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Han P, Ma Y, Fu Z, Guo Z, Xie J, Wu Y, Yuan YJ. A DNA Inversion System in Eukaryotes Established via Laboratory Evolution. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2222-2230. [PMID: 34420293 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA inversion is a type of site-specific recombination system that plays an important role in the generation of genetic diversity and phenotypic adaptation by programmed rearrangements in bacteria. However, no such inversion system exhibiting a strong directionality bias has been identified or developed in eukaryotes yet. Here, using directed evolution of Rci recombinase, a tyrosine recombinase from a bacterial DNA inversion system, we identified a mutant Rci8 with a ratio of inversion/deletion up to ∼4320 in yeast. Based on Rci8 recombinase and sfxa101 sites, we have established a DNA inversion system in yeast and mammalian cells, enabling specificity for DNA inversions between inverted sites over deletions between directly repeated sites. Our results validated that the reversible DNA inversion system can act as an on/off transcriptional switch. Moreover, we demonstrate that the inversion system can also work on linear chromosomes. The eukaryotic DNA inversion system would provide a new tool for fields of genetic circuits, cellular barcoding, and synthetic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Han
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zongheng Fu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhou Guo
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiangnan Xie
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying-jin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Smyshlyaev G, Bateman A, Barabas O. Sequence analysis of tyrosine recombinases allows annotation of mobile genetic elements in prokaryotic genomes. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e9880. [PMID: 34018328 PMCID: PMC8138268 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) sequester and mobilize antibiotic resistance genes across bacterial genomes. Efficient and reliable identification of such elements is necessary to follow resistance spreading. However, automated tools for MGE identification are missing. Tyrosine recombinase (YR) proteins drive MGE mobilization and could provide markers for MGE detection, but they constitute a diverse family also involved in housekeeping functions. Here, we conducted a comprehensive survey of YRs from bacterial, archaeal, and phage genomes and developed a sequence-based classification system that dissects the characteristics of MGE-borne YRs. We revealed that MGE-related YRs evolved from non-mobile YRs by acquisition of a regulatory arm-binding domain that is essential for their mobility function. Based on these results, we further identified numerous unknown MGEs. This work provides a resource for comparative analysis and functional annotation of YRs and aids the development of computational tools for MGE annotation. Additionally, we reveal how YRs adapted to drive gene transfer across species and provide a tool to better characterize antibiotic resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Smyshlyaev
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)HinxtonUK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Structural and Computational Biology UnitHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)HinxtonUK
| | - Orsolya Barabas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)Structural and Computational Biology UnitHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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3
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Christie PJ, Gomez Valero L, Buchrieser C. Biological Diversity and Evolution of Type IV Secretion Systems. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 413:1-30. [PMID: 29536353 PMCID: PMC5912172 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75241-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a highly functionally and structurally diverse superfamily of secretion systems found in many species of Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. Collectively, the T4SSs can translocate DNA and monomeric and multimeric protein substrates to a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic cell types. Detailed phylogenomics analyses have established that the T4SSs evolved from ancient conjugation machines whose original functions were to disseminate mobile DNA elements within and between bacterial species. How members of the T4SS superfamily evolved to recognize and translocate specific substrate repertoires to prokaryotic or eukaryotic target cells is a fascinating question from evolutionary, biological, and structural perspectives. In this chapter, we will summarize recent findings that have shaped our current view of the biological diversity of the T4SSs. We focus mainly on two subtypes, designated as the types IVA (T4ASS) and IVB (T4BSS) systems that respectively are represented by the paradigmatic Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 and Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm T4SSs. We present current information about the composition and architectures of these representative systems. We also describe how these and a few related T4ASS and T4BSS members evolved as specialized nanomachines through acquisition of novel domains or subunits, a process that ultimately generated extensive genetic and structural mosaicism among this secretion superfamily. Finally, we present new phylogenomics information establishing that the T4BSSs are much more broadly distributed than initially envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Laura Gomez Valero
