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Bhatia S, Batra N, Singh J. Production, purification, characterization, and applications of α-galactosidase from Bacillus flexus JS27 isolated from Manikaran hot springs. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:366-383. [PMID: 35801491 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2095572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase hydrolyzes the α-1,6-linkage present at the non-reducing end of the sugars and results in the release of galactosyl residue from oligosaccharides like melibiose, raffinose, stachyose, etc. In the present study we report, α-galactosidase from Bacillus flexus isolated from Manikaran hot springs (India). Maximum enzyme production was obtained in guar gum and soybean meal after 72 h at 150 rpm. While, the temperature/pH of production was optimized at 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. Isoenzymes (α-gal I and II) were obtained and characterized based on temperature/pH optima along with their stability profile. JS27 α-Gal II was purified with a final purification fold of 11.54. Native and SDS-PAGE were used to determine the molecular weight of the enzyme as 86 and 41 kDa, respectively, indicating its homodimeric form. JS27 α-Gal II showed optimum enzyme activity at 55 °C and pH 7 (10 min). The enzyme displayed Km value of 2.3809 mM and Vmax of 2.0 × 104 µmol/min/ml with pNPG as substrate. JS27 α-Gal II demonstrated substrate hydrolysis and simultaneous formation of transgalactosylation products (α-GOS) with numerous substrates (sugar/sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides, and complex carbohydrates) which were verified by TLC and HPLC analysis. α-GOS are significant functional food ingredients and can be explored as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Arunraj R, Skori L, Kumar A, Hickerson NM, Shoma N, M. V, Samuel MA. Spatial regulation of alpha-galactosidase activity and its influence on raffinose family oligosaccharides during seed maturation and germination in Cicer arietinum. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1709707. [PMID: 31906799 PMCID: PMC8570745 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1709707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-galactosides or Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides (RFOs) are enriched in legumes and are considered as anti-nutritional factors responsible for inducing flatulence. Due to a lack of alpha-galactosidases in the stomachs of humans and other monogastric animals, these RFOs are not metabolized and are passed to the intestines to be processed by gut bacteria leading to distressing flatulence. In plants, alpha(α)-galactosides are involved in desiccation tolerance during seed maturation and act as a source of stored energy utilized by germinating seeds. The hydrolytic enzyme alpha-galactosidase (α-GAL) can break down RFOs into sucrose and galactose releasing the monosaccharide α-galactose back into the system. Through characterization of RFOs, sucrose, reducing sugars, and α-GAL activity in maturing and germinating chickpeas, we show that stored RFOs are likely required to maintain a steady-state level of reducing sugars. These reducing sugars can then be readily converted to generate energy required for the high energy-demanding germination process. Our observations indicate that RFO levels are lowest in imbibed seeds and rapidly increase post-imbibition. Both RFOs and the α-GAL activity are possibly required to maintain a steady-state level of the reducing monosaccharide sugars, starting from dry seeds all the way through post-germination, to provide the energy for increased germination vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Arunraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Logan Skori
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Abhinandan Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Naskar Shoma
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Vairamani M.
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Marcus A. Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Consolidated bio-saccharification: Leading lignocellulose bioconversion into the real world. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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The modular arabinanolytic enzyme Abf43A-Abf43B-Abf43C from Ruminiclostridium josui consists of three GH43 modules classified in different subfamilies. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:23-31. [PMID: 30797476 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The abnA gene from Ruminiclostridium josui encodes the large modular arabinanolytic enzyme, Abf43A-Abf43B-Abf43C, consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide, a Laminin_G_3 module, a GH43_22 module, a Laminin_G_3 module, a Big_4 module, a GH43_26 module, a GH43_34 module and a dockerin module in order with a calculated molecular weight of 204,108. Three truncated enzymes were recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized, RjAbf43A consisting of the first Laminin_G_3 module and GH43_22 module, RjAbf43B consisting of the second Laminin_G_3 module, Big_4 module and GH43_26 module, and RjAbf43C consisting of the GH43_34 module. RjAbf43A showed a strong α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity toward sugar beet arabinan, highly branched arabinan but not linear arabinan, thus it acted in the removal of arabinose side chains from sugar beet arabinan. By contrast, RjAbf43B showed a strong exo-α-1,5-l-arabinofuranosidase activity toward linear arabinan and arabinooligosaccharides whereas RjAbf43C showed low activity toward these substrates. Although RjAbf43B was activated by the presence of some metal ions such as Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ni2+, RjAbf43A was inhibited by these ions. RjAbf43A and RjAbf43B attacked sugar beet arabinan in a synergistic manner. By comparison, RjAbf43A-Abf43B containing both GH43_22 and GH43_26 modules showed lower hydrolytic activity toward sugar beet arabinan but higher activity toward sugar beet fiber than the sum of the individual activities of RjAbf43A and RjAbf43B, suggesting that the coexistence of two distinct GH43 modules in a single polypeptide is important for the efficient hydrolysis of an insoluble and natural polysaccharide but not a soluble substrate.
