1
|
Allen HK, Abedon ST. That's disturbing! An exploration of the bacteriophage biology of change. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:295. [PMID: 24294211 PMCID: PMC3827624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Allen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stephen T. Abedon
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
CLARK JB, WEBB RB. A Comparison of the Crystal Violet Nuclear Stain with Other Technics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:73-8. [PMID: 14358980 DOI: 10.3109/10520295509113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
HAMRE D, BERNSTEIN J, DONOVICK R. The chemotherapy of experimental tuberculosis. II. Thiosemicarbazones and analogues in experimental tuberculosis in the mouse. J Bacteriol 2004; 59:675-80. [PMID: 15436440 PMCID: PMC385811 DOI: 10.1128/jb.59.5.675-680.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
PRICE WH. Phage formation in Staphylococcus muscae cultures. X. The relationship between virus synthesis, the release of bacterial ribonucleic acid, virus liberation, and cellular lysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 35:409-21. [PMID: 14898025 PMCID: PMC2147336 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.35.3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Under a variety of conditions in which cells are infected with one or a few virus particles and the host cells are killed, but no infective particles or virus material is formed as indicated by plaque count, one-step growth curve, or protein or desoxyribonucleic determinations, the cells neither lyse nor release ribonucleic acid into the medium. 2. The "killing" effect of S. muscae phage is separate from its lytic property. 3. The release of ribonucleic acid into the medium is not simply due to the killing of the cell by the virus, and ribonucleic acid is never found in the medium unless virus material is synthesized. 4. Infected cells of S. muscae synthesizing virus release ribonucleic acid into the medium before cellular lysis begins and before any virus is liberated. 5. The higher the phage yield the more ribonucleic acid is released into the medium before any virus is released. 6. Phage may be released from one strain of Staphylococcus muscae without cellular lysis, although bacterial lysis begins shortly after the virus is released. In another strain, infected under similar conditions, virus liberation occurs simultaneously with cellular lysis. 7. The viruses liberated from both bacterial strains appear to be the same in so far as they cannot be distinguished by serological tests, have the same plaque type and plaque size, and need the same amino acids added to the medium in order to grow. Furthermore, the virus liberated from one strain can infect and multiply in the other strain and vice versa. 8. It is suggested that virus synthesis, in S. muscae cells infected with one or a few phage particles, leads to a disturbance of the normal cellular metabolism, resulting in lysis of the host cell.
Collapse
|
6
|
FOSTER RAC, JOHNSON FH. Influence of urethane and of hydrostatic pressure on the growth of bacteriophages T2, T5, T6, and T7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 34:529-50. [PMID: 14832436 PMCID: PMC2147259 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.34.5.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 0.5 per cent NaCl, nutrient broth at 35 degrees C., urethane in a concentration of 0.4 M stops the reproduction of Escherichia coli, strain B. On dilution with 20 volumes of sterile medium, growth is resumed at its former rate after a short lag. In the one-step growth of T2, 15, T6, or T7, in the same medium at the same temperature, 0.4 M urethane, when added at the time of infection, had no apparent effect on adsorption and caused no decrease in titer throughout the latent period of the control, but completely prevented a rise in titer. If diluted 1:20 with sterile medium prior to a certain critical time in the latent period, however, bacteriophage was liberated at the same time, and in the same amount as in the control. The initial stage of apparent insensitivity to the drug lasts from the time of infection until the approximate critical times of 7 minutes with T7, T2, or T6, or 13 minutes with T5. Under the conditions described, the normal latent periods were 14, 23, 30, and 44 minutes for T7, T2, T6, and T5, respectively. At the critical times referred to above, there begins a stage characterized by complete sensitivity, rather than complete insensitivity, to 0.4 M urethane, in the sense that no active phage is subsequently liberated in continued presence of the drug. The length of this completely sensitive stage, as judged by addition of the drug at successive intervals during the latent period, extends from approximately 7 until 9 minutes after infection with T7, 7 until 15 minutes with T2 or T6, or 13 until 25 minutes with T5. When the urethane is added late in this stage of T2, a decrease in initial titer takes place as judged by assays made 40 minutes after infection, the maximum effect occurring when the drug is added between 14 and 15 minutes after infection. When added subsequently to the completely sensitive stage of each type, i.e. subsequently to 9 minutes after infection with T7, 15 minutes with T2 or T6, or 25 minutes with T5, liberation of the bacteriophage takes place in presence of the drug, but the yield is reduced, the amount of reduction being greater the sooner it is added. The yield increases as addition of the drug is delayed, but it is measurably reduced when added late in the rise period. Macroscopic lysis with T7 is delayed by 0.4 M urethane, when present from the time of infection. The delay is less with increased multiplicities of infection. A similar delay occurs with T6r at a multiplicity of 4. The application of hydrostatic pressures of 7,000 to 9,000 p.s.i. early in the latent period, within 5 to 8 minutes after infection, prevents a yield in each of the four phage types, and if maintained for lengthy periods of time a reduction in initial titer occurs. If released at various times shortly after the latent period, a rise in the titer occurred after a certain interval whose length was characteristic of the phage type. The yield was less the longer the release of pressure was delayed. When the pressure was first applied late in the latent period, large amounts of phage were liberated either under pressure or explosively when pressure was released to make the assays. Hydrostatic pressure at 6,000 p.s.i. had little effect on the rate or amount of macroscopic clearing with T7 in relatively high multiplicity of infection, when applied at the start of lysis, but slowed the rate and reduced the amount of clearing when applied shortly after infection.
