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Nalivaiko EY, Vasseur CM, Seebeck FP. Enzyme-Catalyzed Oxidative Degradation of Ergothioneine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318445. [PMID: 38095354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a sulfur-containing metabolite that is produced by bacteria and fungi, and is absorbed by plants and animals as a micronutrient. Ergothioneine reacts with harmful oxidants, including singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, and may therefore protect cells against oxidative stress. Herein we describe two enzymes from actinobacteria that cooperate in the specific oxidative degradation of ergothioneine. The first enzyme is an iron-dependent thiol dioxygenase that produces ergothioneine sulfinic acid. A crystal structure of ergothioneine dioxygenase from Thermocatellispora tengchongensis reveals many similarities with cysteine dioxygenases, suggesting that the two enzymes share a common mechanism. The second enzyme is a metal-dependent ergothioneine sulfinic acid desulfinase that produces Nα-trimethylhistidine and SO2 . The discovery that certain actinobacteria contain the enzymatic machinery for O2 -dependent biosynthesis and O2 -dependent degradation of ergothioneine indicates that these organisms may actively manage their ergothioneine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Y Nalivaiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille M Vasseur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Yan Q, Huang H, Zhang X. In Vitro Reconstitution of a Bacterial Ergothioneine Sulfonate Catabolic Pathway. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxiang Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xinshuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Ecological Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Beliaeva MA, Leisinger F, Seebeck FP. In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:397-403. [PMID: 33544568 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a histidine-derived sulfur metabolite that is biosynthesized by bacteria and fungi. Plants and animals absorb ergothioneine as a micronutrient from their environment or nutrition. Several different mechanisms of microbial ergothioneine production have been described in the past ten years. Much less is known about the genetic and structural basis for ergothioneine catabolism. In this report, we describe the in vitro reconstitution of a five-step pathway that degrades ergothioneine to l-glutamate, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The first two steps are catalyzed by the two enzymes ergothionase and thiourocanate hydratase. These enzymes are closely related to the first two enzymes in histidine catabolism. However, the crystal structure of thiourocanate hydratase from the firmicute Paenibacillus sp. reveals specific structural features that strictly differentiate the activity of this enzyme from that of urocanate hydratases. The final two steps are catalyzed by metal-dependent hydrolases that share most homology with the last two enzymes in uracil catabolism. The early and late part of this pathway are connected by an entirely new enzyme type that catalyzes desulfurization of a thiohydantoin intermediate. Homologous enzymes are encoded in many soil-dwelling firmicutes and proteobacteria, suggesting that bacterial activity may have a significant impact on the environmental availability of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia A. Beliaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel 4002, Switzerland
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine, recent developments. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101868. [PMID: 33558182 PMCID: PMC8113028 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent surge of interest in the unique low molecular weight dietary thiol/thione, ergothioneine. This compound can accumulate at high levels in the body from diet and may play important physiological roles in human health and development, and possibly in prevention and treatment of disease. Blood levels of ergothioneine decline with age and onset of various diseases. Here we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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Maurer A, Leisinger F, Lim D, Seebeck FP. Structure and Mechanism of Ergothionase fromTreponema denticola. Chemistry 2019; 25:10298-10303. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maurer
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - David Lim
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for ChemistryUniversity of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a Basel 4002 Switzerland
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Smits LP, Kootte RS, Levin E, Prodan A, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, Wang Z, Levison BS, Cleophas MCP, Kemper EM, Dallinga-Thie GM, Groen AK, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Stroes ESG, de Vos WM, Hazen SL, Nieuwdorp M. Effect of Vegan Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Carnitine- and Choline-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Production and Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008342. [PMID: 29581220 PMCID: PMC5907601 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiota have been found to be linked to cardiovascular disease via conversion of the dietary compounds choline and carnitine to the atherogenic metabolite TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide). Specifically, a vegan diet was associated with decreased plasma TMAO levels and nearly absent TMAO production on carnitine challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a double-blind randomized controlled pilot study in which 20 male metabolic syndrome patients were randomized to single lean vegan-donor or autologous fecal microbiota transplantation. At baseline and 2 weeks thereafter, we determined the ability to produce TMAO from d6-choline and d3-carnitine (eg, labeled and unlabeled TMAO in plasma and 24-hour urine after oral ingestion of 250 mg of both isotope-labeled precursor nutrients), and fecal samples were collected for analysis of microbiota composition. