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Nickels JS, King JD, White DC. Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyrate Accumulation as a Measure of Unbalanced Growth of the Estuarine Detrital Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 37:459-65. [PMID: 16345354 PMCID: PMC243239 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.3.459-465.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The procaryotic endogenous storage material poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) can be induced to accumulate in the estuarine detrital microbiota under conditions which suggest unbalanced growth, such as limitation of a critical factor(s) in the presence of carbon and energy sources. Changes in PHB-to-lipid phosphate ratios detected in field samples can be mimicked in the laboratory with common estuarine stresses. Acute anoxia or low pH induces conditions of no growth with depression of both the synthesis and catabolism of PHB without change in the lipid phosphate. Balanced growth induced by nutrients increases the lipid phosphate, depresses PHB synthesis, and stimulates PHB catabolism, resulting in a low ratio of PHB to lipid phosphate. Unbalanced growth induced to a small extent by high salinity or much more readily by dark upland runoff water results in rapid accumulation of PHB and slowing of PHB catabolism with little change in lipid phospate. Unbalanced growth conditions result in high PHB-to-lipid phosphate ratios in the detrital microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nickels
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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2
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Herron JS, King JD, White DC. Recovery of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyrate from Estuarine Microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 35:251-7. [PMID: 16345267 PMCID: PMC242821 DOI: 10.1128/aem.35.2.251-257.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a uniquely procaryotic endogenous storage polymer whose metabolism has been shown to reflect environmental perturbations in laboratory monocultures. When hydrolyzed for 45 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite, PHB can be isolated from estuarine detrital microflora in high yield and purified free from non-PHB microbial components. Lyophilization of frozen estuarine samples shortens the exposure time to NaOCl necessary for maximal recovery. Lyophilized samples of hardwood leaves, Vallisneria, and the aerobic upper millimeter of estuarine muds yielded PHB. The efficiency of incorporation of sodium [1-C]acetate into PHB is very high and is stimulated by aeration. PHB was not recovered from the anaerobic portions of sediments unless they were aerated for a short time. Levels of PHB in the detrital microbial community do not correlate with the microbial biomass as measured by the extractible lipid phosphate, suggesting that PHB-like eucaryotic endogenous storage materials may more accurately reflect the metabolic status of the population than its biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Herron
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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3
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Ruenwai R, Cheevadhanarak S, Rachdawong S, Tanticharoen M, Laoteng K. Oxygen-induced expression of ∆6-, ∆9- and ∆12-desaturase genes modulates fatty acid composition in Mucor rouxii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 86:327-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morris BEL, Crable BR, Suflita JM. On the contributions of David Cleaveland White, MD, PhD to microbial ecology: celebrating the life of a pioneer. ISME JOURNAL 2008; 2:797-804. [DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2008.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Dobbins DC, Aelion CM, Pfaender F. Subsurface, terrestrial microbial ecology and biodegradation of organic chemicals: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/10643389209388430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Moriarty D, White D, Wassenberg T. A convenient method for measuring rates of phospholipid synthesis in seawater and sediments: its relevance to the determination of bacterial productivity and the disturbance artifacts introduced by measurements. J Microbiol Methods 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(85)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cejková A, Jirků V. Changes in the lipid content during cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1978; 23:372-5. [PMID: 359435 DOI: 10.1007/bf02876437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the concentration of lipids were followed in synchronously dividing cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell division was found to induce a pronounced increase in the concentration of sterols and changes in the concentrations of other types of lipids. The changes associated with the division process are only transient.
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Jurtshuk P, Mueller TJ, Acord WC. Bacterial terminal oxidases. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1975; 3:399-468. [PMID: 166799 DOI: 10.3109/10408417509108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Card GL. Metabolism of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cardiolipin of Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:1125-37. [PMID: 4712568 PMCID: PMC285373 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.3.1125-1137.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The total phospholipid content of Bacillus stearothermophilus was constant during exponential growth, increased during the transition from the exponential to stationary phase of growth, and then slowly increased during the stationary phase. The first increase was a result of an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine; the second was a result of an increase in cardiolipin. Cessation of aeration of an exponentially growing culture or suspension in a nongrowth medium resulted in an immediate reduction in the rate of total phospholipid and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis and a quantitative conversion of phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin appeared to be synthesized by the direct conversion of two molecules of phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin. After a 20-min pulse of (32)P, phosphatidylglycerol showed the most rapid loss of (32)P followed by cardiolipin, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine did not lose (32)P. The loss of (32)P from the total lipid pool, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin was biphasic, with rapid loss during the first two bacterial doublings followed by a greatly reduced rate of loss. The major loss of (32)P from the total phospholipid pool appeared to be by breakdown of cardiolipin. The loss of (32)P from the lipid pool was energy dependent (i.e., did not occur under anaerobic conditions or in the absence of an energy source) and was dependent on some factor other than the concentration of cardiolipin in the cells. The apparent conversion of phosphatidylglycerol to cardiolipin was independent of energy metabolism. Chloramphenicol reduced the rate of turnover of both phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. The rate of lipid synthesis (all phospholipid components) was constant for about 10 min after the addition of chloramphenicol but diminished markedly after 20 min. Turnover of (32)P incorporated into phospholipid during a 30-min period prior to the addition of chloramphenicol was more rapid after the removal of chloramphenicol than that of (32)P incorporated during a 30-min period in the presence of chloramphenicol.