Collapse
|
7
|
BONIFAS V, KELLENBERGER E. [Study of the action of membrane preparations of bacteriophage T2 on Escherichia coli]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 16:330-8. [PMID: 14378159 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(55)90234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
KELLENBERGER E, RYTER A, SECHAUD J. Electron microscope study of DNA-containing plasms. II. Vegetative and mature phage DNA as compared with normal bacterial nucleoids in different physiological states. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 4:671-8. [PMID: 13610928 PMCID: PMC2224514 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.4.6.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoids of Escherichia coli, independently of the physiological state of the bacteria, are shown to be preserved as a fine-stranded fibrillar nucleoplasm by an OsO4 fixation under defined conditions: acetate-veronal buffer pH 6, presence of Ca++ and amino acids, stabilization with uranyl-acetate before dehydration. The same fixation procedure applied to the DNA of vegetative phage reveals a pool of homogeneous fibrillar structure very similar to the nucleoplasm. The "versene test," which produces a coarse coagulation of these plasms, emphasizes the similar behaviour of the pool and the nucleoids. The heads of mature phage are preserved in their true polyhedral shape by the standard fixation procedure, although they may be badly distorted when fixed under different conditions. Lanthanum nitrate and uranyl-acetate are shown to increase markedly the contrast of both phage and cytoplasm. The consequences of the fibrillar structure of the genetic material are discussed in relation to the probable division process.
Collapse
|
9
|
TAKEYA K, MORI R, NAKASHIMA N, KOIKE M, TODA T. Light and electron microscope studies of Mycobacterium-mycobacteriophage interactions. I. Light microscope studies. J Bacteriol 1998; 78:307-12. [PMID: 13836686 PMCID: PMC290541 DOI: 10.1128/jb.78.3.307-312.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
10
|
Bouet JY, Krisch HM, Louarn JM. Ndd, the bacteriophage T4 protein that disrupts the Escherichia coli nucleoid, has a DNA binding activity. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:5227-30. [PMID: 9748458 PMCID: PMC107561 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.19.5227-5230.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in a bacteriophage T4 infection, the phage ndd gene causes the rapid destruction of the structure of the Escherichia coli nucleoid. Even at very low levels, the Ndd protein is extremely toxic to cells. In uninfected E. coli, overexpression of the cloned ndd gene induces disruption of the nucleoid that is indistinguishable from that observed after T4 infection. A preliminary characterization of this protein indicates that it has a double-stranded DNA binding activity with a preference for bacterial DNA rather than phage T4 DNA. The targets of Ndd action may be the chromosomal sequences that determine the structure of the nucleoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Bouet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaire du CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bouet JY, Woszczyk J, Repoila F, François V, Louarn JM, Krisch HM. Direct PCR sequencing of the ndd gene of bacteriophage T4: identification of a product involved in bacterial nucleoid disruption. Gene X 1994; 141:9-16. [PMID: 8163181 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid disruption of the Escherichia coli nucleoid after T4 infection requires the activity of the phage-encoded ndd gene. We have genetically identified the sequence encoding ndd. Determination of the sequence of a 2.5-kb segment including ndd closed the last significant gap in the sequence of the T4 genome. This analysis was performed on PCR-amplified fragments that were purified by gel-exclusion chromatography and then submitted to linear amplification cycle sequencing. This technology permitted sequence comparison of two ndd mutants (ndd44 and ndd98) with the wild-type gene. The analysis of ndd from six bacteriophages of the T-even family indicated that the protein encoded by this nonessential gene is surprisingly conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Bouet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dürrenberger M, Bjornsti MA, Uetz T, Hobot JA, Kellenberger E. Intracellular location of the histonelike protein HU in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4757-68. [PMID: 2844727 PMCID: PMC211518 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.10.4757-4768.