas1 is important for regulating cytosolic proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Linhao Ruan
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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2
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Kalebina TS, Rekstina VV, Pogarskaia EE, Kulakovskaya T. Importance of Non-Covalent Interactions in Yeast Cell Wall Molecular Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2496. [PMID: 38473742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review covers a group of non-covalently associated molecules, particularly proteins (NCAp), incorporated in the yeast cell wall (CW) with neither disulfide bridges with proteins covalently attached to polysaccharides nor other covalent bonds. Most NCAp, particularly Bgl2, are polysaccharide-remodeling enzymes. Either directly contacting their substrate or appearing as CW lipid-associated molecules, such as in vesicles, they represent the most movable enzymes and may play a central role in CW biogenesis. The absence of the covalent anchoring of NCAp allows them to be there where and when it is necessary. Another group of non-covalently attached to CW molecules are polyphosphates (polyP), the universal regulators of the activity of many enzymes. These anionic polymers are able to form complexes with metal ions and increase the diversity of non-covalent interactions through charged functional groups with both proteins and polysaccharides. The mechanism of regulation of polysaccharide-remodeling enzyme activity in the CW is unknown. We hypothesize that polyP content in the CW is regulated by another NCAp of the CW-acid phosphatase-which, along with post-translational modifications, may thus affect the activity, conformation and compartmentalization of Bgl2 and, possibly, some other polysaccharide-remodeling enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Kalebina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina V Rekstina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elizaveta E Pogarskaia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kulakovskaya
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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3
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Wang Y, Ruan L, Li R. GPI-anchored Gas1 protein regulates cytosolic proteostasis in yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542479. [PMID: 37292646 PMCID: PMC10245992 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a hallmark of cellular aging and aging-related diseases. Maintaining a balanced proteostasis requires a complex network of molecular machineries that govern protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. Under proteotoxic stress, misfolded proteins that accumulate in cytosol can be imported into mitochondria for degradation via 'mitochondrial as guardian in cytosol' (MAGIC) pathway. Here we report an unexpected role of yeast Gas1, a cell wall-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, in differentially regulating MAGIC and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Deletion of Gas1 inhibits MAGIC but elevates polyubiquitination and UPS-mediated protein degradation. Interestingly, we found that Gas1 exhibits mitochondrial localization attributed to its C-terminal GPI anchor signal. But this mitochondria-associated GPI anchor signal is not required for mitochondrial import and degradation of misfolded proteins via MAGIC. By contrast, catalytic inactivation of Gas1 via the gas1E161Q mutation inhibits MAGIC but not its mitochondrial localization. These data suggest that the glucanosyltransferase activity of Gas1 is important for regulating cytosolic proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Linhao Ruan
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117411, Singapore
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4
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Guo Q, Meng N, Fan G, Sun D, Meng Y, Luo G, Liu Y. The role of the exocytic pathway in cell wall assembly in yeast. Yeast 2021; 38:566-578. [PMID: 34250641 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a dynamic organelle which is tightly controlled for cell morphology, viability, and pathogenesis. It was previously shown that exocytosis is involved in the secretion of some components and enzymes of the cell wall. However, how the secretory pathway affects the cell wall integrity and assembly remains unclear. Here we show that the secretory pathway mutant (sec) cells were sensitive to cell wall antagonists in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they were lysed at restrictive conditions but can be rescued by osmotic stabilizers, indicating their cell walls were disrupted. Although glucans were reduced at the cell surface in sec mutants as speculated, the other two main cell wall components, chitins, and mannoproteins, were accumulated at the cell surface. We also found that both the protein level and the phosphorylation level of Slt2 increased in sec mutants. These results suggest that the exocytic pathway has a critical role in cell wall assembly. Our study will help to understand the mechanism of cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guanzhi Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangzuo Luo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Rekstina VV, Sabirzyanova TA, Sabirzyanov FA, Adzhubei AA, Tkachev YV, Kudryashova IB, Snalina NE, Bykova AA, Alessenko AV, Ziganshin RH, Kuznetsov SA, Kalebina TS. The Post-Translational Modifications, Localization, and Mode of Attachment of Non-Covalently Bound Glucanosyltransglycosylases of Yeast Cell Wall as a Key to Understanding their Functioning. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218304. [PMID: 33167499 PMCID: PMC7663962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucan linked to proteins is a natural mega-glycoconjugate (mGC) playing the central role as a structural component of a yeast cell wall (CW). Regulation of functioning of non-covalently bound glucanosyltransglycosylases (ncGTGs) that have to remodel mGC to provide CW extension is poorly understood. We demonstrate that the main ncGTGs Bgl2 and Scw4 have phosphorylated and glutathionylated residues and are represented in CW as different pools of molecules having various firmness of attachment. Identified pools contain Bgl2 molecules with unmodified peptides, but differ from each other in the presence and combination of modified ones, as well as in the presence or absence of other CW proteins. Correlation of Bgl2 distribution among pools and its N-glycosylation was not found. Glutathione affects Bgl2 conformation, probably resulting in the mode of its attachment and enzymatic activity. Bgl2 from the pool of unmodified and monophosphorylated molecules demonstrates the ability to fibrillate after isolation from CW. Revealing of Bgl2 microcompartments and their mosaic arrangement summarized with the results obtained give the evidence that the functioning of ncGTGs in CW can be controlled by reversible post-translational modifications and facilitated due to their compact localization. The hypothetical scheme of distribution of Bgl2 inside CW is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V. Rekstina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Tatyana A. Sabirzyanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Fanis A. Sabirzyanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Alexei A. Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.V.T.)
| | - Yaroslav V. Tkachev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.A.A.); (Y.V.T.)
| | - Irina B. Kudryashova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Natalia E. Snalina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (N.E.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Anastasia A. Bykova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Alice V. Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (N.E.S.); (A.V.A.)
| | - Rustam H. Ziganshin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia;
| | - Sergei A. Kuznetsov
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Tatyana S. Kalebina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.V.R.); (T.A.S.); (F.A.S.); (I.B.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-50-75
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6
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Ghasemi S, Safaie N, Shahbazi S, Shams-Bakhsh M, Askari H. The Role of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in Antagonistic Traits of Trichoderma virens Against Rhizoctonia solani. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 18:e2333. [PMID: 34056015 PMCID: PMC8148636 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2020.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: High antagonistic ability of different Trichoderma species against a diverse range of plant pathogenic fungi has led them to be used as a biological fungicide in agriculture. They can also promote plant growth, fertility, resistance to stress, and absorption of nutrients. They are also opportunistic and symbiotic pathogens, which can lead to the activation of plant defense mechanisms. Objectives: The aim of this present study was to investigate possible enhancement of lytic enzymes production and biocontrol activity of T. virens against Rhizoctonia solani through gamma radiation and to find the relationship between changes in lytic enzyme production and antagonistic activity of T. virens. Material and Methods: Dual culture conditions were used to evaluate the antagonistic effect of T. virens and its gamma mutants against R. solani. Then, their chitinase and cellulase activities were measured. For more detailed investigation of enzymes, densitometry pattern of the proteins was extracted from the T. virens wild-type and its mutants were obtained via SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: The mutant T.vi M8, T. virens wild-type and mutant T.vi M20 strains showed the maximum antagonistic effects
against the pathogen, respectively. Data showed that the mutant T. vi M8 reduced the growth of R. solani by 58 %.