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Oki M. Correlation between metabolism of phosphatidylglycerol and membrane synthesis in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1972; 68:249-64. [PMID: 4560755 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Heptinstall J, Rittenhouse HG, McFadden BA, Shumway LK. Effect of growth conditions on morphology of Hydrogenomonas facilis and on yield of a phospholipoprotein. J Bacteriol 1972; 110:363-7. [PMID: 4622902 PMCID: PMC247419 DOI: 10.1128/jb.110.1.363-367.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenomonas facilis grown heterotrophically on fructose with very low aeration eventually ceased to divide and produced elongated forms. Short forms were obtained from fructose-grown long forms by increasing the availability of oxygen to the organisms. A phospholipoprotein, the protein moiety of which is known to be present in the cell envelope, precipitated upon lowering the ionic strength of extracts from cells in the earlier stages of elongation (i.e., in the middle and late log phase of growth). The maximal yield of the protein moiety of the phospholipoprotein precipitate (i.e., grams of protein/grams of soluble protein x 100) was 2%. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid accumulated as growth on fructose progressed, the accumulation being more marked with lower aeration.
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Soula G, Souillard C, Gard C, Douste-Blazy L. [Phospholipid metabolism of nucleated erythrocytes. Incorporation of ( 32 P) orthophosphate into chicken erythrocyte phospholipids in vitro]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 24:264-70. [PMID: 5157296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb19680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tucker AN, White DC. Detection of a rapidly metabolizing portion of the membrane cardiolipin in Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:1058-64. [PMID: 5003172 PMCID: PMC247188 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.3.1058-1064.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the metabolism of cardiolipin (CL) has been detected in Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Pulse-chase experiments showed that a portion of the total CL incorporated and then lost (32)P much more rapidly than the rest of the CL in the cells. The metabolism of each phosphate of the CL differed. The phosphate of the phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) portion of the CL had a more active metabolism than the phosphate of the phosphatidic acid portion of the molecule. Only a portion of the PG pool contributed to the formation of CL. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid inhibited the CL-specific phospholipase D in vitro and, when added to growing cells, resulted in more rapid PG metabolism, suggesting that CL hydrolysis contributed to the PG pool.
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Ono Y, White DC. Consequences of the inhibition of cardiolipin metabolism in Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:1065-71. [PMID: 5139531 PMCID: PMC247189 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.3.1065-1071.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Examination of phospholipid metabolism in Haemophilus parainfluenzae with inhibitors of various cellular functions indicated that macromolecular synthesis and lipid metabolism can be dissociated at least for a short time. Two classes of inhibitors have relatively specific effects on cardiolipin (CL) metabolism. Pentachlorophenol and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate blocked CL synthesis but allowed CL hydrolysis to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG); 3,3',4,5'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (m-CCCP) blocked CL hydrolysis with the stoichiometric accumulation of CL. It appeared as if TCS and m-CCCP inhibited a vital activity coupled with the hydrolysis of CL by the highly active, CL-specific phospholipase D found in this organism. Because TCS and m-CCCP are thought to act by destroying the proton gradient thereby interrupting energy-dependent transport, it is possible that a highly active portion of the cellular CL could be coupled to some phase of this process.
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Abstract
An analysis of the turnover of the major phospholipids of Micrococcus cerificans growing or nongrowing cultures. The turnover rates of (14)C-PE and (14)C-PE were 61.5% of the total phospholipid, exhibited no significant rate of turnover in either growing or nongrowing cultures. The turnover rates of PE-(14)C and PE-(32)P were 3.2% per hr and 1.2% per hr, respectively. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) exhibited a turnover rate of 11% and 7.7% per hr for (14)C and (32)P, respectively, indicating an extremely slow metabolism. PG metabolism was examined in greater detail, and the data indicated a preferential 75% incorporation of glycerol-1,3-(14)C into the unacylated portion of the PG molecule. The turnover of cardiolipin (CL) was extremely slow in growing cells whereas nongrowing cells exhibited a 30% and 36% increase per hr for (14)C-Cl and (14)C-CL, respectively. Glycerol-1,3-(14)C was not converted to phospholipid fatty acid carbon; all radioactivity appeared only in the water-soluble backbone of the phospholipids. The kinetics of assimilation of hexadecane-1-(14)C into cellular lipids is presented. Radioactivity in neutral lipid increased approximately sevenfold over the growth cycle, whereas radioactivity in phospholipid increased 50-fold during the same time period. The incorporation of radioactive fatty acids derived from the direct oxidation of hexadecane-1-(14)C demonstrated differential kinetics of assimilation into PE, PG, and CL. The results indicated a rapid turnover of phospholipid fatty acids in M. cerificans growing at the expense of hexadecane.
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Lillich TT, White DC. