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Wheeler R, Gomperts Boneca I. The hidden base of the iceberg: gut peptidoglycome dynamics is foundational to its influence on the host. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2395099. [PMID: 39239828 PMCID: PMC11382707 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2395099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota of humans includes a highly diverse range of bacterial species. All these bacteria possess a cell wall, composed primarily of the macromolecule peptidoglycan. As such, the gut also harbors an abundant and varied peptidoglycome. A remarkable range of host physiological pathways are regulated by peptidoglycan fragments that originate from the gut microbiota and enter the host system. Interactions between the host system and peptidoglycan can influence physiological development and homeostasis, promote health, or contribute to inflammatory disease. Underlying these effects is the interplay between microbiota composition and enzymatic processes that shape the intestinal peptidoglycome, dictating the types of peptidoglycan generated, that subsequently cross the gut barrier. In this review, we highlight and discuss the hidden and emerging functional aspects of the microbiome, i.e. the hidden base of the iceberg, that modulate the composition of gut peptidoglycan, and how these fundamental processes are drivers of physiological outcomes for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Hauts-de-Seine, Arthritis Research and Development, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
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2
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Rimal B, Senzani S, Ealand C, Lamichhane G, Kana B, Kim SJ. Peptidoglycan compositional analysis of Mycobacterium smegmatis using high-resolution LC-MS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11061. [PMID: 35773428 PMCID: PMC9247062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15324-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is the exoskeleton of bacterial cells and is required for their viability, growth, and cell division. Unlike most bacteria, mycobacteria possess an atypical PG characterized by a high degree of unique linkages and chemical modifications which most likely serve as important determinants of virulence and pathogenesis in mycobacterial diseases. Despite this important role, the chemical composition and molecular architecture of mycobacterial PG have yet to be fully determined. Here we determined the chemical composition of PG from Mycobacterium smegmatis using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Purified cell walls from the stationary phase were digested with mutanolysin and compositional analysis was performed on 130 muropeptide ions that were identified using an in silico PG library. The relative abundance for each muropeptide ion was measured by integrating the extracted-ion chromatogram. The percentage of crosslink per PG subunit was measured at 45%. While both 3→3 and 4→3 transpeptide cross-linkages were found in PG dimers, a high abundance of 3→3 linkages was found associated with the trimers. Approximately 43% of disaccharides in the PG of M. smegmatis showed modifications by acetylation or deacetylation. A significant number of PG trimers are found with a loss of 41.00 amu that is consistent with N-deacetylation, whereas the dimers show a gain of 42.01 amu corresponding to O-acetylation of the PG disaccharides. This suggests a possible role of PG acetylation in the regulation of cell wall homeostasis in M. smegmatis. Collectively, these data report important novel insights into the ultrastructure of mycobacterial PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binayak Rimal
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sibusiso Senzani
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Christopher Ealand
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Bavesh Kana
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa.
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Chemistry Building, 525 College Street, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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3
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Apostolos AJ, Nelson JM, Silva JRA, Lameira J, Achimovich AM, Gahlmann A, Alves CN, Pires MM. Facile Synthesis and Metabolic Incorporation of m-DAP Bioisosteres Into Cell Walls of Live Bacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2966-2975. [PMID: 33078931 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan (PG), a scaffold that provides proper rigidity to resist lysis from internal osmotic pressure and a barrier to protect cells against external stressors. It consists of repeating sugar units with a linkage to a stem peptide that becomes cross-linked by cell wall transpeptidases (TP). While synthetic PG fragments containing l-lysine in the third position on the stem peptide are easier to access, those with meso-diaminopimelic acid (m-DAP) pose a severe synthetic challenge. Herein, we describe a solid phase synthetic scheme based on widely available building blocks to assemble meso-cystine (m-CYT), which mimics key structural features of m-DAP. To demonstrate proper mimicry of m-DAP, cell wall probes were synthesized with m-CYT in place of m-DAP and evaluated for their metabolic processing in live bacterial cells. We found that m-CYT-based cell wall probes were properly processed by TPs in various bacterial species that endogenously contain m-DAP in their PG. Additionally, we have used hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the influence of m-DAP analogs on the PG cross-linking. The results showed that the cross-linking mechanism of transpeptidases occurred through a concerted process. We anticipate that this strategy, which is based on the use of inexpensive and commercially available building blocks, can be widely adopted to provide greater accessibility of PG mimics for m-DAP containing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Julia M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - José Rogério A. Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Alecia M. Achimovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andreas Gahlmann