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemical labeling of thin sections of cryosubstituted, Lowicryl-embedded Escherichia coli cells with protein A-colloidal gold was used to study the structural organization of the bacterial nucleoid. We found that the histonelike protein HU was not associated with the bulk DNA in the nucleoid but was located in areas of the cell where metabolically active DNA is associated with ribosomes and where single-stranded DNA, RNA polymerase, and DNA topoisomerase I were also located. The resolution of the methods used did not allow us to decide whether HU was associated either with ribosomes or with transcriptionally active DNA, nor could we demonstrate interaction of HU with either.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dürrenberger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Snustad DP, Casey AC, Herman RE. Plasmid-dependent inhibition of growth of bacteriophage T4 ndd mutants. J Bacteriol 1985; 163:1290-2. [PMID: 3897193 PMCID: PMC219278 DOI: 10.1128/jb.163.3.1290-1292.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutants of bacteriophage T4 that fail to induce nuclear disruption (ndd mutants) are unable to grow in the wild-type Escherichia coli strain CT447. This inhibition of the growth of ndd mutants occurs only in the presence of a large (ca. 80-megadalton) plasmid resident in CT447 cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bacteriophage T4 infection mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-80400-6.50013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
15
|
Koerner JF, Thies SK, Snustad DP. Protein induced by bacteriophage T4 which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage mutants. J Virol 1979; 31:506-13. [PMID: 384022 PMCID: PMC353473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.31.2.506-513.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein induced by wild-type T4 phage which is absent in Escherichia coli infected with nuclear disruption-deficient phage (with mutations in gene ndd) was identified by polacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein was synthesized at maximum rate at 3 to 6 min after infection. It had a molecular weight of 15,000 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was associated with sedimentable fractions of the cell from which it can be dissociated with 1 M guanidine-hydrochloride. The dissociated protein can be partly recovered in a form soluble in dilute buffer after partial purification and dialysis. The occurrence of this protein in a particulate cell fraction is of interest because of the postulated role of the bacterial cell membrane in nuclear disruption.
Collapse
|
16
|
Koerner JF, Snustad DP. Shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis after T-even bacteriophage infection. Microbiol Rev 1979; 43:199-223. [PMID: 390354 PMCID: PMC281471 DOI: 10.1128/mr.43.2.199-223.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
17
|
Tigges MA, Bursch CJ, Snustad DP. Slow switchover from host RNA synthesis to bacteriophage RNA synthesis after infection of Escherichia coli with a T4 mutant defective in the bacteriophage T4-induced unfolding of the host nucleoid. J Virol 1977; 24:775-85. [PMID: 201776 PMCID: PMC515999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.24.3.775-785.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most, if not all, host RNA synthesis was shut off after infection of Escherichia coli strain B/5 with a bacteriophage T4 multiple mutant defective in the abilities to induce (i) unfolding of the host nucleoid (unf-), (ii) nuclear disruption (ndd-), and (iii) host DNA degradation (denA-, denB-). The shutoff of host RNA synthesis and turn-on of phage RNA synthesis were slower after infection of E. coli with unf- phage than after infection with unf+ phage. This delay in the switchover from host RNA synthesis to phage RNA synthesis in unf- infections did not result in a measurable delay in the onset of nuclear disruption, deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate kinase synthesis, or DNA synthesis. unf39 did not complement alc (allows late transcription on cytosine-containing DNA) mutants, supporting the proposal of Sirotkin et al. [Nature (London) 265:28-32, 1977] that alc and unf are possibly the same gene.
