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Albicoro FJ, Bessho S, Grando K, Olubajo S, Tam V, Tükel Ç. Lactate promotes the biofilm-to-invasive-planktonic transition in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium via the de novo purine pathway. Infect Immun 2024:e0026624. [PMID: 39133016 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00266-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection triggers an inflammatory response that changes the concentration of metabolites in the gut impacting the luminal environment. Some of these environmental adjustments are conducive to S. Typhimurium growth, such as the increased concentrations of nitrate and tetrathionate or the reduced levels of Clostridia-produced butyrate. We recently demonstrated that S. Typhimurium can form biofilms within the host environment and respond to nitrate as a signaling molecule, enabling it to transition between sessile and planktonic states. To investigate whether S. Typhimurium utilizes additional metabolites to regulate its behavior, our study delved into the impact of inflammatory metabolites on biofilm formation. The results revealed that lactate, the most prevalent metabolite in the inflammatory environment, impedes biofilm development by reducing intracellular c-di-GMP levels, suppressing the expression of curli and cellulose, and increasing the expression of flagellar genes. A transcriptomic analysis determined that the expression of the de novo purine pathway increases during high lactate conditions, and a transposon mutagenesis genetic screen identified that PurA and PurG, in particular, play a significant role in the inhibition of curli expression and biofilm formation. Lactate also increases the transcription of the type III secretion system genes involved in tissue invasion. Finally, we show that the pyruvate-modulated two-component system BtsSR is activated in the presence of high lactate, which suggests that lactate-derived pyruvate activates BtsSR system after being exported from the cytosol. All these findings propose that lactate is an important inflammatory metabolite used by S. Typhimurium to transition from a biofilm to a motile state and fine-tune its virulence.IMPORTANCEWhen colonizing the gut, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) adopts a dynamic lifestyle that alternates between a virulent planktonic state and a multicellular biofilm state. The coexistence of biofilm formers and planktonic S. Typhimurium in the gut suggests the presence of regulatory mechanisms that control planktonic-to-sessile transition. The signals triggering the transition of S. Typhimurium between these two lifestyles are not fully explored. In this work, we demonstrated that in the presence of lactate, the most dominant host-derived metabolite in the inflamed gut, there is a reduction of c-di-GMP in S. Typhimurium, which subsequently inhibits biofilm formation and induces the expression of its invasion machinery, motility genes, and de novo purine metabolic pathway genes. Furthermore, high levels of lactate activate the BtsSR two-component system. Collectively, this work presents new insights toward the comprehension of host metabolism and gut microenvironment roles in the regulation of S. Typhimurium biology during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Albicoro
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shingo Bessho
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Grando
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sophia Olubajo
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincent Tam
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Li Z, Zhang M, Lei G, Lu X, Yang X, Kan B. A Single Base Change in the csgD Promoter Resulted in Enhanced Biofilm in Swine-Derived Salmonella Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1258. [PMID: 39065026 PMCID: PMC11278976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Salmonella strains causing gastroenteritis typically can colonize and proliferate in the intestines of multiple host species. They retain the ability to form red dry and rough (rdar) biofilms, as seen in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Conversely, Salmonella serovar like Typhi, which can cause systemic infections and exhibit host restriction, are rdar-negative. In this study, duck-derived strains and swine-derived strains of S. Typhimurium locate on independent phylogenetic clades and display relative genomic specificity. The duck isolates appear more closely related to human blood isolates and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), whereas the swine isolates were more distinct. Phenotypically, compared to duck isolates, swine isolates exhibited enhanced biofilm formation that was unaffected by the temperature. The transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulation of csgDEFG transcription as the direct cause. This upregulation may be mainly attributed to the enhanced promoter activity caused by the G-to-T substitution at position -44 of the csgD promoter. Swine isolates have created biofilm polymorphisms by altering a conserved base present in Salmonella Typhi, iNTS, and most Salmonella Typhimurium (such as duck isolates). This provides a genomic characteristics perspective for understanding Salmonella transmission cycles and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Mengke Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Gaopeng Lei
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Z.L.)
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Desai SK, Zhou Y, Dilawari R, Routh AL, Popov V, Kenney LJ. RpoS activates formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms and drives persistence in the gall bladder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564249. [PMID: 37961640 PMCID: PMC10634867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies for targeting the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi in chronic typhoid patients has suffered owing to our basic lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable the formation of S. Typhi biofilms. Traditionally, studies have relied on cholesterol-attached biofilms formed by a closely related serovar, Typhimurium, to mimic multicellular Typhi communities formed on human gallstones. In long-term infections, S. Typhi adopts the biofilm lifestyle to persist in vivo and survive in the carrier state, ultimately leading to the spread of infections via the fecal-oral route of transmission. In the present work, we studied S. Typhi biofilms directly, applied targeted as well as genome-wide genetic approaches to uncover unique biofilm components that do not conform to the CsgD-dependent pathway established in S. Typhimurium. We undertook a genome-wide Tn5 mutation screen in a highly successful parental lineage of S. Typhi, strain H58, in gallstone-mimicking conditions. We generated New Generation Sequencing libraries based on the ClickSeq technology to identify the key regulators, IraP and RpoS, and the matrix components as Sth fimbriae, Vi capsule and lipopolysaccharide. We discovered that the starvation sigma factor, RpoS, was required for the transcriptional activation of matrix-encoding genes in vitro, and for S. Typhi colonization in persistent infections in vivo, using a heterologous fish larval model. An rpoS null mutant failed to colonize the gall bladder in chronic zebrafish infections. Overall, our work uncovered a novel RpoS-driven paradigm for the formation of cholesterol-attached Typhi biofilms, and emphasized the role(s) of stress signaling pathways for adaptation in chronic infections. Our identification of the biofilm regulators in S. Typhi paves the way for the development of drugs against typhoid carriage, which will ultimately control the increased incidence of gall bladder cancer in typhoid carriers.
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Chen K, Li L, Zhou Z, Wang N, Dai C, Sun D, Li J, Xu C, Liao M, Zhang J. BolA promotes the generation of multicellular behavior in S. Typhimurium by regulating the c-di-GMP pathway genes yeaJ and yhjH. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110518. [PMID: 38101189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The generation of multicellular behavior enhances the stress adaptability, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenic potential of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which is challenging for its prevention and control. Therefore, determination of the mechanism of multicellular behavior development is urgently required. Accordingly, this study investigated BolA, a transcription factor that promotes bacterial survival under different stresses. We found that BolA promoted the generation of multicellular behavior. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that BolA affected the expression of numerous genes, including biofilm formation and motility-related genes. In terms of biofilm formation, compared with the wild-type strain, bolA overexpression (269BolA+) increased the extracellular matrix content (extracellular polysaccharide, extracellular protein, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) by upregulating gene expression, ultimately increasing the biofilm formation ability by 2.56 times. For motility, bolA overexpression inhibited the expression of flagella synthesis genes, resulting in a 91.15 % decrease in motility compared with the wild-type (6 h). Further mechanistic analysis demonstrated that BolA affected the expression of the C-di-GMP pathway genes yeaJ and yhjH, which influenced the generation of multicellular behavior. In terms of biofilms, the extracellular polysaccharide content of 269BolA + ∆Yeaj (bolA overexpression and yeaJ deletion) was reduced by 89.91 % compared with 269BolA+, resulting in a 71.1 % reduction in biofilm forming ability. The motility of the 269∆BolA∆Yhjh (bolA/yhjH double deletion) strain was significantly decreased compared with that of 269∆BolA. Finally, the LacZ gene reporting showed that BolA promoted and inhibited the expression of yeaJ and yhjH, respectively. In conclusion, BolA mainly improves the content of extracellular polysaccharide by promoting the expression of yeaJ, thus enhancing the formation of biofilms. BolA also restricts flagellar synthesis by inhibiting yhjH expression, therefore reducing motility, ultimately promoting multicellular behavior arises. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lili Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhouping Zhou
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Nanwei Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Changzhi Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dage Sun
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Mora JFB, Meclat VYB, Calayag AMB, Campino S, Hafalla JCR, Hibberd ML, Phelan JE, Clark TG, Rivera WL. Genomic analysis of Salmonella enterica from Metropolitan Manila abattoirs and markets reveals insights into circulating virulence and antimicrobial resistance genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1304283. [PMID: 38312499 PMCID: PMC10835624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1304283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of next-generation sequencing into the identification and characterization of resistant and virulent strains as well as the routine surveillance of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica have not yet been accomplished in the Philippines. This study investigated the antimicrobial profiles, virulence, and susceptibility of the 105 S. enterica isolates from swine and chicken samples obtained from slaughterhouses and public wet markets in Metropolitan Manila using whole-genome sequence analysis. Four predominant serovars were identified in genotypic serotyping, namely, Infantis (26.7%), Anatum (19.1%), Rissen (18.1%), and London (13.3%). Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling revealed that 65% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 37% were multidrug resistant (MDR), and 57% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that isolates had resistance genes and plasmids belonging to the Col and Inc plasmid families that confer resistance against tetracycline (64%), sulfonamide (56%), and streptomycin (56%). Further analyses revealed the presence of 155 virulence genes, 42 of which were serovar-specific. The virulence genes primarily code for host immune system modulators, iron acquisition enzyme complexes, host cell invasion proteins, as well as proteins that allow intracellular and intramacrophage survival. This study showed that virulent MDR S. enterica and several phenotypic and genotypic AMR patterns were present in the food chain. It serves as a foundation to understand the current AMR status in the Philippines food chain and to prompt the creation of preventative measures and efficient treatments against foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Feliza B Mora
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Vanessa Yvonne B Meclat
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B Calayag
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julius C R Hafalla
