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Nijland JG, Zhang X, Driessen AJM. D-xylose accelerated death of pentose metabolizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:67. [PMID: 37069654 PMCID: PMC10111712 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and effective consumption of D-xylose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for cost-efficient cellulosic bioethanol production. Hence, heterologous D-xylose metabolic pathways have been introduced into S. cerevisiae. An effective solution is based on a xylose isomerase in combination with the overexpression of the xylulose kinase (Xks1) and all genes of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. Although this strain is capable of consuming D-xylose, growth inhibition occurs at higher D-xylose concentrations, even abolishing growth completely at 8% D-xylose. The decreased growth rates are accompanied by significantly decreased ATP levels. A key ATP-utilizing step in D-xylose metabolism is the phosphorylation of D-xylulose by Xks1. Replacement of the constitutive promoter of XKS1 by the galactose tunable promoter Pgal10 allowed the controlled expression of this gene over a broad range. By decreasing the expression levels of XKS1, growth at high D-xylose concentrations could be restored concomitantly with increased ATP levels and high rates of xylose metabolism. These data show that in fermentations with high D-xylose concentrations, too high levels of Xks1 cause a major drain on the cellular ATP levels thereby reducing the growth rate, ultimately causing substrate accelerated death. Hence, expression levels of XKS1 in S. cerevisiae needs to be tailored for the specific growth conditions and robust D-xylose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Nijland
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaohuan Zhang
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Ohtsuka H, Imada K, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Sporulation: A response to starvation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1303. [PMID: 35765188 PMCID: PMC9214231 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe employs two main strategies to adapt to the environment and survive when starved for nutrients. The strategies employ sporulation via sexual differentiation and extension of the chronological lifespan. When a cell is exposed to nutrient starvation in the presence of a cell of the opposite sex, the cells undergo fusion through conjugation and sporulation through meiosis. S. pombe spores are highly resistant to diverse stresses and may survive for a very long time. In this minireview, among the various sexual differentiation processes induced by starvation, we focused on and summarized the findings of the molecular mechanisms of spore formation in fission yeast. Furthermore, comparative measurements of the chronological lifespan of stationary phase cells and G0 cells and the survival period of spore cells revealed that the spore cells survived for a long period, indicating the presence of an effective mechanism for survival. Currently, many molecules involved in sporulation and their functions are being discovered; however, our understanding of these is not complete. Further understanding of spores may not only deepen our comprehension of sexual differentiation but may also provide hints for sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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3
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Lipids and Trehalose Actively Cooperate in Heat Stress Management of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413272. [PMID: 34948069 PMCID: PMC8707580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic maintenance of the physicochemical properties of cellular membranes is essential for life. In yeast, trehalose accumulation and lipid remodeling enable rapid adaptation to perturbations, but their crosstalk was not investigated. Here we report about the first in-depth, mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis on heat-stressed Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants which are unable to synthesize (tps1Δ) or degrade (ntp1Δ) trehalose. Our experiments provide data about the role of trehalose as a membrane protectant in heat stress. We show that under conditions of trehalose deficiency, heat stress induced a comprehensive, distinctively high-degree lipidome reshaping in which structural, signaling and storage lipids acted in concert. In the absence of trehalose, membrane lipid remodeling was more pronounced and increased with increasing stress dose. It could be characterized by decreasing unsaturation and increasing acyl chain length, and required de novo synthesis of stearic acid (18:0) and very long-chain fatty acids to serve membrane rigidification. In addition, we detected enhanced and sustained signaling lipid generation to ensure transient cell cycle arrest as well as more intense triglyceride synthesis to accommodate membrane lipid-derived oleic acid (18:1) and newly synthesized but unused fatty acids. We also demonstrate that these changes were able to partially substitute for the missing role of trehalose and conferred measurable stress tolerance to fission yeast cells.
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4
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Wake-up alarm: virtual time-lapse gene expression landscape illuminates mechanisms underlying dormancy breaking of germinating spores. Curr Genet 2021; 67:519-534. [PMID: 33782714 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dormancy breaking is a common physiological phenomenon that is shared by eukaryotes. Germination of spores in fungi is one of the most representative cases of dormancy breaking. Understanding the mechanisms of spore germination is therefore fundamental to basic studies on the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as agricultural applications and medical investigation of fungal pathogenesis. In fission yeast, spores are generated as a consequence of sexual differentiation under nutrient starvation, remaining dormant until further nourishment, but little is known about how dormant spores germinate in response to environmental change. In a breakthrough, methods for single-cell-based gene expression profiling have recently been introduced. Several mRNA expression profiles were assembled from single spore cells during dormancy or germination. Single-cell RNA-seq profiles were aligned sequentially according to their similarities. The alignment of transcriptomes visualised how gene expression varies over time upon dormancy breaking. In this review, we revisit knowledge from previous studies on germination, select candidate genes that may be involved in germination, and query their expression from the temporal transcriptomic dataset so that studies on S. pombe germination can be extended further.
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Nijland JG, Shin HY, Dore E, Rudinatha D, de Waal PP, Driessen AJM. D-glucose overflow metabolism in an evolutionary engineered high-performance D-xylose consuming Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 21:6000216. [PMID: 33232441 PMCID: PMC7811511 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-consumption of D-xylose and D-glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for cost-efficient cellulosic bioethanol production. There is a need for improved sugar conversion rates to minimize fermentation times. Previously, we have employed evolutionary engineering to enhance D-xylose transport and metabolism in the presence of D-glucose in a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain devoid of hexokinases. Re-introduction of Hxk2 in the high performance xylose-consuming strains restored D-glucose utilization during D-xylose/D-glucose co-metabolism, but at rates lower than the non-evolved strain. In the absence of D-xylose, D-glucose consumption was similar to the parental strain. The evolved strains accumulated trehalose-6-phosphate during sugar co-metabolism, and showed an increased expression of trehalose pathway genes. Upon the deletion of TSL1, trehalose-6-phosphate levels were decreased and D-glucose consumption and growth on mixed sugars was improved. The data suggest that D-glucose/D-xylose co-consumption in high-performance D-xylose consuming strains causes the glycolytic flux to saturate. Excess D-glucose is phosphorylated enters the trehalose pathway resulting in glucose recycling and energy dissipation, accumulation of trehalose-6-phosphate which inhibits the hexokinase activity, and release of trehalose into the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Nijland
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Yong Shin
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Dore
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Donny Rudinatha
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P de Waal
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Vicente RL, Spina L, Gómez JPL, Dejean S, Parrou JL, François JM. Trehalose-6-phosphate promotes fermentation and glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:444-459. [PMID: 30386789 PMCID: PMC6206404 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.10.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The yeast trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) catalyzes the formation of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) in trehalose synthesis. Besides, Tps1 plays a key role in carbon and energy homeostasis in this microbial cell, as shown by the well documented loss of ATP and hyper accumulation of sugar phosphates in response to glucose addition in a mutant defective in this protein. The inability of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tps1 mutant to cope with fermentable sugars is still a matter of debate. We reexamined this question through a quantitative analysis of the capability of TPS1 homologues from different origins to complement phenotypic defects of this mutant. Our results allowed to classify this complementation in three groups. A first group enclosed TPS1 of Klyveromyces lactis with that of S. cerevisiae as their expression in Sctps1 cells fully recovered wild type metabolic patterns and fermentation capacity in response to glucose. At the opposite was the group with TPS1 homologues from the bacteria Escherichia coli and Ralstonia solanacearum, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the insect Drosophila melanogaster whose metabolic profiles were comparable to those of a tps1 mutant, notably with almost no accumulation of T6P, strong impairment of ATP recovery and potent reduction of fermentation capacity, albeit these homologous genes were able to rescue growth of Sctps1 on glucose. In between was a group consisting of TPS1 homologues from other yeast species and filamentous fungi characterized by 5 to 10 times lower accumulation of T6P, a weaker recovery of ATP and a 3-times lower fermentation capacity than wild type. Finally, we found that glucose repression of gluconeogenic genes was strongly dependent on T6P. Altogether, our results suggest that the TPS protein is indispensable for growth on fermentable sugars, and points to a critical role of T6P as a sensing molecule that promotes sugar fermentation and glucose repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca L Vicente