Collapse
|
18
|
Snustad DP, Bursch CJ, Parson KA, Hefeneider SH. Mutants of bacteriophage T4 deficient in the ability to induce nuclear disruption: shutoff of host DNA and protein synthesis gene dosage experiments, identification of a restrictive host, and possible biological significance. J Virol 1976; 18:268-88. [PMID: 768523 PMCID: PMC515546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.18.1.268-288.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The shutoff of host DNA synthesis is delayed until about 8 to 10 min after infection when Escherichia coli B/5 cells were infected with bacteriophage T4 mutants deficient in the ability to induce nuclear disruption (ndd mutants). The host DNA synthesized after infection with ndd mutants is stable in the absence of T4 endonucleases II and IV, but is unstable in the presence of these nucleases. Host protein synthesis, as indicated by the inducibility of beta-galactosidase and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel patterns of isoptopically labeled proteins synthesize after infection, is shut off normally in ndd-infected cells, even in the absence of host DNA degradation. The Cal Tech wild-type strain of E. coli CT447 was found to restrict growth of the ndd mutants. Since T4D+ also has a very low efficiency of plating on CT447, we have isolated a nitrosoguanidine-induced derivative of CT447 which yields a high T4D+ efficiency of plating while still restricting the ndd mutants. Using this derivative, CT447 T4 plq+ (for T4 plaque+), we have shown that hos DNA degradation and shutoff of host DNA synthesis occur after infection with either ndd98 X 5 (shutoff delayed) or T4D+ (shutoff normal) with approximately the same kinetics as in E. coli strain B/5. Nuclear disruption occurs after infection of CT447 with ndd+ phage, but not after infection with ndd- phage. The rate of DNA synthesis after infection of CT447 T4 plq+ with ndd98 X 5 is about 75% of the rate observed after infection with T4D+ while the burst size of ndd98 X 5 is only 3.5% of that of T4D+. The results of gene dosage experiments using the ndd restrictive host C5447 suggest that the ndd gene product is required in stoichiometric amounts. The observation by thin-section electron microscopy of two distinct pools of DNA, one apparently phage DNA and the other host DNA, in cells infected with nuclear disruption may be a compartmentalization mechanism which separates the pathways of host DNA degradation and phage DNA biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Snustad DP, Tigges MA, Parson KA, Bursch CJ, Caron FM, Koerner JF, Tutas DJ. Identification and preliminary characterization of a mutant defective in the bacteriophage T4-induced unfolding of the Escherichia coli nucleoid. J Virol 1976; 17:622-41. [PMID: 768519 PMCID: PMC515453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.17.2.622-641.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoids of Escherichia coli S/6/5 cells are rapidly unfolded at about 3 min after infection with wild-type T4 bacteriophage or with nuclear disruption deficient, host DNA degradation-deficient multiple mutants of phage T4. Unfolding does not occur after infection with T4 phage ghosts. Experiments using chloramphenicol to inhibit protein synthesis indicate that the T4-induced unfolding of the E. coli chromosomes is dependent on the presence of one or more protein synthesized between 2 and 3 min after infection. A mutant of phage T4 has been isolated which fails to induce this early unfolding of the host nucleoids. This mutant has been termed "unfoldase deficient" (unf-) despite the fact that the function of the gene product defective in this strain is not yet known. Mapping experiments indicate that the unf- mutation is located near gene 63 between genes 31 and 63. The folded genomes of E. coli S/6/5 cells remain essentially intact (2,000-3,000S) at 5 min after infection with unfoldase-, nuclear disruption-, and host DNA degradation-deficient T4 phage. Nuclear disruption occurs normally after infection with unfoldase- and host DNA degradation-deficient but nuclear disruption-proficient (ndd+), T4 phage. The host chromosomes remain partially folded (1,200-1,800S) at 5 min after infection with the unfoldase single mutant unf39 x 5 or an unfoldase- and host DNA degradation-deficient, but nuclear disruption-proficient, T4 strain. The presence of the unfoldase mutation causes a slight delay in host DNA degradation in the presence of nuclear disruption but has no effect on the rate of host DNA degradation in the absence of nuclear disruption. Its presence in nuclear disruption- and host DNA degradation-deficient multiple mutants does not alter the shutoff to host DNA or protein synthesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hulick-Bursch CJ, Snustad DP. Packaging of DNA into T4 bacteriophage: exclusion of host DNA despite the absence of both host DNA degradation and nuclear disruption. Virology 1975; 65:276-80. [PMID: 1096456 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
21
|
Parson KA, Snustad DP. Host DNA degradation after infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T4: dependence of the alternate pathway of degradation which occurs in the absence of both T4 endonuclease II and nuclear disruption on T4 endonuclease IV. J Virol 1975; 15:221-4. [PMID: 1089802 PMCID: PMC354438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.15.1.221-224.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli cells infected with T4 phage which are deficient in both nuclear disruption and endonuclease II exhibit a pathway of host DNA degradation which does not occur in cells infected with phage deficient only in endonuclease II. This alternate pathway of host DNA degradation requires T4 endonuclease IV.
