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Xie T, Qin C, Savas AC, Yeh WW, Feng P. The emerging roles of glutamine amidotransferases in metabolism and immune defense. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38743960 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2351135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Glutamine amidotransferases (GATs) catalyze the synthesis of nucleotides, amino acids, glycoproteins and an enzyme cofactor, thus serving as key metabolic enzymes for cell proliferation. Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase (CAD) is a multifunctional enzyme of the GAT family and catalyzes the first three steps of the de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Following our findings that cellular GATs are involved in immune evasion during herpesvirus infection, we discovered that CAD reprograms cellular metabolism to fuel aerobic glycolysis and nucleotide synthesis via deamidating RelA. Deamidated RelA activates the expression of key glycolytic enzymes, rather than that of the inflammatory NF-κB-responsive genes. As such, cancer cells prime RelA for deamidation via up-regulating CAD activity or accumulating RelA mutations. Interestingly, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 also activates CAD to couple evasion of inflammatory response to activated nucleotide synthesis. A small molecule inhibitor of CAD depletes nucleotide supply and boosts antiviral inflammatory response, thus greatly reducing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Additionally, we also found that CTP synthase 1 (CTPS1) deamidates interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to mute IFN induction. Our previous studies have implicated phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (PFAS) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) in deamidating retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and evading dsRNA-induced innate immune defense in herpesvirus infection. Overall, these studies have uncovered an unconventional enzymatic activity of cellular GATs in metabolism and immune defense, offering a molecular link intimately coupling these fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolin Xie
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Can Savas
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wayne Wei Yeh
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Metabolic Reprogramming of the Host Cell by Human Adenovirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E141. [PMID: 30744016 PMCID: PMC6409786 DOI: 10.3390/v11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter many cellular processes to create an environment optimal for viral replication. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is an important, yet underappreciated feature of many viral infections, as this ensures that the energy and substrates required for viral replication are available in abundance. Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is the focus of this review, is a small DNA tumor virus that reprograms cellular metabolism in a variety of ways. It is well known that HAdV infection increases glucose uptake and fermentation to lactate in a manner resembling the Warburg effect observed in many cancer cells. However, HAdV infection induces many other metabolic changes. In this review, we integrate the findings from a variety of proteomic and transcriptomic studies to understand the subtleties of metabolite and metabolic pathway control during HAdV infection. We review how the E4ORF1 protein of HAdV enacts some of these changes and summarize evidence for reprogramming of cellular metabolism by the viral E1A protein. Therapies targeting altered metabolism are emerging as cancer treatments, and similar targeting of aberrant components of virally reprogrammed metabolism could have clinical antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
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3
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Divergent effects of human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1 on cellular metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002124. [PMID: 21779165 PMCID: PMC3136460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses rely on the metabolic network of the host cell to provide energy and macromolecular precursors to fuel viral replication. Here we used mass spectrometry to examine the impact of two related herpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), on the metabolism of fibroblast and epithelial host cells. Each virus triggered strong metabolic changes that were conserved across different host cell types. The metabolic effects of the two viruses were, however, largely distinct. HCMV but not HSV-1 increased glycolytic flux. HCMV profoundly increased TCA compound levels and flow of two carbon units required for TCA cycle turning and fatty acid synthesis. HSV-1 increased anapleurotic influx to the TCA cycle through pyruvate carboxylase, feeding pyrimidine biosynthesis. Thus, these two related herpesviruses drive diverse host cells to execute distinct, virus-specific metabolic programs. Current drugs target nucleotide metabolism for treatment of both viruses. Although our results confirm that this is a robust target for HSV-1, therapeutic interventions at other points in metabolism might prove more effective for treatment of HCMV. Enveloped viruses draw on cellular machinery and materials to generate copies of their genome, structural proteins, and membrane. These biosynthetic processes use the host metabolic network to provide energy and small-molecule precursors. We have investigated how two important enveloped viruses, human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus-1, alter host metabolism to provide materials for viral replication. We show that rather than passively relying on basal host cell metabolic activity, both viruses actively redirect host cell metabolism, implementing divergent metabolic programs that are robust to host cell type and virus strain. Human cytomegalovirus enhances lipid biosynthesis, while herpes simplex-1 gears central carbon metabolism toward the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. Consistent with these changes, human cytomegalovirus is more sensitive to inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and herpes simplex virus-1 to inhibition of central metabolic reactions leading towards pyrimidine synthesis. As these two closely related viruses have divergent metabolic strategies, and since the metabolic perturbations point to potential drug targets, an important priority is defining the metabolic programs of other viruses.