The mutants revealed significantly different (p<0.05) protein contents, chitinase and cellulase production (mg.mL-1)
and activity (U.mL-1) compared to the wild-type strain. The highest extracellular protein production in the supernatant
of chitinase and cellulase TFM was observed for the T.vi M11 and T.vi M17 strains, respectively. The T.vi M12 and wild-type
strains secreted chitinase and cellulase significantly more than other strains did. Densitometry of SDS-PAGE gel bands
indicated that both the amount and diversity of chitinase related proteins in the selected mutant (T. vi M8) were far
higher than those of the wild-type. The diversity of molecular weight of proteins extracted from the T. virens
M8 (20 proteins or bands) was very high compared to the wild-type (10 proteins) and mutant T.vi M15 (2 proteins). Conclusions: Overall, there was a strong link between the diversity of various chitinase proteins and the antagonistic properties of the mutant M8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleiman Ghasemi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Shahbazi
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy organization of Iran (AEOI), Alborz, Iran
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Askari
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Atomic Energy organization of Iran (AEOI), Alborz, Iran
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7
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Porras-Agüera JA, Mauricio JC, Moreno-García J, Moreno J, García-Martínez T. A Differential Proteomic Approach to Characterize the Cell Wall Adaptive Response to CO 2 Overpressure during Sparkling Wine-Making Process. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1188. [PMID: 32759881 PMCID: PMC7465653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a first proteomic approach was carried out to characterize the adaptive response of cell wall-related proteins to endogenous CO2 overpressure, which is typical of second fermentation conditions, in two wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (P29, a conventional second fermentation strain, and G1, a flor yeast strain implicated in sherry wine making). The results showed a high number of cell wall proteins in flor yeast G1 under pressure, highlighting content at the first month of aging. The cell wall proteomic response to pressure in flor yeast G1 was characterized by an increase in both the number and content of cell wall proteins involved in glucan remodeling and mannoproteins. On the other hand, cell wall proteins responsible for glucan assembly, cell adhesion, and lipid metabolism stood out in P29. Over-represented proteins under pressure were involved in cell wall integrity (Ecm33p and Pst1p), protein folding (Ssa1p and Ssa2p), and glucan remodeling (Exg2p and Scw4p). Flocculation-related proteins were not identified under pressure conditions. The use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine elaboration and improvement is proposed. Further research based on the genetic engineering of wine yeast using those genes from protein biomarkers under pressure alongside the second fermentation in bottle is required to achieve improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Porras-Agüera
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C3 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Teresa García-Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, C6 building, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
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8
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Kutty G, Davis AS, Schuck K, Masterson M, Wang H, Liu Y, Kovacs JA. Characterization of Pneumocystis murina Bgl2, an Endo-β-1,3-Glucanase and Glucanosyltransferase. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:657-665. [PMID: 31100118 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucan is the major cell wall component of Pneumocystis cysts. In the current study, we have characterized Pneumocystis Bgl2 (EC 3.2.1.58), an enzyme with glucanosyltransferase and β-1,3 endoglucanase activity in other fungi. Pneumocystis murina, Pneumocystis carinii, and Pneumocystis jirovecii bgl2 complementary DNA sequences encode proteins of 437, 447, and 408 amino acids, respectively. Recombinant P. murina Bgl2 expressed in COS-1 cells demonstrated β-glucanase activity, as shown by degradation of the cell wall of Pneumocystis cysts. It also cleaved reduced laminaripentaose and transferred oligosaccharides, resulting in polymers of 6 and 7 glucan residues, demonstrating glucanosyltransferase activity. Surprisingly, confocal immunofluorescence analysis of P. murina-infected mouse lung sections using an antibody against recombinant Bgl2 showed that the native protein is localized primarily to the trophic form of Pneumocystis in both untreated mice and mice treated with caspofungin, an antifungal drug that inhibits β-1,3-glucan synthase. Thus, like other fungi, Bgl2 of Pneumocystis has both endoglucanase and glucanosyltransferase activities. Given that it is expressed primarily in trophic forms, further studies are needed to better understand its role in the biology of Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - A Sally Davis
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan
| | - Kaitlynn Schuck
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan
| | - Mya Masterson
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan
| | - Honghui Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Porras-Agüera JA, Moreno-García J, Mauricio JC, Moreno J, García-Martínez T. First Proteomic Approach to Identify Cell Death Biomarkers in Wine Yeasts during Sparkling Wine Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110542. [PMID: 31717411 PMCID: PMC6920952 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and later autolysis are biological processes which take place in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during industrial fermentation processes, which involve costly and time-consuming aging periods. Therefore, the identification of potential cell death biomarkers can contribute to the creation of a long-term strategy in order to improve and accelerate the winemaking process. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis based on the detection of possible apoptosis and autolysis protein biomarkers in two industrial yeast strains commonly used in post-fermentative processes (sparkling wine secondary fermentation and biological aging) under typical sparkling wine elaboration conditions. Pressure had a negatively effect on viability for flor yeast, whereas the sparkling wine strain seems to be more adapted to these conditions. Flor yeast strain experienced an increase in content of apoptosis-related proteins, glucanases and vacuolar proteases at the first month of aging. Significant correlations between viability and apoptosis proteins were established in both yeast strains. Multivariate analysis based on the proteome of each process allowed to distinguish among samples and strains. The proteomic profile obtained in this study could provide useful information on the selection of wine strains and yeast behavior during sparkling wine elaboration. Additionally, the use of flor yeasts for sparkling wine improvement and elaboration is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Porras-Agüera
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Jaime Moreno-García
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Mauricio
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-957-218640; Fax: +34-957-218650
| | - Juan Moreno
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain;
| | - Teresa García-Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Cordoba, 14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.A.P.-A.); (J.M.-G.); (T.G.-M.)
