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Cohan FM, Roberts MS, King EC. THE POTENTIAL FOR GENETIC EXCHANGE BY TRANSFORMATION WITHIN A NATURAL POPULATION OFBACILLUS SUBTILIS. Evolution 2017; 45:1393-1421. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb02644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/1990] [Accepted: 01/23/1991] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. Cohan
- Department of Biology; Wesleyan University; Middletown CT 06459-0170 USA
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Department of Biology; Wesleyan University; Middletown CT 06459-0170 USA
| | - Elaine C. King
- Department of Biology; Wesleyan University; Middletown CT 06459-0170 USA
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Duncan KE, Istock CA, Graham JB, Ferguson N. GENETIC EXCHANGE BETWEEN BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS: VARIABLE HYBRID STABILITY AND THE NATURE OF BACTERIAL SPECIES. Evolution 2017; 43:1585-1609. [PMID: 28564334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb02611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/1988] [Accepted: 06/13/1989] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments employing both broth and soil cultures demonstrated the capacity for bidirectional genetic exchange between the eubacterial species Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. The process was studied using standard laboratory strains and wild isolates of these species. The genetic exchange in soil occurs spontaneously. The interspecific recombination involved markers for antibiotic resistance and for the use of specific carbon sources (API characters). Hybrids frequently had unstable phenotypes, i.e., lacked a consistent expression of foreign genes over repeated transfer and growth. This instability often involved a "correction" back toward the phenotype of one or the other of the parental species for many differentiating characters; the final phenotype was always that of the more probable or actually known recipient species. This "correction" process is reminiscent of phenomena associated with the instability of artificial fusion protoplasts or noncomplementing diploids of B. subtilis, as well as the merodiploids formed by intergeneric crosses with enteric bacteria. The hybrids observed here must also be diploid, in some manner, because they sequentially express traits of both parental species at rates well above the frequency of mutation. Among the unstable changes in hybrids of the wild strains there was a 3:1 bias in favor of "correction." The dynamics of the hybridization process in soil are described. It appears that the hybrids are formed most rapidly following outgrowth from spores and during the early growth of parental vegetative cell populations. Later on, the hybrids are much less frequent in the soil cultures, suggesting that they are competitively inferior to the parental species. It is argued that the capacity for recombination found between B. subtilis and B. licheniformis could locally erase their distinctness, even though they possess only about 15% DNA sequence homology. Yet they remain distinct in the wild. The methods and results of these experiments prepare the way for detailed studies of the nature of species and species boundaries throughout the genus Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Duncan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Conrad A Istock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
| | - Julia Bell Graham
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008
| | - Nancy Ferguson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721
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Papke RT, Corral P, Ram-Mohan N, de la Haba RR, Sánchez-Porro C, Makkay A, Ventosa A. Horizontal gene transfer, dispersal and haloarchaeal speciation. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:1405-26. [PMID: 25997110 PMCID: PMC4500145 DOI: 10.3390/life5021405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Halobacteria are a well-studied archaeal class and numerous investigations are showing how their diversity is distributed amongst genomes and geographic locations. Evidence indicates that recombination between species continuously facilitates the arrival of new genes, and within species, it is frequent enough to spread acquired genes amongst all individuals in the population. To create permanent independent diversity and generate new species, barriers to recombination are probably required. The data support an interpretation that rates of evolution (e.g., horizontal gene transfer and mutation) are faster at creating geographically localized variation than dispersal and invasion are at homogenizing genetic differences between locations. Therefore, we suggest that recurrent episodes of dispersal followed by variable periods of endemism break the homogenizing forces of intrapopulation recombination and that this process might be the principal stimulus leading to divergence and speciation in Halobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thane Papke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.-M.); (A.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Paulina Corral
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (R.R.H.); (C.S.-P.); (A.V.)
| | - Nikhil Ram-Mohan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.-M.); (A.M.)
| | - Rafael R. de la Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (R.R.H.); (C.S.-P.); (A.V.)
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Porro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (R.R.H.); (C.S.-P.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Makkay
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mails: (N.R.-M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain; E-Mails: (P.C.); (R.R.H.); (C.S.-P.); (A.V.)