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Song Y, Sun W, Fan Y, Xue Y, Liu D, Ma C, Liu W, Mosher W, Luo X, Li Z, Ma W, Zhang T. Galactomannan Degrading Enzymes from the Mannan Utilization Gene Cluster of Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 and Their Synergy on Galactomannan Degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11055-11063. [PMID: 30351049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two glycoside hydrolases encoded by the mannan utilization gene cluster of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 were studied. The recombinant Gal27A (rGal27A) hydrolyzed both galactomannans and oligo-galactomannans to release galactose, while the recombinant Man113A (rMan113A) showed poor activity toward galactomannans, but it hydrolyzed manno-oligosaccharides to release mannose and mannobiose. rGal27A showed synergistic interactions with rMan113A and recombinant β-mannanase ManA (rManA), which is also from Bacillus sp. N16-5, in galactomannan degradation. The synergy degree of rGal27A and rManA on hydrolysis of locust bean gum and guar gum was 1.13 and 2.21, respectively, and that of rGal27A and rMan113A reached 2.00 and 2.68. The main products of galactomannan hydrolyzed by rGal27A and rManA simultaneously were galactose, mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose, while those of galactomannan hydrolyzed by rGal27A and rMan113A were galactose and mannose. The yields of mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose dramatically increased compared with the hydrolysis in the presence of rManA or rMan113A alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Wenyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yanli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yanfen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Duoduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Cuiping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300308 , China
| | - Wesley Mosher
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Xuegang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Zhongyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Wenjian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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Ruminiclostridium josui Abf62A-Axe6A: A tri-functional xylanolytic enzyme exhibiting α-l-arabinofuranosidase, endoxylanase, and acetylxylan esterase activities. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 117:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Maruta A, Yamane M, Matsubara M, Suzuki S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. A novel α-galactosidase from Fusarium oxysporum and its application in determining the structure of the gum arabic side chain. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:25-33. [PMID: 28554382 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Fusarium oxysporum 12S produces two bifunctional proteins, FoAP1 and FoAP2, with α-d-galactopyranosidase (GPase) and β-l-arabinopyranosidase (APase) activities. The aim of this paper was to purify a third GPase, FoGP1, from culture supernatant of F. oxysporum 12S, to characterize it, and to determine its mode of action towards gum arabic. A cDNA encoding FoGP1 was cloned and the protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Module sequence analysis revealed the presence of a GH27 domain in FoGP1. The recombinant enzyme (rFoGP1) showed a GPase/APase activity ratio of 330, which was quite different from that of FoAP1 (1.7) and FoAP2 (0.2). Among the natural substrates tested, rFoGP1 showed the highest activity towards gum arabic. In contrast to other well-characterized GPases, rFoGP1 released a small amount of galactose from α-galactosyl oligosaccharides such as raffinose and exhibited no activity toward galactomannans, which are highly substituted with α-galactosyl side chains. This indicated that FoGP1 is an unusual type of GPase. rFoGP1 released 30% of the total galactose from gum arabic, suggesting the existence of a large number of α-galactosyl residues at the non-reducing ends of gum arabic side chains. Together, rFoGP1 and α-l-arabinofuranosidase released four times more arabinose than α-l-arabinofuranosidase acting alone. This suggested that a large number of α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues is capped by α-galactosyl residues. 