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Cláudio N. Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcos M. Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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Nedzvetsky VS. THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN FRACTION ENRICHED WITH MURAMYL PENTAPEPTIDE FROM Lactobacillus bulgaricus INHIBITS GLIOBLASTOMA U373MG CELL MIGRATION CAPABILITY AND UPREGULATES PARP1 AND NF-kB LEVELS. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech13.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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5
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Scornec H, Palud A, Pédron T, Wheeler R, Petitgonnet C, Boneca IG, Cavin JF, Sansonetti PJ, Licandro H. Study of the cwaRS-ldcA Operon Coding a Two-Component System and a Putative L,D-Carboxypeptidase in Lactobacillus paracasei. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:156. [PMID: 32194510 PMCID: PMC7062640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the primary recognition site between the bacterium and the host. An operon of three genes, LSEI_0219 (cwaR), LSEI_0220 (cwaS), and LSEI_0221 (ldcA), has been previously identified as required for the establishment of Lactobacillus paracasei in the gut. The genes cwaR and cwaS encode a predicted two-component system (TCS) and ldcA a predicted D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase which is a peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis enzyme. We explored the functionality and the physiological role of these three genes, particularly their impact on the bacterial cell wall architecture and on the bacterial adaptation to environmental perturbations in the gut. The functionality of CwaS/R proteins as a TCS has been demonstrated by biochemical analysis. It is involved in the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the PG biosynthesis. Analysis of the muropeptides of PG in mutants allowed us to re-annotate LSEI_0221 as a putative L,D-carboxypeptidase (LdcA). The absence of this protein coincided with a decrease of two surface antigens: LSEI_0020, corresponding to p40 or msp2 whose implication in the host epithelial homeostasis has been recently studied, and LSEI_2029 which has never been functionally characterized. The inactivation of each of these three genes induces susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides (hBD1, hBD2, and CCL20), which could be the main cause of the gut establishment deficiency. Thus, this operon is necessary for the presence of two surface antigens and for a suitable cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Scornec
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aurore Palud
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Avenir Group, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Clément Petitgonnet
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Avenir Group, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Cavin
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Licandro
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Yadav AK, Espaillat A, Cava F. Bacterial Strategies to Preserve Cell Wall Integrity Against Environmental Threats. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2064. [PMID: 30233540 PMCID: PMC6127315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells are surrounded by an exoskeleton-like structure, the cell wall, composed primarily of the peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. This structure is made up of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides generating a covalent mesh that shapes bacteria and prevents their lysis due to their high internal osmotic pressure. Even though the PG is virtually universal in bacteria, there is a notable degree of diversity in its chemical structure. Modifications in both the sugars and peptides are known to be instrumental for bacteria to cope with diverse environmental challenges. In this review, we summarize and discuss the cell wall strategies to withstand biotic and abiotic environmental insults such as the effect of antibiotics targeting cell wall enzymes, predatory PG hydrolytic proteins, and PG signaling systems. Finally we will discuss the opportunities that species-specific PG variability might open to develop antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K Yadav
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Antitumoural activity of a cytotoxic peptide of Lactobacillus casei peptidoglycan and its interaction with mitochondrial-bound hexokinase. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 27:609-19. [PMID: 27101258 PMCID: PMC4936475 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. In a previous study, we reported the cytotoxic activity against various tumour cells of the peptidoglycan of Lactobacillus casei. To isolate the most active components, we performed column-chromatography separation of the peptidoglycan complex and tested the related fractions for their cytotoxic activity. The most active fractions were then lyophilized and the residue was analysed by gas chromatography for its amino acid content and composition. On the basis of the known chemical formula of the basic peptidic component of the peptidoglycan complex of L. casei, a peptide was then synthesized [Europ. (CH-DE-FR-GB) Patent number 1217005; IT number 01320177] and its cytotoxicity was tested against tumoural and normal cells. The synthetic peptide was found to impair the entire metabolism of cultured tumour cells and to restore the apoptotic process. By contrast, normal cells appeared to be stimulated rather than inhibited by the peptide, whereas primary mouse embryo fibroblasts behaved similarly to tumour cells. On the basis of these results, L. casei peptidoglycan fragments and their constituent basic peptide might be applicable as potent antitumour agents.