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, 75724, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3525, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, 75724, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3525, 75724, Paris, France
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4
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Sekizuka T, Kawanishi M, Ohnishi M, Shima A, Kato K, Yamashita A, Matsui M, Suzuki S, Kuroda M. Elucidation of quantitative structural diversity of remarkable rearrangement regions, shufflons, in IncI2 plasmids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:928. [PMID: 28424528 PMCID: PMC5430464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiple DNA inversion system, the shufflon, exists in incompatibility (Inc) I1 and I2 plasmids. The shufflon generates variants of the PilV protein, a minor component of the thin pilus. The shufflon is one of the most difficult regions for de novo genome assembly because of its structural diversity even in an isolated bacterial clone. We determined complete genome sequences, including those of IncI2 plasmids carrying mcr-1, of three Escherichia coli strains using single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing and Illumina sequencing. The sequences assembled using only SMRT sequencing contained misassembled regions in the shufflon. A hybrid analysis using SMRT and Illumina sequencing resolved the misassembled region and revealed that the three IncI2 plasmids, excluding the shufflon region, were highly conserved. Moreover, the abundance ratio of whole-shufflon structures could be determined by quantitative structural variation analysis of the SMRT data, suggesting that a remarkable heterogeneity of whole-shufflon structural variations exists in IncI2 plasmids. These findings indicate that remarkable rearrangement regions should be validated using both long-read and short-read sequencing data and that the structural variation of PilV in the shufflon might be closely related to phenotypic heterogeneity of plasmid-mediated transconjugation involved in horizontal gene transfer even in bacterial clonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Michiko Kawanishi
- Assay Division II, Bacterial Assay Section, National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji-shi, 185-8511, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ohnishi
- Ohnishi Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, 10-3-3 Nishirokujyouminami, Shibetsugunnakashibetsu-cho, 086-1106, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayaka Shima
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kengo Kato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yamashita
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mari Matsui
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Satowa Suzuki
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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Farrugia DN, Elbourne LDH, Mabbutt BC, Paulsen IT. A novel family of integrases associated with prophages and genomic islands integrated within the tRNA-dihydrouridine synthase A (dusA) gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4547-57. [PMID: 25883135 PMCID: PMC4482086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic islands play a key role in prokaryotic genome plasticity. Genomic islands integrate into chromosomal loci such as transfer RNA genes and protein coding genes, whilst retaining various cargo genes that potentially bestow novel functions on the host organism. A gene encoding a putative integrase was identified at a single site within the 5′ end of the dusA gene in the genomes of over 200 bacteria. This integrase was discovered to be a component of numerous genomic islands, which appear to share a target site within the dusA gene. dusA encodes the tRNA-dihydrouridine synthase A enzyme, which catalyses the post-transcriptional reduction of uridine to dihydrouridine in tRNA. Genomic islands encoding homologous dusA-associated integrases were found at a much lower frequency within the related dusB and dusC genes, and non-dus genes. Excision of these dusA-associated islands from the chromosome as circularized intermediates was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of the dusA-associated islands indicated that they were highly diverse, with the integrase gene representing the only universal common feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Farrugia
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Liam D H Elbourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Bridget C Mabbutt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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6