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France.,Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero; Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucie Spina
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sebastien Dejean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean Marie François
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France.,Toulouse White Biotechnology Center, UMS INSA-INRA-CNRS, F-31520 Ramonville
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7
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Jiang H, Liu GL, Chi Z, Hu Z, Chi ZM. Genetics of trehalose biosynthesis in desert-derived Aureobasidium melanogenum and role of trehalose in the adaptation of the yeast to extreme environments. Curr Genet 2017; 64:479-491. [PMID: 29018921 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanin plays an important role in the stress adaptation of Aureobasidium melanogenum XJ5-1 isolated from the Taklimakan desert. A trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1 gene) was cloned from K5, characterized, and then deleted to determine the role of trehalose in the stress adaptation of the albino mutant K5. No stress response element and heat shock element were found in the promoter of the TPS1 gene. Deletion of the TPS1 gene in the albino mutant rendered a strain DT43 unable to synthesize any trehalose, but DT43 still could grow in glucose, suggesting that its hexokinase was insensitive to inhibition by trehalose-6-phosphate. Overexpression of the TPS1 gene enhanced trehalose biosynthesis in strain ET6. DT43 could not grow at 33 °C, whereas K5, ET6, and XJ5-1 could grow well at this temperature. Compared with K5 and ET6, DT43 was highly sensitive to heat shock treatment, high oxidation, and high desiccation, but all the three strains demonstrated the same sensitivity to UV light and high NaCl concentration. Therefore, trehalose played an important role in the adaptation of K5 to heat shock treatment, high oxidation, and high desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan-Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Lei Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan-Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan-Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan-Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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8
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Urrialde V, Alburquerque B, Guirao-Abad JP, Pla J, Argüelles JC, Alonso-Monge R. Arsenic inorganic compounds cause oxidative stress mediated by the transcription factor PHO4 in Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2017; 203:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Central Role of the Trehalose Biosynthesis Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Human Fungal Infections: Opportunities and Challenges for Therapeutic Development. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2017; 81:81/2/e00053-16. [PMID: 28298477 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00053-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in part due to a limited antifungal drug arsenal. One therapeutic challenge faced by clinicians is the significant host toxicity associated with antifungal drugs. Another challenge is the fungistatic mechanism of action of some drugs. Consequently, the identification of fungus-specific drug targets essential for fitness in vivo remains a significant goal of medical mycology research. The trehalose biosynthetic pathway is found in a wide variety of organisms, including human-pathogenic fungi, but not in humans. Genes encoding proteins involved in trehalose biosynthesis are mechanistically linked to the metabolism, cell wall homeostasis, stress responses, and virulence of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. While there are a number of pathways for trehalose production across the tree of life, the TPS/TPP (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase) pathway is the canonical pathway found in human-pathogenic fungi. Importantly, data suggest that proteins involved in trehalose biosynthesis play other critical roles in fungal metabolism and in vivo fitness that remain to be fully elucidated. By further defining the biology and functions of trehalose and its biosynthetic pathway components in pathogenic fungi, an opportunity exists to leverage this pathway as a potent antifungal drug target. The goal of this review is to cover the known roles of this important molecule and its associated biosynthesis-encoding genes in the human-pathogenic fungi studied to date and to employ these data to critically assess the opportunities and challenges facing development of this pathway as a therapeutic target.
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10
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Glatz A, Pilbat AM, Németh GL, Vince-Kontár K, Jósvay K, Hunya Á, Udvardy A, Gombos I, Péter M, Balogh G, Horváth I, Vígh L, Török Z. Involvement of small heat shock proteins, trehalose, and lipids in the thermal stress management in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:327-38. [PMID: 26631139 PMCID: PMC4786532 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the levels of three structurally and functionally different important thermoprotectant molecules, namely small heat shock proteins (sHsps), trehalose, and lipids, have been investigated upon heat shock in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Both α-crystallin-type sHsps (Hsp15.8 and Hsp16) were induced after prolonged high-temperature treatment but with different kinetic profiles. The shsp null mutants display a weak, but significant, heat sensitivity indicating their importance in the thermal stress management. The heat induction of sHsps is different in wild type and in highly heat-sensitive trehalose-deficient (tps1Δ) cells; however, trehalose level did not show significant alteration in shsp mutants. The altered timing of trehalose accumulation and induction of sHsps suggest that the disaccharide might provide protection at the early stage of the heat stress while elevated amount of sHsps are required at the later phase. The cellular lipid compositions of two different temperature-adapted wild-type S. pombe cells are also altered according to the rule of homeoviscous adaptation, indicating their crucial role in adapting to the environmental temperature changes. Both Hsp15.8 and Hsp16 are able to bind to different lipids isolated from S. pombe, whose interaction might provide a powerful protection against heat-induced damages of the membranes. Our data suggest that all the three investigated thermoprotectant macromolecules play a pivotal role during the thermal stress management in the fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Glatz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana-Maria Pilbat
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely L Németh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Katalin Jósvay
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Hunya
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andor Udvardy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Gombos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Péter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Török
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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11
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Sánchez-Fresneda R, Guirao-Abad JP, Martinez-Esparza M, Maicas S, Valentín E, Argüelles JC. Homozygous deletion of ATC1 and NTC1 genes in Candida parapsilosis abolishes trehalase activity and affects cell growth, sugar metabolism, stress resistance, infectivity and biofilm formation. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 85:45-57. [PMID: 26529381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A double homozygous atc1Δ/atc1Δ/ntc1Δ/ntc1Δ mutant (atc1Δ/ntc1Δ KO) was constructed in the pathogen opportunistic yeast Candida parapsilosis by disruption of the two chromosomal alleles coding for NTC1 gene (encoding a neutral trehalase) in a Cpatc1Δ/atc1Δ background (atc1Δ KO strain, deficient in acid trehalase). The Cpatc1Δ/ntc1Δ KO mutant failed to counteract the inability of Cpatc1Δ cells to metabolize exogenous trehalose and showed a similar growth pattern on several monosaccharides and disaccharides. However, upon prolonged incubation in either rich medium (YPD) or nutrient-starved medium the viability of Cpatc1Δ cells exhibited a sensitive phenotype, which was augmented by further CpNTC1/NTC1 disruption. Furthermore, Cpatc1Δ/ntc1Δ KO cells had difficulty in resuming active growth in fresh YPD. This homozygous mutant also lacked any in vitro measurable trehalase activity, whether acid or neutral, suggesting that a single gene codes for each enzyme. By contrast, in Cpatc1Δ/ntc1Δ KO strain the resistance to oxidative and heat stress displayed by atc1Δ mutant was suppressed. Cpatc1Δ/ntc1Δ KO cells showed a significant decrease in virulence as well as in the capacity to form biofilms. These results point to a major role for acid trehalase (Atc1p) in the pathobiology of C. parapsilosis, whereas the activity of neutral trehalase can only partially counteract Atc1p deficiency. They also support the use of ATC1 and NTC1 genes as interesting antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sánchez-Fresneda
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - José P Guirao-Abad
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Spain
| | - María Martinez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular (B) e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Spain
| | - Sergi Maicas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eulogio Valentín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Argüelles
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Spain.