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8
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Štšepetova J, Taelma H, Smidt I, Hütt P, Lapp E, Aotäht E, Mändar R. Assessment of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility of vaginalLactobacillussp. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:524-534. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Štšepetova
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies; Tartu Estonia
| | - H. Taelma
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - I. Smidt
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies; Tartu Estonia
| | - P. Hütt
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - E. Lapp
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - E. Aotäht
- Tartu Health Care Colleges; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Mändar
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies; Tartu Estonia
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9
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Také A, Nakashima T, Inahashi Y, Shiomi K, Takahashi Y, Ōmura S, Matsumoto A. Analyses of the cell-wall peptidoglycan structures in three genera Micromonospora, Catenuloplanes, and Couchioplanes belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae by derivatization with FDLA and PMP using LC/MS. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:199-205. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Také
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
| | | | - Yuki Inahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Yōko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Atsuko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
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10
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Pidgeon SE, Fura JM, Leon W, Birabaharan M, Vezenov D, Pires MM. Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria by Unnatural C-terminated D-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6158-62. [PMID: 25832713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan is a mesh-like network comprised of sugars and oligopeptides. Transpeptidases cross-link peptidoglycan oligopeptides to provide vital cell wall rigidity and structural support. It was recently discovered that the same transpeptidases catalyze the metabolic incorporation of exogenous D-amino acids onto bacterial cell surfaces with vast promiscuity for the side-chain identity. It is now shown that this enzymatic promiscuity is not exclusive to side chains, but that C-terminus variations can also be accommodated across a diverse range of bacteria. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that the incorporation of C-terminus amidated D-amino acids onto bacterial surfaces substantially reduced the cell wall stiffness. We exploited the promiscuity of bacterial transpeptidases to develop a novel assay for profiling different bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Pidgeon
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - Jonathan M Fura
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - William Leon
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - Morgan Birabaharan
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - Dmitri Vezenov
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA)
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015 (USA).
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11
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Pidgeon SE, Fura JM, Leon W, Birabaharan M, Vezenov D, Pires MM. Metabolic Profiling of Bacteria by Unnatural C-terminatedD-Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Reconstruction and analysis of the genome-scale metabolic model of Lactobacillus casei LC2W. Gene 2015; 554:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Ito M, Kim YG, Tsuji H, Takahashi T, Kiwaki M, Nomoto K, Danbara H, Okada N. Transposon mutagenesis of probiotic Lactobacillus casei identifies asnH, an asparagine synthetase gene involved in its immune-activating capacity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83876. [PMID: 24416179 PMCID: PMC3885529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei ATCC 27139 enhances host innate immunity, and the J1 phage-resistant mutants of this strain lose the activity. A transposon insertion mutant library of L. casei ATCC 27139 was constructed, and nine J1 phage-resistant mutants out of them were obtained. Cloning and sequencing analyses identified three independent genes that were disrupted by insertion of the transposon element: asnH, encoding asparagine synthetase, and dnaJ and dnaK, encoding the molecular chaperones DnaJ and DnaK, respectively. Using an in vivo mouse model of Listeria infection, only asnH mutant showed deficiency in their ability to enhance host innate immunity, and complementation of the mutation by introduction of the wild-type asnH in the mutant strain recovered the immuno-augmenting activity. AsnH protein exhibited asparagine synthetase activity when the lysozyme-treated cell wall extracts of L. casei ATCC 27139 was added as substrate. The asnH mutants lost the thick and rigid peptidoglycan features that are characteristic to the wild-type cells, indicating that AsnH of L. casei is involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. These results indicate that asnH is required for the construction of the peptidoglycan composition involved in the immune-activating capacity of L. casei ATCC 27139.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsuji
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kiwaki
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nomoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Danbara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Palomino MM, Allievi MC, Gründling A, Sanchez-Rivas C, Ruzal SM. Osmotic stress adaptation in Lactobacillus casei BL23 leads to structural changes in the cell wall polymer lipoteichoic acid. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:2416-2426. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mercedes Palomino
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C. Allievi
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Carmen Sanchez-Rivas
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M. Ruzal
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Zhang H, Xie L, Zhang W, Zhou W, Su J, Liu J. The Association of Biofilm Formation with Antibiotic Resistance in Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Foods. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Food and Biology Technology; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Lisi Xie
- Department of Food and Biology Technology; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Department of Food and Biology Technology; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- Department of Food and Biology Technology; Guangdong University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Jianyu Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven LMP2095 333 Cedar St CT 06511
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16