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10
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Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Kida A, Ikeda T, Seto H, Iida Y. Evaluation of Conventional Antifungal Agents against Recombinant Yeast Overexpressing β-1,3-Glucanase. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:837-842. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Takayuki Ikeda
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Hiroki Seto
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Yasuhiro Iida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
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Sabirzyanov FA, Sabirzyanova TA, Rekstina VV, Adzhubei AA, Kalebina TS. C-Terminal sequence is involved in the incorporation of Bgl2p glucanosyltransglycosylase in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4768138. [PMID: 29272386 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell wall (CW) provides a protective barrier for a yeast cell and is a firm structure that nevertheless dynamically changes during cell's growth. Bgl2p is a non-covalently anchored glucanosyltransglycosylase in the CW of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mode of its anchorage is poorly understood, while its association with CW components is tight and resistant to 1-h treatment with 1% SDS at 37°C. In order to demarcate the potential structural block responsible for incorporation of Bgl2p into the CW, bioinformatics analysis of its sequence was performed, and a conservative structural region was identified in the C-terminal region of Bgl2p, which was absent in its homologues in S. cerevisiae, the Scw4p and Scw10p. Deletion of this region disrupted the incorporation of Bgl2p into the CW and led to release of this protein through the CW into the culture medium. Two left-handed polyproline-II helices were identified in the C-terminal region of the structure model of a wild-type Bgl2p. These helices potentially formed binding sites, which were absent in the truncated protein. Using immune fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that C-truncated Bgl2p was exported into culture medium and lost its ability to form fibrils described earlier. It was also shown that the C-terminal truncation of Bgl2p led to a more severe decrease of cell survivability in extreme conditions than BGL2 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Sabirzyanov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - T A Sabirzyanova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V V Rekstina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A A Adzhubei
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - T S Kalebina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Members of Glycosyl-Hydrolase Family 17 of A. fumigatus Differentially Affect Morphogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010018. [PMID: 29385695 PMCID: PMC5872321 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling are essential for fungal growth and development. In the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, the β(1,3)glucan is the major cell wall polysaccharide. This polymer is synthesized at the plasma membrane by a transmembrane complex, then released into the parietal space to be remodeled by enzymes, and finally incorporated into the pre-existing cell wall. In the Glycosyl-Hydrolases family 17 (GH17) of A. fumigatus, two β(1,3)glucanosyltransferases, Bgt1p and Bgt2p, have been previously characterized. Disruption of BGT1 and BGT2 did not result in a phenotype, but sequence comparison and hydrophobic cluster analysis showed that three other genes in A. fumigatus belong to the GH17 family, SCW4, SCW11, and BGT3. In constrast to Δbgt1bgt2 mutants, single and multiple deletion of SCW4, SCW11, and BGT3 showed a decrease in conidiation associated with a higher conidial mortality and an abnormal conidial shape. Moreover, mycelium was also affected with a slower growth, stronger sensitivity to cell wall disturbing agents, and altered cell wall composition. Finally, the synthetic interactions between Bgt1p, Bgt2p, and the three other members, which support a functional cooperation in cell-wall assembly, were analyzed. Our data suggest that Scw4p, Scw11p, and Bgt3p are essential for cell wall integrity and might have antagonistic and distinct functions to Bgt1p and Bgt2p.
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Abstract
β-(1,3)-Glucan, the major fungal cell wall component, ramifies through β-(1,6)-glycosidic linkages, which facilitates its binding with other cell wall components contributing to proper cell wall assembly. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we developed a protocol to quantify β-(1,6)-branching on β-(1,3)-glucan. Permeabilized S. cerevisiae and radiolabeled substrate UDP-(14C)glucose allowed us to determine branching kinetics. A screening aimed at identifying deletion mutants with reduced branching among them revealed only two, the bgl2Δ and gas1Δ mutants, showing 15% and 70% reductions in the branching, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain. Interestingly, a recombinant Gas1p introduced β-(1,6)-branching on the β-(1,3)-oligomers following its β-(1,3)-elongase activity. Sequential elongation and branching activity of Gas1p occurred on linear β-(1,3)-oligomers as well as Bgl2p-catalyzed products [short β-(1,3)-oligomers linked by a linear β-(1,6)-linkage]. The double S. cerevisiae gas1Δ bgl2Δ mutant showed a drastically sick phenotype. An ScGas1p ortholog, Gel4p from Aspergillus fumigatus, also showed dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. Both ScGas1p and A. fumigatus Gel4p sequences are endowed with a carbohydrate binding module (CBM), CBM43, which was required for the dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. Our report unravels the β-(1,3)-glucan branching mechanism, a phenomenon occurring during construction of the cell wall which is essential for fungal life. The fungal cell wall is essential for growth, morphogenesis, protection, and survival. In spite of being essential, cell wall biogenesis, especially the core β-(1,3)-glucan ramification, is poorly understood; the ramified β-(1,3)-glucan interconnects other cell wall components. Once linear β-(1,3)-glucan is synthesized by plasma membrane-bound glucan synthase, the subsequent event is its branching event in the cell wall space. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we identified GH72 and GH17 family glycosyltransferases, Gas1p and Bgl2p, respectively, involved in the β-(1,3)-glucan branching. The sick phenotype of the double Scgas1Δ bgl2Δ mutant suggested that β-(1,3)-glucan branching is essential. In addition to ScGas1p, GH72 family ScGas2p and Aspergillus fumigatus Gel4p, having CBM43 in their sequences, showed dual β-(1,3)-glucan elongating and branching activity. Our report identifies the fungal cell wall β-(1,3)-glucan branching mechanism. The essentiality of β-(1,3)-glucan branching suggests that enzymes involved in the glucan branching could be exploited as antifungal targets.
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Differential Proteome Analysis of a Flor Yeast Strain under Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040720. [PMID: 28350350 PMCID: PMC5412306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (flor yeasts) form a biofilm (flor velum) on the surface of Sherry wines after fermentation, when glucose is depleted. This flor velum is fundamental to biological aging of these particular wines. In this study, we identify abundant proteins in the formation of the biofilm of an industrial flor yeast strain. A database search to enrich flor yeast “biological process” and “cellular component” according to Gene Ontology Terminology (GO Terms) and, “pathways” was carried out. The most abundant proteins detected were largely involved in respiration, translation, stress damage prevention and repair, amino acid metabolism (glycine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and biosynthesis of vitamin B9 (folate). These proteins were located in cellular components as in the peroxisome, mitochondria, vacuole, cell wall and extracellular region; being these two last directly related with the flor formation. Proteins like Bgl2p, Gcv3p, Hyp2p, Mdh1p, Suc2p and Ygp1p were quantified in very high levels. This study reveals some expected processes and provides new and important information for the design of conditions and genetic constructions of flor yeasts for improving the cellular survival and, thus, to optimize biological aging of Sherry wine production.
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Correlation of cell surface proteins of distinct Beauveria bassiana cell types and adaption to varied environment and interaction with the host insect. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 99:13-25. [PMID: 28040530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana produces a number of distinct cell types that include aerial conidia, blastospores and haemolymph-derived cells, termed hyphal bodies, to adapt varied environment niches and within the host insect. These cells display distinct biochemical properties and surface structures, and a highly ordered outermost brush-like structure uniquely present on hyphal bodies, but not on any in vitro cells. Here, we found that the outermost structure on the hyphal bodies mainly consisted of proteins associated to structural wall components in that most of it could be removed by dithiothreitol (DTT) or proteinase K. DTT-treatment also caused delayed germination, decreased tolerance to ultraviolet irradiation and virulence of conidia or blastospores, with decreased adherence and alternated carbohydrate epitopes, suggesting involvement in fungal development, stress responses and virulence. To characterize these cell surface molecules, proteins were released from the living cells using DTT, and identified and quantitated using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. Thereafter, a series of bioinformatics programs were used to predict cell surface-associated proteins (CSAPs), and 96, 166 and 54 CSAPs were predicted from the identified protein pools of conidia, blastospores and hyphal bodies, respectively, which were involved in utilization of carbohydrate, nitrogen, and lipid, detoxification, pathogen-host interaction, and likely other cellular processes. Thirteen, sixty-nine and six CSAPs were exclusive in conidia, blastospores and hyphal bodies, respectively, which were verified by eGFP-tagged proteins at their N-terminus. Our data provide a crucial cue to understand mechanism of B. bassiana to adapt to varied environment and interaction with insect host.