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Jyssum S, Jyssum K. Specific uptake of homologous DNA accompanying transformation in Neisseria meningitidis. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 78:140-8. [PMID: 4992244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb04280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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BöVre K. STUDIES ON TRANSFORMATION IN MORAXELLA AND ORGANISMS ASSUMED TO BE RELATED TO MORAXELLA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1967.tb05131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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BöVre K. STUDIES ON TRANSFORMATION IN MORAXELLA AND ORGANISMS ASSUMED TO BE RELATED TO MORAXELLA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1967.tb05130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Perry, Dennis (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Hutton D. Slade. Intraspecific and interspecific transformation in streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 88:595-601. 1964.-Interspecific transformation reactions, employing streptomycin resistance as a marker, were performed with eight strains of streptococci belonging to three serological groups (F, H, and O) and one ungroupable (UG) strain. Generally, autotransformation (within the same strain) was most efficient. Homotransformation (between different strains of the same serological group), however, was sometimes as efficient or slightly better. Heterotransformation (between different serological groups) yielded the least number of transformants or none at all. The rate of transformation of different strains varied from 2.0 x 10(-7) to 7.6 x 10(-3). Group H streptococci exhibited the highest rate of autotransformation, followed by groups F and O, and strain UG. The results of heterotransformation reactions revealed that a genetic relationship exists between various strains of different serological groups. No transformation, however, occurred between F and O strains, indicating a lack of genetic homology between these serological groups of streptococci. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), isolated by physical and enzymatic methods from a group O and a UG strain, failed to induce transformation. DNA from these strains, however, significantly inhibited the transforming ability of other DNA preparations. Heat and mechanical shear resulted in a marked decrease in this inhibitory property.
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COLWELL RR, MANDEL M. ADANSONIAN ANALYSIS AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BASE COMPOSITION OF SOME GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. J Bacteriol 1996; 87:1412-22. [PMID: 14188722 PMCID: PMC277219 DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.6.1412-1422.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colwell, R. R. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.), and M. Mandel. Adansonian analysis and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of some gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 87:1412-1422. 1964.-The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions and S values for a minimum of 134 coded properties were determined for representative cultures of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Aerobacter, Escherichia, Alcaligenes, and Flavobacterium. Those cultures having a high degree of similarity by the criterion of numerical taxonomy were found to have similar DNA base compositions. The relative affinities of clusters of cultures suggest taxonomic relations. Eleven species of Xanthomonas might be a single species, and V. metschnikovii was shown to be more closely related to enteric bacteria than to other vibrios which, in turn, were found to be like pseudomonads. Aeromonas was found to be intermediate in similarity to enterics and pseudomonads and divisible into at least two, but possibly three, species. F. aquatile was unlike any of the other organisms studied, and its DNA also differed greatly in composition from other representatives of the genus.
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DOI RH, IGARASHI RT. CONSERVATION OF RIBOSOMAL AND MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID CISTRONS IN BACILLUS SPECIES. J Bacteriol 1996; 90:384-90. [PMID: 14329452 PMCID: PMC315655 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.2.384-390.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Doi, Roy H. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), and Richard T. Igarashi. Conservation of ribosomal and messenger ribonucleic acid cistrons in Bacillus species. J. Bacteriol. 90:384-390. 1965.-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) fractions from various Bacillus species were tested for interspecies DNA-RNA hybrid formation. DNA preparations from B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. stearothermophilus, and B. macerans, whose base composition varied from 33 to 50% guanylate + cytidylate content, were used in the hybrid annealing mixtures with pulse-labeled RNA from sporulating cells and from log-phase cells of B. subtilis and B. cereus. Efficient hybridization in these cases was obtained only in homologous annealing situations. When heterologous DNA and RNA preparations were tested for hybrid formation, only 1 to 6% of the homologous hybridization was obtained. Although the efficiency of hybrid formation was low, the results were reproducible. No difference in efficiency of hybrid formation was observed between the messenger RNA from sporulating cells and that from log-phase cells. When B. subtilis ribosomal RNA was placed in annealing mixtures with heterologous DNA, 47.5 to 62.9% of the homologous hybridization was obtained. These results suggest that a small number of identical sequences are present among the Bacillus species. Furthermore, the ribosomal RNA cistrons appear to be more highly conserved relative to other genetic sequences.