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The quest for probiotic effector molecules—Unraveling strain specificity at the molecular level. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Volokhov DV, Amselle M, Beck BJ, Popham DL, Whittaker P, Wang H, Kerrigan E, Chizhikov VE. Lactobacillus brantae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 62:2068-2076. [PMID: 22021580 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.033852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the faeces of apparently healthy wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in 2010 by cultivating faecal LAB on Rogosa SL agar under aerobic conditions. These three isolates were found to share 99.9 % gene sequence similarity of their 16S rRNA, their 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial 23S rRNA, rpoB, rpoC, rpoA and pheS gene sequences. However, the three strains exhibited lower levels of sequence similarity of these genetic targets to all known LAB, and the phylogenetically closest species to the geese strains were Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus saniviri. In comparison to L. casei ATCC 393(T), L. paracasei ATCC 25302(T), L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469(T) and L. saniviri DSM 24301(T), the novel isolates reacted uniquely in tests for cellobiose, galactose, mannitol, citric acid, aesculin and dextrin, and gave negative results in tests for l-proline arylamidase and l-pyrrolydonyl-arylamidase, and in the Voges-Proskauer test. Biochemical tests for cellobiose, aesculin, galactose, gentiobiose, mannitol, melezitose, ribose, salicin, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, turanose, amygdalin and arbutin could be used for differentiation between L. saniviri and the novel strains. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, and phylogenetic data, the three isolates represent a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which the name Lactobacillus brantae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SL1108(T) (= ATCC BAA-2142(T) = LMG 26001(T) = DSM 23927(T)) and two additional strains are SL1170 and SL60106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-470, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Megan Amselle
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Brian J Beck
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - David L Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Life Sciences I - MC0910, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Whittaker
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kerrigan
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Vladimir E Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM-470, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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LysA2, the Lactobacillus casei bacteriophage A2 lysin is an endopeptidase active on a wide spectrum of lactic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Over the past decade it has become clear that lactobacilli and other probiotic and commensal organisms can interact with mucosal immune cells or epithelial cells lining the mucosa to modulate specific functions of the mucosal immune system. The most well understood signalling mechanisms involve the innate pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors. Binding of microbe-associated molecular patterns with these receptors can activate antigen presenting cells and modulate their function through the expression of surface receptors, secreted cytokines and chemokines. In vitro the cytokine response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells to lactobacilli can be strikingly different depending on both the bacterial species and the strain. Several factors have been identified in lactobacilli that influence the immune response in vitro and in vivo including cell surface carbohydrates, enzymes modifying the structure of lipoteichoic acids and metabolites. In mice mechanistic studies point to a role for the homeostatic control of inducible T regulatory cells in the mucosal tissues as one possible immunomodulatory mechanism. Increasing evidence also suggests that induction of epithelial signalling by intestinal lactobacilli can modulate barrier functions, defensin production and regulate inflammatory signalling. Other probiotic mechanisms include modulation of the T cell effector subsets, enhancement of humoral immunity and interactions with the epithelial-associated dendritic cells and macrophages. A major challenge for the future will be to gain more knowledge about the interactions occurring between lactobacilli and the host in vivo and to understand the molecular basis of innate signalling in response to whole bacteria which trigger multiple signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe-Interactomics, University of Wageningen, Animal Sciences Department, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kumar A, Ramakrishnan V. Creating novel protein scripts beyond natural alphabets. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2011; 4:247-56. [PMID: 22132051 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-011-9068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural proteins are concatenated amino acids with definite handedness or chirality, with their spatial orientation being preferentially left handed or L-chiral. This paper discusses the biophysics of stereo-chemical perturbation to proteins using D-(α) amino acid and its utility as an additional design alphabet while scripting novel protein structures.
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Friedman M. Origin, Microbiology, Nutrition, and Pharmacology of D-Amino Acids. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1491-530. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kleerebezem M, Hols P, Bernard E, Rolain T, Zhou M, Siezen RJ, Bron PA. The extracellular biology of the lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010. [PMID: 20088967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli belong to the lactic acid bacteria, which play a key role in industrial and artisan food raw-material fermentation, including a large variety of fermented dairy products. Next to their role in fermentation processes, specific strains of Lactobacillus are currently marketed as health-promoting cultures or probiotics. The last decade has witnessed the completion of a large number of Lactobacillus genome sequences, including the genome sequences of some of the probiotic species and strains. This development opens avenues to unravel the Lactobacillus-associated health-promoting activity at the molecular level. It is generally considered likely that an important part of the Lactobacillus effector molecules that participate in the proposed health-promoting interactions with the host (intestinal) system resides in the bacterial cell envelope. For this reason, it is important to accurately predict the Lactobacillus exoproteomes. Extensive annotation of these exoproteomes, combined with comparative analysis of species- or strain-specific exoproteomes, may identify candidate effector molecules, which may support specific effects on host physiology associated with particular Lactobacillus strains. Candidate health-promoting effector molecules of lactobacilli can then be validated via mutant approaches, which will allow for improved strain selection procedures, improved product quality control criteria and molecular science-based health claims.