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Ou C, Dozois CM, Daigle F. Differential regulatory control of curli (csg) gene expression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi requires more than a functional CsgD regulator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14905. [PMID: 37689734 PMCID: PMC10492818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-specific Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a systemic disease with no known reservoir. Curli fimbriae are major components of biofilm produced by Salmonella and are encoded by the csg gene cluster (csgBAC and csgDEFG). The role of curli in S. Typhi is unknown, although detection of anti-curli antibodies suggests they are produced during host infection. In this study, we investigated curli gene expression in S. Typhi. We demonstrated that the CsgD regulatory protein binds weakly to the csgB promoter. Yet, replacing S. Typhi csgD with the csgD allele from S. Typhimurium did not modify the curli negative phenotype on Congo Red medium suggesting that differential regulation of curli gene expression in S. Typhi is not dependent on modification of the CsgD regulator. The entire csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium was also cloned into S. Typhi, but again, despite introduction of a fully functional csg gene cluster from S. Typhimurium, curli were still not detected in S. Typhi. Thus, in addition to intrinsic genomic differences in the csg gene cluster that have resulted in production of a modified CsgD protein, S. Typhi has likely undergone other changes independent of the csg gene cluster that have led to distinctive regulation of csg genes compared to other Salmonella serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M Dozois
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montréal, 2900 Bd Édouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- CRIPA, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Richter-Dahlfors A, Kärkkäinen E, Choong FX. Fluorescent optotracers for bacterial and biofilm detection and diagnostics. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2246867. [PMID: 37680974 PMCID: PMC10481766 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2246867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of bacterial infections requires methods that accurately and quickly identify which antibiotic should be prescribed. This review describes recent research on the development of optotracing methodologies for bacterial and biofilm detection and diagnostics. Optotracers are small, chemically well-defined, anionic fluorescent tracer molecules that detect peptide- and carbohydrate-based biopolymers. This class of organic molecules (luminescent conjugated oligothiophenes) show unique electronic, electrochemical and optical properties originating from the conjugated structure of the compounds. The photophysical properties are further improved as donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type motifs are incorporated in the conjugated backbone. Optotracers bind their biopolymeric target molecules via electrostatic interactions. Binding alters the optical properties of these tracer molecules, shown as altered absorption and emission spectra, as well as ON-like switch of fluorescence. As the optotracer provides a defined spectral signature for each binding partner, a fingerprint is generated that can be used for identification of the target biopolymer. Alongside their use for in situ experimentation, optotracers have demonstrated excellent use in studies of a number of clinically relevant microbial pathogens. These methods will find widespread use across a variety of communities engaged in reducing the effect of antibiotic resistance. This includes basic researchers studying molecular resistance mechanisms, academia and pharma developing new antimicrobials targeting biofilm infections and tests to diagnose biofilm infections, as well as those developing antibiotic susceptibility tests for biofilm infections (biofilm-AST). By iterating between the microbial world and that of plants, development of the optotracing technology has become a prime example of successful cross-feeding across the boundaries of disciplines. As optotracers offers a capacity to redefine the way we work with polysaccharides in the microbial world as well as with plant biomass, the technology is providing novel outputs desperately needed for global impact of the threat of antimicrobial resistance as well as our strive for a circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Kärkkäinen
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand X. Choong
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang S, Hu M, Chen H, Li C, Xue Y, Song X, Qi Y, Liu F, Zhou X, Zhang LH, Zhou J. Pseudomonas forestsoilum sp. nov. and P. tohonis biocontrol bacterial wilt by quenching 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1193297. [PMID: 37457350 PMCID: PMC10349395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum ranks the second top important bacterial plant disease worldwide. It is also the most important bacterial disease threatening the healthy development of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest. 3-hydroxypalmitic acid methyl ester (3-OH PAME) functions as an important quorum sensing (QS) signal regulating the expression of virulence genes in R. solanacearum, and has been regarded as an ideal target for disease prevention and control. To screen native microorganisms capable of degrading 3-OH PAME, samples of C. equisetifolia branches and forest soil were collected and cultured in the medium containing 3-OH PAME as the sole carbon source. Bacteria with over 85% degradation rates of 3-OH PAME after 7-day incubation were further separated and purified. As a result, strain Q1-7 isolated from forest soil and strain Q4-3 isolated from C. equisetifolia branches were obtained and identified as Pseudomonas novel species Pseudomonas forestsoilum sp. nov. and P. tohonis, respectively, according to whole genome sequencing results. The degradation efficiencies of 3-OH PAME of strains Q1-7 and Q4-3 were 95.80% and 100.00% at 48 h, respectively. Both strains showed high esterase activities and inhibited R. solanacearum exopolysaccharide (EPS) and cellulase production. Application of strains Q1-7 and Q4-3 effectively protects C. equisetifolia, peanut and tomato plants from infection by R. solanacearum. Findings in this study provide potential resources for the prevention and control of bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum, as well as valuable materials for the identification of downstream quenching genes and the research and development of quenching enzymes for disease control.
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Vasicek EM, Gunn JS. Invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Lineage Biofilm Formation and Gallbladder Colonization Vary But Do Not Correlate Directly with Known Biofilm-Related Mutations. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0013523. [PMID: 37129526 PMCID: PMC10187132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars have a broad host range and cause gastroenteritis in humans. However, invasive NTS (iNTS) bloodstream infections have increased in the last decade, causing 60,000 deaths annually. Human-specific typhoidal Salmonella colonizes and forms biofilms on gallstones, resulting in chronic, asymptomatic infection. iNTS lineages are undergoing genomic reduction and may have adapted to person-to-person transmission via mutations in virulence, bile resistance, and biofilm formation. As such, we sought to determine the capacity of iNTS lineages for biofilm formation and the development of chronic infections in the gallbladder in our mouse model. Of the lineages tested (L1, L2, L3 and UK), only L2 and UK were defective for the rough, dry and red (RDAR) morphotype, correlating with the known bcsG (cellulose) mutation but not with csgD (curli) gene mutations. Biofilm-forming ability was assessed in vitro, which revealed a biofilm formation hierarchy of L3 > ST19 > UK > L1 = L2, which did not correlate directly with either the bcsG or the csgD mutation. By confocal microscopy, biofilms of L2 and UK had significantly less curli and cellulose, while L1 biofilms had significantly lower cellulose. All iNTS strains were able to colonize the mouse gallbladder, liver, and spleen in a similar manner, while L3 had a significantly higher bacterial load in the gallbladder and increased lethality. While there was iNTS lineage variability in biofilm formation, gallbladder colonization, and virulence in a chronic mouse model, all tested lineages were capable of colonization despite possessing biofilm-related mutations. Thus, iNTS strains may be unrecognized chronic pathogens in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John S. Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lamprecht O, Ratnikava M, Jacek P, Kaganovitch E, Buettner N, Fritz K, Biazruchka I, Köhler R, Pietsch J, Sourjik V. Regulation by cyclic di-GMP attenuates dynamics and enhances robustness of bimodal curli gene activation in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010750. [PMID: 37186613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Curli amyloid fibers are a major constituent of the extracellular biofilm matrix formed by bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Within Escherichia coli biofilms, curli gene expression is limited to a subpopulation of bacteria, leading to heterogeneity of extracellular matrix synthesis. Here we show that bimodal activation of curli gene expression also occurs in well-mixed planktonic cultures of E. coli, resulting in all-or-none stochastic differentiation into distinct subpopulations of curli-positive and curli-negative cells at the entry into the stationary phase of growth. Stochastic curli activation in individual E. coli cells could further be observed during continuous growth in a conditioned medium in a microfluidic device, which further revealed that the curli-positive state is only metastable. In agreement with previous reports, regulation of curli gene expression by the second messenger c-di-GMP via two pairs of diguanylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase enzymes, DgcE/PdeH and DgcM/PdeR, modulates the fraction of curli-positive cells. Unexpectedly, removal of this regulatory network does not abolish the bimodality of curli gene expression, although it affects dynamics of activation and increases heterogeneity of expression levels among individual cells. Moreover, the fraction of curli-positive cells within an E. coli population shows stronger dependence on growth conditions in the absence of regulation by DgcE/PdeH and DgcM/PdeR pairs. We thus conclude that, while not required for the emergence of bimodal curli gene expression in E. coli, this c-di-GMP regulatory network attenuates the frequency and dynamics of gene activation and increases its robustness to cellular heterogeneity and environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lamprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Maryia Ratnikava
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Jacek
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Kaganovitch
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Buettner
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Fritz
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Ina Biazruchka
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Robin Köhler
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Pietsch
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Victor Sourjik
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
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11
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Swasthi HM, Basalla JL, Dudley CE, Vecchiarelli AG, Chapman MR. Cell surface-localized CsgF condensate is a gatekeeper in bacterial curli subunit secretion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2392. [PMID: 37100792 PMCID: PMC10133297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Curli are functional amyloids present on the outer membrane of E. coli. CsgF is required for the proper assembly of curli. Here, we found that the CsgF phase separates in vitro and that the ability of CsgF variants to phase-separate is tightly correlated with CsgF function during curli biogenesis. Substitution of phenylalanine residues in the CsgF N-terminus both reduced the propensity of CsgF to phase-separate and impaired curli assembly. Exogenous addition of purified CsgF complemented csgF - cells. This exogenous addition assay was used to assess the ability of CsgF variants to complement csgF ‒ cells. CsgF on the cell surface modulated the secretion of CsgA, the curli major subunit, to the cell surface. We also found that the CsgB nucleator protein can form SDS-insoluble aggregates within the dynamic CsgF condensate. We propose that these multicomponent CsgF-B condensates form a nucleation-competent complex that templates CsgA amyloid formation on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema M Swasthi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Joseph L Basalla
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Claire E Dudley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Anthony G Vecchiarelli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Matthew R Chapman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA.