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Abstract
Gwinn, Darrel D. (Oregon State University, Corvallis), and Curtis B. Thorne. Transformation of Bacillus licheniformis. J. Bacteriol. 87:519-526. 1964.-When a series of 28 auxotrophic mutants of Bacillus licheniformis were screened for transformation, only three of them, M28 (glycine(-)), M30 (uncharacterized), and M33 (purine(-)), produced a detectable number of transformants. The screening method consisted of spreading auxotrophic cells and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the prototrophic strain 9945A on minimal agar plates and observing the plates for development of prototrophic colonies. M28 transformed at a higher frequency than did the two other mutants, and it was studied in greater detail. Although up to 20% of the recipient cells spread on the plates in the presence of DNA gave rise to prototrophic colonies over a period of 72 hr, only about 10(-3)% of the cells produced transformants when they were incubated with DNA in liquid suspension for 1 hr. The most competent cultures of many tested were those grown on a shaker for 22 hr in a medium composed of nutrient broth, salts, and glycerol. When mutations resulting in requirements for histidine, leucine, serine, and trytophan were introduced singly into the glycine mutant, transformants for the leucine, serine, and histidine markers could be obtained at will, but transformants for the tryptophan marker were not detected even though all four of the double mutants could be transformed to glycine independence.
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11
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Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W. Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol Rev 1994; 58:563-602. [PMID: 7968924 PMCID: PMC372978 DOI: 10.1128/mr.58.3.563-602.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural genetic transformation is the active uptake of free DNA by bacterial cells and the heritable incorporation of its genetic information. Since the famous discovery of transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae by Griffith in 1928 and the demonstration of DNA as the transforming principle by Avery and coworkers in 1944, cellular processes involved in transformation have been studied extensively by in vitro experimentation with a few transformable species. Only more recently has it been considered that transformation may be a powerful mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in natural bacterial populations. In this review the current understanding of the biology of transformation is summarized to provide the platform on which aspects of bacterial transformation in water, soil, and sediments and the habitat of pathogens are discussed. Direct and indirect evidence for gene transfer routes by transformation within species and between different species will be presented, along with data suggesting that plasmids as well as chromosomal DNA are subject to genetic exchange via transformation. Experiments exploring the prerequisites for transformation in the environment, including the production and persistence of free DNA and factors important for the uptake of DNA by cells, will be compiled, as well as possible natural barriers to transformation. The efficiency of gene transfer by transformation in bacterial habitats is possibly genetically adjusted to submaximal levels. The fact that natural transformation has been detected among bacteria from all trophic and taxonomic groups including archaebacteria suggests that transformability evolved early in phylogeny. Probable functions of DNA uptake other than gene acquisition will be discussed. The body of information presently available suggests that transformation has a great impact on bacterial population dynamics as well as on bacterial evolution and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Lorenz
- Genetik, Fachbereich Biologie, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany
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12
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Berkeley RC, Ali N. Classification and identification of endospore-forming bacteria. SOCIETY FOR APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM SERIES 1994; 23:1S-8S. [PMID: 8047903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Berkeley
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK
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13
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Abstract
We have investigated the relationship between sexual isolation and DNA sequence divergence in the transformation (at locus rpoB) of a naturally competent strain of Bacillus subtilis. Using both genomic DNA and a PCR-amplified segment of gene rpoB as donor, we found that the extent of sexual isolation at locus rpoB was closely predicted, over three orders of magnitude, as a log-linear function of sequence divergence at that locus. Because sexual isolation between a recipient and any potential donor may be determined as a general mathematical function of sequence divergence, transformation is perhaps the only sexual system, in either the prokaryotic or the eukaryotic world, in which sexual isolation can be predicted for a pair of species without having to perform the cross. These observations suggest the possibility of a general approach to the indirect prediction of sexual isolation in bacteria recombining principally by natural transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Roberts
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0170
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14
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Riles L, Dutchik JE, Baktha A, McCauley BK, Thayer EC, Leckie MP, Braden VV, Depke JE, Olson MV. Physical maps of the six smallest chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a resolution of 2.6 kilobase pairs. Genetics 1993; 134:81-150. [PMID: 8514151 PMCID: PMC1205446 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/134.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical maps of the six smallest chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. In order of increasing size, they are chromosomes I, VI, III, IX, V and VIII, comprising 2.49 megabase pairs of DNA. The maps are based on the analysis of an overlapping set of lambda and cosmid clones. Overlaps between adjacent clones were recognized by shared restriction fragments produced by the combined action of EcoRI and HindIII. The average spacing between mapped cleavage sites is 2.6 kb. Five of the six chromosomes were mapped from end to end without discontinuities; a single internal gap remains in the map of chromosome IX. The reported maps span an estimated 97% of the DNA on the six chromosomes; nearly all the missing segments are telomeric. The maps are fully cross-correlated with the previously published SfiI/NotI map of the yeast genome by A. J. Link and M. V. Olson. They have also been cross-correlated with the yeast genetic map at 51 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Riles
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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15
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Istock CA. Genetic exchange and genetic stability in bacterial populations. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1991; 15:123-49. [PMID: 2009379 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-409-90199-3.50013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
By assaying the yield of phage SPO1 we have identified a new restriction-modification activity in the Bacillus natto B3364 strain. A class II restriction endonuclease, BnaI, isolated from the crude extract of B3364 cells was shown to be a true isoschizomer of the BamHI endonuclease. The Mr, stability and optimal conditions required for DNA digestion were determined for BnaI. Although both enzymes show the same specificity, BnaI and BamHI differ from each other in all the properties specified above.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kiev, USSR
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Abstract
Heterospecific transformation occurred between cyanobacteria currently classified in either the genus Synechococcus or Synechocystis. Cyanobacterial strains 73109 and 6906 were capable of physiological transformation.