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans of the abdominal aorta, as well as ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine production assays, were performed. At baseline, fecal microbiota composition differed significantly between vegans and metabolic syndrome patients. With vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation, intestinal microbiota composition in metabolic syndrome patients, as monitored by global fecal microbial community structure, changed toward a vegan profile in some of the patients; however, no functional effects from vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation were seen on TMAO production, abdominal aortic 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, or ex vivo cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS Single lean vegan-donor fecal microbiota transplantation in metabolic syndrome patients resulted in detectable changes in intestinal microbiota composition but failed to elicit changes in TMAO production capacity or parameters related to vascular inflammation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR 4338.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loek P Smits
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud S Kootte
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Prodan
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Fuentes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bruce S Levison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
| | - Maartje C P Cleophas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E Marleen Kemper
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Immunobiology Research Program, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, VUMC Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Fennema D, Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-Oxide, a Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 (FMO3)-Mediated Host-Microbiome Metabolic Axis Implicated in Health and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1839-1850. [PMID: 27190056 PMCID: PMC5074467 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is known primarily as an enzyme involved in the metabolism of therapeutic drugs. On a daily basis, however, we are exposed to one of the most abundant substrates of the enzyme trimethylamine (TMA), which is released from various dietary components by the action of gut bacteria. FMO3 converts the odorous TMA to nonodorous TMA N-oxide (TMAO), which is excreted in urine. Impaired FMO3 activity gives rise to the inherited disorder primary trimethylaminuria (TMAU). Affected individuals cannot produce TMAO and, consequently, excrete large amounts of TMA. A dysbiosis in gut bacteria can give rise to secondary TMAU. Recently, there has been much interest in FMO3 and its catalytic product, TMAO, because TMAO has been implicated in various conditions affecting health, including cardiovascular disease, reverse cholesterol transport, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this review, we consider the dietary components that can give rise to TMA, the gut bacteria involved in the production of TMA from dietary precursors, the metabolic reactions by which bacteria produce and use TMA, and the enzymes that catalyze the reactions. Also included is information on bacteria that produce TMA in the oral cavity and vagina, two key microbiome niches that can influence health. Finally, we discuss the importance of the TMA/TMAO microbiome-host axis in health and disease, considering factors that affect bacterial production and host metabolism of TMA, the involvement of TMAO and FMO3 in disease, and the implications of the host-microbiome axis for management of TMAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Fennema
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Phillips
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London (D.F., I.R.P., E.A.S.), and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London (I.R.P.), London, United Kingdom
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Englard S, Blanchard JS, Miura-Fraboni J. Production of trimethylamine from structurally related trimethylammonium compounds by resting cell suspensions of ?-butyrobetaine- and D,l-carnitine-grown Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas putida. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Miura-Fraboni J, Kleber HP, Englard S. Assimilation of ?-butyrobetaine, and d-and l-carnitine by resting cell suspensions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas putida. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00415004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wolff JB. [156] Ergothioneine degradation (Escherichia coli). Methods Enzymol 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(71)17020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Spores of Tilletia contraversa Kühn, T. laevis Kühn, and T. caries (DC.) Tul. were found to contain ergothioneine, choline, betaine, and probably hercynine, as well as two unidentified trimethylammonium compounds. These substances, with the exception of betaine, were also detected in haploid mycelium of T. contraversa and in its culture filtrate. One or more of these compounds could act as precursors for the trimethylamine released by bunt spores.
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BOOTH JS, APPLEMAN MD. DEGRADATION OF ERGOTHIONEINE BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF
ALCALIGENES FAECALIS
II. J Bacteriol 1963; 85:654-7. [PMID: 14042946 PMCID: PMC278197 DOI: 10.1128/jb.85.3.654-657.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Booth, James
S. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles)
and Milo D. Appleman
. Degradation of ergothioneine by cell-free extracts of
Alcaligenes faecalis
. II. Production of glutamic acid. J. Bacteriol.
85:
654–657. 1963.—On the basis of oxidation and paper chromatographic procedures, glutamic acid was identified as the end product of ergothioneine degradation by cell-free extracts of
Alcaligenes faecalis
. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia yields were determined. Several differences between the metabolism of whole cells and cell-free extracts were noted. Cleavage of the imidazole ring by cell-free extracts appeared to be hydrolytic rather than oxidative.
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