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12
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Antypas H, Zhang T, Choong FX, Melican K, Richter-Dahlfors A. Dynamic single cell analysis in a proximal-tubule-on-chip reveals heterogeneous epithelial colonization strategies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli under shear stress. FEMS MICROBES 2023; 4:xtad007. [PMID: 37333433 PMCID: PMC10117878 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract is a hydrodynamically challenging microenvironment and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) must overcome several physiological challenges in order to adhere and establish a urinary tract infection. Our previous work in vivo revealed a synergy between different UPEC adhesion organelles, which facilitated effective colonization of the renal proximal tubule. To allow high-resolution real-time analysis of this colonization behavior, we established a biomimetic proximal-tubule-on-chip (PToC). The PToC allowed for single-cell resolution analysis of the first stages of bacterial interaction with host epithelial cells, under physiological flow. Time-lapse microscopy and single-cell trajectory analysis in the PToC revealed that while the majority of UPEC moved directly through the system, a minority population initiated heterogeneous adhesion, identified as either rolling or bound. Adhesion was predominantly transient and mediated by P pili at the earliest time-points. These bound bacteria initiated a founder population which rapidly divided, leading to 3D microcolonies. Within the first hours, the microcolonies did not express extracellular curli matrix, but rather were dependent on Type 1 fimbriae as the key element in the microcolony structure. Collectively, our results show the application of Organ-on-chip technology to address bacterial adhesion behaviors, demonstrating a well-orchestrated interplay and redundancy between adhesion organelles that enables UPEC to form microcolonies and persist under physiological shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Antypas
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ferdinand X Choong
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES – Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Bobylev AG, Yakupova EI, Bobyleva LG, Molochkov NV, Timchenko AA, Timchenko MA, Kihara H, Nikulin AD, Gabdulkhakov AG, Melnik TN, Penkov NV, Lobanov MY, Kazakov AS, Kellermayer M, Mártonfalvi Z, Galzitskaya OV, Vikhlyantsev IM. Nonspecific Amyloid Aggregation of Chicken Smooth-Muscle Titin: In Vitro Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021056. [PMID: 36674570 PMCID: PMC9861715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A giant multidomain protein of striated and smooth vertebrate muscles, titin, consists of tandems of immunoglobulin (Ig)- and fibronectin type III (FnIII)-like domains representing β-sandwiches, as well as of disordered segments. Chicken smooth muscles express several titin isoforms of ~500-1500 kDa. Using various structural-analysis methods, we investigated in vitro nonspecific amyloid aggregation of the high-molecular-weight isoform of chicken smooth-muscle titin (SMTHMW, ~1500 kDa). As confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis, under near-physiological conditions, the protein formed amorphous amyloid aggregates with a quaternary cross-β structure within a relatively short time (~60 min). As shown by circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the quaternary cross-β structure-unlike other amyloidogenic proteins-formed without changes in the SMTHMW secondary structure. SMTHMW aggregates partially disaggregated upon increasing the ionic strength above the physiological level. Based on the data obtained, it is not the complete protein but its particular domains/segments that are likely involved in the formation of intermolecular interactions during SMTHMW amyloid aggregation. The discovered properties of titin position this protein as an object of interest for studying amyloid aggregation in vitro and expanding our views of the fundamentals of amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bobylev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.G.B.); (I.M.V.)
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Liya G. Bobyleva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Molochkov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Timchenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maria A. Timchenko
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Himeji-Hinomoto College, 890 Koro, Kodera-cho, Himeji 679-2151, Japan
| | - Alexey D. Nikulin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Azat G. Gabdulkhakov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Melnik
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Penkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, FRC PSCBR, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Michail Y. Lobanov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kazakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Mártonfalvi
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oxana V. Galzitskaya
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.G.B.); (I.M.V.)
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14
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Naaz S, Sakib N, Houserova D, Badve R, Crucello A, Borchert GM. Characterization of a novel sRNA contributing to biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000796. [PMID: 37151214 PMCID: PMC10160853 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/1970] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs of ~50-200 nucleotides believed to primarily function in regulating crucial activities in bacteria during periods of cellular stress. This study examined the relevance of specific sRNAs on biofilm formation in nutrient starved Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Eight unique sRNAs were selected for deletion primarily based on their genomic location and/or putative targets. Quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm one of these, sRNA1186573, is required for efficient biofilm formation in S. enterica further highlighting the significance of sRNAs during Salmonella stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayema Naaz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Najmuj Sakib
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Dominika Houserova
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Rani Badve
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Aline Crucello
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
| | - Glen M Borchert
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
- Correspondence to: Glen M Borchert (
)
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15
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Identification of novel genes involved in the biofilm formation process of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279206. [PMID: 36534660 PMCID: PMC9762606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the etiological agent of avian colibacillosis, a leading cause of economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. APEC causes disease using a diverse repertoire of virulence factors and has the ability to form biofilms, which contributes to the survival and persistence of APEC in harsh environments. The objective of this study was to identify genes most widespread and important in APEC that contribute to APEC biofilm formation. Using the characterized APEC O18 as the template strain, a total of 15,660 mutants were randomly generated using signature tagged mutagenesis and evaluated for decreased biofilm formation ability using the crystal violet assay. Biofilm deficient mutants were sequenced, and a total of 547 putative biofilm formation genes were identified. Thirty of these genes were analyzed by PCR for prevalence among 109 APEC isolates and 104 avian fecal E. coli (AFEC) isolates, resulting in nine genes with significantly greater prevalence in APEC than AFEC. The expression of these genes was evaluated in the wild-type APEC O18 strain using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in both the exponential growth phase and the mature biofilm phase. To investigate the role of these genes in biofilm formation, isogenic mutants were constructed and evaluated for their biofilm production and planktonic growth abilities. Four of the mutants (rfaY, rfaI, and two uncharacterized genes) displayed significantly decreased biofilm formation, and of those four, one (rfaI) displayed significantly decreased growth compared to the wild type. Overall, this study identified novel genes that may be important in APEC and its biofilm formation. The data generated from this study will benefit further investigation into the mechanisms of APEC biofilm formation.
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16
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Qasemi A, Rahimi F, Katouli M. Clonal groups of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and biofilm producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:485-497. [PMID: 34904540 PMCID: PMC9639551 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.2011578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity of a bacterium is affected by the social characteristics of the population and environmental factors. The ability of biofilm formation among β-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) could facilitate the exchange of antibiotic-resistance genes, which resulted in widespread dissemination of antibacterial drug resistance. We investigated the prevalence of biofilm and β-lactamase producing UPECs among patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in two cities with different demographics and climates in Iran. A total of 265 E. coli was isolated from patients with UTIs from two referral hospitals (n = 191) and two outpatient clinics (n = 74) in Isfahan and Zahedan, Iran. Production of curli and cellulose, and, biofilm formation was investigated using Congo red agar and microtiter plate methods, respectively. Biofilm producing (BFP) isolates (n = 107) were further characterized using rep-PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC phenotypic production. Isolates were also screened for the presence of carbapenemase, ESBL and AmpC genes using multiplex PCR. High diversity was found among BFP strains in both cities, with 58% strains producing ESBL and 21% producing AmpC. ESBL (98%), AmpC (50%) and carbapenemase genes (40%) were identified in BFP strains with ESBL-positive phenotype, respectively. The prevalence of BFP strains, antibiotic resistance and β-lactamase genes in Zahedan, a low socioeconomic city with a warm climate, was significantly higher than that of Isfahan. High prevalence of biofilm and β-lactamase producing UPEC strains among strains from Zahedan suggests that socioeconomic status and environmental factors might have a role in pathogenicity of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qasemi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fateh Rahimi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,CONTACT Fateh Rahimi ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezarjarib St., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Genecology Research Center and School of Science, Technology and Education,University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Shared biophysical mechanisms determine early biofilm architecture development across different bacterial species. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001846. [PMID: 36288405 PMCID: PMC9605341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are among the most abundant multicellular structures on Earth and play essential roles in a wide range of ecological, medical, and industrial processes. However, general principles that govern the emergence of biofilm architecture across different species remain unknown. Here, we combine experiments, simulations, and statistical analysis to identify shared biophysical mechanisms that determine early biofilm architecture development at the single-cell level, for the species Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown as microcolonies in flow chambers. Our data-driven analysis reveals that despite the many molecular differences between these species, the biofilm architecture differences can be described by only 2 control parameters: cellular aspect ratio and cell density. Further experiments using single-species mutants for which the cell aspect ratio and the cell density are systematically varied, and mechanistic simulations show that tuning these 2 control parameters reproduces biofilm architectures of different species. Altogether, our results show that biofilm microcolony architecture is determined by mechanical cell-cell interactions, which are conserved across different species.