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12
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Palabiyik B, Jafari Ghods F. Role of Oxidative Stress Response and Trehalose Accumulation in the Longevity of Fission Yeast. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16851. [PMID: 26301056 PMCID: PMC4541065 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(6)2015.16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glucose is the preferred carbon and energy source in most organisms and plays an active role in the regulation of many biological processes. However, an excess of glucose leads to such undesirable conditions as diabetes and age-related diseases. Since Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologous of many human genes, it offers several advantages for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying human disease and aging studies. We have identified two glucose-repression-resistant mutants (ird5 and ird11) of S. pombe. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the possible relationship between lifespan extension and oxidative stress response induced by exposure to hydrogen peroxide alongside the trehalose accumulation level by using the two S. pombe mutants (i.e. ird5 and ird11), which are repressed by glucose and are resistant to oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: We employed trehalose accumulation measurement and colony-forming unit (CFU) counting using the ird mutants in exponential and stationary phases and compared them to the wild type grown in repressed, de-repressed, and stressed conditions to clarify the possible relationship between glucose signaling, oxidative stress response, and lifespan in S. pombe. Results: The lifespan of the ird5 mutant was significantly longer that of either the ird11 mutant or the wild type cells. Under repressed condition, the trehalose content was increased remarkably on the 3rd day of the study in the ird11 mutant and the wild type. Under de-repressed condition, the level of intracellular trehalose was notably increased on the 3rd day in ird11. Under stressed condition, the trehalose level in ird11 was increased on the 3rd day as a pattern similar to that observed in the wild type. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated no significant correlation between the ird5 lifespan and the trehalose concentration. Likewise, the correlation between lifespan extension, trehalose accumulation, and cellular resistance to hydrogen peroxide was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Palabiyik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Bedia Palabiyik, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90-2124555700, E-mail:
| | - Farinaz Jafari Ghods
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Role of Oxidative Stress Response and Trehalose Accumulation in the Longevity of Fission Yeast. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.16851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Freitag SI, Wong J, Young PG. Genetic and physical interaction of Ssp1 CaMKK and Rad24 14-3-3 during low pH and osmotic stress in fission yeast. Open Biol 2014; 4:130127. [PMID: 24451546 PMCID: PMC3909272 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ssp1 calmodulin kinase kinase (CaMKK) is necessary for stress-induced re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton and initiation of growth at the new cell end following division in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In addition, it regulates AMP-activated kinase and functions in low glucose tolerance. ssp1− cells undergo mitotic delay at elevated temperatures and G2 arrest in the presence of additional stressors. Following hyperosmotic stress, Ssp1-GFP forms transient foci which accumulate at the cell membrane and form a band around the cell circumference, but not co-localizing with actin patches. Hyperosmolarity-induced localization to the cell membrane occurs concomitantly with a reduction of its interaction with the 14-3-3 protein Rad24, but not Rad25 which remains bound to Ssp1. The loss of rad24 in ssp1− cells reduces the severity of hyperosmotic stress response and relieves mitotic delay. Conversely, overexpression of rad24 exacerbates stress response and concomitant cell elongation. rad24− does not impair stress-induced localization of Ssp1 to the cell membrane, however this response is almost completely absent in cells overexpressing rad24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja I Freitag
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, 116 Barrie Street, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Reina-Bueno M, Argandoña M, Nieto JJ, Hidalgo-García A, Iglesias-Guerra F, Delgado MJ, Vargas C. Role of trehalose in heat and desiccation tolerance in the soil bacterium Rhizobium etli. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 22985230 PMCID: PMC3518184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The compatible solute trehalose is involved in the osmostress response of Rhizobium etli, the microsymbiont of Phaseolus vulgaris. In this work, we reconstructed trehalose metabolism in R. etli, and investigated its role in cellular adaptation and survival to heat and desiccation stress under free living conditions. RESULTS Besides trehalose as major compatible solute, R. etli CE3 also accumulated glutamate and, if present in the medium, mannitol. Putative genes for trehalose synthesis (otsAB/treS/treZY), uptake (aglEFGK/thuEFGK) and degradation (thuAB/treC) were scattered among the chromosome and plasmids p42a, p42c, p42e, and p42f, and in some instances found redundant. Two copies of the otsA gene, encoding trehalose-6-P-synthase, were located in the chromosome (otsAch) and plasmid p42a (otsAa), and the latter seemed to be acquired by horizontal transfer. High temperature alone did not influence growth of R. etli, but a combination of high temperature and osmotic stress was more deleterious for growth than osmotic stress alone. Although high temperature induced some trehalose synthesis by R. etli, trehalose biosynthesis was mainly triggered by osmotic stress. However, an otsAch mutant, unable to synthesize trehalose in minimal medium, showed impaired growth at high temperature, suggesting that trehalose plays a role in thermoprotection of R. etli. Desiccation tolerance by R. etli wild type cells was dependent of high trehalose production by osmotic pre-conditioned cells. Cells of the mutant strain otsAch showed ca. 3-fold lower survival levels than the wild type strain after drying, and a null viability after 4 days storage. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of osmotic stress in R. etli tolerance to desiccation, and an important role of trehalose on the response of R. etli to high temperature and desiccation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Reina-Bueno
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Profesor García González 2, Seville, 41012, Spain
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Reina-Bueno M, Argandoña M, Salvador M, Rodríguez-Moya J, Iglesias-Guerra F, Csonka LN, Nieto JJ, Vargas C. Role of trehalose in salinity and temperature tolerance in the model halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33587. [PMID: 22448254 PMCID: PMC3308980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose is considered as a universal stress molecule, protecting cells and biomolecules from injuries imposed by high osmolarity, heat, oxidation, desiccation and freezing. Chromohalobacter salexigens is a halophilic and extremely halotolerant γ-proteobacterium of the family Halomonadaceae. In this work, we have investigated the role of trehalose as a protectant against salinity, temperature and desiccation in C. salexigens. A mutant deficient in the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (otsA::Ω) was not affected in its salt or heat tolerance, but double mutants ectoine- and trehalose-deficient, or hydroxyectoine-reduced and trehalose-deficient, displayed an osmo- and thermosensitive phenotype, respectively. This suggests a role of trehalose as a secondary solute involved in osmo- (at least at low salinity) and thermoprotection of C. salexigens. Interestingly, trehalose synthesis was osmoregulated at the transcriptional level, and thermoregulated at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting that C. salexigens cells need to be pre-conditioned by osmotic stress, in order to be able to quickly synthesize trehalose in response to heat stress. C. salexigens was more sensitive to desiccation than E. coli and desiccation tolerance was slightly improved when cells were grown at high temperature. Under these conditions, single mutants affected in the synthesis of trehalose or hydroxyectoine were more sensitive to desiccation than the wild-type strain. However, given the low survival rates of the wild type, the involvement of trehalose and hydroxyectoine in C. salexigens response to desiccation could not be firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Reina-Bueno
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Montserrat Argandoña
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Salvador
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Laszlo N. Csonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joaquín J. Nieto
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Vargas
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Disruption of Yarrowia lipolytica TPS1 gene encoding trehalose-6-P synthase does not affect growth in glucose but impairs growth at high temperature. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23695. [PMID: 21931609 PMCID: PMC3171402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the Yarrowia lipolytica TPS1 gene encoding trehalose-6-P synthase by complementation of the lack of growth in glucose of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tps1 mutant. Disruption of YlTPS1 could only be achieved with a cassette placed in the 3' half of its coding region due to the overlap of its sequence with the promoter of the essential gene YlTFC1. The Yltps1 mutant grew in glucose although the Y. lipolytica hexokinase is extremely sensitive to inhibition by trehalose-6-P. The presence of a glucokinase, insensitive to trehalose-6-P, that constitutes about 80% of the glucose phosphorylating capacity during growth in glucose may account for the growth phenotype. Trehalose content was below 1 nmol/mg dry weight in Y. lipolytica, but it increased in strains expressing YlTPS1 under the control of the YlTEF1 promoter or with a disruption of YALI0D15598 encoding a putative trehalase. mRNA levels of YlTPS1 were low and did not respond to thermal stresses, but that of YlTPS2 (YALI0D14476) and YlTPS3 (YALI0E31086) increased 4 and 6 times, repectively, by heat treatment. Disruption of YlTPS1 drastically slowed growth at 35°C. Homozygous Yltps1 diploids showed a decreased sporulation frequency that was ascribed to the low level of YALI0D20966 mRNA an homolog of the S. cerevisiae MCK1 which encodes a protein kinase that activates early meiotic gene expression.
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Fernandez-Aunión C, Hamouda TB, Iglesias-Guerra F, Argandoña M, Reina-Bueno M, Nieto JJ, Aouani ME, Vargas C. Biosynthesis of compatible solutes in rhizobial strains isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules in Tunisian fields. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:192. [PMID: 20633304 PMCID: PMC2918589 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associated with appropriate crop and soil management, inoculation of legumes with microbial biofertilizers can improve food legume yield and soil fertility and reduce pollution by inorganic fertilizers. Rhizospheric bacteria are subjected to osmotic stress imposed by drought and/or NaCl, two abiotic constraints frequently found in semi-arid lands. Osmostress response in bacteria involves the accumulation of small organic compounds called compatible solutes. Whereas most studies on rhizobial osmoadaptation have focussed on the model species Sinorhizobium meliloti, little is known on the osmoadaptive mechanisms used by native rhizobia, which are good sources of inoculants. In this work, we investigated the synthesis and accumulations of compatible solutes by four rhizobial strains isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Tunisia, as well as by the reference strain Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899T. RESULTS The most NaCl-tolerant strain was A. tumefaciens 10c2, followed (in decreasing order) by R. tropici CIAT 899, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli 31c3, R. etli 12a3 and R. gallicum bv. phaseoli 8a3. 13C- and 1H-NMR analyses showed that all Rhizobium strains synthesized trehalose whereas A. tumefaciens 10c2 synthesized mannosucrose. Glutamate synthesis was also observed in R. tropici CIAT 899, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli 31c3 and A. tumefaciens 10c2. When added as a carbon source, mannitol was also accumulated by all strains. Accumulation of trehalose in R. tropici CIAT 899 and of mannosucrose in A. tumefaciens 10c2 was osmoregulated, suggesting their involvement in osmotolerance. The phylogenetic analysis of the otsA gene, encoding the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, suggested the existence of lateral transfer events. In vivo 13C labeling experiments together with genomic analysis led us to propose the uptake and conversion pathways of different carbon sources into trehalose. Collaterally, the beta-1,2-cyclic glucan from R. tropici CIAT 899 was co-extracted with the cytoplasmic compatible solutes and its chemical structure was determined. CONCLUSIONS The soil bacteria analyzed in this work accumulated mainly disaccharides in response to NaCl stress. We could not find a direct correlation between the trehalose content of the rhizobial strains and their osmotolerance, suggesting that additional osmoadaptive mechanism should be operating in the most NaCl-tolerant strain R. tropici CIAT 899.