Collapse
|
22
|
Snustad DP, Conroy LM. Mutants of bacteriophage T4 deficient in the ability to induce nuclear disruption. I. Isolation and genetic characterization. J Mol Biol 1974; 89:663-73. [PMID: 4615165 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
23
|
Parson KA, Warner HR, Anderson DL, Snustad DP. Analysis of nuclear disruption and binding of intermediates in host DNA breakdown to membranes after infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophages T4 and T7. J Virol 1973; 11:806-9. [PMID: 4575288 PMCID: PMC355179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.5.806-809.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I is implicated in the binding of intermediates in host DNA breakdown to membrane in T4-infected, but not T7-infected, cells. Nuclear disruption is observed in T4-infected polA1 mutant cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Snustad DP, Warner HR, Parson KA, Anderson DL. Nuclear disruption after infection of Escherichia coli with a bacteriophage T4 mutant unable to induce endonuclease II. J Virol 1972; 10:124-33. [PMID: 4114321 PMCID: PMC356433 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.1.124-133.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear disruption after infection of Escherichia coli with a bacteriophage T4 mutant deficient in the ability to induce endonuclease II indicates that either (i) the endonuclease II-catalyzed reaction is not the first step in host deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breakdown or (ii) nuclear disruption is independent of nucleolytic cleavage of the host chromosome. M-band analysis demonstrates that the host DNA remains membrane-bound after infection with either an endonuclease II-deficient mutant or T4 phage ghosts.
Collapse
|
25
|
Duckworth DH. Biological activity of bacteriophage ghosts and "take-over" of host functions by bacteriophage. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1970; 34:344-63. [PMID: 4918524 PMCID: PMC378358 DOI: 10.1128/br.34.3.344-363.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Warner HR, Snustad P, Jorgensen SE, Koerner JF. Isolation of bacteriophage T4 mutants defective in the ability to degrade host deoxyribonucleic acid. J Virol 1970; 5:700-8. [PMID: 4914096 PMCID: PMC376063 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.6.700-708.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A method was devised for identifying nonlethal mutants of T4 bacteriophage which lack the capacity to induce degradation of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of their host, Escherichia coli. If a culture is infected in a medium containing hydroxyurea (HU), a compound that blocks de novo deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis by interacting with ribonucleotide reductase, mutant phage that cannot establish the alternate pathway of deoxyribonucleotide production from bacterial DNA will fail to produce progeny. The progeny of 100 phages that survived heavy mutagenesis with hydroxylamine were tested for their ability to multiply in the presence of HU. Four of the cultures lacked this capacity. Cells infected with one of these mutants, designated T4nd28, accumulated double-stranded fragments of host DNA with a molecular weight of approximately 2 x 10(8) daltons. This mutant failed to induce T4 endonuclease II, an enzyme known to produce single-strand breaks in double-stranded cytosine-containing DNA. The properties of nd28 give strong support to an earlier suggestion that T4 endonuclease II participates in host DNA degradation. The nd28 mutation mapped between T4 genes 32 and 63 and was very close to the latter gene. It is, thus, in the region of the T4 map that is occupied by genes for a number of other enzymes, including deoxycytidylate deaminase, thymidylate synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase, and ribonucleotide reductase, that are nonessential to phage production in rich media.
Collapse
|
27
|
Margaretten W, Morgan C, Rosenkranz HS, Rose HM. Effect of hydroxyurea on virus development. I. Electron microscopic study of the effect on the development of bacteriophage T4. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:823-33. [PMID: 5327372 PMCID: PMC314936 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.2.823-833.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Margaretten, William (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, N.Y.), Councilman Morgan, Herbert S. Rosenkranz, and Harry M. Rose. Effect of hydroxyurea on virus development. I. Electron microscopic study of the effect on the development of bacteriophage T4. J. Bacteriol. 91:823-833. 1966.-Double fixation in gluteraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and the application of lead staining revealed details of viral structure not previously observed in thin sections. Bacteriophage presumed to have injected its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) exhibited a dense, hollow, disc-shaped core. Within the cytoplasm of infected bacteria, the peripheral membrane of the viral heads was clearly visible. Aberrant forms containing the hollow core and believed to be devoid of DNA were encountered in studies of the normal course of development. Hydroxyurea, which is believed to interfere with the production of infective bacteriophage by inhibiting DNA synthesis, resulted in the appearance of viral particles with the hollow disc or with bizarre, distorted cores. However, a significant number of viral heads looked entirely normal and presumably contained a full complement of DNA. Hypotheses are presented to explain these observations.