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Peikon ID, Gizatullina DI, Zador AM. In vivo generation of DNA sequence diversity for cellular barcoding. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e127. [PMID: 25013177 PMCID: PMC4176322 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature of biological systems. A complete understanding of such systems requires a method for uniquely identifying and tracking individual components and their interactions with each other. We have developed a novel method of uniquely tagging individual cells in vivo with a genetic 'barcode' that can be recovered by DNA sequencing. Our method is a two-component system comprised of a genetic barcode cassette whose fragments are shuffled by Rci, a site-specific DNA invertase. The system is highly scalable, with the potential to generate theoretical diversities in the billions. We demonstrate the feasibility of this technique in Escherichia coli. Currently, this method could be employed to track the dynamics of populations of microbes through various bottlenecks. Advances of this method should prove useful in tracking interactions of cells within a network, and/or heterogeneity within complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Peikon
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Anthony M Zador
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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Johnson TJ, Shepard SM, Rivet B, Danzeisen JL, Carattoli A. Comparative genomics and phylogeny of the IncI1 plasmids: A common plasmid type among porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Plasmid 2011; 66:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Archer CT, Kim JF, Jeong H, Park JH, Vickers CE, Lee SY, Nielsen LK. The genome sequence of E. coli W (ATCC 9637): comparative genome analysis and an improved genome-scale reconstruction of E. coli. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:9. [PMID: 21208457 PMCID: PMC3032704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is a model prokaryote, an important pathogen, and a key organism for industrial biotechnology. E. coli W (ATCC 9637), one of four strains designated as safe for laboratory purposes, has not been sequenced. E. coli W is a fast-growing strain and is the only safe strain that can utilize sucrose as a carbon source. Lifecycle analysis has demonstrated that sucrose from sugarcane is a preferred carbon source for industrial bioprocesses. RESULTS We have sequenced and annotated the genome of E. coli W. The chromosome is 4,900,968 bp and encodes 4,764 ORFs. Two plasmids, pRK1 (102,536 bp) and pRK2 (5,360 bp), are also present. W has unique features relative to other sequenced laboratory strains (K-12, B and Crooks): it has a larger genome and belongs to phylogroup B1 rather than A. W also grows on a much broader range of carbon sources than does K-12. A genome-scale reconstruction was developed and validated in order to interrogate metabolic properties. CONCLUSIONS The genome of W is more similar to commensal and pathogenic B1 strains than phylogroup A strains, and therefore has greater utility for comparative analyses with these strains. W should therefore be the strain of choice, or 'type strain' for group B1 comparative analyses. The genome annotation and tools created here are expected to allow further utilization and development of E. coli W as an industrial organism for sucrose-based bioprocesses. Refinements in our E. coli metabolic reconstruction allow it to more accurately define E. coli metabolism relative to previous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Archer
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Cnr Cooper and College Rds, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jihyun F Kim
- Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Haeyoung Jeong
- Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 111 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 program) and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Cnr Cooper and College Rds, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 program) and Center for Systems and Synthetic Biotechnology, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Cnr Cooper and College Rds, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia
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ICEEc2, a new integrative and conjugative element belonging to the pKLC102/PAGI-2 family, identified in Escherichia coli strain BEN374. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5026-36. [PMID: 20675467 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00609-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of the Escherichia coli species is in part due to the large number of mobile genetic elements that are exchanged between strains. We report here the identification of a new integrative and conjugative element (ICE) of the pKLC102/PAGI-2 family located downstream of the tRNA gene pheU in the E. coli strain BEN374. Indeed, this new region, which we called ICEEc2, can be transferred by conjugation from strain BEN374 to the E. coli strain C600. We were also able to transfer this region into a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain and into a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain. This transfer was then followed by the integration of ICEEc2 into the host chromosome downstream of a phe tRNA gene. Our data indicated that this transfer involved a set of three genes encoding DNA mobility enzymes and a type IV pilus encoded by genes present on ICEEc2. Given the wide distribution of members of this family, these mobile genetic elements are likely to play an important role in the diversification of bacteria.