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Influences of capsule on cell shape and chain formation of wild-type and pcsB mutants of serotype 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3024-40. [PMID: 19270090 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01505-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PcsB is a protein of unknown function that plays a critical role in cell division in Streptococcus pneumoniae and other ovococcus species of Streptococcus. We constructed isogenic sets of mutants expressing different amounts of PcsB in laboratory strain R6 and virulent serotype 2 strain D39 to evaluate its cellular roles. Insertion mutagenesis in parent and pcsB(+) merodiploid strains indicated that pcsB is essential in serotype 2 S. pneumoniae. Quantitative Western blotting of wild-type and epitope-tagged PcsB showed that all PcsB was processed into cell-associated and secreted forms of the same molecular mass and that cell-associated PcsB was moderately abundant and present at approximately 4,900 monomers per cell. Controlled expression and complementation experiments indicated that there was a causative relationship between the severity of defects in cell division and decreasing PcsB amount. These experiments also showed that perturbations of expression of the upstream mreCD genes did not contribute to the cell division defects of pcsB mutants and that mreCD could be deleted. Unexpectedly, capsule influenced the cell shape and chain formation phenotypes of the wild-type D39 strain and mutants underexpressing PcsB or deleted for other genes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, such as dacA. Underexpression of PcsB did not result in changes in the amounts or composition of lactoyl-peptides, which were markedly different in the R6 and D39 strains, and there was no correlation between decreased PcsB amount and sensitivity to penicillin. Finally, microarray analyses indicated that underexpression of PcsB may generate a signal that increases expression of the VicRK regulon, which includes pcsB.
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Genes and molecules of lactobacilli supporting probiotic action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2009; 72:728-64, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19052326 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00017-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been crucial for the production of fermented products for centuries. They are also members of the mutualistic microbiota present in the human gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Recently, increasing attention has been given to their probiotic, health-promoting capacities. Many human intervention studies demonstrating health effects have been published. However, as not all studies resulted in positive outcomes, scientific interest arose regarding the precise mechanisms of action of probiotics. Many reported mechanistic studies have addressed mainly the host responses, with less attention being focused on the specificities of the bacterial partners, notwithstanding the completion of Lactobacillus genome sequencing projects, and increasing possibilities of genomics-based and dedicated mutant analyses. In this emerging and highly interdisciplinary field, microbiologists are facing the challenge of molecular characterization of probiotic traits. This review addresses the advances in the understanding of the probiotic-host interaction with a focus on the molecular microbiology of lactobacilli. Insight into the molecules and genes involved should contribute to a more judicious application of probiotic lactobacilli and to improved screening of novel potential probiotics.
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Vancomycin resistance VanS/VanR two-component systems. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 631:200-13. [PMID: 18792691 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin is a member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics. Vancomycin resistance (van) gene clusters are found in human pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus, glycopeptide-producing actinomycetes such as Amycolotopsis orientalis, Actinoplanes teichomyceticus and Streptomyces toyocaensis and the nonglycopeptide producing actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor. Expression of the van genes is activated by the VanS/VanR two-component system in response to extracellular glycopeptide antibiotic. Two major types of inducible vancomycin resistance are found in pathogenic bacteria; VanA strains are resistant to vancomycin itself and also to the lipidated glycopeptide teicoplanin, while VanB strains are resistant to vancomycin but sensitive to teicoplanin. Here we discuss the enzymes the van genes encode, the range of different VanS/VanR two-component systems, the biochemistry of VanS/VanR, the nature of the effector ligand(s) recognised by VanS and the evolution of the van cluster.
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Abstract
This review is an attempt to bring together and critically evaluate the now-abundant but dispersed data concerning the lipid intermediates of the biosynthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Lipid I, lipid II, and their modified forms play a key role not only as the specific link between the intracellular synthesis of the peptidoglycan monomer unit and the extracytoplasmic polymerization reactions but also in the attachment of proteins to the bacterial cell wall and in the mechanisms of action of antibiotics with which they form specific complexes. The survey deals first with their detection, purification, structure, and preparation by chemical and enzymatic methods. The recent important advances in the study of transferases MraY and MurG, responsible for the formation of lipids I and II, are reported. Various modifications undergone by lipids I and II are described, especially those occurring in gram-positive organisms. The following section concerns the cellular location of the lipid intermediates and the translocation of lipid II across the cytoplasmic membrane. The great efforts made since 2000 in the study of the glycosyltransferases catalyzing the glycan chain formation with lipid II or analogues are analyzed in detail. Finally, examples of antibiotics forming complexes with the lipid intermediates are presented.