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Kiss A, Posfai G, Keller CC, Venetianer P, Roberts RJ. Nucleotide sequence of the BsuRI restriction-modification system. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:6403-21. [PMID: 2997708 PMCID: PMC321967 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.18.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes of the 5'-GGCC specific BsuRI restriction-modification system of Bacillus subtilis have been cloned and expressed in E. coli and their nucleotide sequence has been determined. The restriction and modification genes code for polypeptides with calculated molecular weights of 66,314 and 49,642, respectively. Both enzymes are coded by the same DNA strand. The restriction gene is upstream of the methylase gene and the coding regions are separated by 780 bp. Analysis of the RNA transcripts by S1-nuclease mapping indicates that the restriction and modification genes are transcribed from different promoters. Comparison of the amino acid sequences revealed no homology between the BsuRI restriction and modification enzymes. There are, however, regions of homology between the BsuRI methylase and two other GGCC specific modification enzymes, the BspRI and SPR methylases.
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Gitt MA, Wang LF, Doi RH. A strong sequence homology exists between the major RNA polymerase sigma factors of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pósfai G, Kiss A, Erdei S, Pósfai J, Venetianer P. Structure of the Bacillus sphaericus R modification methylase gene. J Mol Biol 1983; 170:597-610. [PMID: 6313947 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A 2.5 X 10(3) base-pair segment of Bacillus sphaericus R DNA cloned in Escherichia coli has previously been shown to carry the functional BspRI modification methylase gene. The approximate location of the gene on this DNA segment and its direction of transcription were established by subcloning experiments. The nucleotide sequence of the relevant region was determined by the Maxam-Gilbert procedure. An open reading frame that can code for a 424 amino acid protein was found. The calculated molecular weight (48,264) of this protein is in fair agreement with previous estimates (50,000 to 52,000). The synthesis of this protein was demonstrated in E. coli minicells. The initiation point of transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase was localized by in vitro transcription experiments. The open reading frame starts 29 base-pairs downstream from the transcription initiation site and it is preceded by a sequence showing extensive Shine-Dalgarno complementarity. Subcloning experiments and translation in minicells suggest that after removal of this translational initiation site, a secondary start site 29 amino acids downstream can also start translation in E. coli, and this shorter protein retains the methylase activity. The overall base composition of the gene and the codon usage indicate a strong preference for A.T base-pairs.
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Shinomiya S, Yamane K, Oshima T. Isolation of a Bacillus subtilis transformant producing thermostable alpha-amylase by DNA from a thermophilic bacterium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 96:175-9. [PMID: 6159885 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Matsumoto K, Takahashi H, Saito H, Ikeda Y. Genetic defects in DNA repair system and enhancement of intergenote transformation efficiency in Bacillus subtilis Marburg. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1978; 162:229-35. [PMID: 98700 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Harris-Warrick RM, Lederberg J. Interspecies transformation in Bacillus: sequence heterology as the major barrier. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:1237-45. [PMID: 417063 PMCID: PMC222157 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.3.1237-1245.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of DNA restriction and of sequence heterology as barriers to interspecies transfer of DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA was studied in the heterologous transformation of Bacillus subtilis recipients by DNA isolated from B. globigii. Transformants were obtained at very low frequencies in the evolutionarily nonconserved aromatic region; high cotransfer of linked markers was observed. New mutations were introduced into the B. globigii intergenote sequence in the resulting hybrids; these markers could be transformed with high efficiency by both B. globigii and B. subtilis DNA, representing a 10(5)-fold increase in heterologous transforming efficiency. A restriction activity in B. globigii crude extracts inactivated the biological activity of B. subtilis and hybrid DNA but not B. globigii DNA in vitro, demonstrating different sites for restriction and modification between these species. In vivo, however, B. globigii and hybrid DNA transformed the B. globigii sequence in a hybrid recipient with the same efficiency. These results show that sequence heterology is the major barrier to interspecies transformation and that, in this system, enzymatic restriction does not prevent interspecies transformation.