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18
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Pérez-Mendoza D, Romero-Jiménez L, Rodríguez-Carvajal MÁ, Lorite MJ, Muñoz S, Olmedilla A, Sanjuán J. The Role of Two Linear β-Glucans Activated by c-di-GMP in Rhizobium etli CFN42. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091364. [PMID: 36138843 PMCID: PMC9495663 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are secreted biopolymers with often critical roles in bacterial physiology and ecology. In addition to their biological role, there is increasing interest for EPS in various industrial sectors. β-glucans are among the most important ones including cellulose as the most abundant organic polymer on earth, but also newcomers, such as the bacterial Mixed Linkage β-Glucan (MLG), displaying a unique repeating unit suggestive of biotechnological potential. In this work we describe Rhizobium etli as the first bacterium reported to be able to produce these two linear β-glucans cellulose and MLG. Rhizobium etli is an agronomic relevant rhizobacteria able to perform Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) in a symbiotic association with common bean plants. The production and regulation of cellulose and MLG by Rhizobium etli CFN42 is discussed and their impact on its free-living and symbiotic lifestyles evaluated. Abstract Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) have been implicated in a variety of functions that assist in bacterial survival, colonization, and host–microbe interactions. Among them, bacterial linear β-glucans are polysaccharides formed by D-glucose units linked by β-glycosidic bonds, which include curdlan, cellulose, and the new described Mixed Linkage β-Glucan (MLG). Bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a universal bacterial second messenger that usually promote EPS production. Here, we report Rhizobium etli as the first bacterium capable of producing cellulose and MLG. Significant amounts of these two β-glucans are not produced under free-living laboratory conditions, but their production is triggered upon elevation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels, both contributing to Congo red (CR+) and Calcofluor (CF+) phenotypes. Cellulose turned out to be more relevant for free-living phenotypes promoting flocculation and biofilm formation under high c-di-GMP conditions. None of these two EPS are essential for attachment to roots of Phaseolus vulgaris, neither for nodulation nor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. However, both β-glucans separately contribute to the fitness of interaction between R. etli and its host. Overproduction of these β-glucans, particularly cellulose, appears detrimental for symbiosis. This indicates that their activation by c-di-GMP must be strictly regulated in time and space and should be controlled by different, yet unknown, regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Mendoza
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.-M.); (J.S.); Tel.: +34-958-526-522 (D.P.-M.); +34-958-526-552 (J.S.)
| | - Lorena Romero-Jiménez
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María J. Lorite
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Socorro Muñoz
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Adela Olmedilla
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Sanjuán
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.-M.); (J.S.); Tel.: +34-958-526-522 (D.P.-M.); +34-958-526-552 (J.S.)
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19
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Amyloid-containing biofilms and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102435. [PMID: 35863164 PMCID: PMC9847210 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms known for their ability to adapt to their environment. In response to stressful environmental conditions or in the presence of a contact surface, they commonly form multicellular aggregates called biofilms. Biofilms form on various abiotic or biotic surfaces through a dynamic stepwise process involving adhesion, growth, and extracellular matrix production. Biofilms develop on tissues as well as on implanted devices during infections, providing the bacteria with a mechanism for survival under harsh conditions including targeting by the immune system and antimicrobial therapy. Like pathogenic bacteria, members of the human microbiota can form biofilms. Biofilms formed by enteric bacteria contribute to several human diseases including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, until recently the interactions of immune cells with biofilms had been mostly uncharacterized. Here, we will discuss how components of the enteric biofilm produced in vivo, specifically amyloid curli and extracellular DNA, could be interacting with the host's immune system causing an unpredicted immune response.
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20
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Jung J, Schaffner DW. The role of
Salmonella
Newport cell surface structures on bacterial attachment and transfer during cucumber peeling. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1246-1253. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiin Jung
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University 65 Dudley Road New Brunswick
- School of Occupational and Public Health Toronto Metropolitan University 350 Victoria Street Toronto Ontario Canada M5B 2K3
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21
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Sivaranjani M, Hansen EG, Perera SR, Flores PA, Tükel Ç, White AP. Purification of the Bacterial Amyloid "Curli" from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Detection of Curli from Infected Host Tissues. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4419. [PMID: 35813019 PMCID: PMC9183970 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiologists are learning to appreciate the importance of "functional amyloids" that are produced by numerous bacterial species and have impacts beyond the microbial world. These structures are used by bacteria to link together, presumably to increase survival, protect against harsh conditions, and perhaps to influence cell-cell communication. Bacterial functional amyloids are also beginning to be appreciated in the context of host-pathogen interactions, where there is evidence that they can trigger the innate immune system and are recognized as non-self-molecular patterns. The characteristic three-dimensional fold of amyloids renders them similar across the bacterial kingdom and into the eukaryotic world, where amyloid proteins can be undesirable and have pathological consequences. The bacterial protein curli, produced by pathogenic Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli strains, was one of the first functional amyloids discovered. Curli have since been well characterized in terms of function, and we are just starting to scratch the surface about their potential impact on eukaryotic hosts. In this manuscript, we present step-by-step protocols with pictures showing how to purify these bacterial surface structures. We have described the purification process from S. enterica, acknowledging that the same method can be applied to E. coli. In addition, we describe methods for detection of curli within animal tissues (i.e., GI tract) and discuss purifying curli intermediates in a S. enterica msbB mutant strain as they are more cytotoxic than mature curli fibrils. Some of these methods were first described elsewhere, but we wanted to assemble them together in more detail to make it easier for researchers who want to purify curli for use in biological experiments. Our aim is to provide methods that are useful for specialists and non-specialists as bacterial amyloids become of increasing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Sivaranjani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sumudu R. Perera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pamela A. Flores
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Center for Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
,
*For correspondence:
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22
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Patatin-like phospholipase CapV in Escherichia coli - morphological and physiological effects of one amino acid substitution. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:39. [PMID: 35546554 PMCID: PMC9095652 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In rod-shaped bacteria, morphological plasticity occurs in response to stress, which blocks cell division to promote filamentation. We demonstrate here that overexpression of the patatin-like phospholipase variant CapVQ329R, but not CapV, causes pronounced sulA-independent pyridoxine-inhibited cell filamentation in the Escherichia coli K-12-derivative MG1655 associated with restriction of flagella production and swimming motility. Conserved amino acids in canonical patatin-like phospholipase A motifs, but not the nucleophilic serine, are required to mediate CapVQ329R phenotypes. Furthermore, CapVQ329R production substantially alters the lipidome and colony morphotype including rdar biofilm formation with modulation of the production of the biofilm activator CsgD, and affects additional bacterial traits such as the efficiency of phage infection and antimicrobial susceptibility. Moreover, genetically diverse commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains and Salmonella typhimurium responded with cell filamentation and modulation in colony morphotype formation to CapVQ329R expression. In conclusion, this work identifies the CapV variant CapVQ329R as a pleiotropic regulator, emphasizes a scaffold function for patatin-like phospholipases, and highlights the impact of the substitution of a single conserved amino acid for protein functionality and alteration of host physiology.
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23
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K.C N, Noatia L, Priyadarshini S, M P, Gali JM, Ali MA, Behera S, Sharma B, Roychoudhury P, Kumar A, Behera P. Recoding anaerobic regulator fnr of Salmonella Typhimurium attenuates it's pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Chen K, Gao Y, Li L, Zhang W, Li J, Zhou Z, He H, Chen Z, Liao M, Zhang J. Increased Drug Resistance and Biofilm Formation Ability in ST34-Type Salmonella Typhimurium Exhibiting Multicellular Behavior in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876500. [PMID: 35369456 PMCID: PMC8972162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an important food-borne pathogen. In this paper, multicellular behavior and associated characteristics of S. Typhimurium isolated from human and animal source food were studied. All the S. Typhimurium strains exhibiting multicellular behavior (100%) belonged to the ST34 type. In addition, most of the ST34-type multicellular behavior S. Typhimurium strains had a human origin (69.11%) and 98% of the ST34-type multicellular behavior strains exhibited strong biofilm formation capacity, which was much higher than that of non-multicellular behavior strains (7%, P < 0.01). Antibiotic resistance in ST34-type multicellular behavior strains was significantly higher than in strains with non-multicellular behavior for most conventional drugs (P < 0.05); notably, Polymyxin B (8%) and Imipenem (1%) resistances were also observed in the ST34-type strains. Furthermore, all the ST34-type multicellular behavior strains (100%) exhibited Multiple Drug Resistance (resistance to ≥3antibiotics), which was much higher than that of the non-multicellular behavior strains (P < 0.05). Consistent with the drug-resistant phenotype, the carrying rates of most drug-resistant genes in ST34-type multicellular behavior strains were higher than that those in non-multicellular behavior strains (P < 0.05). Therefore, this study revealed the emergence of a prevalent ST34-type multicellular behavior S. Typhimurium strains with increased biofilm formation ability and drug resistance rate, which poses a threat to public health safety, and highlights the need for comprehensive monitoring of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Chen
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Li
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixiao Zhang
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouping Zhou
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishan He
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeluan Chen
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Liao,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
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25
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Koonjan S, Cardoso Palacios C, Nilsson AS. Population Dynamics of a Two Phages–One Host Infection System Using Escherichia coli Strain ECOR57 and Phages vB_EcoP_SU10 and vB_EcoD_SU57. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030268. [PMID: 35337066 PMCID: PMC8953519 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we looked at the population dynamics of a two phages-one host system using phages vB_EcoP_SU10 (SU10) and vB_EcoD_SU57 (SU57) and the bacteria Escherichia coli, strain ECOR57. Phage-specific growth curves were observed where infections by SU10 resulted in a moderate production of phages and infections by SU57 resulted in a fast and extensive production of phage progeny. Sequentially adding SU10 followed by SU57 did not produce a significant change in growth rates, whereas adding SU57 followed by SU10 resulted in a decrease in SU10 titer The efficiency of the plating assays showed that ECOR57 exhibited a resistance spectrum after infection by both the single and combined phages. Phage-resistant bacteria exhibited four different morphotypes (i.e., normal, slimy, edgy, and pointy). The normal and edgy morphotypes had a high frequency of developing resistance. Bacterial growth and biofilm assays indicated that the edgy and pointy morphotypes reached a stationary phase faster and produced more biofilm compared to the wild type. These findings suggest that the dynamic structure of phage–bacteria communities dictate resistance evolution and development. Understanding when and how resistances arise and phage(s)–hosts interactions could aid in the design of phage therapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazeeda Koonjan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.S.N.)
| | - Carlos Cardoso Palacios
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Ecology, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-739 93 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - Anders S. Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (A.S.N.)