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19
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Effective production of fermentable sugars from brown macroalgae biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9439-9450. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Chen X, Zhang R, Takada A, Iwatani S, Oka C, Kitamoto T, Kajiwara S. The role of Bgl2p in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Mycoses 2016; 60:96-103. [PMID: 27597232 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans undergoes a transition from yeast cells to filamentous cells that is related to its pathogenicity. The complex multicellular processes involved in biofilm formation by this fungus also include this transition. In this work, we investigated the morphological role of the Bgl2 protein (Bgl2p) in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by C. albicans. Bgl2p has been identified as a β-1, 3-glucosyltransferase, and transcription of the CaBGL2 gene is upregulated during biofilm formation. We used scanning electron microscopy to observe the microstructure of a bgl2 null mutant during biofilm formation and found a delay in the transition to filamentous cells in the premature phase (24 hours) of biofilm formation. Deletion of the CaBGL2 gene led to a decrease in the expression of CPH2 and TEC1, which encode transcription factors required for the transition to the filamentous form. These findings indicate that Bgl2p plays a role in the transition to filamentous cells during biofilm formation by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayako Takada
- Biomaterials Analysis Division, Technical Department, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chiemi Oka
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kitamoto
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Kamei M, Yamashita K, Takahashi M, Fukumori F, Ichiishi A, Fujimura M. Involvement of MAK-1 and MAK-2 MAP kinases in cell wall integrity in Neurospora crassa. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1189321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Among three MAPK disruptants of Neurospora crassa, Δmak-1 was sensitive and Δmak-2 was hypersensitive to micafungin, a beta-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor, than the wild-type or Δos-2 strains. We identified six micafungin-inducible genes that are involved in cell wall integrity (CWI) and found that MAK-1 regulated the transcription of non-anchored cell wall protein gene, ncw-1, and the beta-1,3-endoglucanase gene, bgt-2, whereas MAK-2 controlled the expression of the glycosylhydrolase-like protein gene, gh76-5, and the C4-dicarboxylate transporter gene, tdt-1. Western blotting analysis revealed that, in the wild-type strain, MAK-1 was constitutively phosphorylated from conidial germination to hyphal development. In contrast, the phosphorylation of MAK-2 was growth phase-dependent, and micafungin induced the phosphorylation of unphosphorylated MAK-2. It should be noted that the phosphorylation of MAK-1 was virtually abolished in the Δmak-2 strain, but was significantly induced by micafungin, suggesting functional cross talk between MAK-1 and MAK-2 signalling pathway in CWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kamei
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Fumiyasu Fukumori
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Oura-gun, Japan
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Evidence for a Role for the Plasma Membrane in the Nanomechanical Properties of the Cell Wall as Revealed by an Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Ethanol Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4789-4801. [PMID: 27235439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01213-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A wealth of biochemical and molecular data have been reported regarding ethanol toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae However, direct physical data on the effects of ethanol stress on yeast cells are almost nonexistent. This lack of information can now be addressed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) technology. In this report, we show that the stiffness of glucose-grown yeast cells challenged with 9% (vol/vol) ethanol for 5 h was dramatically reduced, as shown by a 5-fold drop of Young's modulus. Quite unexpectedly, a mutant deficient in the Msn2/Msn4 transcription factor, which is known to mediate the ethanol stress response, exhibited a low level of stiffness similar to that of ethanol-treated wild-type cells. Reciprocally, the stiffness of yeast cells overexpressing MSN2 was about 35% higher than that of the wild type but was nevertheless reduced 3- to 4-fold upon exposure to ethanol. Based on these and other data presented herein, we postulated that the effect of ethanol on cell stiffness may not be mediated through Msn2/Msn4, even though this transcription factor appears to be a determinant in the nanomechanical properties of the cell wall. On the other hand, we found that as with ethanol, the treatment of yeast with the antifungal amphotericin B caused a significant reduction of cell wall stiffness. Since both this drug and ethanol are known to alter, albeit by different means, the fluidity and structure of the plasma membrane, these data led to the proposition that the cell membrane contributes to the biophysical properties of yeast cells. IMPORTANCE Ethanol is the main product of yeast fermentation but is also a toxic compound for this process. Understanding the mechanism of this toxicity is of great importance for industrial applications. While most research has focused on genomic studies of ethanol tolerance, we investigated the effects of ethanol at the biophysical level and found that ethanol causes a strong reduction of the cell wall rigidity (or stiffness). We ascribed this effect to the action of ethanol perturbing the cell membrane integrity and hence proposed that the cell membrane contributes to the cell wall nanomechanical properties.
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Faria-Oliveira F, Carvalho J, Ferreira C, Hernáez ML, Gil C, Lucas C. Quantitative differential proteomics of yeast extracellular matrix: there is more to it than meets the eye. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:271. [PMID: 26608260 PMCID: PMC4660637 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae multicellular communities are sustained by a scaffolding extracellular matrix, which provides spatial organization, and nutrient and water availability, and ensures group survival. According to this tissue-like biology, the yeast extracellular matrix (yECM) is analogous to the higher Eukaryotes counterpart for its polysaccharide and proteinaceous nature. Few works focused on yeast biofilms, identifying the flocculin Flo11 and several members of the HSP70 in the extracellular space. Molecular composition of the yECM, is therefore mostly unknown. The homologue of yeast Gup1 protein in high Eukaryotes (HHATL) acts as a regulator of Hedgehog signal secretion, therefore interfering in morphogenesis and cell-cell communication through the ECM, which mediates but is also regulated by this signalling pathway. In yeast, the deletion of GUP1 was associated with a vast number of diverse phenotypes including the cellular differentiation that accompanies biofilm formation. Methods S. cerevisiae W303-1A wt strain and gup1∆ mutant were used as previously described to generate biofilm-like mats in YPDa from which the yECM proteome was extracted. The proteome from extracellular medium from batch liquid growing cultures was used as control for yECM-only secreted proteins. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and 2DE. Identification was performed by HPLC, LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF. The protein expression comparison between the two strains was done by DIGE, and analysed by DeCyder Extended Data Analysis that included Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Results The proteome of S. cerevisiae yECM from biofilm-like mats was purified and analysed by Nano LC-MS/MS, 2D Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE), and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Two strains were compared, wild type and the mutant defective in GUP1. As controls for the identification of the yECM-only proteins, the proteome from liquid batch cultures was also identified. Proteins were grouped into distinct functional classes, mostly Metabolism, Protein Fate/Remodelling and Cell Rescue and Defence mechanisms, standing out the presence of heat shock chaperones, metalloproteinases, broad signalling cross-talkers and other putative signalling proteins. The data has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001133. Conclusions yECM, as the mammalian counterpart, emerges as highly proteinaceous. As in higher Eukaryotes ECM, numerous proteins that could allow dynamic remodelling, and signalling events to occur in/and via yECM were identified. Importantly, large sets of enzymes encompassing full antagonistic metabolic pathways, suggest that mats develop into two metabolically distinct populations, suggesting that either extensive moonlighting or actual metabolism occurs extracellularly. The gup1∆ showed abnormally loose ECM texture. Accordingly, the correspondent differences in proteome unveiled acetic and citric acid producing enzymes as putative players in structural integrity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Faria-Oliveira
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Ferreira
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa Hernáez
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Lucas
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Gómez-Molero E, de Boer AD, Dekker HL, Moreno-Martínez A, Kraneveld EA, Ichsan, Chauhan N, Weig M, de Soet JJ, de Koster CG, Bader O, de Groot PWJ. Proteomic analysis of hyperadhesive Candida glabrata clinical isolates reveals a core wall proteome and differential incorporation of adhesins. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov098. [PMID: 26546455 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment to human host tissues or abiotic medical devices is a key step in the development of infections by Candida glabrata. The genome of this pathogenic yeast codes for a large number of adhesins, but proteomic work using reference strains has shown incorporation of only few adhesins in the cell wall. By making inventories of the wall proteomes of hyperadhesive clinical isolates and reference strain CBS138 using mass spectrometry, we describe the cell wall proteome of C. glabrata and tested the hypothesis that hyperadhesive isolates display differential incorporation of adhesins. Two clinical strains (PEU382 and PEU427) were selected, which both were hyperadhesive to polystyrene and showed high surface hydrophobicity. Cell wall proteome analysis under biofilm-forming conditions identified a core proteome of about 20 proteins present in all C. glabrata strains. In addition, 12 adhesin-like wall proteins were identified in the hyperadherent strains, including six novel adhesins (Awp8-13) of which only Awp12 was also present in CBS138. We conclude that the hyperadhesive capacity of these two clinical C. glabrata isolates is correlated with increased and differential incorporation of cell wall adhesins. Future studies should elucidate the role of the identified proteins in the establishment of C. glabrata infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gómez-Molero