Collapse
|
28
|
Jordan DC, Coulter WH. On the cytology and synthetic capacities of natural and artificially produced bacteroids of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Can J Microbiol 1965; 11:709-20. [PMID: 5861289 DOI: 10.1139/m65-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroids of Rhizobium leguminosarum were formed rapidly in media containing 0.35% yeast extract, but not in media containing 0.1% yeast extract. Bacteroid production in the former media could be prevented by increasing the oxygen tension, suggesting that the limited oxygen supply within root nodules may be the principal factor initiating the natural formation of bacteroids. The artificially produced bacteroids were shorter and possessed a more irregular external morphology than bacteroids extracted from red root nodules of field pea, although the internal organization of both types of bacteroids was similar.During the development of bacteroids in laboratory media there was a rapid decrease in viable count and a concurrent increase in nephelos, although this increase was at a reduced rate compared to that exhibited by the normal small rod forms of rhizobia. These data indicate an inhibition of cellular division and a continued synthesis of at least certain protoplasmic constituents. In this connection the capacity to synthesize nucleic acids was similar in both artificially produced bacteroids and the small, rod types of the test organism, although some minor differences were found with bacteroids in situ within the nodules when nodule age varied.All types of bacteroids, whether they were within the nodule, had been extracted from the nodule, or were produced in laboratory media, suffered an impairment in the synthesis of protein and cell wall. Therefore, in several important respects, artificially produced and naturally produced bacteroids are physiologically similar. The alteration in wall-synthesizing capacity and the possible formation of limited amounts of abnormal wall material incapable of employing certain ions, such as Mg2+, for maintenance of rigidity is a likely cause of both the inhibition of cellular division and of the abnormal external morphology of these rather unusual cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Inhibition of host nucleic acid and protein synthesis by bacteriophage T4: Its relation to the physical and functional integrity of host chromosome. J Mol Biol 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(62)80127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
KELLENBERGER E, SECHAUD J, RYTER A. Electron microscopical studies of phage multiplication. IV. The establishment of the DNA pool of vegetative phage and the maturation of phage particles. Virology 1959; 8:478-98. [PMID: 14405215 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(59)90050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
WHITFIELD JF, BAIRD KM. NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY A LYSOGENIC STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTED WITH ANrII MUTANT OF COLIPHAGE T2. Can J Microbiol 1959; 5:17-24. [PMID: 13629381 DOI: 10.1139/m59-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutants of phage T2, of the group called rII mutants, are known to lack the parent phage's ability to form plaques on strains of Escherichia coli lysogenic for phage λ That they are capable of initiating desoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the infected lysogenic host cells but are incapable of maintaining it has been shown by the present study using T2r7and -E. coli C112 (λs). In contrast with the superficially similar behavior shown by some other phages (e.g. λv1h), ultraviolet irradiation and consequent induction of the lysogenic culture do not release the prophage-linked inhibition of T2r7DNA synthesis. Net ribose-nucleic acid synthesis is stopped in all cultures on infection with T2r7.
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Abstract
Phage coats or ghosts, composed entirely of protein, appear to be responsible for protecting the phage nucleic acid from degradation by factors in the surrounding medium; attachment of the virus to its susceptible host; and delivering the nucleic acid to the interior of the cell. In addition, the ghosts have a number of biological actions which resemble similar actions of the parent phage. Thus, they both "kill" cells, inhibit pentosenucleic acid formation, interfere with subsequent infection by other virus particles, block adaptive enzyme formation, induce or trigger lysis of the host, and cause a leakage of phosphorus-containing fragments from the cell. Results to date fail to demonstrate a direct involvement of the ghosts in the passage of genetic information to the progeny. Several of the above changes induced in the host cell following attachment of ghosts could be derived from an alteration in but a single metabolic reaction. The stoichiometry of the ghost-bacterial cell interaction is different from that of the parent phage. Experiments to distinguish between a variable response of the host cell to reaction at different sites and a state of heterogeneity in the ghost preparations suggest the former but they are not decisive.