1H NMR experiments revealed that rFoGP1 hydrolyzed the α-1,3-galactosidic linkage within the side chain structure of [α-d-Galp-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→] in gum arabic. In conclusion, rFoGP1 is highly active toward α-1,3-galactosyl linkages but negligibly or not active toward α-1,6-galactosyl linkages. The novel FoGP1 might be used to modify the physical properties of gum arabic, which is an industrially important polysaccharide used as an emulsion stabilizer and coating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Maruta
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mirei Yamane
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Midori Matsubara
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; International Polysaccharide Engineering Inc., Center for R&D of Bioresources, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Hu Y, Tian G, Geng X, Zhang W, Zhao L, Wang H, Ng TB. A protease-resistant α-galactosidase from Pleurotus citrinopileatus with broad substrate specificity and good hydrolytic activity on raffinose family oligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhou J, Liu Y, Lu Q, Zhang R, Wu Q, Li C, Li J, Tang X, Xu B, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Characterization of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 27 α-Galactosidase from Pontibacter Reveals Its Novel Salt-Protease Tolerance and Transglycosylation Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2315-2324. [PMID: 26948050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are of great interest in various applications. A glycoside hydrolase family 27 α-galactosidase was cloned from Pontibacter sp. harbored in a saline soil and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme (rAgaAHJ8) was little or not affected by 3.5-30.0% (w/v) NaCl, 10.0-100.0 mM Pb(CH3COO)2, 10.0-60.0 mM ZnSO4, or 8.3-100.0 mg mL(-1) trypsin and by most metal ions and chemical reagents at 1.0 and 10.0 mM concentrations. The degree of synergy on enzymatic degradation of locust bean gum and guar gum by an endomannanase and rAgaAHJ8 was 1.22-1.54. In the presence of trypsin, the amount of reducing sugars released from soybean milk treated by rAgaAHJ8 was approximately 3.8-fold compared with that treated by a commercial α-galactosidase. rAgaAHJ8 showed transglycosylation activity when using sucrose, raffinose, and 3-methyl-1-butanol as the acceptors. Furthermore, potential factors for salt adaptation of the enzyme were presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, Yunnan 650500, People's Republic of China
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Hydrolysis of Oligosaccharides by a Thermostable α-Galactosidase from Termitomyces eurrhizus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29226-35. [PMID: 26670230 PMCID: PMC4691104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus of Termitomyces purchased from the market has been identified as Termitomyces eurrhizus using the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) method. An α-galactosidase from T. eurrhizus (TEG), a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 72 kDa, was purified 146 fold by employing ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The optimum pH and temperature was 5.0 and 60 °C, respectively. TEG was stable over pH 2–6, and also exhibited good thermostablility, retaining 100% of the original activity after incubation at 60 °C for 2 h. Inhibition of the enzyme activity by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) constituted evidence for an essential role of tryptophan in the catalytic action of the isolated enzyme. Besides 4-nitro-phenyl α-d-galactophyranoside (pNPGal), natural substrates could also be effectively hydrolyzed by TEG. Results of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed complete enzymatic hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose to galactose at 50 °C within 6 h. These properties of TEG advocate its utilization for elevating the nutritional value of soymilk.