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Fernandes DM, Baird AM, Berg LJ, Rock KL. A Monoclonal Antibody Reactive with a 40-kDa Molecule on Fetal Thymocytes and Tumor Cells Blocks Proliferation and Stimulates Aggregation and Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
E710.2.3 is a murine thymic lymphoma cell line with an immature phenotype (CD4−CD8−) that proliferates in response to thymocytes or PMA when cultured at low density and proliferates spontaneously when grown at high density. To identify functional molecules on this cell line, we screened for mAbs that could block its proliferation. A hamster mAb, DMF10.62.3, inhibited the spontaneous, thymocyte-induced, and PMA-stimulated proliferation of E710.2.3 in vitro and induced these cells to undergo apoptosis. The mAb also caused homotypic aggregation of E710.2.3, which was inhibited by cytochalasin B, trifluoperazine, a combination of sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose, EDTA, incubation at 4°C, or treatment with paraformaldehyde. The DMF10 62.3 mAb stained a number of immortalized murine and human cell lines and, where tested, blocked their proliferation and caused death to varying extents by apoptosis. The molecule recognized by the mAb DMF10.62.3 was expressed on day 14 fetal thymus Thy1.2-positive cells. However, it was not detected on adult murine thymocytes, splenocytes, or bone marrow cells or on splenic LPS-activated B cells or Con A-activated T cells. The Ab immunoprecipitated a 40-kDa molecule from E710.2.3 that was not glycosylphosphatidylinositol linked. The data suggest that the molecule recognized by DMF62.3 is a novel cell surface molecule that may be involved in cell proliferation and/or cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dancella M. Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Allison M. Baird
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Kenneth L. Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655
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5
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Niblett C, Johnson LB, Lee R. Aspartate transcarbamylase activity in etiolated cowpea and soybean hypocotyls infected with cowpea mosaic virus or tobacco ringspot virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0048-4059(74)90045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Stone AB. The replication of DNA-containing viruses. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(70)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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8
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Schlesinger RW. Adenoviruses: the nature of the virion and of controlling factors in productive or abortive infection and tumorigenesis. Adv Virus Res 1969; 14:1-61. [PMID: 4304567 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/analysis
- Avian Leukosis Virus/analysis
- Avian Leukosis Virus/isolation & purification
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry, Physical
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Herpesviridae
- Hybridization, Genetic
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/analysis
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/isolation & purification
- Microscopy, Electron
- Oncogenic Viruses
- Papillomaviridae/analysis
- Polyomavirus/analysis
- Poxviridae
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Satellite Viruses
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Ledinko N. Enhanced deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in human embryonic kidney cultures infected with adenovirus 2 or 12. J Virol 1968; 2:89-98. [PMID: 5742041 PMCID: PMC375585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.2.89-98.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity was induced at approximately 18 to 20 hr after infection of secondary cultures of human embryonic kidney cells with adenovirus type 2 or type 12, and, at 30 to 50 hr after infection, the activity of this enzyme increased two- to threefold. The activity of thymidine kinase was also induced, but the activity of deoxycytidylic deaminase was not. The DNA content per cell at 71 hr after infection was 1.6-fold greater in adenovirus 2-infected cultures, and approximately 2.4-fold greater in adenovirus 12-infected cultures, than in the noninfected cultures. Several properties of DNA polymerase were studied. The enzymes in normal and adenovirus 2- or 12-infected cell extracts were saturated by approximately the same concentration of heat-denatured salmon sperm DNA primer (160 mug/ml); the enzyme activities had a similar broad pH optimum between 7.5 and 9. Extracts prepared from cells infected by either adenovirus did not activate DNA polymerase from noninfected cells, nor did the noninfected cell extracts inhibit enzyme activity of infected cell extracts. DNA polymerase in both normal and adenovirus 2- or 12-infected cells was located predominantly in the nucleus. In each case, the cytoplasm had only 30% of the enzyme activity of the nucleus. At 40 hr after infection with adenovirus 2 or 12, the activities of the enzyme in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions increased two- to threefold. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, prevented DNA polymerase induction when added to cultures during the 18- to 30-hr postinfection period, and it arrested the additional increase in enzyme activity when added after enzyme induction began. However, the increases in both DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase activities took place after treatment of infected cultures with 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and adenovirus growth.