Collapse
|
36
|
WHITFIELD JF, MURRAY RG. Observations on the initial cytological effects of bacteriophage infection. Can J Microbiol 1957; 3:493-9. [PMID: 13437210 DOI: 10.1139/m57-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin aggregation is the earliest cytological effect of several phage infections (e.g. P1, P2, and T7). This occurs at low multiplicities of infection if the medium contains a sufficient quantity of sodium chloride; on salt-deficient medium this aggregation no longer appears and is replaced by fragmentation. Infections with phages T2 and T5 do not normally result in the aggregation of the host chromatin, but this does occur when the multiplicity of infection is higher than three to six phages per cell and salt is present in the medium. The appearance of nuclear aggregation as the first cytological effect of infection under these circumstances adds an additional cytological stage. In the case of infection with T5 this is followed by chromatin disappearance, which is the normal first stage. Infections with T5, at high multiplicities, on salt-deficient agar cause chromatin fragmentation and no aggregation.Chromatin aggregation was again the major alteration in cell structure when T2 bacteriophage "ghosts" were adsorbed. Since injection of phage DNA and phage multiplication do not occur under these conditions, it is concluded that adsorption alone is sufficient to cause this effect.It is hypothesized that adsorption of phage alters the host cell surface so that the cell can no longer maintain an ionic equilibrium. The shift in internal ion balance is reflected in chromatin aggregation or fragmentation depending on the salt concentration of the medium.
Collapse
|
37
|
The Role of the Electron Microscope in Virus Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
38
|
KUNKEE RE, PARDEE AB. Studies on the role of deoxyribonuclease in T2 bacteriophage development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1956; 19:236-46. [PMID: 13315267 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(56)90424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
WHITFIELD JF, MURRAY RG. A CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LYSOGENIZATION OFSHIGELLA DYSENTERIAEWITH P1 AND P2 BACTERIOPHAGES. Can J Microbiol 1954; 1:216-26. [PMID: 14352060 DOI: 10.1139/m55-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytological studies have clarified the changes within the cell during the process of lysogenization by dysentery phages P1 and P2. The first stage of infection with both phages consisted of a condensation of the nuclear chromatin into annular bodies and axial filaments; there were differences in the later stages. With P1 infections, the annular and filament stages occupied about one half the latent period. The following phase consisted of expansion of the chromatinic aggregates into complex chromatinic reticula which, in the case of lysogenization, separated into discrete normal nuclear elements. The resulting cells were indistinguishable from those of the sensitive strain. In P1 virulent infections, the same stages were observed, but the cells lysed while in the expansion phase. In P2 infections, the chromatin aggregated into axial filaments, but the filaments persisted throughout the entire latent period and persisted up to lysis in the virulent infections. During lysogenization, the filament separated into discrete normal nuclear elements. The expansion was usually more advanced at the poles of the elongate cells; the first normal cells arose from this region. There is a considerable condensation of chromatin in the infected cell but the structure of the aggregates and the mode of recovery suggest that the fundamental organization of the constituents of the nuclear organelle must be retained.
Collapse
|
41
|
MAALØE O, BIRCH-ANDERSEN A, SJOSTRAND FS. Electron micrographs of sections of E. coli cells infected with the bacteriophage T4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1954; 15:12-9. [PMID: 13198931 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(54)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
BERTANI G, NICE SJ. Studies on lysogenesis. II. The effect of temperature on the lysogenization of Shigella dysenteriae with phage P1. J Bacteriol 1954; 67:202-9. [PMID: 13129214 PMCID: PMC357203 DOI: 10.1128/jb.67.2.202-209.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
The differentiation of cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm of gram positive bacteria by selective staining. Exp Cell Res 1953. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(53)90168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
47
|
BEUTNER EH, HARTMAN PE, MUDD S, HILLIER J. Light and electron microscopic studies of Escherichia coli-coliphage interactions. I. Preparative method; comparative light and electron microscopic cytology of the E. coli B-T2 system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1953; 10:143-52. [PMID: 13041725 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(53)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
MUDD S, HILLIER J, BEUTNER EH, HARTMAN PE. Light and electron microscopic studies of Escherichia coli-coliphage interactions. II. The electron microscopic cytology of the E. coli B-T2 system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1953; 10:153-79. [PMID: 13041726 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(53)90224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
50
|
|