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Puttikamonkul S, Willger SD, Grahl N, Perfect JR, Movahed N, Bothner B, Park S, Paderu P, Perlin DS, Cramer RA. Trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase is required for cell wall integrity and fungal virulence but not trehalose biosynthesis in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:891-911. [PMID: 20545865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The trehalose biosynthesis pathway is critical for virulence in human and plant fungal pathogens. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (T6PP) is required for Aspergillus fumigatus virulence. A mutant of the A. fumigatus T6PP, OrlA, displayed severe morphological defects related to asexual reproduction when grown on glucose (1%) minimal media. These defects could be rescued by addition of osmotic stabilizers, reduction in incubation temperature or increase in glucose levels (> 4%). Subsequent examination of the mutant with cell wall perturbing agents revealed a link between cell wall biosynthesis and trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) levels. As expected, high levels of T6P accumulated in the absence of OrlA resulting in depletion of free inorganic phosphate and inhibition of hexokinase activity. Surprisingly, trehalose production persisted in the absence of OrlA. Further analyses revealed that A. fumigatus contains two trehalose phosphorylases that may be responsible for trehalose production in the absence of OrlA. Despite a normal growth rate under in vitro growth conditions, the orlA mutant was virtually avirulent in two distinct murine models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Our results suggest that further study of this pathway will lead to new insights into regulation of fungal cell wall biosynthesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srisombat Puttikamonkul
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sven D Willger
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nora Grahl
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Navid Movahed
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Park
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Padmaja Paderu
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27713, USA.Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.Public Health Research Institute, International Center for Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Ishchuk OP, Voronovsky AY, Abbas CA, Sibirny AA. Construction ofHansenula polymorphastrains with improved thermotolerance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:911-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Optimization of Trehalose Production by Rhodotorula dairenensis Following a Sequential Strategy of Experimental Design. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-008-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Pedreño Y, González-Párraga P, Martínez-Esparza M, Sentandreu R, Valentín E, Argüelles JC. Disruption of the Candida albicans ATC1 gene encoding a cell-linked acid trehalase decreases hypha formation and infectivity without affecting resistance to oxidative stress. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1372-1381. [PMID: 17464051 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Candida albicans, the ATC1 gene, encoding a cell wall-associated acid trehalase, has been considered as a potentially interesting target in the search for new antifungal compounds. A phenotypic characterization of the double disruptant atc1Delta/atc1Delta mutant showed that it was unable to grow on exogenous trehalose as sole carbon source. Unlike actively growing cells from the parental strain (CAI4), the atc1Delta null mutant displayed higher resistance to environmental insults, such as heat shock (42 degrees C) or saline exposure (0.5 M NaCl), and to both mild and severe oxidative stress (5 and 50 mM H(2)O(2)), which are relevant during in vivo infections. Parallel measurements of intracellular trehalose and trehalose-metabolizing enzymes revealed that significant amounts of the disaccharide were stored in response to thermal and oxidative challenge in the two cell types. The antioxidant activities of catalase and glutathione reductase were triggered by moderate oxidative exposure (5 mM H(2)O(2)), whereas superoxide dismutase was inhibited dramatically by H(2)O(2), where a more marked decrease was observed in atc1Delta cells. In turn, the atc1Delta mutant exhibited a decreased capacity of hypha and pseudohypha formation tested in different media. Finally, the homozygous null mutant in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis displayed strongly reduced pathogenicity compared with parental or heterozygous strains. These results suggest not only a novel role for the ATC1 gene in dimorphism and infectivity, but also that an interconnection between stress resistance, dimorphic conversion and virulence in C. albicans may be reconsidered. They also support the hypothesis that Atc1p is not involved in the physiological hydrolysis of endogenous trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pedreño
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Párraga
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Esparza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Sentandreu
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eulogio Valentín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Argüelles
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
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Martínez-Esparza M, Aguinaga A, González-Párraga P, García-Peñarrubia P, Jouault T, Argüelles JC. Role of trehalose in resistance to macrophage killing: study with a tps1/tps1 trehalose-deficient mutant of Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:384-94. [PMID: 17359322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of trehalose by yeast is an important protective mechanism against different stress conditions. This study examined the effect of trehalose on several growth features, as well as its association with the intracellular survival of yeasts exposed to macrophages. A tps1/tps1 mutant and its parental counterpart, CAI4, exhibited similar growth rates and preserved their dimorphic conversion and agglutination ability. However, electron-microscopy of cell-wall architecture showed a partial loss of material from the outer cell-wall layer in the tps1/tps1 mutant. Flow-cytometry revealed that the mutant had lower auto-fluorescence levels and a higher fluorescein isothiocynate staining efficiency. When co-cultured with macrophages, a slight reduction in binding to macrophages and slower ingestion kinetics were revealed for the tps1/tps1 mutant, but these did not interfere significantly with the amount of yeast ingested by macrophages after co-incubation for 2 h. Under the same conditions, CAI4 cells were more resistant to macrophage killing than was the tps1 null mutant, provided that the macrophages had been stimulated previously with interferon-gamma. Measurement of trehalose content and the anti-oxidant activities of yeast cells recovered after phagocytosis revealed that the trehalose content and the glutathione reductase activity were increased only in CAI4 cells, whereas levels of catalase activity were increased similarly in both strains. These results suggest that the presence of trehalose in Candida albicans is a contributory factor that protects the cell from injury caused by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Esparza
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, Medical School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Park HC, Bae YU, Cho SD, Kim SA, Moon JY, Ha KC, Kim DW, Lee K, Jeong YK, Kwack DO, Heo JS, Lee YG, Joo WH. Toluene-induced accumulation of trehalose by Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 106 through the expression of otsA and otsB homologues. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:50-5. [PMID: 17209814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to investigate toluene-induced accumulation mechanism of trehalose in a toluene-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 106. METHODS AND RESULTS The accumulation of trehalose by a toluene-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 106 was examined at various cultivation time by measuring the total intracellular trehalose content, trehalase activity and mRNA levels of the trehalose-biosynthetic genes. The pattern of trehalose accumulation corresponded to the mRNA expression pattern of the trehalose-biosynthetic genes with the maximum level at 12 h or 4 h of cultivation with 10% (v/v) toluene, respectively. The trehalose-biosynthetic genes were also cloned and sequenced. Furthermore, the effects of toluene addition on the intracellular osmotic pressure and pH were investigated. It was shown that homeostasis was maintained in the bacterial cells. CONCLUSIONS In a toluene-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas sp. BCNU 106, a significant amount of trehalose was accumulated through the toluene-induced expression of the trehalose-biosynthetic genes after the exposure to toluene. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The accumulation of the high level of intracellular trehalose was preceded by the expression of otsA/B genes in toluene-tolerant bacteria, contributing to the elucidation of the tolerance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Park
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Changwon National University, Kyongnam, Korea
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Petzold EW, Himmelreich U, Mylonakis E, Rude T, Toffaletti D, Cox GM, Miller JL, Perfect JR. Characterization and regulation of the trehalose synthesis pathway and its importance in the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5877-87. [PMID: 16988267 PMCID: PMC1594924 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00624-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose has been found to play diverse roles, from energy source to stress protectant, and this sugar is found in organisms as diverse as bacteria, fungi, plants, and invertebrates but not in mammals. Recent studies in the pathobiology of Cryptococcus neoformans identified the presence of a functioning trehalose pathway during infection and suggested its importance for C. neoformans survival in the host. Therefore, in C. neoformans we created null mutants of the trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (TPS1), trehalose-6-phophate phosphatase (TPS2), and neutral trehalase (NTH1) genes. We found that both TPS1 and TPS2 are required for high-temperature (37 degrees C) growth and glycolysis but that the block at TPS2 results in the apparent toxic accumulation of T6P, which makes this enzyme a fungicidal target. Sorbitol suppresses the growth defect in the tps1 and tps2 mutants at 37 degrees C, which supports the hypothesis that these sugars (trehalose and sorbitol) act primarily as stress protectants for proteins and membranes during exposure to high temperatures in C. neoformans. The essential nature of this pathway for disease was confirmed when a tps1 mutant strain was found to be avirulent in both rabbits and mice. Furthermore, in the system of the invertebrate C. elegans, in which high in vivo temperature is no longer an environmental factor, attenuation in virulence was still noted with the tps1 mutant, and this supports the hypothesis that the trehalose pathway in C. neoformans is involved in more host survival mechanisms than simply high-temperature stresses and glycolysis. These studies in C. neoformans and previous studies in other pathogenic fungi support the view of the trehalose pathway as a selective fungicidal target for use in antifungal development.