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12
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McKee LS, Brumer H. Growth of Chitinophaga pinensis on Plant Cell Wall Glycans and Characterisation of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 27 β-l-Arabinopyranosidase Implicated in Arabinogalactan Utilisation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139932. [PMID: 26448175 PMCID: PMC4598101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the soil bacterium Chitinophaga pinensis encodes a diverse array of carbohydrate active enzymes, including nearly 200 representatives from over 50 glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, the enzymology of which is essentially unexplored. In light of this genetic potential, we reveal that C. pinensis has a broader saprophytic capacity to thrive on plant cell wall polysaccharides than previously reported, and specifically that secretion of β-l-arabinopyranosidase activity is induced during growth on arabinogalactan. We subsequently correlated this activity with the product of the Cpin_5740 gene, which encodes the sole member of glycoside hydrolase family 27 (GH27) in C. pinensis, CpArap27. Historically, GH27 is most commonly associated with α-d-galactopyranosidase and α-d-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity. A new phylogenetic analysis of GH27 highlighted the likely importance of several conserved secondary structural features in determining substrate specificity and provides a predictive framework for identifying enzymes with the less common β-l-arabinopyranosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Teknikringen 56–56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Brumer
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Teknikringen 56–56, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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13
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Chen Z, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Li Y. High-level expression of a novel α-galactosidase gene from Rhizomucor miehei in Pichia pastoris and characterization of the recombinant enyzme. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:107-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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A review of the enzymatic hydrolysis of mannans and synergistic interactions between β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Malgas S, van Dyk SJ, Pletschke BI. β-Mannanase (Man26A) and α-galactosidase (Aga27A) synergism – A key factor for the hydrolysis of galactomannan substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 70:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Meghdari M, Gao N, Abdullahi A, Stokes E, Calhoun DH. Carboxyl-terminal truncations alter the activity of the human α-galactosidase A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118341. [PMID: 25719393 PMCID: PMC4342250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked inborn error of glycolipid metabolism caused by deficiency of the human lysosomal enzyme, α-galactosidase A (αGal), leading to strokes, myocardial infarctions, and terminal renal failure, often leading to death in the fourth or fifth decade of life. The enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal α-galactoside linkages in various glycolipids. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been approved for the treatment of Fabry disease, but adverse reactions, including immune reactions, make it desirable to generate improved methods for ERT. One approach to circumvent these adverse reactions is the development of derivatives of the enzyme with more activity per mg. It was previously reported that carboxyl-terminal deletions of 2 to 10 amino acids led to increased activity of about 2 to 6-fold. However, this data was qualitative or semi-quantitative and relied on comparison of the amounts of mRNA present in Northern blots with αGal enzyme activity using a transient expression system in COS-1 cells. Here we follow up on this report by constructing and purifying mutant enzymes with deletions of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 C-terminal amino acids (Δ2, Δ4, Δ6, Δ8, Δ10) for unambiguous quantitative enzyme assays. The results reported here show that the kcat/Km approximately doubles with deletions of 2, 4, 6 and 10 amino acids (0.8 to 1.7-fold effect) while a deletion of 8 amino acids decreases the kcat/Km (7.2-fold effect). These results indicate that the mutated enzymes with increased activity constructed here would be expected to have a greater therapeutic effect on a per mg basis, and could therefore reduce the likelihood of adverse infusion related reactions in Fabry patients receiving ERT treatment. These results also illustrate the principle that in vitro mutagenesis can be used to generate αGal derivatives with improved enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Meghdari
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Gao
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abass Abdullahi
- Biology & Medical Lab Technology, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin Stokes
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David H. Calhoun
- Chemistry Dept., City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- * E-mail:
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17