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26
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Choong FX, Huzell S, Rosenberg M, Eckert JA, Nagaraj M, Zhang T, Melican K, Otzen DE, Richter-Dahlfors A. A semi high-throughput method for real-time monitoring of curli producing Salmonella biofilms on air-solid interfaces. Biofilm 2021; 3:100060. [PMID: 34841245 PMCID: PMC8605384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable bacteria to colonize numerous ecological niches. Bacteria within a biofilm are protected by the extracellular matrix (ECM), of which the fibril-forming amyloid protein curli and polysaccharide cellulose are major components in members of Salmonella, Eschericha and Mycobacterium genus. A shortage of real-time detection methods has limited our understanding of how ECM production contributes to biofilm formation and pathogenicity. Here we present optotracing as a new semi-high throughput method for dynamic monitoring of Salmonella biofilm growth on air-solid interfaces. We show how an optotracer with binding-induced fluorescence acts as a dynamic fluorescent reporter of curli expression during biofilm formation on agar. Using spectrophotometry and microscopic imaging of fluorescence, we analyse in real-time the development of the curli architecture in relation to bacterial cells. With exceptional spatial and temporal precision, this revealed a well-structured, non-uniform distribution of curli organised in distally projecting radial channel patterns. Dynamic monitoring of the biofilm also showed defined regions undergoing different growth phases. ECM structures were found to assemble in regions of late exponential growth phase, suggesting that ECM forms on site after bacteria colonize the surface. As the optotracer biofilm method expedites screening of curli production, providing exceptional spatial-temporal understanding of the surface-associated biofilm lifestyle, this method adds a new technique to further our understanding of bacterial biofilms. Design and evaluation of a method for real-time biofilm experimentation. Optotracing enables real-time monitoring of biofilm formation on solid supports. Definitive biofilm monitoring by selective tracking of ECM components. A method reducing the inherent biases of morphotyping. A semi-high throughput method increasing the ease and efficiency of biofilm detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand X Choong
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Smilla Huzell
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Rosenberg
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes A Eckert
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madhu Nagaraj
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- iNANO and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Ju X, Fang X, Xiao Y, Li B, Shi R, Wei C, You C. Small RNA GcvB Regulates Oxidative Stress Response of Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111774. [PMID: 34829644 PMCID: PMC8614746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-translated regulatory RNAs control plenty of bacterial vital activities. The small RNA GcvB has been extensively studied, indicating the multifaceted roles of GcvB beyond amino acid metabolism. However, few reported GcvB-dependent regulation in minimal medium. Here, by applying a high-resolution RNA-seq assay, we compared the transcriptomes of a wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 strain and its gcvB deletion derivative grown in minimal medium and identified putative targets responding to GcvB, including flu, a determinant gene of auto-aggregation. The following molecular studies and the enhanced auto-aggregation ability of the gcvB knockout strain further substantiated the induced expression of these genes. Intriguingly, the reduced expression of OxyR (the oxidative stress regulator) in the gcvB knockout strain was identified to account for the increased expression of flu. Additionally, GcvB was characterized to up-regulate the expression of OxyR at the translational level. Accordingly, compared to the wild type, the GcvB deletion strain was more sensitive to oxidative stress and lost some its ability to eliminate endogenous reactive oxygen species. Taken together, we reveal that GcvB regulates oxidative stress response by up-regulating OxyR expression. Our findings provide an insight into the diversity of GcvB regulation and add an additional layer to the regulation of OxyR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Ju
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Xingxing Fang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Yunzhu Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Bingyu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ruoping Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Chaoliang Wei
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Conghui You
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (X.J.); (X.F.); (Y.X.); (B.L.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Qasemi A, Rahimi F, Katouli M. Genetic diversity and virulence characteristics of biofilm-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:297-307. [PMID: 34705131 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00221-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains exhibit different levels of biofilm formation that help adhesion of the bacteria to uroepithelial cells. We investigated the genetic diversity and virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of biofilm-producing UPEC. A collection of 107 biofilm-producing (BFP) UPEC strains isolated from patients with UTI in Iran were divided into three groups of strong, moderate, and weak BFPs after a quantitative microtiter plate assay, and the involvement of curli and cellulose in adhesion of the strains to T24 cell line was confirmed by the construction of csgD and yedQ mutants of two representative UPEC strains. BFP strains were tested for their genetic diversity, phylogenetic groups, and the presence of 15 VAGs. A significant decrease in adhesion of csgD and yedQ mutant strains confirmed the role of biofilm production in adhesion to uroepithelial cells. A high diversity was found among all three groups of strong (Di = 0.998), moderate (Di = 0.998), and weak (Di = 0.988) BFPs with majority of the strains belonging to phylogroups B2 (44.9%) and A (24.3%). Strong BFP strains carried significantly higher level papEF, hlyA, and iutA than other BFP groups. In contrast, the presence of fimH, focG, sfaS, set-1, and cvaC was more pronounced among weak BFP strains. There exists a high genetic diversity among the BFP strains with different VGA profiles. However, the high prevalence of phylogroup A among BFP strains suggests the fitness of commensal E. coli strains to cause UTI in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qasemi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezarjarib St., Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fateh Rahimi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezarjarib St., Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Genecology Research Center, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.,School of Science, Technology and Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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29
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Whole genome sequencing and protein structure analyses of target genes for the detection of Salmonella. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20887. [PMID: 34686701 PMCID: PMC8536731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella is a critical step in routine food quality control, outbreak investigation, and food recalls. Although various genes have been the targets in the design of rapid molecular detection methods for Salmonella, there is limited information on the diversity of these target genes at the level of DNA sequence and the encoded protein structures. In this study, we investigated the diversity of ten target genes (invA, fimA, phoP, spvC, and agfA; ttrRSBCA operon including 5 genes) commonly used in the detection and identification of Salmonella. To this end, we performed whole genome sequencing of 143 isolates of Salmonella serotypes (Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg) obtained from poultry (eggs and chicken). Phylogenetic analysis showed that Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was more diverse than either Enteritidis or Heidelberg. Forty-five non-synonymous mutations were identified in the target genes from the 143 isolates, with the two most common mutations as T ↔ C (15 times) and A ↔ G (13 times). The gene spvC was primarily present in Salmonella ser. Enteritidis isolates and absent from Heidelberg isolates, whereas ttrR was more conserved (0 non-synonymous mutations) than ttrS, ttrB, ttrC, and ttrA (7, 2, 2, and 7 non-synonymous mutations, respectively). Notably, we found one non-synonymous mutation (fimA-Mut.6) across all Salmonella ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella ser. Heidelberg, C → T (496 nt postion), resulting in the change at AA 166 position, Glutamine (Q) → Stop condon (TAG), suggesting that the fimA gene has questionable sites as a target for detection. Using Phyre2 and SWISS-MODEL software, we predicted the structures of the proteins encoded by some of the target genes, illustrating the positions of these non-synonymous mutations that mainly located on the α-helix and β-sheet which are key elements for maintaining the conformation of proteins. These results will facilitate the development of sensitive molecular detection methods for Salmonella.
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30
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Abidi W, Torres-Sánchez L, Siroy A, Krasteva PV. Weaving of bacterial cellulose by the Bcs secretion systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6388354. [PMID: 34634120 PMCID: PMC8892547 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant biological compound on Earth and while it is the predominant building constituent of plants, it is also a key extracellular matrix component in many diverse bacterial species. While bacterial cellulose was first described in the 19th century, it was not until this last decade that a string of structural works provided insights into how the cellulose synthase BcsA, assisted by its inner-membrane partner BcsB, senses c-di-GMP to simultaneously polymerize its substrate and extrude the nascent polysaccharide across the inner bacterial membrane. It is now established that bacterial cellulose can be produced by several distinct types of cellulose secretion systems and that in addition to BcsAB, they can feature multiple accessory subunits, often indispensable for polysaccharide production. Importantly, the last years mark significant progress in our understanding not only of cellulose polymerization per se but also of the bigger picture of bacterial signaling, secretion system assembly, biofilm formation and host tissue colonization, as well as of structural and functional parallels of this dominant biosynthetic process between the bacterial and eukaryotic domains of life. Here, we review current mechanistic knowledge on bacterial cellulose secretion with focus on the structure, assembly and cooperativity of Bcs secretion system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Abidi
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.,École doctorale 'Innovation thérapeutique: du fundamental à l'appliqué' (ITFA), Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Lucía Torres-Sánchez
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France.,École doctorale 'Innovation thérapeutique: du fundamental à l'appliqué' (ITFA), Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Axel Siroy
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Petya Violinova Krasteva
- 'Structural Biology of Biofilms' group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology (IECB), F-33600 Pessac, France.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, F-33600 Pessac, France
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Hill AE, Wade-Martins R, Burnet PWJ. What Is Our Understanding of the Influence of Gut Microbiota on the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:708587. [PMID: 34512244 PMCID: PMC8432298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.708587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota have increasingly become implicated in predisposition to human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Traditionally, a central nervous system (CNS)-centric approach to understanding PD has predominated; however, an association of the gut with PD has existed since Parkinson himself reported the disease. The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the brain. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, reported in PD patients, may extend this to a microbiota-gut-brain axis. To date, mainly the bacteriome has been investigated. The change in abundance of bacterial products which accompanies dysbiosis is hypothesised to influence PD pathophysiology via multiple mechanisms which broadly centre on inflammation, a cause of alpha-synuclein (a-syn) misfolding. Two main routes are hypothesised by which gut microbiota can influence PD pathophysiology, the neural and humoral routes. The neural route involves a-syn misfolding peripherally in the enteric nerves which can then be transported to the brain via the vagus nerve. The humoral route involves transportation of bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines from the gut via the circulation which can cause central a-syn misfolding by inducing neuroinflammation. This article will assess whether the current literature supports gut bacteria influencing PD pathophysiology via both routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaryllis E. Hill