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-02008 Albacete, Spain Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albert D de Boer
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Moreno-Martínez
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Eef A Kraneveld
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ichsan
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neeraj Chauhan
- Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Michael Weig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris G de Koster
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Piet W J de Groot
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science & Technology Park, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-02008 Albacete, Spain
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Martínez-Núñez L, Riquelme M. Role of BGT-1 and BGT-2, two predicted GPI-anchored glycoside hydrolases/glycosyltransferases, in cell wall remodeling in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:58-70. [PMID: 26541633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurospora crassa BGT-1 (NCU06381) and BGT-2 (NCU09175) are two putative glycoside hydrolases (GHs) with additional predicted glycosyltransferase activity and binding sites for a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor that would facilitate their attachment to the plasma membrane (PM). To discern their role in key morphogenetic events during vegetative development of N. crassa, BGT-1 and BGT-2 were labeled with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The gfp was inserted immediately after the signal peptide sequence, within the bgt-1 encoding sequence, or directly before the GPI-binding site in the case of bgt-2. Both BGT-1-GFP and BGT-2-GFP were observed at the PM of the hyphal apical dome, excluding the foremost apical region and the Spitzenkörper (Spk), where chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases have been previously found. These and previous studies suggest a division of labor of the cell wall synthesizing machinery at the hyphal dome: at the very tip, glucans are synthesized by enzymes that accumulate at the Spk, before getting incorporated into the PM, whereas at the subtending zone below the apex, glucans are presumably hydrolyzed, producing amenable ends for further branching and crosslinking with other cell wall polymers. Additionally, BGT-1-GFP and BGT-2-GFP were observed at the leading edge of new developing septa, at unreleased interconidial junctions, at conidial poles, at germling and hyphal fusion sites, and at sites of branch emergence, all of them processes that seemingly involve cell wall remodeling. Even though single and double mutant strains for the corresponding genes did not show a drastic reduction of growth rate, bgt-2Δ and bgt-1Δ::bgt-2Δ strains exhibited an increased resistance to the cell wall stressors calcofluor white (CW) and congo red (CR) than the reference strain, which suggests they present significant architectural changes in their cell wall. Furthermore, the conidiation defects observed in the mutants indicate a significant role of BGT-1 and BGT-2 on the re-arrangement of glucans needed at the conidiophore cell wall to allow conidial separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada-CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada-CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
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Hsu PH, Chiang PC, Liu CH, Chang YW. Characterization of Cell Wall Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Clinical Isolates Elucidates Hsp150p in Virulence. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135174. [PMID: 26270963 PMCID: PMC4535956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has recently been described as an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen. Fungal cell wall mannoproteins have been demonstrated to be involved in adhesion to inert surfaces and might be engaged in virulence. In this study, we observed four clinical isolates of S. cerevisiae with relatively hydrophobic cell surfaces. Yeast cell wall subproteome was evaluated quantitatively by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. We identified totally 25 cell wall proteins (CWPs) from log-phase cells, within which 15 CWPs were quantified. The abundance of Scw10p, Pst1p, and Hsp150p/Pir2p were at least 2 folds higher in the clinical isolates than in S288c lab strain. Hsp150p is one of the members in Pir family conserved in pathogenic fungi Candida glabrata and Candida albicans. Overexpression of Hsp150p in lab strain increased cell wall integrity and potentially enhanced the virulence of yeast. Altogether, these results demonstrated that quantitative cell wall subproteome was analyzed in clinical isolates of S. cerevisiae, and several CWPs, especially Hsp150p, were found to be expressed at higher levels which presumably contribute to strain virulence and fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (PH)
| | - Pei-Chi Chiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Liu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (PH)
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Kaba HEJ, Maier N, Schliebe-Ohler N, Mayer Y, Müller PP, van den Heuvel J, Schuchhardt J, Hanack K, Bilitewski U. Identification of whole pathogenic cells by monoclonal antibodies generated against a specific peptide from an immunogenic cell wall protein. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 108:61-9. [PMID: 25451457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We selected the immunogenic cell wall ß-(1,3)-glucosyltransferase Bgl2p from Candida albicans as a target protein for the production of antibodies. We identified a unique peptide sequence in the protein and generated monoclonal anti- C. albicans Bgl2p antibodies, which bound in particular to whole C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani E J Kaba
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Natalia Maier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Nicole Schliebe-Ohler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Yvonne Mayer
- MicroDiscovery GmbH, Marienburger Str., 1, 10405 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter P Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Katja Hanack
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Ha CW, Kim K, Chang YJ, Kim B, Huh WK. The β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase Gas1 regulates Sir2-mediated rDNA stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8486-99. [PMID: 24981510 PMCID: PMC4117787 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the stability of highly repetitive rDNA array is maintained through transcriptional silencing. Recently, a β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase Gas1 has been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of transcriptional silencing in S. cerevisiae. Here, we show that the gas1Δ mutation increases rDNA silencing in a Sir2-dependent manner. Remarkably, the gas1Δ mutation induces nuclear localization of Msn2/4 and stimulates the expression of PNC1, a gene encoding a nicotinamidase that functions as a Sir2 activator. The lack of enzymatic activity of Gas1 or treatment with a cell wall-damaging agent, Congo red, exhibits effects similar to those of the gas1Δ mutation. Furthermore, the loss of Gas1 or Congo red treatment lowers the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in a cell wall integrity MAP kinase Slt2-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that the dysfunction of Gas1 plays a positive role in the maintenance of rDNA integrity by decreasing PKA activity and inducing the accumulation of Msn2/4 in the nucleus. It seems that nuclear-localized Msn2/4 stimulate the expression of Pnc1, thereby enhancing the association of Sir2 with rDNA and promoting rDNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Woong Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwantae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ji Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkeun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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Gamero A, Belloch C, Ibáñez C, Querol A. Molecular analysis of the genes involved in aroma synthesis in the species S. cerevisiae, S. kudriavzevii and S. bayanus var. uvarum in winemaking conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97626. [PMID: 24854353 PMCID: PMC4031168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces genus is the main yeast involved in wine fermentations to play a crucial role in the production and release of aromatic compounds. Despite the several studies done into the genome-wide expression analysis using DNA microarray technology in wine S. cerevisiae strains, this is the first to investigate other species of the Saccharomyces genus. This research work investigates the expression of the genes involved in flavor compound production in three different Saccharomyces species (S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus var. uvarum and S. kudriavzevii) under low (12°C) and moderate fermentation temperatures (28°C). The global genes analysis showed that 30% of genes appeared to be differently expressed in the three cryophilic strains if compared to the reference strain (mesophilic S. cerevisiae), suggesting a very close cold adaptation response. Remarkable differences in the gene expression level were observed when comparing the three species, S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus var. uvarum and S. kudriavzevii, which will result in different aroma profiles. Knowledge of these differences in the transcriptome can be a tool to help modulate aroma to create wines with the desired aromatic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Gamero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmela Belloch
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Ibáñez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Querol
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Teparić R, Mrsa V. Proteins involved in building, maintaining and remodeling of yeast cell walls. Curr Genet 2014; 59:171-85. [PMID: 23959528 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape and provides osmotic stability to the yeast cell. It also serves to anchor proteins required for communication of the yeast cell with surrounding molecules and other cells. It is synthesized as a complex structure with β-1,3-glucan chains forming the basic network to which β-1,6-glucan, chitin and a number of mannoproteins are attached. Synthesis, maintaining and remodeling of this complex structure require a set of different synthases, hydrolases and transglycosidases whose concerted activities provide necessary firmness but at the same time flexibility of the wall moiety. The present state of comprehension of the interplay of these proteins in the yeast cell wall is the subject of this article.