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ČANŽEK MAJHENIČ ANDREJA, MOHAR LORBERG PETRA, ROGELJ IRENA. Characterisation of the Lactobacillus community in traditional Karst ewe's cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2007.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Piuri M, Sanchez-Rivas C, Ruzal SM. Cell wall modifications during osmotic stress in Lactobacillus casei. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:84-95. [PMID: 15610420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the modification of the cell wall of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 grown in high salt conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Differences in the overall structure of cell wall between growth in high salt (MRS + 1 mol l(-1) NaCl; N condition) and control (MRS; C condition) conditions were determined by transmission electronic microscopy and analytical procedures. Lactobacillus casei cells grown in N condition were significantly larger than cells grown under unstressed C condition. Increased sensitivity to mutanolysin and antibiotics with target in the cell wall was observed in N condition. Purified cell wall also showed the increased sensitivity to lysis by mutanolysin. Analysis of peptidoglycan (PG) from stressed cells showed that modification was at the structural level in accordance with a decreased PG cross-link involving penicillin-binding proteins (PBP). Nine PBP were first described in this species and these proteins were expressed in low percentages or presented a modified pattern of saturation with penicillin G (Pen G) during growth in high salt. Three of the essential PBP were fully saturated in N condition at lower Pen G concentrations than in C condition, suggesting differences in functionality in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results show that growth in high salt modified the structural properties of the cell wall. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Advances in understanding the adaptation to high osmolarity, in particular those involving sensitivity to lysis of lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piuri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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David V, Bozdogan B, Mainardi JL, Legrand R, Gutmann L, Leclercq R. Mechanism of intrinsic resistance to vancomycin in Clostridium innocuum NCIB 10674. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:3415-22. [PMID: 15150227 PMCID: PMC415764 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.11.3415-3422.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the basis for intrinsic resistance to low levels of vancomycin in Clostridium innocuum NCIB 10674 (MIC = 8 microg/ml). Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry of peptidoglycan nucleotide precursors pools revealed the presence of two types of UDP-MurNac-pentapeptide precursors constitutively produced, an UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide with a serine at the C terminus which represented 93% of the pool and an UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide with an alanine at the C terminus which represented the rest of the pool. C. innocuum cell wall muropeptides containing pentapeptide[Ser], either dialanine substituted on the epsilon amino group of lysine or not, were identified and represented about 10% of the monomers while only 1% of pentapeptide[D-Ala] monomers were found. The sequence of a 2,465-bp chromosomal fragment from C. innocuum was determined and revealed the presence of ddl(c. innocuum) and C. innocuum racemase genes putatively encoding homologues of D-Ala:D-X ligases and amino acid racemases, respectively. Analysis of the pool of precursors of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2, containing cloned ddl(c. innocuum) and C. innocuum racemase genes showed in addition to the UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ala], the presence of an UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide[D-Ser] precursor. However, the expression of low-level resistance to vancomycin was observed only when both genes were cloned in E. faecalis JH2-2 together with the vanXYc gene from Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174 which encodes a d,d-peptidase which eliminates preferentially the high affinity vancomycin UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide [D-Ala] precursors produced by the host. We conclude that resistance to vancomycin in C. innocuum NCIB 10674 was related to the presence of the two chromosomal ddl(c. innocuum) and C. innocuum racemase genes allowing the synthesis of a peptidoglycan precursor terminating in serine with low affinity for vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique David
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Université Paris XII, Crétil, France
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Abstract
Bacteria used as probiotics or in starter cultures may serve as hosts of antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. Before launching a starter culture or a probiotic product into the market, it is therefore important to verify that the single bacterial isolates (strains) do not contain transferable resistance genes. A study has been undertaken to establish the levels of susceptibility of Lactobacillus spp. to various antimicrobial agents. This is a prerequisite for differentiating putative transferable resistance from natural resistance. A selection of 62 strains has been screened with the use of the Etest (ABBiodisk, Stockholm, Sweden) for their susceptibility to 25 antimicrobial agents. The strains belonged to the following species: Lactobacillus plantarum/pentosus, L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, L. sakei, L. curvatus and species of the L. acidophilus group: L. johnsonii, L. crispatus, L. gasseri, and L. acidophilus. The results from the Etests have shown that the level of susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents is species-dependent. For the following antimicrobial agents, susceptibility varied several folds between species: vancomycin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, and clindamycin. The differences between the species were more subtle for the rest of the tested antimicrobial agents. On the basis of the result, it was possible to suggest minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) for the individual Lactobacillus species to be used as a microbiological breakpoint when screening strains for transferable resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Danielsen