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Duncan CH, Wilson GA, Young FE. Transformation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli by a hybrid plasmid pCD1. Gene X 1977; 1:153-67. [PMID: 412725 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(77)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene thyP3 from Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 3T was cloned in the plasmid pMB9. The resulting chimeric plasmid, pCD1, is effective in transforming both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to thymine prototrophy. The activity of the thyP3 gene product, thymidylate synthetase, was assayed and found to be 9 times greater in a transformed strain of Escherichia coli than in a phi 3T lysogen of Bacillus subtilis. The physical location of restriction sites has been determined for two related plasmids pCD1 and pCD2. Hybridization studies clearly indicate that the plasmid gene responsible for Thy+ transformation is the gene from the bacteriophage phi 3T. The lack of restriction in this transformation process is consistent with our previous studies using bacterial DNA in heterospecific exchanges indicating that the nucleotide sequence surrounding the gene is the dominant factor in determining interspecific transformation.
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Paleček E. Premelting Changes in DNA Conformation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Lindsay JA, Creaser EH. Studies on the genetical and biochemical basis of thermophily. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1976; 26:391-400. [PMID: 939280 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7675-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Breznak JA, Canale-Parola E. Morphology and physiology of Spirochaeta aurantia strains isolated from aquatic habitats. Arch Microbiol 1975; 105:1-12. [PMID: 1190952 DOI: 10.1007/bf00447104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Seven strains of Spirochaeta aurantia were isolated from pond and swamp water by means of a selective technique which utilized the ability of these organisms to move through bacterial filters and to diffuse through agar media. Although most of the isolations were accomplished when enrichment media low in carbohydrates were used, all seven strains were found to be exclusively saccharolytic. 2. The isolates could be divided into two groups on the basis of cell morphology: a loosely coiled group, and a tightly coiled group with markedly smaller wave length and wave apmlitude. Spirochetes of the latter group possessed a slightly lower GC content in their DNA. The isolates were facultative anaerobes, synthesized carotenoid pigments which conferred an orange color to aerobic colonies, and utilized a variety of carbohydrates--but not amino acids--as energy sources. Exogenous thiamine was required by six isolates tested, riboflavin by four, and biotin by one. The major products of glucose fermentation were acetate, ethanol, CO2 and H2. Growth of the isolates was inhibited by a variety of antibiotics. Determinations of GC contents of DNA showed that strains of S. aurantia are phylogenetically distant from spirochetes classified in the genera Treponema and Leptospira. 3. S. aurantia populations inoculated in the center of agar medium plates migrated in the form of growth rings toward the periphery of the plates. The rate of migration of glucose-utilizing rings was greatest at low glucose concentrations (e.g., 0.02 g/100 ml). It was concluded that migration of cells present in these rings was mainly due to a chemotactic response to glucose which served both as the attractant and the substrate. Chemotaxis of S. aurantia toward glucose may be used as a selective factor in isolating this bacterium from natural environments. 4. The subspecific epithet stricta is proposed to recognize, taxonomically, the tightly coiled strains of S. aurantia.
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Lindsay JA, Creaser EH. Enzyme thermostability is a transformable property between Bacillus spp. Nature 1975; 255:650-2. [PMID: 1134559 DOI: 10.1038/255650a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Hoch JA, Steinberg W. On the conservation of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase genes in Bacillus. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:1076-7. [PMID: 4632314 PMCID: PMC285332 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.2.1076-1077.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
None of the heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid from various bacilli was capable of transforming lysyl- and tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase mutants of Bacillus subtilis to wild type. It was concluded that there is little conservation of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases even though the tRNA cistrons are conserved genetic functions.