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Gao Q, Liou LC, Ren Q, Bao X, Zhang Z. Salt stress causes cell wall damage in yeast cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:94-99. [PMID: 28357227 PMCID: PMC5349227 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The yeast cell wall plays an important role in maintaining cell morphology, cell integrity and response to environmental stresses. Here, we report that salt stress causes cell wall damage in yeast cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (ρ0). Upon salt treatment, the cell wall is thickened, broken and becomes more sensitive to the cell wall-perturbing agent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Also, SCW11 mRNA levels are elevated in ρ0 cells. Deletion of SCW11 significantly decreases the sensitivity of ρ0 cells to SDS after salt treatment, while overexpression of SCW11 results in higher sensitivity. In addition, salt stress in ρ0 cells induces high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further damages the cell wall, causing cells to become more sensitive towards the cell wall-perturbing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuqiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liang-Chun Liou
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Qun Ren
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Kumagai Y, Satoh T, Inoue A, Ojima T. A laminaribiose-hydrolyzing enzyme, AkLab, from the common sea hare Aplysia kurodai and its transglycosylation activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 167:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Oro L, Zara S, Fancellu F, Mannazzu I, Budroni M, Ciani M, Comitini F. TpBGL2 codes for a Tetrapisispora phaffii killer toxin active against wine spoilage yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:464-71. [PMID: 24289664 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrapisispora phaffii produces a killer toxin known as Kpkt that has extensive anti-Hanseniaspora/Kloeckera activity under winemaking conditions. Kpkt has a β-glucanase activity and induces ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of sensitive strains, with a higher specific cytocidal activity and a selective action towards target yeast cells. In this study, a two-step PCR-based approach was used to isolate the gene coding β-glucanase of T. phaffii. Initially, a fragment of the open reading frame was isolated by degenerate PCR, with primers designed on the NH2 -terminal sequence of the protein and on conserved motifs of Bgl2p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Subsequently, the entire sequence of the gene was obtained by inverse PCR. blast analyses of TpBGL2 highlight high identity with homologous genes in other yeast species, in which TpBGL2p shows no killer activity. However, gene disruption resulted in complete loss of the glucanase activity and the killer phenotype, thus confirming that TpBgl2p has a killer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Oro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Munro CA. Chitin and glucan, the yin and yang of the fungal cell wall, implications for antifungal drug discovery and therapy. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 83:145-72. [PMID: 23651596 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407678-5.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The structural carbohydrate polymers glucan and chitin compliment and reinforce each other in a dynamic process to maintain the integrity and physical strength of the fungal cell wall. The assembly of chitin and glucan in the cell wall of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the polymorphic human pathogen Candida albicans are essential processes that involve a range of fungal-specific enzymes and regulatory networks. The fungal cell wall is, therefore, an attractive target for novel therapies as host cells lack many cell wall-related proteins. The most recent class of antifungal drug approved for clinical use, the echinocandins, targets the synthesis of cell wall β(1-3)glucan. The echinocandins are effective at treating invasive and bloodstream Candida infections and are now widely used in the clinic. However, there have been sporadic reports of breakthrough infections in patients undergoing echinocandin therapy. The acquisition of point mutations in the FKS genes that encode the catalytic β(1-3)glucan synthase subunits, the target of the echinocandins, has emerged as a dominant resistance mechanism. Cells with elevated chitin levels are also less susceptible to echinocandins and in addition, treatment with sub-MIC echinocandin activates cell wall salvage pathways that increase chitin synthesis to compensate for reduced glucan production. The development of drugs targeting the cell wall has already proven to be beneficial in providing an alternative class of drug for use in the clinic. Other cell wall targets such as chitin synthesis still hold great potential for drug development but careful consideration should be given to the capacity of fungi to manipulate their walls in a dynamic response to cell wall perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Munro
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK, E-mail:
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Bezsonov EE, Groenning M, Galzitskaya OV, Gorkovskii AA, Semisotnov GV, Selyakh IO, Ziganshin RH, Rekstina VV, Kudryashova IB, Kuznetsov SA, Kulaev IS, Kalebina TS. Amyloidogenic peptides of yeast cell wall glucantransferase Bgl2p as a model for the investigation of its pH-dependent fibril formation. Prion 2012. [PMID: 23208381 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-dependence of the ability of Bgl2p to form fibrils was studied using synthetic peptides with potential amyloidogenic determinants (PADs) predicted in the Bgl2p sequence. Three PADs, FTIFVGV, SWNVLVA and NAFS, were selected on the basis of combination of computational algorithms. Peptides AEGFTIFVGV, VDSWNVLVAG and VMANAFSYWQ, containing these PADs, were synthesized. It was demonstrated that these peptides had an ability to fibrillate at pH values from 3.2 to 5.0. The PAD-containing peptides, except for VDSWNVLVAG, could fibrillate also at pH values from pH 5.0 to 7.6. We supposed that the ability of Bgl2p to form fibrils most likely depended on the coordination of fibrillation activity of the PAD-containing areas and Bgl2p could fibrillate at mild acid and neutral pH values and lose the ability to fibrillate with the increasing of pH values. It was demonstrated that Bgl2p was able to fibrillate at pH value 5.0, to form fibrils of various morphology at neutral pH values and lost the fibrillation ability at pH value 7.6. The results obtained allowed us to suggest a new simple approach for the isolation of Bgl2p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Orlean P. Architecture and biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. Genetics 2012; 192:775-818. [PMID: 23135325 PMCID: PMC3522159 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.144485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall gives a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell its osmotic integrity; defines cell shape during budding growth, mating, sporulation, and pseudohypha formation; and presents adhesive glycoproteins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of β1,3- and β1,6-glucans, a small amount of chitin, and many different proteins that may bear N- and O-linked glycans and a glycolipid anchor. These components become cross-linked in various ways to form higher-order complexes. Wall composition and degree of cross-linking vary during growth and development and change in response to cell wall stress. This article reviews wall biogenesis in vegetative cells, covering the structure of wall components and how they are cross-linked; the biosynthesis of N- and O-linked glycans, glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors, β1,3- and β1,6-linked glucans, and chitin; the reactions that cross-link wall components; and the possible functions of enzymatic and nonenzymatic cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orlean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Jun H, Kieselbach T, Jönsson LJ. Comparative proteome analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a global overview of in vivo targets of the yeast activator protein 1. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:230. [PMID: 22681880 PMCID: PMC3476450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The activity of the yeast activator protein 1 (Yap1p) increases under stress conditions, which leads to enhanced transcription of a number of genes encoding protective enzymes or other proteins. To obtain a global overview of changes in expression of Yap1p-targeted proteins, we compared a Yap1p-overexpressing transformant with a control transformant by triplicate analysis of the proteome using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Proteins of interest were identified using MALDI-MS or LC-MS/MS. Results The relative quantities of 55 proteins were elevated significantly upon overexpression of Yap1p, and most of these proteins were found to have a Yap1p-binding site upstream of their coding sequences. Interestingly, the main metabolic enzymes in the glycolysis and pyruvate-ethanol pathways showed a significant increase in the Yap1p-overexpressing transformant. Moreover, a comparison of our proteome data with transcriptome data from the literature suggested which proteins were regulated at the level of the proteome, and which proteins were regulated at the level of the transcriptome. Eight proteins involved in stress response, including seven heat-shock and chaperone proteins, were significantly more abundant in the Yap1p-overexpressing transformant. Conclusions We have investigated the general protein composition in Yap1p-overexpressing S. cerevisiae using proteomic techniques, and quantified the changes in the expression of the potential Yap1p-targeted proteins. Identification of the potential Yap1p targets and analysis of their role in cellular processes not only give a global overview of the ubiquitous cellular changes elicited by Yap1p, but also provide the framework for understanding the mechanisms behind Yap1p-regulated stress response in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jun
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
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Surma MA, Klose C, Klemm RW, Ejsing CS, Simons K. Generic sorting of raft lipids into secretory vesicles in yeast. Traffic 2011; 12:1139-47. [PMID: 21575114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has showed that ergosterol and sphingolipids become sorted to secretory vesicles immunoisolated using a chimeric, artificial raft membrane protein as bait. In this study, we have extended this analysis to three populations of secretory vesicles isolated using natural yeast plasma membrane (PM) proteins: Pma1p, Mid2p and Gap1*p as baits. We compared the lipidomes of the immunoisolated vesicles with each other and with the lipidomes of the donor compartment, the trans-Golgi network, and the acceptor compartment, the PM, using a quantitative mass spectrometry approach that provided a complete lipid overview of the yeast late secretory pathway. We could show that vesicles captured with different baits carry the same cargo and have almost identical lipid compositions; being highly enriched in ergosterol and sphingolipids. This finding indicates that lipid raft sorting is a generic feature of vesicles carrying PM cargo and suggests a common lipid-based mechanism for their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal A Surma
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
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39
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Hreggvidsson GO, Dobruchowska JM, Fridjonsson OH, Jonsson JO, Gerwig GJ, Aevarsson A, Kristjansson JK, Curti D, Redgwell RJ, Hansen CE, Kamerling JP, Debeche-Boukhit T, Suzuki N, Nawa D, Yamamoto K, Ju T, Xia B, Aryal RP, Wang W, Wang Y, Ding X, Mi R, He M, Cummings RD. Errata. Glycobiology 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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40
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Forsmark A, Rossi G, Wadskog I, Brennwald P, Warringer J, Adler L. Quantitative proteomics of yeast post-Golgi vesicles reveals a discriminating role for Sro7p in protein secretion. Traffic 2011; 12:740-53. [PMID: 21477180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We here report the first comparative proteomics of purified yeast post-Golgi vesicles (PGVs). Vesicle samples isolated from PGV-accumulating sec6-4 mutants were treated with isobaric tags (iTRAQ) for subsequent quantitative tandem mass spectrometric analysis of protein content. After background subtraction, a total of 66 vesicle-associated proteins were identified, including known or assumed vesicle residents as well as a fraction not previously known to be PGV associated. Vesicles isolated from cells lacking the polarity protein Sro7p contained essentially the same catalogue of proteins but showed a reduced content of a subset of cargo proteins, in agreement with a previously shown selective role for Sro7p in cargo sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Forsmark
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hreggvidsson GO, Dobruchowska JM, Fridjonsson OH, Jonsson JO, Gerwig GJ, Aevarsson A, Kristjansson JK, Curti D, Redgwell RR, Hansen CE, Kamerling JP, Debeche-Boukhit T. Exploring novel non-Leloir β-glucosyltransferases from proteobacteria for modifying linear (β1→3)-linked gluco-oligosaccharide chains. Glycobiology 2010; 21:304-28. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Korovina AN, Gus'kova AA, Skoblov MI, Andronova VL, Galegov GA, Kochetkov SN, Kukhanova MK, Skoblov IS. [Analysis of mutations in DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase genes of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates resistant to antiherpetic drugs]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2010; 44:488-96. [PMID: 20608173 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893310030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The primary structures of DNA-polymerase (ul30) and thymidine kinase (ul23) genes from several herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) clinical isolates which differed in sensitivity for a number of antiherpetic drugs were determined and compared with those for two laboratory HSV-1 strains one of which was ACV-sensitive (L2), while the another was resistant (L2) to ACV. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that conserved regions of ul30 gene of HSV-1 clinical isolates and L2 strain were homologous with the exception of point mutations and degenerated substitutions. Several new mutations in the HSV-1 DNA-polymerase and thymidine kinase functional domains were established and identified as the substitutions associated with the strain-resistance to ACV and other drugs.