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Vaid RK, Thakur Z, Anand T, Kumar S, Tripathi BN. Comparative genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum decodes strain specific genes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255612. [PMID: 34411120 PMCID: PMC8375982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (bvP) and biovar Gallinarum (bvG) are the etiological agents of pullorum disease (PD) and fowl typhoid (FT) respectively, which cause huge economic losses to poultry industry especially in developing countries including India. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are currently being employed to control and reduce the S. Gallinarum infections. High endemicity, poor implementation of hygiene and lack of effective vaccines pose challenges in prevention and control of disease in intensively maintained poultry flocks. Comparative genome analysis unravels similarities and dissimilarities thus facilitating identification of genomic features that aids in pathogenesis, niche adaptation and in tracing of evolutionary history. The present investigation was carried out to assess the genotypic differences amongst S.enterica serovar Gallinarum strains including Indian strain S. Gallinarum Sal40 VTCCBAA614. The comparative genome analysis revealed an open pan-genome consisting of 5091 coding sequence (CDS) with 3270 CDS belonging to core-genome, 1254 CDS to dispensable genome and strain specific genes i.e. singletons ranging from 3 to 102 amongst the analyzed strains. Moreover, the investigated strains exhibited diversity in genomic features such as virulence factors, genomic islands, prophage regions, toxin-antitoxin cassettes, and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Core genome identified in the study can give important leads in the direction of design of rapid and reliable diagnostics, and vaccine design for effective infection control as well as eradication. Additionally, the identified genetic differences among the S. enterica serovar Gallinarum strains could be used for bacterial typing, structure based inhibitor development by future experimental investigations on the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Vaid
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Zoozeal Thakur
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Plasmid-encoded H-NS controls extracellular matrix composition in a modern Acinetobacter baumannii urinary isolate. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0027721. [PMID: 34398664 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00277-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is emerging as a multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogen of increasing threat to human health worldwide. The recent MDR urinary isolate UPAB1 carries the plasmid pAB5, a member of a family of large conjugative plasmids (LCP). LCP encode several antibiotic resistance genes and repress the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to enable their dissemination, employing two TetR transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, pAB5 controls the expression of additional chromosomally encoded genes, impacting UPAB1 virulence. Here we show that a pAB5-encoded H-NS transcriptional regulator represses the synthesis of the exopolysaccharide PNAG and the expression of a previously uncharacterized three-gene cluster that encodes a protein belonging to the CsgG/HfaB family. Members of this protein family are involved in amyloid or polysaccharide formation in other species. Deletion of the CsgG homolog abrogated PNAG production and CUP pili formation, resulting in a subsequent reduction in biofilm formation. Although this gene cluster is widely distributed in Gram-negative bacteria, it remains largely uninvestigated. Our results illustrate the complex cross-talks that take place between plasmids and the chromosomes of their bacterial host, which in this case can contribute to the pathogenesis of Acinetobacter. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii displays the highest reported rates of multidrug resistance among Gram-negative pathogens. Many A. baumannii strains carry large conjugative plasmids like pAB5. In recent years, we have witnessed an increase in knowledge about the regulatory cross-talks between plasmids and bacterial chromosomes. Here we show that pAB5 controls the composition of the bacterial extracellular matrix, resulting in a drastic reduction in biofilm formation. The association between biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic resistance is well-documented. Therefore, understanding the factors involved in the regulation of biofilm formation in Acinetobacter has remarkable therapeutic potential.
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Serra DO, Hengge R. Bacterial Multicellularity: The Biology of Escherichia coli Building Large-Scale Biofilm Communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:269-290. [PMID: 34343018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-031921-055801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are a widespread multicellular form of bacterial life. The spatial structure and emergent properties of these communities depend on a polymeric extracellular matrix architecture that is orders of magnitude larger than the cells that build it. Using as a model the wrinkly macrocolony biofilms of Escherichia coli, which contain amyloid curli fibers and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN)-modified cellulose as matrix components, we summarize here the structure, building, and function of this large-scale matrix architecture. Based on different sigma and other transcription factors as well as second messengers, the underlying regulatory network reflects the fundamental trade-off between growth and survival. It controls matrix production spatially in response to long-range chemical gradients, but it also generates distinct patterns of short-range matrix heterogeneity that are crucial for tissue-like elasticity and macroscopic morphogenesis. Overall, these biofilms confer protection and a potential for homeostasis, thereby reducing maintenance energy, which makes multicellularity an emergent property of life itself. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O Serra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Regine Hengge
- Institut für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
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Yakupova EI, Bobyleva LG, Shumeyko SA, Vikhlyantsev IM, Bobylev AG. Amyloids: The History of Toxicity and Functionality. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050394. [PMID: 34062910 PMCID: PMC8147320 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins can perform their specific function due to their molecular structure. Partial or complete unfolding of the polypeptide chain may lead to the misfolding and aggregation of proteins in turn, resulting in the formation of different structures such as amyloid aggregates. Amyloids are rigid protein aggregates with the cross-β structure, resistant to most solvents and proteases. Because of their resistance to proteolysis, amyloid aggregates formed in the organism accumulate in tissues, promoting the development of various diseases called amyloidosis, for instance Alzheimer's diseases (AD). According to the main hypothesis, it is considered that the cause of AD is the formation and accumulation of amyloid plaques of Aβ. That is why Aβ-amyloid is the most studied representative of amyloids. Therefore, in this review, special attention is paid to the history of Aβ-amyloid toxicity. We note the main problems with anti-amyloid therapy and write about new views on amyloids that can play positive roles in the different organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira I. Yakupova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(985)687-77-27
| | - Liya G. Bobyleva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Sergey A. Shumeyko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alexander G. Bobylev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
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Dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen P, Rodrigues GL, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence genes identification and characterization revealed the presence of the Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island (HPI) in Salmonella from Brazil. Gene 2021; 787:145646. [PMID: 33848574 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the major agents of foodborne disease worldwide, and its virulence genes are responsible for the main pathogenic mechanisms of this micro-organism. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of pathogens has become a lower-cost and more accessible genotyping tool providing many gene analysis possibilities. This study provided an in silico investigation of 129 virulence genes, including plasmidial and bacteriophage genes from Brazilian strains' public Salmonella genomes. The frequency analysis of the four most sequenced serovars and a temporal analysis over the past four decades was also performed. The NCBI sequence reads archive (SRA) database comprised 1077 Salmonella public whole-genome sequences of strains isolated in Brazil between 1968 and 2018. Among the 1077 genomes, 775 passed in Salmonella in silico Typing (SISTR) quality control, which also identified 41 different serovars in which the four most prevalent were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, and S. Heidelberg. Among these, S. Heidelberg presented the most distinct virulence profile, besides presenting Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island (HPI), rare and first reported in Salmonella from Brazil. The genes mgtC, csgC, ssaI and ssaS were the most prevalent within the 775 genomes with more than 99% prevalence. On the other hand, the less frequent genes were astA, iucBCD, tptC and shdA, with less than 1% frequency. All of the plasmids and bacteriophages virulence genes presented a decreasing trend between the 2000 s and 2010 s decades, except for the phage gene grvA, which increased in this period. This study provides insights into Salmonella virulence genes distribution in Brazil using freely available bioinformatics tools. This approach could guide in vivo and in vitro studies besides being an interesting method for the investigation and surveillance of Salmonella virulence. Moreover, here we propose the genes mgtC, csgC, ssaI and ssaS as additional targets for PCR identification of Salmonella in Brazil due to their very high frequency in the studied genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria M P Dos Santos
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela G Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grazielle L Rodrigues
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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37
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Nitrate Is an Environmental Cue in the Gut for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilm Dispersal through Curli Repression and Flagellum Activation via Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling. mBio 2021; 13:e0288621. [PMID: 35130730 PMCID: PMC8822344 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02886-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curli, a major component of the bacterial biofilms in the intestinal tract, activates pattern recognition receptors and triggers joint inflammation after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The factors that allow S. Typhimurium to disperse from biofilms and invade the epithelium to establish a successful infection during acute inflammation remain unknown. Here, we studied S. Typhimurium biofilms in vitro and in vivo to understand how the inflammatory environment regulates the switch between multicellular and motile S. Typhimurium in the gut. We discovered that nitrate generated by the host is an environmental cue that induces S. Typhimurium to disperse from the biofilm. Nitrate represses production of an important biofilm component, curli, and activates flagella via the modulation of intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. We conclude that nitrate plays a central role in pathogen fitness by regulating the sessile-to-motile lifestyle switch during infection. IMPORTANCE Recent studies provided important insight into our understanding of the role of c-di-GMP signaling and the regulation of enteric biofilms. Despite an improved understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling regulates S. Typhimurium biofilms, the processes that affect the intracellular c-di-GMP levels and the formation of multicellular communities in vivo during infections remain unknown. Here, we show that nitrate generated in the intestinal lumen during infection with S. Typhimurium is an important regulator of biofilm formation in vivo.