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Biochemical Characterization of α-Galactosidase-Producing Thermophilic Bacillus coagulans KM-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5657/kfas.2014.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Xu H, Qin Y, Huang Z, Liu Z. Characterization and site-directed mutagenesis of an α-galactosidase from the deep-sea bacterium Bacillus megaterium. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 56:46-52. [PMID: 24564902 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene (BmelA) (1323bp) encoding an α-galactosidase of 440 amino acids was cloned from the deep-sea bacterium Bacillus megaterium and the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with an estimated molecular mass of about 45 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 4, with the highest identity (74%) to α-galactosidase Mel4A from Bacillus halodurans among the characterized α-galactosidases. The recombinant BmelA displayed its maximum activity at 35 °C and pH 8.5-9.0 in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, and could hydrolyze different substrates with the Km values against p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (pNP-α-Gal), raffinose and stachyose being 1.02±0.02, 2.24±0.11 and 3.42±0.17 mM, respectively. Besides, 4 mutants (I38 V, I38A, I38F and Q84A) were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis based on molecular modeling and sequence alignment. The kinetic analysis indicated that mutants I38 V and I38A exhibited a 1.7- and 1.4-fold increase over the wild type enzyme in catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) against pNP-α-Gal, respectively, while mutant I38F showed a 3.5-fold decrease against pNP-α-Gal and mutant Q84A almost completely lost its activity. All the results suggest that I38 and Q84 sites play a vital role in enzyme activity probably due to their steric and polar effects on the predicted "tunnel" structure and NAD+ binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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19
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Katrolia P, Rajashekhara E, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Biotechnological potential of microbial α-galactosidases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:307-17. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.794124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Katrolia P, Jia H, Yan Q, Song S, Jiang Z, Xu H. Characterization of a protease-resistant α-galactosidase from the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei and its application in removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 110:578-586. [PMID: 22349190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The α-galactosidase gene, RmGal36, from Rhizomucor miehei was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene has an open reading frame of 2256bp encoding 751 amino acid residues. RmGal36 was optimally active at pH 4.5 and 60°C, but is stable between pH 4.5 and 10.0 and at a temperature of up to 55°C for 30min retaining more than 80% of its relative activity. It displayed remarkable resistance to proteases and its activity was not inhibited by galactose concentrations of 100mM. The relative specificity of RmGal36 towards various substrates is in the order of p-nitrophenyl α-galactopyranoside>melibiose>stachyose>raffinose, with a K(m) of 0.36, 16.9, 27.6, and 47.9mM, respectively. The enzyme completely hydrolyzed raffinose and stachyose present in soybeans and kidney beans at 50°C within 60min. These features make RmGal36 useful in the food and feed industries and in processing of beet-sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Katrolia
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Sakka K, Kishino Y, Sugihara Y, Jindou S, Sakka M, Inagaki M, Kimura T, Sakka K. Unusual binding properties of the dockerin module of Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase CelJ (Cel9D-Cel44A). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 300:249-55. [PMID: 19811541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulosomes are cellulolytic complexes produced by anaerobic bacteria, and are composed of a scaffolding protein and several catalytic components. The complexes are formed by highly specific interactions of one of the reiterated cohesin modules of the scaffolding protein with a dockerin module of the catalytic components. The affinities of a dockerin module of Clostridium thermocellum CelJ (Cel9D-Cel44A) for several cohesin modules from C. thermocellum and Clostridium josui scaffolding proteins were quantitatively measured by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The recombinant CelJ dockerin-containing protein interacted with three recombinant C. josui cohesin proteins as well as recombinant C. thermocellum cohesin proteins beyond the so-called 'species specificity' of the dockerin and cohesin interactions. However, this protein did not recognize a second cohesin module from the C. josui scaffolding protein, suggesting that the catalytic components are not necessarily arranged randomly on a scaffolding protein in native cellulosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Sakka
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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22
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Characterization of Bacillus halodurans alpha-galactosidase Mel4A encoded by the mel4A gene (BH2228). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:2459-62. [PMID: 18776668 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A family-4 alpha-galactosidase Mel4A of Bacillus halodurans was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized. Recombinant enzyme rMel4A depended on NAD+, some divalent cations such as Mn2+, and reducing reagents such as dithiothreitol. rMel4A was active on small saccharides such as raffinose but not on highly polymerized galactomannan. Immunological analysis indicated that raffinose induced the production of Mel4A in B. halodurans.
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23
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Doi RH. Cellulases of mesophilic microorganisms: cellulosome and noncellulosome producers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1125:267-79. [PMID: 18096849 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1419.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellulolytic activity of mesophilic bacteria and fungi is described, with special emphasis on the large extracellular enzyme complex called the cellulosome. The cellulosome is composed of a scaffolding protein, which is attached to various cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, and this complex allows the organisms to degrade plant cell walls very efficently. The enzymes include a variety of cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases that work synergistically to degrade complex cell-wall molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy H Doi