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Szilágyi M, Kwon NJ, Dorogi C, Pócsi I, Yu JH, Emri T. The extracellular β-1,3-endoglucanase EngA is involved in autolysis of Aspergillus nidulans. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1498-508. [PMID: 20602653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To elucidate the roles of the β-1,3-endoglucanase EngA in autolysis of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and to identify the common regulatory elements of autolytic hydrolases. METHODS AND RESULTS A β-1,3-endoglucanase was purified from carbon-starving cultures of A. nidulans. This enzyme is found to be encoded by the engA gene (locus ID: AN0472.3). Functional and gene-expression studies demonstrated that EngA is involved in the autolytic cell wall degradation resulting from carbon starvation of the fungus. Moreover, regulation of engA is found to be dependent on the FluG/BrlA asexual sporulation signalling pathway in submerged culture. The deletion of either engA or chiB (encoding an endochitinase) caused highly reduced production of hydrolases in general. CONCLUSIONS The β-1,3-endoglucanase EngA plays a pivotal role in fungal autolysis, and activities of both EngA and ChiB are necessary to orchestrate the expression of autolytic hydrolases. The production of cell wall-degrading enzymes was coordinately controlled in a highly sophisticated and complex manner. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY No information was available on the autolytic glucanase(s) of the euascomycete A. nidulans. This study demonstrates that EngA is a key element in fungal autolysis, and normal activities of both EngA and ChiB are crucial for balanced production of hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szilágyi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Cho SJ, Kim YH, Park HM, Shin KS. Possible Roles of LAMMER Kinase Lkh1 in Fission Yeast by Comparative Proteome Analysis. MYCOBIOLOGY 2010; 38:108-112. [PMID: 23956636 PMCID: PMC3741559 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2010.38.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible roles of LAMMER kinase homologue, Lkh1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, whole proteins were extracted from wild type and lkh1-deletion mutant cells and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and were compared with a protein database. In whole-cell extracts, 10 proteins were up-regulated and 9 proteins were down-regulated in the mutant. In extracellular preparations, 6 proteins were up-regulated in the lkh1 (+) null mutant and 4 proteins successfully identified: glycolipid anchored surface precursor, β-glucosidase (Psu1), cell surface protein, glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase (Bgl2), and exo-1,3 β-glucanase (Exg1). These results suggest that Lkh1 is involved in regulating cell wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Cho
- BioRefinery Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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Tetrapisispora phaffii killer toxin is a highly specific beta-glucanase that disrupts the integrity of the yeast cell wall. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:55. [PMID: 19860881 PMCID: PMC2779178 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Killer yeasts have been used to combat contaminating wild yeasts in food, to control pathogenic fungi in plants, and in the medical field, to develop novel antimycotics for the treatment of human and animal fungal infections. Among these killer yeasts, Tetrapisispora phaffii (formerly known as Kluyveromyces phaffii) secretes a glycoprotein known as Kpkt that is lethal to spoilage yeasts under winemaking conditions. In the present study, the mode of action of Kpkt, and the specific damage produced by this toxin on sensitive yeasts is investigated. Results The use of castanospermine, a β-glucanase inhibitor, demonstrated that β-glucanase activity is essential for the Kpkt killer activity in vivo. Accordingly, Kpkt has no killer activity on either sensitive yeast spheroplasts or whole sensitive cells in the presence of isosmothic medium (0.8 molar sorbitol). Kpkt induces ultrastructural modifications in the cell wall of sensitive strains, as shown by confocal microscopy, laser-scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The Kpkt killer action is mediated by the glucidic portion of the toxin. This, in turn, appears to be involved both in the stronger cytocidal activity and in the selectivity for the sensitive strain shown by Kpkt compared to laminarinase. Conclusion Collectively, these data indicate that the mode of action of Kpkt is directed towards the disruption of cell-wall integrity, and that this is mediated by a highly specific β-glucanase activity. In this, Kpkt differs from other microbial β-glucanases that do not show killer activities.
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Kumagai Y, Ojima T. Enzymatic properties and the primary structure of a β-1,3-glucanase from the digestive fluid of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The glucanosyltransferase Gas1 functions in transcriptional silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11224-9. [PMID: 19541632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900809106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing is a crucial process that is mediated through chromatin structure. The histone deacetylase Sir2 silences genomic regions that include telomeres, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the cryptic mating-type loci. Here, we report an unsuspected role for the enzyme Gas1 in locus-specific transcriptional silencing. GAS1 encodes a beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase previously characterized for its role in cell wall biogenesis. In gas1 mutants, telomeric silencing is defective and rDNA silencing is enhanced. We show that the catalytic activity of Gas1 is required for normal silencing, and that Gas1's role in silencing is distinct from its role in cell wall biogenesis. Established hallmarks of silent chromatin, such as Sir2 and Sir3 binding, H4K16 deacetylation, and H3K56 deacetylation, appear unaffected in gas1 mutants. Thus, another event required for telomeric silencing must be influenced by GAS1. Because the catalytic activity of Gas1 is required for telomeric silencing, Gas1 localizes to the nuclear periphery, and Gas1 and Sir2 physically interact, we propose a model in which carbohydrate modification of chromatin components provides a new regulatory element that may be critical for chromatin function but which is virtually unexplored in the current landscape of chromatin analysis.
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Gao L, Bretscher A. Polarized growth in budding yeast in the absence of a localized formin. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:2540-8. [PMID: 19297522 PMCID: PMC2682595 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is achieved partly through the localized assembly of the cytoskeleton. During growth in budding yeast, the bud cortex and neck localized formins Bni1p and Bnr1p nucleate and assemble actin cables that extend along the bud-mother axis, providing tracks for secretory vesicle delivery. Localized formins are believed to determine the location and polarity of cables, hence growth. However, yeast expressing the nonlocalized actin nucleating/assembly formin homology (FH) 1-FH2 domains of Bnr1p or Bni1p as the sole formin grow well. Although cables are significantly disorganized, analysis of directed transport of secretory vesicles is still biased toward the bud, reflecting a bias in correctly oriented cables, thereby permitting polarized growth. Myosin II, localized at the bud neck, contributes to polarized growth as a mutant unable to interact with F-actin further compromises growth in cells with an unlocalized formin but not with a localized formin. Our results show that multiple mechanisms contribute to cable orientation and polarized growth, with localized formins and myosin II being two major contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Anthony Bretscher
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Angiolella L, Vitali A, Stringaro A, Mignogna G, Maras B, Bonito M, Colone M, Palamara AT, Cassone A. Localisation of Bgl2p upon antifungal drug treatment in Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:143-8. [PMID: 19013773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins are covalently bound to the cell wall glucan (glucan-associated proteins (GAPs)) in Candida albicans and different drugs may cause their modulation. Proteomic analysis is a suitable approach to study differential GAP patterns between control and drug-treated cells. Since antimycotics induce variation in GAP content, we investigated the effect of a sublethal dose of micafungin and observed a clear increase in Bgl2p, an enzyme with glucanosyltransferase activity, with respect to a general decrease in cell wall protein content. Immunoelectron microscopy using mouse antiserum confirmed this increase of Bgl2p on the outer cell wall but also revealed a dramatic increase in the immature Bgl2p isoform in the cytoplasm of drug-treated cells. Since this increased expression of Bgl2p is clearly dependent upon micafungin treatment, this enzyme appears to be one of the survival strategies of C. albicans and thus could be considered the molecular basis of antifungal resistance and also as a potential valuable candidate for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Angiolella
- Department of Public Health Sciences G. Sanarelli, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Growth temperature exerts differential physiological and transcriptional responses in laboratory and wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6358-68. [PMID: 18723660 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00602-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been widely used as a model for studying eukaryotic cells and mapping the molecular mechanisms of many different human diseases. Industrial wine yeasts, on the other hand, have been selected on the basis of their adaptation to stringent environmental conditions and the organoleptic properties that they confer to wine. Here, we used a two-factor design to study the responses of a standard laboratory strain, CEN.PK113-7D, and an industrial wine yeast strain, EC1118, to growth temperatures of 15 degrees C and 30 degrees C in nitrogen-limited, anaerobic, steady-state chemostat cultures. Physiological characterization revealed that the growth temperature strongly impacted the biomass yield of both strains. Moreover, we found that the wine yeast was better adapted to mobilizing resources for biomass production and that the laboratory yeast exhibited higher fermentation rates. To elucidate mechanistic differences controlling the growth temperature response and underlying adaptive mechanisms between the strains, DNA microarrays and targeted metabolome analysis were used. We identified 1,007 temperature-dependent genes and 473 strain-dependent genes. The transcriptional response was used to identify highly correlated gene expression subnetworks within yeast metabolism. We showed that temperature differences most strongly affect nitrogen metabolism and the heat shock response. A lack of stress response element-mediated gene induction, coupled with reduced trehalose levels, indicated that there was a decreased general stress response at 15 degrees C compared to that at 30 degrees C. Differential responses among strains were centered on sugar uptake, nitrogen metabolism, and expression of genes related to organoleptic properties. Our study provides global insight into how growth temperature affects differential physiological and transcriptional responses in laboratory and wine strains of S. cerevisiae.
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