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10
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Tam CKP, Morris C, Hackett J. The Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi type IVB self-association pili are detached from the bacterial cell by the PilV minor pilus proteins. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5414-8. [PMID: 16926438 PMCID: PMC1594823 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00172-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and some strains (Vi+) of serovar Dublin use type IVB pili to facilitate bacterial self-association, but only when the PilV proteins (potential minor pilus proteins) are not synthesized. Pilus-mediated self-association may be important in the pathogenesis of enteric fever. We have shown previously that the extent of DNA supercoiling controls the rate of Rci-catalyzed inversion of a DNA fragment which includes the C-terminal portions of the PilV proteins. This inversion therefore controls PilV synthesis as a high inversion rate prohibits transcription of pilV-encoding DNA. Here, we describe the manner in which PilV protein expression inhibits bacterial self-association and present data which suggest that incorporation of one or a few PilV protein molecules into a growing pilus, comprised of PilS subunits, causes the pilus to detach at the bacterial membrane. The bacteria are then unable to self-associate. We suggest that this phenomenon may be relevant to the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie K P Tam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Gyohda A, Zhu S, Furuya N, Komano T. Asymmetry of Shufflon-specific Recombination Sites in Plasmid R64 Inhibits Recombination between Direct sfx Sequences. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20772-20779. [PMID: 16723350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513654200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The shufflon of plasmid R64 consists of four DNA segments separated and flanked by seven sfx recombination sites. Rci-mediated recombination between any inverted sfx sequences causes inversion of the DNA segments independently or in groups. The R64 shufflon selects one of seven pilV genes encoding type IV pilus adhesins, in which the N-terminal region is constant, while the C-terminal regions are variable. The R64 sfx sequences are asymmetric. The sfx central region and right arm sequences are conserved, but left arm sequences are not. Here we constructed a symmetric sfx sequence, in which the sfx left arm sequence was changed to the inverted repeat of the right arm sequence and made artificial shufflon segments carrying symmetric sfx sequences in inverted or direct orientations. The symmetric sfx sequence exhibited the highest inversion frequency in a shufflon segment flanked by two inverted sfx sequences. Rci-dependent deletion of a shufflon segment flanked by two direct symmetric sfx sequences was observed, suggesting that asymmetry of R64 sfx sequences inhibits recombination between direct sfx sequences. In addition, intermolecular recombination between symmetric sfx sequences was also observed. The extra C-terminal domain of Rci was shown to be essential for inversion of the R64 shufflon using asymmetric sfx sequences but not essential for recombination using symmetric sfx sequences, suggesting that the Rci C-terminal segment helps the binding of Rci to asymmetric sfx sequences. Rci protein lacking the C-terminal domain bound to both arms of symmetric sfx sequence but only to the right arm of asymmetric sfx sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Gyohda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shujuan Zhu
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Furuya
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Teruya Komano
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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12
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Tam CKP, Hackett J, Morris C. Rate of inversion of the Salmonella enterica shufflon regulates expression of invertible DNA. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5568-77. [PMID: 16113273 PMCID: PMC1231127 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5568-5577.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and some strains (Vi(+)) of serovar Dublin use type IVB pili to facilitate bacterial self-association, but only when the PilV proteins (potential minor pilus proteins) are not synthesized. Pilus-mediated self-association may be important in the pathogenesis of enteric fever. We have suggested that the rate of Rci-catalyzed inversion of DNA encoding the C-terminal portions of the PilV proteins controls PilV protein synthesis. This potentially represents a novel means of transcriptional control. Here, it is initially shown that DNA inversion per se is required for inhibition of gene expression from invertible DNA. Binding, without DNA scission, of Rci to its substrate sequences on DNA cannot explain the data obtained. Next, it is shown that inversion frequencies of xylE-encoding DNA, bracketed by Rci substrate sequences, may be modulated by changes in the 19-bp consensus sequences which are essential components of Rci substrate DNA. The affinity of Rci for these sequences affects inversion frequencies, so that a greater affinity is predictive of faster inversion, and therefore less synthesis of product encoded by invertible DNA. Inversion events may inhibit transcription of DNA from external promoters. In vivo, the frequency of Rci-mediated inversion is influenced by the extent of DNA supercoiling, with increasing levels of expression of invertible genes as novobiocin inhibits DNA supercoiling and thus Rci action. This inhibition of DNA supercoiling results in increased synthesis of PilV proteins as Rci activity decreases, and, in turn, bacterial self-association (particularly in serovar Dublin) decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie K P Tam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Tam CKP, Hackett J, Morris C. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C carries an inactive shufflon. Infect Immun 2004; 72:22-8. [PMID: 14688076 PMCID: PMC343949 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.22-28.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi uses type IVB pili to facilitate bacterial self-association, but only when the PilV proteins (potential minor pilus proteins) are not synthesized. This pilus-mediated event may be important in typhoid fever pathogenesis. We initially show that S. enterica serovar Paratyphi C strains harbor a pil operon very similar to that of serovar Typhi. An important difference, however, is located in the shufflon which concludes the pil operon. In serovar Typhi, the Rci recombinase acts upon two 19-bp inverted repeats to invert the terminal region of the pilV gene, thereby disrupting PilV synthesis and permitting bacterial self-association. In serovar Paratyphi C, however, the shufflon is essentially inactive because each of the Rci 19-bp substrates has acquired a single base pair insertion. A PilV protein is thus synthesized whenever the pil operon is active, and bacterial self-association therefore does not occur in serovar Paratyphi C. The data thus suggest that serovar Typhi bacterial self-association using type IVB pili may be important in the pathogenesis of epidemic enteric fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie K P Tam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Morris C, Tam CKP, Wallis TS, Jones PW, Hackett J. Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin strains which are Vi antigen-positive use type IVB pili for bacterial self-association and human intestinal cell entry. Microb Pathog 2004; 35:279-84. [PMID: 14580391 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Some strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin are Vi antigen-positive. S. enterica serovar Typhi uses Type IVB pili, encoded adjacent to the viaB locus required for Vi antigen synthesis, to facilitate both eukaryotic cell attachment and bacterial self-association under conditions that favour DNA supercoiling. These pilus-mediated events may be important in typhoid fever pathogenesis. A survey of 17 isolates of S. enterica serovar Dublin showed that all strains which carried the viaB region also carried a serovar Typhi-like Type IVB pil operon, and all serovar Dublin Vi antigen-negative isolates lacked the pil operon. The pil operon was completely sequenced from one of the Vi(+) serovar Dublin strains, and was almost identical (4 nt changes; 3 aa changes, in over 10 kb) to that of serovar Typhi. A pilS mutant of one serovar Dublin strain was constructed, and shown to invade cultured human intestinal INT407 cells to an extent only 20% that of the wild-type parent. Purified prePilS protein inhibited INT407 cell entry by serovar Dublin. The wild-type serovar Dublin strain, but not the pilS mutant, self-associated. The data suggest that the serovar Dublin Type IVB pil operon may increase the human-invasiveness of serovar Dublin, compared to pil-free strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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Gyohda A, Furuya N, Kogure N, Komano T. Sequence-specific and non-specific binding of the Rci protein to the asymmetric recombination sites of the R64 shufflon. J Mol Biol 2002; 318:975-83. [PMID: 12054795 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Specific cleavages within the shufflon-specific recombination site of plasmid R64 were detected by primer extension when a DNA fragment carrying the recombination site was incubated with the shufflon-specific Rci recombinase. Rci-dependent cleavages occurred in the form of a 5' protruding 7 bp staggered cut, suggesting that DNA cleavage and rejoining in the shufflon system take place at these positions. As a result, shufflon crossover sites were designated as sfx sequences consisting of a central 7 bp spacer sequence, and left and right 12 bp arms. R64 sfx sequences are unique among various site-specific recombination sites, since only the spacer sequence and the right arm sequence are conserved among various R64 sfxs, whereas the left arm sequence is not conserved and is not related to the right arm sequence. From nuclease protection analyses, Rci protein was shown to bind to entire R64 and artificial sfx sequences, suggesting that one Rci molecule binds to the conserved sfx right arm in a sequence-specific manner and the second to the sfx left arm in a non-specific manner. The sfx left arm sequences as well as the right arm sequences were shown to determine affinity to Rci and subsequently inversion frequency. Asymmetry of the sfx sequence may be the reason why Rci protein acts only on the inverted sfx sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Gyohda
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiohsawa, Hachioji, 192-0397, Japan
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