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Harford N, Mergeay M. Interspecific transformation of rifampicin resistance in the genus Bacillus. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 120:151-5. [PMID: 4631265 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Gromkova R, Goodgal SH. Action of haemophilus endodeoxyribonuclease on biologically active deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 1972; 109:987-92. [PMID: 4334766 PMCID: PMC247318 DOI: 10.1128/jb.109.3.987-992.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme similar to that described by Smith and Wilcox (15) for Haemophilus influenzae which attacks foreign deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but not its own has been isolated and purified from H. parainfluenzae. The enzyme degrades foreign DNA to limited sizes and can destroy the transforming activity of H. influenzae and Bacillus subtilis DNA. The enzyme can also destroy the biological activity of H. influenzae phage and prophage DNA. On the other hand, the H. influenzae endodeoxyribonuclease can destroy the transforming activity of H. parainfluenzae DNA but not its own DNA. It also attacks B. subtilis DNA and its transforming activity.
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Biswas GD, Sen SP. Genetic transformation in Bacillus with respect to antibiotic production. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1971; 34:277-85. [PMID: 4998317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1971.tb02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Chapter XI Hybridization of DNA. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Migita LK, Doi RH. Formylation of methionyl-transfer RNA from prokaryotes and eukaryotes by Bacillus subtilis transformylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 138:457-63. [PMID: 4988449 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ouellette CA, Burris RH, Wilson PW. Deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of species of Klebsiella, Azotobacter and Bacillus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1969; 35:275-86. [PMID: 5309904 DOI: 10.1007/bf02219149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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38
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Dubnau D, Davidoff-Abelson R, Smith I. Transformation and transduction in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for separate modes of recombinant formation. J Mol Biol 1969; 45:155-79. [PMID: 4983717 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Meduski JW, Zamenhof S. Studies on tryptophan synthetases from various strains of Bacillus subtilis. Biochem J 1969; 112:285-92. [PMID: 4979348 PMCID: PMC1187707 DOI: 10.1042/bj1120285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. Tryptophan synthetase B of three strains of Bacillus subtilis was prepared from ;exo-protoplastic' and ;endo-protoplastic' fractions; the enzyme from ;exo-protoplastic' fraction was purified 30- to 120-fold by ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography; the latter step separated this enzyme from tryptophan synthetase A, tryptophanase and proteolytic enzymes, but the purified preparations were not stable. 2. The activity of tryptophan synthetase B did not depend on the presence of tryptophan synthetase A. 3. Tryptophan synthetases B of the strains tested differed in their utilization of 2- and 7-methylindole as compared with indole; this suggests that these tryptophan synthetases B are not identical.
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The changing concept of organism in microbiology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(69)90013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Copeland JC, Marmur J. Identification of conserved genetic functions in Bacillus by use of temperature-sensitive mutants. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:302-12. [PMID: 4974085 PMCID: PMC408302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Identification of conserved genetic functions in Bacillus by use of temperature-sensitive mutants. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968. [DOI: 10.1128/br.32.4_pt_1.302-312.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acids of 45 strains of Lactobacillus and 5 strains of Bifidobacterium which had been analyzed for base composition by chromatographic means were examined at equilibrium in a CsCl density gradient. Regression analysis showed that there have been systematic errors involved in the estimation of guanine plus cytosine (GC) content by the chemical method, and that the relation between buoyant density and base composition is indeed linear and best fitted by the equation GC = 10.309 (rho-1.662), which compares well in slope with the equation of Schildkraut, Marmur, and Doty. With the improved data obtained in this study, the specific groupings of the species of both genera were reevaluated.
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Dowben RM, Weidenbüller R. Adaptation of mesophilic bacteria to growth at elevated temperatures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 158:255-61. [PMID: 4968328 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Miller A, Morgan M. Genetic Homology and Attempted Transformation among Certain Lactic Streptococci. J Dairy Sci 1968. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(68)86909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Thirty-two genera of microorganisms were identified with one of six distinctive control patterns for the enzyme 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthetase. These patterns included sequential feedback inhibition, isoenzyme feedback inhibition, cumulative feedback inhibition, and three (apparent) simple one-effector patterns. Documentation is provided of an overwhelming tendency for control patterns to be strongly conserved among the member species of the various genera that were examined.
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Zamenhof S. Nucleic Acid and Mutability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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