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Harrell JE, Hahn MM, D'Souza SJ, Vasicek EM, Sandala JL, Gunn JS, McLachlan JB. Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624622. [PMID: 33604308 PMCID: PMC7885405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many Salmonella species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of Salmonella (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to Salmonella in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of Salmonella immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin M Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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39
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Chen S, Feng Z, Sun H, Zhang R, Qin T, Peng D. Biofilm-Formation-Related Genes csgD and bcsA Promote the Vertical Transmission of Salmonella Enteritidis in Chicken. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:625049. [PMID: 33521095 PMCID: PMC7840958 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.625049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs and chicken meat via vertical transmission has become a worldwide public health concern. Biofilm formation by S. Enteritidis further enhances its antibacterial resistance. However, whether genes related to biofilm formation affect the level of vertical transmission is still unclear. Here, S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, ΔbcsA, and ΔadrA were constructed from wild type strain C50041 (WT), and their biofilm-forming ability was determined by Crystal violet staining assay. Then the median lethal dose (LD50) assay was performed to determine the effects of the selected genes on virulence. The bacterial load in eggs produced by infected laying hens via the intraperitoneal pathway or crop gavage was determined for evaluation of the vertical transmission. Crystal violet staining assay revealed that S. Enteritidis mutants ΔcsgD, ΔcsgA, and ΔbcsA, but not ΔadrA, impaired biofilm formation compared with WT strain. Furthermore, the LD50 in SPF chickens showed that both the ΔcsgD and ΔbcsA mutants were less virulent compared with WT strain. Among the intraperitoneally infected laying hens, the WT strain-infected group had the highest percentage of bacteria-positive eggs (24.7%), followed by the ΔadrA group (16%), ΔcsgA group (9.9%), ΔbcsA group (4.5%), and ΔcsgD group (2.1%). Similarly, among the crop gavage chickens, the WT strain group also had the highest infection percentage in eggs (10.4%), followed by the ΔcsgA group (8.5%), ΔadrA group (7.5%), ΔbcsA group (1.9%), and ΔcsgD group (1.0%). Our results indicate that the genes csgD and bcsA help vertical transmission of S. Enteritidis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Chen
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hualu Sun
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
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40
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Bobyleva LG, Shumeyko SA, Yakupova EI, Surin AK, Galzitskaya OV, Kihara H, Timchenko AA, Timchenko MA, Penkov NV, Nikulin AD, Suvorina MY, Molochkov NV, Lobanov MY, Fadeev RS, Vikhlyantsev IM, Bobylev AG. Myosin Binding Protein-C Forms Amyloid-Like Aggregates In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020731. [PMID: 33450960 PMCID: PMC7828380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated in vitro aggregation and amyloid properties of skeletal myosin binding protein-C (sMyBP-C) interacting in vivo with proteins of thick and thin filaments in the sarcomeric A-disc. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) found a rapid (5–10 min) formation of large (>2 μm) aggregates. sMyBP-C oligomers formed both at the initial 5–10 min and after 16 h of aggregation. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and DLS revealed sMyBP-C oligomers to consist of 7–10 monomers. TEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed sMyBP-C to form amorphous aggregates (and, to a lesser degree, fibrillar structures) exhibiting no toxicity on cell culture. X-ray diffraction of sMyBP-C aggregates registered reflections attributed to a cross-β quaternary structure. Circular dichroism (CD) showed the formation of the amyloid-like structure to occur without changes in the sMyBP-C secondary structure. The obtained results indicating a high in vitro aggregability of sMyBP-C are, apparently, a consequence of structural features of the domain organization of proteins of this family. Formation of pathological amyloid or amyloid-like sMyBP-C aggregates in vivo is little probable due to amino-acid sequence low identity (<26%), alternating ordered/disordered regions in the protein molecule, and S–S bonds providing for general stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya G. Bobyleva
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
| | - Sergey A. Shumeyko
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
| | - Alexey K. Surin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.K.S.); (M.Y.S.); (M.Y.L.)
- Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of the Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Laboratory of the Biochemistry of Pathogenic Microorganisms, State Research Centre for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, 142279 Serpukhov District, Russia
| | - Oxana V. Galzitskaya
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.K.S.); (M.Y.S.); (M.Y.L.)
| | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Himeji-Hinomoto College, 890 Koro, Kodera-cho, Himeji 679-2151, Japan;
| | - Alexander A. Timchenko
- Group of Experimental Research and Engineering of Oligomeric Structures, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Timchenko
- Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, FRC PSCBR, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Nikita V. Penkov
- Laboratory of the Methods of Optical Spectral Analysis, Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, FRC PSCBR RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Alexey D. Nikulin
- Laboratory for Structural Studies of the Translational Apparatus, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Mariya Yu. Suvorina
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.K.S.); (M.Y.S.); (M.Y.L.)
| | - Nikolay V. Molochkov
- Laboratory of NMR Investigations of Biosystems, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Yu. Lobanov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Proteomics, Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.K.S.); (M.Y.S.); (M.Y.L.)
| | - Roman S. Fadeev
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Regulation of Cell Resistance, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Ivan M. Vikhlyantsev
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Alexander G. Bobylev
- Laboratory of the Structure and Functions of Muscle Proteins, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (L.G.B.); (S.A.S.); (E.I.Y.); (O.V.G.)
- Correspondence: (I.M.V.); (A.G.B.)
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41
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Feng Z, El Hag M, Qin T, Du Y, Chen S, Peng D. Residue L193P Mutant of RpoS Affects Its Activity During Biofilm Formation in Salmonella Pullorum. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:571361. [PMID: 33251260 PMCID: PMC7674402 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of alternative sigma factor RpoS in regulating biofilm formation may differ in various Salmonella Pullorum strains. In this study, the biofilm-forming ability of two Salmonella Pullorum strains S6702 and S11923-3 were compared. The biofilm forming ability of S11923-3 was much stronger than that of S6702. After knocking out the rpoS gene, S11923-3ΔrpoS had significantly reduced biofilm while S6702ΔrpoS demonstrated similar biofilm compared with each parent strain. The analysis of RpoS sequences indicated two amino acid substitutions (L193P and R293C) between S6702 and S11923-3 RpoS. A complementation study confirmed that the expression of S11923-3 RpoS rather than S6702 RpoS could restore the biofilm-forming ability of ΔrpoS strains and the L193P mutation contributed to the restoration of the biofilm-forming ability. Further study indicated that RpoS with the L193P mutant had significantly improved expression level and binding activity to RNAP and csgD gene promoter, which increased the efficacy of the csgD gene promoter and biofilm-forming ability. Therefore, the L193P mutation of RpoS is critical for stronger biofilm formation of Salmonella Pullorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Muhanad El Hag
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinping Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture and Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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42
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Apura P, de Lorenzo V, Arraiano CM, Martínez-García E, Viegas SC. Ribonucleases control distinct traits of Pseudomonas putida lifestyle. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:174-189. [PMID: 33089610 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of archetypal ribonucleases (RNases) in the physiology and stress endurance of the soil bacterium and metabolic engineering platform Pseudomonas putida KT2440 has been inspected. To this end, variants of this strain lacking each of the most important RNases were constructed. Each mutant lacked either one exoribonuclease (PNPase, RNase R) or one endoribonuclease (RNase E, RNase III, RNase G). The global physiological and metabolic costs of the absence of each of these enzymes were then analysed in terms of growth, motility and morphology. The effects of different oxidative chemicals that mimic the stresses endured by this microorganism in its natural habitats were studied as well. The results highlighted that each ribonuclease is specifically related with different traits of the environmental lifestyle that distinctively characterizes this microorganism. Interestingly, the physiological responses of P. putida to the absence of each enzyme diverged significantly from those known previously in Escherichia coli. This exposed not only species-specific regulatory functions for otherwise known RNase activities but also expanded the panoply of post-transcriptional adaptation devices that P. putida can make use of for facing hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Apura
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, C/Darwin, 3 (Campus de Cantoblanco), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cecília M Arraiano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Esteban Martínez-García
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, C/Darwin, 3 (Campus de Cantoblanco), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Sandra C Viegas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157, Portugal
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43
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Clarithromycin Exerts an Antibiofilm Effect against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium rdar Biofilm Formation and Transforms the Physiology towards an Apparent Oxygen-Depleted Energy and Carbon Metabolism. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00510-20. [PMID: 32839186 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00510-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon biofilm formation, production of extracellular matrix components and alteration in physiology and metabolism allows bacteria to build up multicellular communities which can facilitate nutrient acquisition during unfavorable conditions and provide protection toward various forms of environmental stresses to individual cells. Thus, bacterial cells within biofilms become tolerant against antimicrobials and the immune system. In the present study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of the macrolides clarithromycin and azithromycin. Clarithromycin showed antibiofilm activity against rdar (red, dry, and rough) biofilm formation of the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (Nalr) at a 1.56 μM subinhibitory concentration in standing culture and dissolved cell aggregates at 15 μM in a microaerophilic environment, suggesting that the oxygen level affects the activity of the drug. Treatment with clarithromycin significantly decreased transcription and production of the rdar biofilm activator CsgD, with biofilm genes such as csgB and adrA to be concomitantly downregulated. Although fliA and other flagellar regulon genes were upregulated, apparent motility was downregulated. RNA sequencing showed a holistic cell response upon clarithromycin exposure, whereby not only genes involved in the biofilm-related regulatory pathways but also genes that likely contribute to intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, and the heat shock stress response were differentially regulated. Most significantly, clarithromycin exposure shifted the cells toward an apparent oxygen- and energy-depleted status, whereby the metabolism that channels into oxidative phosphorylation was downregulated, and energy gain by degradation of propane 1,2-diol, ethanolamine and l-arginine catabolism, potentially also to prevent cytosolic acidification, was upregulated. This analysis will allow the subsequent identification of novel intrinsic antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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44
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Kamal SM, Cimdins-Ahne A, Lee C, Li F, Martín-Rodríguez AJ, Seferbekova Z, Afasizhev R, Wami HT, Katikaridis P, Meins L, Lünsdorf H, Dobrindt U, Mogk A, Römling U. A recently isolated human commensal Escherichia coli ST10 clone member mediates enhanced thermotolerance and tetrathionate respiration on a P1 phage-derived IncY plasmid. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:255-271. [PMID: 32985020 PMCID: PMC7984374 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous human commensal Escherichia coli has been well investigated through its model representative E. coli K‐12. In this work, we initially characterized E. coli Fec10, a recently isolated human commensal strain of phylogroup A/sequence type ST10. Compared to E. coli K‐12, the 4.88 Mbp Fec10 genome is characterized by distinct single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and acquisition of genomic islands. In addition, E. coli Fec10 possesses a 155.86 kbp IncY plasmid, a composite element based on phage P1. pFec10 harbours multiple cargo genes such as coding for a tetrathionate reductase and its corresponding regulatory two‐component system. Among the cargo genes is also the Transmissible Locus of Protein Quality Control (TLPQC), which mediates tolerance to lethal temperatures in bacteria. The disaggregase ClpGGI of TLPQC constitutes a major determinant of the thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10. We confirmed stand‐alone disaggregation activity, but observed distinct biochemical characteristics of ClpGGI‐Fec10 compared to the nearly identical Pseudomonas aeruginosa ClpGGI‐SG17M. Furthermore, we noted a unique contribution of ClpGGI‐Fec10 to the exquisite thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10, suggesting functional differences between both disaggregases in vivo. Detection of thermotolerance in 10% of human commensal E. coli isolates hints to the successful establishment of food‐borne heat‐resistant strains in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Mansour Kamal
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Changhan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Zaira Seferbekova
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Robert Afasizhev
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Panagiotis Katikaridis
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Meins
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Axel Mogk
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Pachucki RJ, Corradetti C, Kohler L, Ghadiali J, Gallo PM, Nicastro L, Tursi SA, Gallucci S, Tükel Ç, Caricchio R. Persistent Bacteriuria and Antibodies Recognizing Curli/eDNA Complexes From Escherichia coli Are Linked to Flares in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1872-1881. [PMID: 32840064 PMCID: PMC7722165 DOI: 10.1002/art.41400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infections contribute to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are known to trigger urinary tract infections (UTIs) and form biofilms, which are multicellular communities of bacteria that are strengthened by amyloids such as curli. We previously reported that curli naturally form complexes with bacterial extracellular DNA (eDNA), and these curli/eDNA complexes induce hallmark features of lupus in mouse models. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether anti-curli/eDNA complex antibodies play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE or development of flares in SLE. METHODS In total, 96 SLE patients who met at least 4 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics disease criteria were investigated. Anti-curli/eDNA complex antibodies in the plasma were tested for both IgG and IgA subclasses. Results were compared to that in 54 age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Correlations of the levels of anti-curli/eDNA antibodies with clinical parameters, lupus disease status, and frequency of bacteriuria were assessed. RESULTS Anti-curli/eDNA antibodies were detected in the plasma of SLE patients and healthy controls, and their levels correlated with the presence of asymptomatic persistent bacteriuria and occurrence of disease flares in lupus patients. Persistent bacteriuria contained curli-producing UPEC, and this was associated with an inflammatory phenotype. Finally, curli/eDNA complexes cross-reacted with lupus autoantigens, such as double-stranded DNA, in binding autoantibodies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that UTIs and persistent bacteriuria are environmental triggers of lupus and its flares. Antibodies against curli/eDNA could serve as a sign of systemic exposure to bacterial products in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pachucki
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chelsea Corradetti
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynne Kohler
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jay Ghadiali
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul M Gallo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Nicastro
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah A Tursi
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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46
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Martínez-García E, Fraile S, Rodríguez Espeso D, Vecchietti D, Bertoni G, de Lorenzo V. Naked Bacterium: Emerging Properties of a Surfome-Streamlined Pseudomonas putida Strain. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2477-2492. [PMID: 32786355 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental bacteria are most often endowed with native surface-attachment programs that frequently conflict with efforts to engineer biofilms and synthetic communities with given tridimensional architectures. In this work, we report the editing of the genome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for stripping the cells of most outer-facing structures of the bacterial envelope that mediate motion, binding to surfaces, and biofilm formation. To this end, 23 segments of the P. putida chromosome encoding a suite of such functions were deleted, resulting in the surface-naked strain EM371, the physical properties of which changed dramatically in respect to the wild type counterpart. As a consequence, surface-edited P. putida cells were unable to form biofilms on solid supports and, because of the swimming deficiency and other alterations, showed a much faster sedimentation in liquid media. Surface-naked bacteria were then used as carriers of interacting partners (e.g., Jun-Fos domains) ectopically expressed by means of an autotransporter display system on the now easily accessible cell envelope. Abstraction of individual bacteria as adhesin-coated spherocylinders enabled rigorous quantitative description of the multicell interplay brought about by thereby engineered physical interactions. The model was then applied to parametrize the data extracted from automated analysis of confocal microscopy images of the experimentally assembled bacterial flocks for analyzing their structure and distribution. The resulting data not only corroborated the value of P. putida EM371 over the parental strain as a platform for display artificial adhesins but also provided a strategy for rational engineering of catalytic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Martínez-García
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Fraile
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez Espeso
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Davide Vecchietti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Jeffries J, Thongsomboon W, Visser JA, Enriquez K, Yager D, Cegelski L. Variation in the ratio of curli and phosphoethanolamine cellulose associated with biofilm architecture and properties. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23395. [PMID: 32894594 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are communities of bacteria entangled in a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM). Escherichia coli direct the assembly of two insoluble biopolymers, curli amyloid fibers, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose, to build remarkable biofilm architectures. Intense curiosity surrounds how bacteria harness these amyloid-polysaccharide composites to build biofilms, and how these biopolymers function to benefit bacterial communities. Defining ECM composition involving insoluble polymeric assemblies poses unique challenges to analysis and, thus, to comparing strains with quantitative ECM molecular correlates. In this work, we present results from a sum-of-the-parts 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis to define the curli-to-pEtN cellulose ratio in the isolated ECM of the E. coli laboratory K12 strain, AR3110. We compare and contrast the compositional analysis and comprehensive biofilm phenotypes for AR3110 and a well-studied clinical isolate, UTI89. The ECM isolated from AR3110 contains approximately twice the amount of pEtN cellulose relative to curli content as UTI89, revealing plasticity in matrix assembly principles among strains. The two parent strains and a panel of relevant gene mutants were investigated in three biofilm models, examining: (a) macrocolonies on agar, (b) pellicles at the liquid-air interface, and (c) biomass accumulation on plastic. We describe the influence of curli, cellulose, and the pEtN modification on biofilm phenotypes with power in the direct comparison of these strains. The results suggest that curli more strongly influence adhesion, while pEtN cellulose drives cohesion. Their individual and combined influence depends on both the biofilm modality (agar, pellicle, or plastic-associated) and the strain itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Jeffries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Deborah Yager
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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48
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Hurtado-Escobar GA, Grépinet O, Raymond P, Abed N, Velge P, Virlogeux-Payant I. H-NS is the major repressor of Salmonella Typhimurium Pef fimbriae expression. Virulence 2020; 10:849-867. [PMID: 31661351 PMCID: PMC6844306 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1682752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae play an important role in adhesion and are therefore essential for the interaction of bacteria with the environments they encounter. Most of them are expressed in vivo but not in vitro, thus making difficult the full characterization of these fimbriae. Here, we characterized the silencing of plasmid-encoded fimbriae (Pef) expression, encoded by the pef operon, in the worldwide pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. We demonstrated that the nucleoid-associated proteins H-NS and Hha, and their respective paralogs StpA and YdgT, negatively regulate at pH 5.1 and pH 7.1 the transcription of the pef operon. Two promoters, PpefB and PpefA, direct the transcription of this operon. All the nucleoid-associated proteins silence the PpefB promoter and H-NS also targets the PpefA promoter. While Hha and YdgT are mainly considered as acting primarily through H-NS to modulate gene transcription, our results strongly suggest that Hha and YdgT silence pef transcription at acidic pH either by interacting with StpA or independently of H-NS and StpA. We also confirmed the previously described post-transcriptional repression of Pef fimbriae by CsrA titration via the fim mRNA and CsrB and CsrC sRNA. Finally, among all these regulators, H-NS clearly appeared as the major repressor of Pef expression. These results open new avenues of research to better characterize the regulation of these bacterial adhesive proteins and to clarify their role in the virulence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadia Abed
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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49
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Singhi D, Srivastava P. Role of Bacterial Cytoskeleton and Other Apparatuses in Cell Communication. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:158. [PMID: 32766280 PMCID: PMC7378377 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeleton is crucial for sensing the external environment and plays a major role in cell to cell communication. There are several other apparatuses such as conjugation tubes, membrane vesicles, and nanotubes used by bacterial cells for communication. The present review article describes the various bacterial cytoskeletal proteins and other apparatuses, the physical structures they form and their role in sensing environmental stress. The implications of this cellular communication in pathogenicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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50
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Sokaribo AS, Hansen EG, McCarthy M, Desin TS, Waldner LL, MacKenzie KD, Mutwiri G, Herman NJ, Herman DJ, Wang Y, White AP. Metabolic Activation of CsgD in the Regulation of Salmonella Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E964. [PMID: 32604994 PMCID: PMC7409106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human food-borne pathogens, gastroenteritis-causing Salmonella strains have the most real-world impact. Like all pathogens, their success relies on efficient transmission. Biofilm formation, a specialized physiology characterized by multicellular aggregation and persistence, is proposed to play an important role in the Salmonella transmission cycle. In this manuscript, we used luciferase reporters to examine the expression of csgD, which encodes the master biofilm regulator. We observed that the CsgD-regulated biofilm system responds differently to regulatory inputs once it is activated. Notably, the CsgD system became unresponsive to repression by Cpx and H-NS in high osmolarity conditions and less responsive to the addition of amino acids. Temperature-mediated regulation of csgD on agar was altered by intracellular levels of RpoS and cyclic-di-GMP. In contrast, the addition of glucose repressed CsgD biofilms seemingly independent of other signals. Understanding the fine-tuned regulation of csgD can help us to piece together how regulation occurs in natural environments, knowing that all Salmonella strains face strong selection pressures both within and outside their hosts. Ultimately, we can use this information to better control Salmonella and develop strategies to break the transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosiererem S. Sokaribo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Elizabeth G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Madeline McCarthy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Taseen S. Desin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
- Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Landon L. Waldner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Keith D. MacKenzie
- Institute for Microbial Systems and Society, Faculty of Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - George Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Nancy J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Dakoda J. Herman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (A.S.S.); (E.G.H.); (M.M.); (L.L.W.); (G.M.J.); (N.J.H.); (D.J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
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