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11
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Jungwirth C. Frühenzyme bei der Vermehrung DNS-haltiger Animalviren. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46118-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Kit S, Piekarski LJ, Dubbs DR, De Torres RA, Anken M. Enzyme induction in green monkey kidney cultures infected with simian adenovirus. J Virol 1967; 1:10-5. [PMID: 5623953 PMCID: PMC375499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.1.10-15.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinase was induced after infection of an established strain of green monkey kidney cells (CV-1) with simian adenovirus SV15. Increased levels of thymidine kinase were first observed 8 to 10 hr postinoculation (PI), and the levels increased four- to eightfold by 16 to 24 hr PI. A transient increase (1.5- to 3-fold) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity was also observed about 18 hr PI, but the level of deoxycytidylic deaminase was not enhanced. The inductions of thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase were not obtained when protein synthesis was inhibited with 10(-5) M cycloheximide. However, the enzyme increases did take place when infected cultures were treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and SV15 replication. The incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine (H(3)-dT) into DNA was also stimulated 8 to 24 hr after infection with SV15.
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13
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Ledinko N. Changes in metabolic and enzymatic activities of monkey kidney cells after infection with adenovirus 2. Virology 1966; 28:679-92. [PMID: 4287205 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Hamada C, Kamiya T, Kaplan AS. Serological analysis of some enzymes present in pseudorabies virus-infected and noninfected cells. Virology 1966; 28:271-81. [PMID: 4160435 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Prusoff WH, Bakhle YS, Sekely L. Cellular and antiviral effects of halogenated deoxyribonucleosides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965; 130:135-50. [PMID: 4285570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb12548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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PASSEN S, SCHULTZ RB. Use of the shope papilloma virus-induced arginase as a biochemical marker in vitro. Virology 1965; 26:122-6. [PMID: 14293300 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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18
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POLASA H, GREEN M. Biochemical studies on adenovirus multiplication VIII. Analysis of protein synthesis. Virology 1965; 25:68-79. [PMID: 14277087 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Consigli RA, Ginsberg HS. Control of aspartate transcarbamylase activity in type 5 adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. J Bacteriol 1964; 87:1027-33. [PMID: 5874531 PMCID: PMC277141 DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.5.1027-1033.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Consigli, Richard A. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and Harold S. Ginsberg. Control of aspartate transcarbamylase activity in type 5 adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol. 87:1027-1033. 1964.-Type 5 adenovirus infection induces increased aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity during the period of magnified nucleic acid biosynthesis. Increased activity can be prevented by addition of pyrimidines to the culture medium. ATCase in HeLa cells is regulated by feedback inhibition, and purified enzyme can be inhibited in vitro by cytidine triphosphate (CTP). The enzyme from infected cells has a pH optimum, maximal velocity, and K(m) for aspartate distinctly different from ATCase from control cells. However, heating of ATCase from uninfected cells converts the enzyme so that its characteristics are identical with enzyme from infected cells. Conversely, addition of CTP to ATCase from infected cells changes the characteristics of the enzyme so that they are the same as those of enzyme from uninfected cells. The evidence presented suggests that increased nucleic acid biosynthesis in infected cells initiates a release from feedback inhibition and increases ATCase activity by reducing the concentration of pyrimidines and purines in the acid-soluble pool.
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Flanagan JF, Ginsberg HS. Role of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in multiplication of type 5 adenovirus. J Bacteriol 1964; 87:977-87. [PMID: 5874548 PMCID: PMC277134 DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.5.977-987.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flanagan, John F. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and Harold S. Ginsberg. Role of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in multiplication of type 5 adenovirus. J. Bacteriol. 87:977-987. 1964.-The requirement for ribonucleic acid (RNA) biosynthesis in the multiplication of type 5 adenovirus was investigated by using radioactive phosphorus to label nucleic acids and two pyrimidine analogues, 6-azauridine and 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorouridine, to inhibit synthesis of functional RNA. The data indicate that biosynthesis of RNA after infection is essential for production of virus-specific deoxyribonucleic acid, virus antigens, and infectious particles. The onset of essential RNA synthesis occurs 8 to 9 hr after virus infection and prior to the biosynthesis of other known virus-induced macromolecules.
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