- Identification Section, Applied Biotechnology, Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Allé 10-12, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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Acedo-Félix E, Pérez-Martínez G. Significant differences between Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei ATCC 393T and a commonly used plasmid-cured derivative revealed by a polyphasic study. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:67-75. [PMID: 12656154 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei (L. casei) have been carried out using strain ATCC 393 (pLZ15-). Four strains of L. casei ATCC 393T and three of ATCC 393 (pLZ15-) were compared using phenotypic methods and many of the available genotyping techniques. These tests showed that strains of ATCC 393T obtained from independent public type-culture collections were significantly different from the plasmid-free (pLZ15-) strains of ATCC 393T. These findings were confirmed by sequencing the first 580 nt (domain I) of the 16S and 23S rDNAs of the strains. Complete sequencing of the 16S rDNA of one representative strain from each group revealed that strain ATCC 393T from culture collections was 99% similar to Lactobacillus zeae ATCC 15820T and that the strain so far considered as L. casei ATCC 393 (pLZ15-) was, in turn, 100% similar to L. casei ATCC 334 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei ATCC 4022. All data obtained in this work indicate that the ancestral strain of ATCC 393 (pLZ15-) might never have been the strain that is now available from culture collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Acedo-Félix
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, 46100 - Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, 46100 - Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Mainardi JL, Morel V, Fourgeaud M, Cremniter J, Blanot D, Legrand R, Frehel C, Arthur M, Van Heijenoort J, Gutmann L. Balance between two transpeptidation mechanisms determines the expression of beta-lactam resistance in Enterococcus faecium. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:35801-7. [PMID: 12077139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204319200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The d,d-transpeptidase activity of high molecular weight penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) is essential to maintain cell wall integrity as it catalyzes the final cross-linking step of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis. We investigated a novel beta-lactam resistance mechanism involving by-pass of the essential PBPs by l,d-transpeptidation in Enterococcus faecium. Determination of the peptidoglycan structure by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry revealed that stepwise selection for ampicillin resistance led to the gradual replacement of the usual cross-links generated by the PBPs (d-Ala(4) --> d-Asx-Lys(3)) by cross-links resulting from l,d-transpeptidation (l-Lys(3) --> d-Asx-Lys(3)). This was associated with no modification of the level of production of the PBPs or of their affinity for beta-lactams, indicating that altered PBP activity was not required for ampicillin resistance. A beta-lactam-insensitive l,d-transpeptidase was detected in membrane preparations of the parental susceptible strain. Acquisition of resistance was not because of variation of this activity. Instead, selection led to production of a beta-lactam-insensitive d,d-carboxypeptidase that cleaved the C-terminal d-Ala residue of pentapeptide stems in vitro and caused massive accumulation of cytoplasmic precursors containing a tetrapeptide stem in vivo. The parallel dramatic increase in the proportion of l-Lys(3) --> d-Asx-Lys(3) cross-links showed that the enzyme was activating the resistance pathway by generating the substrate for the l,d-transpeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mainardi
- INSERM EMI-U 0004 Laboratoire de Recherche Moléculaire sur les Antibiotiques, UFR Broussais-Hôtel Dieu, Université Paris VI, 75270 Paris, France.
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Bacher G, Körner R, Atrih A, Foster SJ, Roepstorff P, Allmaier G. Negative and positive ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and positive ion nano-electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry of peptidoglycan fragments isolated from various Bacillus species. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:124-139. [PMID: 11288194 DOI: 10.1002/jms.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A general approach for the detailed characterization of sodium borohydride-reduced peptidoglycan fragments (syn. muropeptides), produced by muramidase digestion of the purified sacculus isolated from Bacillus subtilis (vegetative cell form of the wild type and a dacA mutant) and Bacillus megaterium (endospore form), is outlined based on UV matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and nano-electrospray ionization (nESI) quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometry (MS). After enzymatic digestion and reduction of the resulting muropeptides, the complex glycopeptide mixture was separated and fractionated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Prior to mass spectrometric analysis, the muropeptide samples were subjected to a desalting step and an aliquot was taken for amino acid analysis. Initial molecular mass determination of these peptidoglycan fragments (ranging from monomeric to tetrameric muropeptides) was performed by positive and negative ion MALDI-MS using the thin-layer technique with the matrix alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The results demonstrated that for the fast molecular mass determination of large sample numbers in the 0.8-10 pmol range and with a mass accuracy of +/-0.07%, negative ion MALDI-MS in the linear TOF mode is the method of choice. After this kind of muropeptide screening often a detailed primary structural analysis is required owing to ambiguous data. Structural data could be obtained from peptidoglycan monomers by post-source decay (PSD) fragment ion analysis, but not from dimers or higher oligomers and not with the necessary sensitivity. Multistage collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments performed on an nESI-QIT instrument were found to be the superior method