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Gancedo C, Flores CL. The importance of a functional trehalose biosynthetic pathway for the life of yeasts and fungi. FEMS Yeast Res 2004; 4:351-9. [PMID: 14734015 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The view of the role of trehalose in yeast has changed in the last few years. For a long time considered a reserve carbohydrate, it gained new importance when its function in the acquisition of thermotolerance was demonstrated. More recently the cellular processes in which the trehalose biosynthetic pathway has been implicated range from the control of glycolysis to sporulation and infectivity by certain fungal pathogens. There is now enough experimental evidence to conclude that trehalose 6-phosphate, an intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis, is an important metabolic regulator in such different organisms as yeasts or plants. Its inhibition of hexokinase plays a key role in the control of the glycolytic flux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but other, likely important, sites of action are still unknown. We present examples of the phenotypes produced by mutations in the two steps of the trehalose biosynthetic pathway in different yeasts and fungi, and whenever possible examine the molecular explanations advanced to interpret them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gancedo
- Albert Sols Institute of Biomedical Research, CSIC-UAM, C/ Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Bonini BM, Van Dijck P, Thevelein JM. Uncoupling of the glucose growth defect and the deregulation of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tps1 mutants expressing trehalose-6-phosphate-insensitive hexokinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2003; 1606:83-93. [PMID: 14507429 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(03)00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae inactivation of trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthase (Tps1) encoded by the TPS1 gene causes a specific growth defect in the presence of glucose in the medium. The growth inhibition is associated with deregulation of the initial part of glycolysis. Sugar phosphates, especially fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru1,6bisP), hyperaccumulate while the levels of ATP, Pi and downstream metabolites are rapidly depleted. This was suggested to be due to the absence of Tre6P inhibition on hexokinase. Here we show that overexpression of Tre6P (as well as glucose-6-phosphate (Glu6P))-insensitive hexokinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in a wild-type strain does not affect growth on glucose but still transiently enhances initial sugar phosphate accumulation. We have in addition replaced the three endogenous glucose kinases of S. cerevisiae by the Tre6P-insensitive hexokinase from S. pombe. High hexokinase activity was measured in cell extracts and growth on glucose was somewhat reduced compared to an S. cerevisiae wild-type strain but expression of the Tre6P-insensitive S. pombe hexokinase never caused the typical tps1Delta phenotype. Moreover, deletion of TPS1 in this strain expressing only the Tre6P-insensitive S. pombe hexokinase still resulted in a severe drop in growth capacity on glucose as well as sensitivity to millimolar glucose levels in the presence of excess galactose. In this case, poor growth on glucose was associated with reduced rather than enhanced glucose influx into glycolysis. Initial glucose transport was not affected. Apparently, deletion of TPS1 causes reduced activity of the S. pombe hexokinase in vivo. Our results show that Tre6P inhibition of hexokinase is not the major mechanism by which Tps1 controls the influx of glucose into glycolysis or the capacity to grow on glucose. In addition, they show that a Tre6P-insensitive hexokinase can still be controlled by Tps1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz M Bonini
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
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28
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Paredes V, Franco A, Soto T, Vicente-Soler J, Gacto M, Cansado J. Different roles for the stress-activated protein kinase pathway in the regulation of trehalose metabolism in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1745-1752. [PMID: 12855726 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Wis1p-Sty1p mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is a major signalling system in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe for a wide range of stress responses. It is known that trehalose functions as a protective metabolite to counteract deleterious effects of environmental stresses. Herein it is reported that the expression of genes related to trehalose metabolism in S. pombe, ntp1(+) (neutral trehalase) and tps1(+) [trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase], is partially regulated by the Sty1p kinase under salt-induced osmotic stress and conditions of slight oxidative stress and is fully dependent on this kinase under severe oxidative stress. This control is carried out through transcription factors Atf1p/Pcr1p during osmotic stress and through Pap1p during exposure to low levels of oxidative stress. However, all three transcription factors are needed for gene expression under conditions of extreme oxidative stress. In addition, a role for Sty1p in the modulation of post-transcriptional activation of trehalase mediated by Pka1p/Sck1p kinases, as well as in the activity of T6P synthase under such stressful conditions has been demonstrated. These results reveal a novel dual action of the Wis1p-Sty1p pathway in the regulation of trehalose metabolism in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Paredes
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Franco
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - T Soto
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Vicente-Soler
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Gacto
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Cansado
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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29
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Soto T, Franco A, Padmanabhan S, Vicente-Soler J, Cansado J, Gacto M. Molecular interaction of neutral trehalase with other enzymes of trehalose metabolism in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:3847-55. [PMID: 12153582 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose metabolism is an essential component of the stress response in yeast cells. In this work we show that the products of the principal genes involved in trehalose metabolism in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, tps1+ (coding for trehalose-6-P synthase, Tps1p), ntp1+ (encoding neutral trehalase, Ntp1p) and tpp1+ (that codes for trehalose-6-P phosphatase, Tpp1p), interact in vitro with each other and with themselves to form protein complexes. Disruption of the gene tps1+ blocks the activation of the neutral trehalase induced by heat shock but not by osmotic stress. We propose that this association may reflect the Tps1p-dependent requirement for thermal activation of trehalase. Data reported here indicate that following a heat shock the enzyme activity of trehalase is associated with Ntp1p dimers or trimers but not with either Ntp1p monomers or with complexes involving Tps1p. These results raise the possibility that heat shock and osmotic stress activate trehalase differentially by acting in the first case through an specific mechanism involving Tps1p-Ntp1p complexes. This study provides the first evidence for the participation of the catabolic enzyme trehalase in the structural framework of a regulatory macromolecular complex containing trehalose-6-P synthase in the fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Soto
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, University of Murcia, Spain
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30
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Alvarez-Peral FJ, Zaragoza O, Pedreno Y, Argüelles JC. Protective role of trehalose during severe oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and the adaptive oxidative stress response in Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2599-2606. [PMID: 12177354 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to the oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and its putative correlation with the stress protector trehalose was investigated in Candida albicans CAI.4 and the tps1/tps1 double mutant, which is deficient in trehalose synthesis. When exponential wild-type blastoconidia were exposed to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, they displayed a high cell survival, accompanied by a marked rise of intracellular trehalose. The latter is due to a moderate activation of trehalose synthase and the concomitant inactivation of neutral trehalase. Identical challenge in the tps1/tps1 double mutant severely reduced cell viability, a phenotype which was suppressed by overexpression of the TPS1 gene. Pretreatment of growing cultures from both strains with either a low, non-lethal concentration of H(2)O(2) (0.5 mM) or a preincubation at 37 degrees C, induced an adaptive response that protected cells from being killed by a subsequent exposure to oxidative stress. During these mild oxidative preincubations, trehalose was not induced in CAI.4 cells and remained undetectable in their tps1/tps1 counterpart. Blastoconidia from the two strains exhibited a similar degree of cell protection during the adaptive response. The induction of trehalose accumulation by H(2)O(2) was not due to an increased expression of TPS1 mRNA. These results are consistent with a mainly protective role of trehalose in C. albicans during direct oxidative stress but not during acquired oxidative tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Alvarez-Peral
- Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain1
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas del CSIC, Unidad de Bioquimica y Genética de Levaduras, 28029 Madrid, Spain2
| | - Yolanda Pedreno
- Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain1
| | - Juan-Carlos Argüelles
- Area de Microbiologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain1
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31
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Zaragoza O, de Virgilio C, Pontón J, Gancedo C. Disruption in Candida albicans of the TPS2 gene encoding trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase affects cell integrity and decreases infectivity. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:1281-90. [PMID: 11988502 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-5-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gene CaTPS2 encoding trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) phosphatase from Candida albicans has been cloned and disrupted in this organism. The Catps2/Catps2 mutant did not accumulate trehalose but accumulated high levels of T6P. Disruption of the two copies of the CaTPS2 gene did not abolish growth even at 42 degrees C, but decreased the growth rate. In the stationary phase, the Catps2/Catps2 mutant aggregated, more than 50% of its cells became permeable to propidium iodide and a large amount of protein was found in the culture medium. Aggregation occurred only at pH values higher than 7 and was avoided by osmoprotectants; it was never observed during the exponential phase of growth. The mutant formed colonies with a smooth border on Spider medium. Mice inoculated with 1.5 x 10(6) c.f.u. of wild-type cells died after 8 days, while 80% of those inoculated with the same number of c.f.u. of the Catps2/Catps2 mutant survived for at least 1 month. Reintroduction of the wild-type CaTPS2 gene in the Catps2/Catps2 mutant abolished the phenotypes described. It is hypothesized that the accumulation of T6P interferes with the assembly of a normal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Zaragoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Unidad de Bioquímica y Genética de Levaduras, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Leyman B, Van Dijck P, Thevelein JM. An unexpected plethora of trehalose biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2001; 6:510-3. [PMID: 11701378 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose accumulation has been documented in many organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, where it serves a storage and stress-protection role. Although conspicuously absent in most plants, trehalose biosynthesis genes were discovered recently in higher plants. We have uncovered a family of 11 TPS genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, one of which encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthase, and a subfamily of which might encode the still elusive Tre6P phosphatases. A regulatory role in carbon metabolism is likely but might not be restricted to the TPS control of hexokinase activity as documented for yeast. Incompatibility between high trehalose levels and chaperone-assisted protein folding might be a reason why plants have evolved to accumulate some alternative stress-protection compounds to trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Leyman
- Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie-VIB, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium.