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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24
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Blouzard JC, Bourgeois C, de Philip P, Valette O, Bélaïch A, Tardif C, Bélaïch JP, Pagès S. Enzyme diversity of the cellulolytic system produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum explored by two-dimensional analysis: identification of seven genes encoding new dockerin-containing proteins. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:2300-9. [PMID: 17209020 PMCID: PMC1899368 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00917-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme diversity of the cellulolytic system produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum grown on crystalline cellulose as a sole carbon and energy source was explored by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The cellulolytic system of C. cellulolyticum is composed of at least 30 dockerin-containing proteins (designated cellulosomal proteins) and 30 noncellulosomal components. Most of the known cellulosomal proteins, including CipC, Cel48F, Cel8C, Cel9G, Cel9E, Man5K, Cel9M, and Cel5A, were identified by using two-dimensional Western blot analysis with specific antibodies, whereas Cel5N, Cel9J, and Cel44O were identified by using N-terminal sequencing. Unknown enzymes having carboxymethyl cellulase or xylanase activities were detected by zymogram analysis of two-dimensional gels. Some of these enzymes were identified by N-terminal sequencing as homologs of proteins listed in the NCBI database. Using Trap-Dock PCR and DNA walking, seven genes encoding new dockerin-containing proteins were cloned and sequenced. Some of these genes are clustered. Enzymes encoded by these genes belong to glycoside hydrolase families GH2, GH9, GH10, GH26, GH27, and GH59. Except for members of family GH9, which contains only cellulases, the new modular glycoside hydrolases discovered in this work could be involved in the degradation of different hemicellulosic substrates, such as xylan or galactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Blouzard
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Provence, Marseille, France
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25
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Centeno MSJ, Guerreiro CIPD, Dias FMV, Morland C, Tailford LE, Goyal A, Prates JAM, Ferreira LMA, Caldeira RMH, Mongodin EF, Nelson KE, Gilbert HJ, Fontes CMGA. Galactomannan hydrolysis and mannose metabolism in Cellvibrio mixtus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 261:123-32. [PMID: 16842369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactomannan hydrolysis results from the concerted action of microbial endo-mannanases, manosidases and alpha-galactosidases and is a mechanism of intrinsic biological importance. Here we report the identification of a gene cluster in the aerobic soil bacterium Cellvibrio mixtus encoding enzymes involved in the degradation of this polymeric substrate. The family 27 alpha-galactosidase, termed CmAga27A, preferentially hydrolyse galactose containing polysaccharides. In addition, we have characterized an enzyme with epimerase activity, which might be responsible for the conversion of mannose into glucose. The role of the identified enzymes in the hydrolysis of galactomannan by aerobic bacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S J Centeno
- CIISA - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
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26
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Ohmiya K, Sakka K, Kimura T. Anaerobic bacterial degradation for the effective utilization of biomass. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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KONDOH K, MORISAKI K, KIM WD, KOTWAL SM, KANEKO S, KOBAYASHI H. Expression of Streptomyces coelicolor .ALPHA.-Galactosidase Gene in Escherichia coli and Characterization. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2005. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.11.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Jindou S, Soda A, Karita S, Kajino T, Béguin P, Wu JHD, Inagaki M, Kimura T, Sakka K, Ohmiya K. Cohesin-dockerin interactions within and between Clostridium josui and Clostridium thermocellum: binding selectivity between cognate dockerin and cohesin domains and species specificity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:9867-74. [PMID: 14688277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308673200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellulosome components are assembled into the cellulosome complex by the interaction between one of the repeated cohesin domains of a scaffolding protein and the dockerin domain of an enzyme component. We prepared five recombinant cohesin polypeptides of the Clostridium thermocellum scaffolding protein CipA, two dockerin polypeptides of C. thermocellum Xyn11A and Xyn10C, four cohesin polypeptides of Clostridium josui CipA, and two dockerin polypeptides of C. josui Aga27A and Cel8A, and qualitatively and quantitatively examined the cohesin-dockerin interactions within C. thermocellum and C. josui, respectively, and the species specificity of the cohesin-dockerin interactions between these two bacteria. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis indicated that there was a certain selectivity, with a maximal 34-fold difference in the K(D) values, in the cohesin-dockerin interactions within a combination of C. josui, although this was not detected by qualitative analysis. Affinity blotting analysis suggested that there was at least one exception to the species specificity in the cohesin-dockerin interactions, although species specificity was generally conserved among the cohesin and dockerin polypeptides from C. thermocellum and C. josui, i.e. the dockerin polypeptides of C. thermocellum Xyn11A exceptionally bound to the cohesin polypeptides from C. josui CipA. SPR analysis confirmed this exceptional binding. We discuss the relationship between the species specificity of the cohesin-dockerin binding and the conserved amino acid residues in the dockerin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanari Jindou
- Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1515 Kamihamacho, Tsu 514-8507, Japan
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29
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Han SO, Yukawa H, Inui M, Doi RH. Regulation of expression of cellulosomal cellulase and hemicellulase genes in Clostridium cellulovorans. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:6067-75. [PMID: 14526018 PMCID: PMC225016 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.20.6067-6075.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of expression of the genes encoding the cellulases and hemicellulases of Clostridium cellulovorans was studied at the mRNA level with cells grown under various culture conditions. A basic pattern of gene expression and of relative expression levels was obtained from cells grown in media containing poly-, di- or monomeric sugars. The cellulase (cbpA and engE) and hemicellulase (xynA) genes were coordinately expressed in medium containing cellobiose or cellulose. Growth in the presence of cellulose, xylan, and pectin gave rise to abundant expression of most genes (cbpA-exgS, engH, hbpA, manA, engM, engE, xynA, and/or pelA) studied. Moderate expression of cbpA, engH, manA, engE, and xynA was observed when cellobiose or fructose was used as the carbon source. Low levels of mRNA from cbpA, manA, engE, and xynA were observed with cells grown in lactose, mannose, and locust bean gum, and very little or no expression of cbpA, engH, manA, engE, and xynA was detected in glucose-, galactose-, maltose-, and sucrose-grown cells. The cbpA-exgS and engE genes were most frequently expressed under all conditions studied, whereas expression of xynA and pelA was more specifically induced at higher levels in xylan- or pectin-containing medium, respectively. Expression of the genes (cbpA, hbpA, manA, engM, and engE) was not observed in the presence of most soluble di- or monosaccharides such as glucose. These results support the hypotheses that there is coordinate expression of some cellulases and hemicellulases, that a catabolite repression type of mechanism regulates cellulase expression in rapidly growing cells, and that the presence of hemicelluloses has an effect on cellulose utilization by the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Han
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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30
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Sá-Pereira P, Paveia H, Costa-Ferreira M, Aires-Barros M. A new look at xylanases: an overview of purification strategies. Mol Biotechnol 2003; 24:257-81. [PMID: 12777693 DOI: 10.1385/mb:24:3:257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in xylanases from different sources has increased markedly in the past decade, in part because of the application of these enzymes in the pulp and paper industry. Purity and purification costs are becoming important issues in modern biotechnology as the industry matures and competitive products reach the marketplace. Thus, new paths for successful and efficient xylanase recovery have to be followed. This article reviews the isolation and purification methods used for the recovery of microbial xylanases. Origins and applications of xylanases are described, highlighting the special features of this class of enzymes, such as the carbohydrate-binding domains (CBDs) and their importance in the development of affinity methodologies to increase and facilitate xylanase purification. Implications of recombinant DNA technology for the isolation and purification of xylanases are evaluated. Several purification procedures are analyzed, taking into consideration the sequence of the methods used in each and the number of times each method is used. New directions to improve xylanase separation and purification from fermentation media are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sá-Pereira
- Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Bioengineering and Bioprocesses, Estrada do Pago do Luminar. 22, Edifícia F Sala 1070A, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal.
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31
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Han SO, Yukawa H, Inui M, Doi RH. Transcription of Clostridium cellulovorans cellulosomal cellulase and hemicellulase genes. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2520-7. [PMID: 12670976 PMCID: PMC152600 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.8.2520-2527.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the cellulosomal cellulase/hemicellulase genes of Clostridium cellulovorans has been investigated by Northern blot, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), primer extension, and S1 nuclease analysis. Northern hybridizations revealed that the cellulosomal cbpA gene cluster is transcribed as polycistronic mRNAs of 8 and 12 kb. The 8-kb mRNA coded for cbpA and exgS, and the 12-kb mRNA coded for cbpA, exgS, engH, and engK. The sizes of the mRNAs were about 3 kb for engE, 1.8 kb for manA, 2.7 kb for xynA, and 4 kb for pelA, indicating monocistronic transcription of these genes. Primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis of C. cellulovorans RNA showed that the transcriptional start sites of cbpA, engE, manA, and hbpA were located 233, 97, 64, and 61 bp upstream from the first nucleotide of each of the respective translation initiation codons. Alignment of the cbpA, engE, manA, and hbpA promoter regions provided evidence for highly conserved sequences that exhibited strong similarity to the sigma(A) consensus promoter sequences of gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Han
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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