for structural characterization of not only monomeric but also of dimeric and trimeric muropeptides. Up to MS4 experiments were sometimes necessary to obtain unambiguous structural information. Three examples are presented: (a) CID MSn (n = 2-4) of a peptidoglycan monomer (disaccharide-tripeptide) isolated from B. subtilis (wild type, vegetative cell form), (b) CID MSn (n = 2-4) of a peptidoglycan dimer (bis-disaccharide-tetrapentapeptide) obtained from a B. subtilis mutant (vegetative cell form) and (c) CID MS2 of a peptidoglycan trimer (a linear hexasaccharide with two peptide side chains) isolated from the spore cortex of B. megaterium. All MS(n) experiments were performed on singly charged precursor ions and the MS2 spectra were dominated by fragments derived from interglycosidic bond cleavages. MS3 and MS4 spectra exhibited mainly peptide moiety fragment ions. In case of the bis-disaccharide-tetrapentapeptide, the peptide branching point could be determined based on MS3 and MS4 spectra. The results demonstrate the utility of nESI-QIT-MS towards the facile determination of the glycan sequence, the peptide linkage and the peptide sequence and branching of purified muropeptides (monomeric up to trimeric forms). The wealth of structural information generated by nESI-QIT-MSn is unsurpassed by any other individual technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bacher
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Grohs P, Gutmann L, Legrand R, Schoot B, Mainardi JL. Vancomycin resistance is associated with serine-containing peptidoglycan in Enterococcus gallinarum. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6228-32. [PMID: 11029446 PMCID: PMC94760 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.21.6228-6232.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Enterococcus gallinarum SC1, a low-level vancomycin-resistant strain, only monomeric muropentapeptides with a C-terminal D-alanine were detected after growth without vancomycin. In contrast, in SC1 induced by vancomycin, as well as in AIB39, a constitutive vancomycin-resistant strain, monomeric and dimeric muropentapeptides with a C-terminal D-serine were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grohs
- Laboratoire de Recherche Moléculaire sur les Antibiotiques, UFR Broussais-Hôtel Dieu, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
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Mainardi JL, Legrand R, Arthur M, Schoot B, van Heijenoort J, Gutmann L. Novel mechanism of beta-lactam resistance due to bypass of DD-transpeptidation in Enterococcus faecium. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16490-6. [PMID: 10748168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909877199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidoglycan structure of in vitro selected ampicillin-resistant mutant Enterococcus faecium D344M512 and of the susceptible parental strain D344S was determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The muropeptide monomers were almost identical in the two strains. The substantial majority (99.3%) of the oligomers from the susceptible strain D344S contained the usual d-alanyl --> d-asparaginyl (or d-aspartyl)-l-lysyl cross-link (d-Ala --> d-Asx-l-Lys) generated by beta-lactam-sensitive DD-transpeptidation. The remaining oligomers (0.7%) were produced by beta-lactam-insensitive LD-transpeptidation, because they contained l-Lys --> d-Asx-l-Lys cross-links. The muropeptide oligomers of the ampicillin-resistant mutant D344M512 contained only these l-Lys --> d-Asx-l-Lys cross-links indicating that resistance was due to the bypass of the beta-lactam-sensitive DD-transpeptidation reaction. The discovery of this novel resistance mechanism indicates that DD-transpeptidases cannot be considered anymore as the sole essential transpeptidase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mainardi
- L.R.M.A., UFR Broussais-Hôtel Dieu, Université Paris VI, 75270 Paris, France.
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Mainardi JL, Billot-Klein D, Coutrot A, Legrand R, Schoot B, Gutmann L. Resistance to cefotaxime and peptidoglycan composition in Enterococcus faecalis are influenced by exogenous sodium chloride. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144(Pt 10):2679-2685. [PMID: 9802009 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-10-2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of NaCl on the susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis to cefotaxime was tested with JH2-2, a laboratory strain, and 20 clinical strains grown on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% horse blood. Growth with 3% NaCl in the medium resulted in an increase in cefotaxime resistance and the appearance of a heterogeneous resistance phenotype: for the majority of the strains, the MICs of cefotaxime increased from 4 to 512 micrograms ml-1. By a competition assay using cefotaxime and [3H]benzylpenicillin, it was shown for strain JH2-2 that at the MIC penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2 and PBP3 were the apparent essential PBPs in medium without NaCl, whilst the low-affinity PBPs 4 and 1 were the apparent essential PBPs for cell growth in medium containing 3% NaCl. Analysis of JH2-2 peptidoglycan by HPLC and MS after growth in the presence of 3% NaCl showed a relative increase in unsubstituted monomers and a relative decrease in alanine- and dialanine-substituted monomers. It is therefore hypothesized that modification of the number of alanine-substituted precursors in the presence of NaCl could interfere with the functions of the different PBPs and thus play a role in cefotaxime resistance in E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mainardi
- LRMA, Universite Paris VI, 15, rue de I'Ecole de MCdecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06,France
- HBpital Saint-Joseph, Service de Microbiologie Clinique, 185 rue Raymond Losserand,75674 Paris Cedex 14,France
| | - Daniele Billot-Klein
- LRMA, Universite Paris VI, 15, rue de I'Ecole de MCdecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06,France
| | - Anne Coutrot
- HBpital Saint-Joseph, Service de Microbiologie Clinique, 185 rue Raymond Losserand,75674 Paris Cedex 14,France
| | | | - Bernard Schoot
- Physics Department, Roussel UCLAF,93230 Romainville,France
| | - Laurent Gutmann
- LRMA, Universite Paris VI, 15, rue de I'Ecole de MCdecine, 75270 Paris Cedex 06,France
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