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33
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Fillinger S, Chaveroche MK, van Dijck P, de Vries R, Ruijter G, Thevelein J, d'Enfert C. Trehalose is required for the acquisition of tolerance to a variety of stresses in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1851-1862. [PMID: 11429462 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-7-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide found at high concentrations in Aspergillus nidulans conidia and rapidly degraded upon induction of conidial germination. Furthermore, trehalose is accumulated in response to a heat shock or to an oxidative shock. The authors have characterized the A. nidulans tpsA gene encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which catalyses the first step in trehalose biosynthesis. Expression of tpsA in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tps1 mutant revealed that the tpsA gene product is a functional equivalent of the yeast Tps1 trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. The A. nidulans tpsA-null mutant does not produce trehalose during conidiation or in response to various stress conditions. While germlings of the tpsA mutant show an increased sensitivity to moderate stress conditions (growth at 45 degrees C or in the presence of 2 mM H(2)O(2)), they display a response to severe stress (60 min at 50 degrees C or in the presence of 100 mM H(2)O(2)) similar to that of wild-type germlings. Furthermore, conidia of the tpsA mutant show a rapid loss of viability upon storage. These results are consistent with a role of trehalose in the acquisition of stress tolerance. Inactivation of the tpsA gene also results in increased steady-state levels of sugar phosphates but does not prevent growth on rapidly metabolizable carbon sources (glucose, fructose) as seen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This suggests that trehalose 6-phosphate is a physiological inhibitor of hexokinase but that this control is not essential for proper glycolytic flux in A. nidulans. Interestingly, tpsA transcription is not induced in response to heat shock or during conidiation, indicating that trehalose accumulation is probably due to a post-translational activation process of the trehalose 6-phosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fillinger
- Unité Microbiologie et Environnement, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Marie-Kim Chaveroche
- Unité Microbiologie et Environnement, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
| | - Patrick van Dijck
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB and Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium2
| | - Ronald de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Micro-organisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands3
| | - George Ruijter
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Micro-organisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703HA Wageningen, The Netherlands3
| | - Johan Thevelein
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB and Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium2
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Microbiologie et Environnement, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France1
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34
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Prochnik S, Fantes P. Hyperthermotolerant fission yeast mutations, sow1 and sow2, suppress the cell cycle defect and stress sensitivity of MAP kinase kinase wis1Delta. Yeast 2001; 18:229-38. [PMID: 11180456 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0061(200102)18:3<229::aid-yea658>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wis1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) that regulates mitosis and mediates stress responses in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. wis1Delta strains are viable but stress-sensitive and show a mitotic delay. At high temperatures, wis1Delta cells cease division but cellular growth continues. Mutations that suppress the heat sensitivity of a wis1Delta strain were isolated and map to two apparently novel loci, sow1 (for suppressor of wis1Delta) and sow2. In addition to suppressing wis1Delta heat sensitivity, sow1 and sow2 can suppress wis1Delta osmosensitivity and cell cycle defects. sow1 and sow2 mutants in a wis1+ background were able to grow at higher temperatures than wild-type and sow1 showed a mitotic advance. The sow genes may therefore define a novel connection between stress tolerance and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prochnik
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.
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35
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Hatanaka M, Shimoda C. The cyclic AMP/PKA signal pathway is required for initiation of spore germination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast 2001; 18:207-17. [PMID: 11180454 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0061(200102)18:3<207::aid-yea661>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore germination, a transition from the quiescent G0 phase to the proliferation cycle, is triggered by glucose in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The role of cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signalling in germination is investigated. Gene disruption of cyr1+, pka1+ and gpa2+ encoding adenylate cyclase, PKA and the alpha-subunit of a trimeric GTP-binding protein, respectively, reduced the colony-forming efficiency of spores in minimal medium. Isolated spores of these null mutants did not germinate in minimal medium for up to 12 h, at which time wild-type spores had completed germination and formed germ projections. In wild-type spores, cortical actin patches randomly distributed in the early stage of outgrowth and then localized to one side of spores before the formation of projections. In contrast, the mutant spores exhibited no actin patches, but the cell surface was predominantly stained, like ungerminated spores of wild-type. Flow fluorocytometric analysis of propidium iodide-stained spores revealed a distinct 1C DNA peak after germination was completed. The fluorescent profile of the mutant spores, however, did not change during 12 h incubation in the minimal medium. These observations indicate that spores harbouring either cyr1Delta, pka1Delta or gpa2Delta are hardly triggered to germination. When wild-type spores were exposed to glucose, the intracellular cAMP level transiently increased in a few minutes, but gpa2Delta spores did not respond to glucose. We conclude that S. pombe spores initiate germination in response to glucose through the cyclic AMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hatanaka
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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36
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Reinders A, Ward JM. Functional characterization of the alpha-glucoside transporter Sut1p from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the first fungal homologue of plant sucrose transporters. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39:445-54. [PMID: 11136464 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disaccharide transporters have not previously been identified in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This is in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in which several maltose permeases belonging to the sugar porter (SP) family have been characterized. Here we report that a novel S. pombe gene, sut1+, encodes a proton-coupled disaccharide uptake transporter in the glycoside-pentoside-hexuronide (GPH):cation symporter family. Previously, members of the GPH family were restricted to bacteria and plants. The closest homologues of sut1+ are the sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) from higher plants that transport sucrose with a higher affinity than maltose. The transport function of Sut1p was analysed by expression in S. cerevisiae. Sut1p was found to transport maltose with a Km of 6.5 +/- 0.4 mM and sucrose with a Km of 36.3 +/- 9.7 mM. Therefore, the substrate specificity of Sut1p from S. pombe is different from that of its plant homologues. Glucose repression of sut1+ at the transcriptional level is also consistent with a physiological function for Sut1p in maltose uptake. These results indicate that, unlike S. cerevisiae, S. pombe utilizes maltose transporters derived from a common ancestor with the plant SUTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reinders
- Plant Physiology, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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37
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Beltran FF, Castillo R, Vicente-Soler J, Cansado J, Gacto M. Role for trehalase during germination of spores in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 193:117-21. [PMID: 11094289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores from Schizosaccharomyces pombe contain neutral and acid trehalases. When spores from strains disrupted for ntp1(+), which encodes neutral trehalase, were induced to germinate, the onset of the process was markedly delayed as compared to wild-type spores. Further outgrowth was also reduced. Dormant spores lacking neutral trehalase contained twice the amount of trehalose present in wild-type spores and mobilised the intracellular pool of trehalose at a slower rate during germination. Inhibition by phloridzin of the sporulation-specific acid trehalase in ntp1-disrupted spores arrested germination completely while prompting no effect on wild-type spores. These results suggest that the two trehalase enzymes may support the utilisation of trehalose during germination but neutral trehalase is required for a more rapid and efficient process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Beltran
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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38
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Franco A, Soto T, Vicente-Soler J, Guillen PV, Cansado J, Gacto M. Characterization of tpp1(+) as encoding a main trehalose-6P phosphatase in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:5880-4. [PMID: 11004189 PMCID: PMC94712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.20.5880-5884.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized an open reading frame of 2,454 bp on chromosome I of Schizosaccharomyces pombe as the gene encoding trehalose-6P phosphatase (tpp1(+)). Disruption of tpp1(+) caused in vivo accumulation of trehalose-6P upon heat shock and prevented cell growth at 37 to 40 degrees C. Accumulation of trehalose-6P in cells bearing a chromosomal disruption of the tpp1(+) gene and containing a plasmid with tpp1(+) under the control of the thiamine-repressible promotor correlated with tpp1(+) repression. The level of tpp1(+) mRNA rose upon heat shock, osmostress, or oxidative stress and was negatively controlled by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Expression of tpp1(+) during oxidative or osmotic stress, but not during heat shock, was under positive control by the wis1-sty1 (equivalent to phh1 and spc1) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Analysis of Tpp1 protein levels suggests that the synthesis of trehalose-6P phosphatase may also be subjected to translational or posttranslational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franco
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biologia, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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39
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Lucero P, Peñalver E, Moreno E, Lagunas R. Internal trehalose protects endocytosis from inhibition by ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4456-61. [PMID: 11010898 PMCID: PMC92324 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.10.4456-4461.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is inhibited by concentrations of ethanol of 2 to 6% (vol/vol), which are lower than concentrations commonly present in its natural habitats. In spite of this inhibition, endocytosis takes place under enological conditions when high concentrations of ethanol are present. Therefore, it seems that yeast has developed some means to circumvent the inhibition. In this work we have investigated this possibility. We identified two stress conditions under which endocytosis was resistant to inhibition by ethanol: fermentation during nitrogen starvation and growth on nonfermentable substrates. Under these conditions, yeast accumulates stress protectors, primarily trehalose and Hsp104, a protein required for yeast to survive ethanol stress. We found the following. (i) The appearance of ethanol resistance was accompanied by trehalose accumulation. (ii) Mutant cells unable to synthesize trehalose also were unable to develop resistance. (iii) Mutant cells that accumulated trehalose during growth on sugars were resistant to ethanol even under this nonstressing condition. (iv) Mutant cells unable to synthesize Hsp104 were able to develop resistance. We conclude that trehalose is the major factor in the protection of endocytosis from ethanol. Our results suggest another important physiological role for trehalose in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lucero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC, 28029-Madrid, Spain
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40
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Noubhani A, Bunoust O, Rigoulet M, Thevelein JM. Reconstitution of ethanolic fermentation in permeabilized spheroplasts of wild-type and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4566-76. [PMID: 10880982 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TPS1-encoded trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) exerts an essential control on the influx of glucose into glycolysis, presumably by restricting hexokinase activity. Deletion of TPS1 results in severe hyperaccumulation of sugar phosphates and near absence of ethanol formation. To investigate whether trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is the sole mediator of hexokinase inhibition, we have reconstituted ethanolic fermentation from glucose in permeabilized spheroplasts of the wild-type, tps1Delta and tps2Delta (Tre6P phosphatase) strains. For the tps1Delta strain, ethanol production was significantly lower and was associated with hyperaccumulation of Glu6P and Fru6P. A tps2Delta strain shows reduced accumulation of Glu6P and Fru6P both in intact cells and in permeabilized spheroplasts. These results are not consistent with Tre6P being the sole mediator of hexokinase inhibition. Reconstitution of ethanolic fermentation in permeabilized spheroplasts with glycolytic intermediates indicates additional target site(s) for the Tps1 control. Addition of Tre6P partially shifts the ethanol production rate and the metabolite pattern in permeabilized tps1Delta spheroplasts to those of the wild-type strain, but only with glucose as substrate. This is observed at a very high ratio of glucose to Tre6P. Inhibition of hexokinase activity by Tre6P is less efficiently counteracted by glucose in permeabilized spheroplasts compared to cell extracts, and this effect is largely abolished by deletion of TPS2 but not TPS1. In permeabilized spheroplasts, hexokinase activity is significantly lower in a tps2Delta strain compared to a wild-type strain and this difference is strongly reduced by additional deletion of TPS1. These results indicate that Tps1-mediated protein-protein interactions are important for control of glucose influx into yeast glycolysis, that Tre6P inhibition of hexokinase might not be competitive with respect to glucose in vivo and that also Tps2 appears to play a role in the control of hexokinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noubhani
- Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Celbiologie, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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41
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Argüelles JC, Rodriguez T, Alvarez-Peral FJ. Trehalose hydrolysis is not required for human serum-induced dimorphic transition in Candida albicans: evidence from a tps1/tps1 mutant deficient in trehalose synthesis. Res Microbiol 1999; 150:521-9. [PMID: 10577485 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(99)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exponential yeast-like cells of a Candida albicans wild-type strain exhibited strong capacity for germ tube formation in a glucose-containing medium (YPD) after induction with human serum at 37 degrees C, whereas the isogenic double disruptant tps1/tps1 mutant, which is deficient in trehalose synthesis, failed to produce germ tubes. In a medium without glucose (YP), the morphological transition fraction was roughly equivalent in both strains. Substitution of glucose by galactose or glycerol increased the number of wild-type proliferating cells able to enter the dimorphic program with no noticeable change in their trehalose content, while stationary cells, which accumulate a large amount of trehalose, did not form germ tubes. When fresh medium was added, a high proportion of these resting cells recovered their ability to carry out dimorphic transition. The tps1/tps1 mutant followed the same pattern of hyphae formation, despite the fact that it was unable to accumulate trehalose either during dimorphism induction or after several stress challenges. Furthermore, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase activity was barely detectable in the mutant. These results strongly suggest that serum-induced dimorphic transition does not require trehalose mobilization; they also support the idea that TPS1 is the only activity involved in trehalose biosynthesis in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Argüelles
- Area de Microbiologìa, Facultad de Biologìa, Universidad de Murcia, Spain.
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42
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Reinders A, Romano I, Wiemken A, De Virgilio C. The thermophilic yeast Hansenula polymorpha does not require trehalose synthesis for growth at high temperatures but does for normal acquisition of thermotolerance. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:4665-8. [PMID: 10419968 PMCID: PMC103601 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.15.4665-4668.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The TPS1 gene from Hansenula polymorpha, which encodes trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) synthase, has been isolated and characterized. The deletion of TPS1 rendered H. polymorpha cells incapable of trehalose synthesis under conditions where wild-type cells normally accumulate high levels of trehalose. Interestingly, the loss of Tre6P synthase did not cause any obvious growth defects on a glucose-containing medium, even at high temperatures, but seriously compromised the cells' ability to acquire thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reinders
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Nguyen AN, Shiozaki K. Heat-shock-induced activation of stress MAP kinase is regulated by threonine- and tyrosine-specific phosphatases. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1653-63. [PMID: 10398679 PMCID: PMC316851 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.13.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic species from yeast to human, stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), members of a MAP kinase (MAPK) subfamily, regulate the transcriptional response to various environmental stress. It is poorly understood how diverse forms of stress are sensed and transmitted to SAPKs. Here, we report the heat shock regulation of the fission yeast Spc1 SAPK, a homolog of human p38 and budding yeast Hog1p. Although osmostress and oxidative stress induce strong activation of the Wis1 MAPK kinase (MEK), which activates Spc1 through Thr-171/Tyr-173 phosphorylation, activation of Wis1 upon heat shock is relatively weak and transient. However, in heat-shocked cells, Pyp1, the major tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates Spc1, is inhibited for its interaction with Spc1, which leads to strong activation of Spc1. Subsequently, Spc1 activity is rapidly attenuated by Thr-171 dephosphorylation, whereas Tyr-173 remains phosphorylated. Thr-171 dephosphorylation is compromised in a strain lacking functional type 2C serine/threonine phosphatases (PP2C), Ptc1 and Ptc3. Moreover, Ptc1 and Ptc3 can dephosphorylate Thr-171 of Spc1 both in vivo and in vitro. These observations strongly suggest that PP2C enzymes play an important role in the attenuation of Spc1 activity in heat-shocked cells. Thus, transient activation of Spc1 upon heat shock is ensured by differential regulation of threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Nguyen
- Section of Microbiology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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44
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d'Enfert C, Bonini BM, Zapella PD, Fontaine T, da Silva AM, Terenzi HF. Neutral trehalases catalyse intracellular trehalose breakdown in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32:471-83. [PMID: 10320571 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cAMP-activatable Ca2+-dependent neutral trehalase was identified in germinating conidia of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. Using a PCR approach, A. nidulans and N. crassa genes encoding homologues of the neutral trehalases found in several yeasts were cloned and sequenced. Disruption of the AntreB gene encoding A. nidulans neutral trehalase revealed that it is responsible for intracellular trehalose mobilization at the onset of conidial germination, and that this phenomenon is partially involved in the transient accumulation of glycerol in the germinating conidia. Although trehalose mobilization is not essential for the completion of spore germination and filamentous growth in A. nidulans, it is required to achieve wild-type germination rates under carbon limitation, suggesting that intracellular trehalose can partially contribute the energy requirements of spore germination. Furthermore, it was shown that trehalose accumulation in A. nidulans can protect germinating conidia against an otherwise lethal heat shock. Because transcription of the treB genes is not increased after a heat shock but induced upon heat shock recovery, it is proposed that, in filamentous fungi, mobilization of trehalose during the return to appropriate growth is promoted by transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms, in particular cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C d'Enfert
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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45
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Accumulation of trehalose by overexpression of tps1, coding for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, causes increased resistance to multiple stresses in the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2020-4. [PMID: 10223994 PMCID: PMC91291 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.5.2020-2024.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that heat shock proteins and trehalose synthesis are important factors in the thermotolerance of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We examined the effects of trehalose-6-phosphate (trehalose-6P) synthase overexpression on resistance to several stresses in cells of S. pombe transformed with a plasmid bearing the tps1 gene, which codes for trehalose-6P synthase, under the control of the strong thiamine-repressible promoter. Upon induction of trehalose-6P synthase, the elevated levels of intracellular trehalose correlated not only with increased tolerance to heat shock but also with resistance to freezing and thawing, dehydration, osmostress, and toxic levels of ethanol, indicating that trehalose may be the stress metabolite underlying the overlap in induced tolerance to these stresses. Among the isogenic strains transformed with this construct, one in which the gene coding for the trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme, neutral trehalase, was disrupted accumulated trehalose to a greater extent and was more resistant to the above stresses. Increased trehalose concentration is thus a major determinant of the general stress protection response in S. pombe.
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46
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Marin K, Zuther E, Kerstan T, Kunert A, Hagemann M. The ggpS gene from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 encoding glucosyl-glycerol-phosphate synthase is involved in osmolyte synthesis. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:4843-9. [PMID: 9733686 PMCID: PMC107508 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.18.4843-4849.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A salt-sensitive mutant of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 defective in the synthesis of the compatible solute glucosylglycerol (GG) was used to search for the gene encoding GG-phosphate synthase (GGPS), the key enzyme in GG synthesis. Cloning and sequencing of the mutated region and the corresponding wild-type region revealed that a deletion of about 13 kb occurred in the genome of mutant 11. This deletion affected at least 10 open reading frames, among them regions coding for proteins showing similarities to trehalose (otsA homolog)- and glycerol-3-phosphate-synthesizing enzymes. After construction and characterization of mutants defective in these genes, it became obvious that an otsA homolog (sll1566) (T. Kaneko et al., DNA Res. 3:109-136, 1996) encodes GGPS, since only the mutant affected in sll1566 showed salt sensitivity combined with a complete absence of GG accumulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of sll1566 in Escherichia coli led to the appearance of GGPS activity in the heterologous host. The overexpressed protein did not show the salt dependence that is characteristic for the GGPS in crude protein extracts of Synechocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Marin
- Universität Rostock, FB Biologie, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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47
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Cansado J, Vicente-Soler J, Soto T, Fernandez J, Gacto M. Trehalose-6P synthase is essential for trehalase activation triggered by glucose, nitrogen source or heat shock, but not by osmostress, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1381:271-8. [PMID: 9729425 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe disrupted in the tps1+ gene, which encodes trehalose-6P synthase, were unable to increase trehalase activity in response to the addition of glucose or nitrogen source. Moreover, in contrast to normal cells, Deltatps1 cells did not increase trehalase activity by heat shock. Overexpression of tps1+ in cells devoid of trehalose-6P synthase restored the ability to increase trehalase after addition of nutrients or by heat shock. In glucose-repressed cells, which are normally refractory to the activation of trehalase by glucose, overexpression of tps1+ enabled the cells to increase trehalase activity upon addition of the sugar. Northern hybridisations were used to determine the level of mRNA for trehalase in normal and Deltatps1 cells. Transcription for trehalase was not significantly altered upon addition of glucose or nitrogen source, but increased markedly in heat-shocked cells even though trehalase activity remained unchanged in Deltatps1 cells. These findings provide evidence for a role of trehalose-6P synthase in the signalling pathway causing post-transcriptional activation of neutral trehalase induced by nutrients or heat shock. However, trehalase increased in Deltatps1 cells under hypertonic conditions suggesting the existence in Schiz. pombe of a distinct regulatory mechanism for enhancement of trehalase, specifically triggered by osmostress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cansado
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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48
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Zaragoza O, Blazquez MA, Gancedo C. Disruption of the Candida albicans TPS1 gene encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase impairs formation of hyphae and decreases infectivity. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:3809-15. [PMID: 9683476 PMCID: PMC107363 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.15.3809-3815.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/1998] [Accepted: 05/26/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The TPS1 gene from Candida albicans, which encodes trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, has been cloned by functional complementation of a tps1 mutant from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast with the wild-type strain, the double tps1/tps1 disruptant did not accumulate trehalose at stationary phase or after heat shock. Growth of the tps1/tps1 disruptant at 30 degreesC was indistinguishable from that of the wild type. However, at 42 degreesC it did not grow on glucose or fructose but grew normally on galactose or glycerol. At 37 degreesC, the yeast-hypha transition in the mutant in glucose-calf serum medium did not occur. During growth at 42 degreesC, the mutant did not form hyphae in galactose or in glycerol. Some of the growth defects observed may be traced to an unbalanced sugar metabolism that reduces the cellular content of ATP. Mice inoculated with 10(6) CFU of the tps1/tps1 mutant did not show visible symptoms of infection 16 days after inoculation, while those similarly inoculated with wild-type cells were dead 12 days after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zaragoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas del CSIC, Unidad de Bioquímica y Genética de Levaduras, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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49
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Cansado J, Soto T, Fernandez J, Vicente-Soler J, Gacto M. Characterization of mutants devoid of neutral trehalase activity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: partial protection from heat shock and high-salt stress. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:1342-5. [PMID: 9495778 PMCID: PMC107027 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.5.1342-1345.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe to heat shock or osmotic upshift results in an increased level of neutral trehalase activity, which is responsible for hydrolysis of intracellular trehalose. We constructed S. pombe mutants lacking neutral trehalase activity by gene replacement at the newly defined ntp1+ locus. Analysis of these mutants revealed that a twofold increase in trehalose accumulation, enhanced acquired thermoresistance, and marked salt tolerance characterized their ability to grow in liquid and solid media. Analysis of the expression of the trehalase gene under heat shock and osmotic upshift revealed the transcriptional activation of ntp1+ in response to both stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cansado
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biologia, University of Murcia, Spain
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50
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Blázquez MA, Santos E, Flores CL, Martínez-Zapater JM, Salinas J, Gancedo C. Isolation and molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis TPS1 gene, encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 13:685-9. [PMID: 9681010 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clone, AtTPS1, that encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase was isolated. The identity of this protein is supported by both structural and functional evidence. On one hand, the predicted sequence of the protein encoded by AtTPS1 showed a high degree of similarity with trehalose-6-phosphate synthases of different organisms. On the other hand, expression of the AtTPS1 cDNA in the yeast tps1 mutant restored its ability to synthesize trehalose and suppressed its growth defect related to the lack of trehalose-6-phosphate. Genomic organization and expression analyses suggest that AtTPS1 is a single-copy gene and is expressed constitutively at very low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Blázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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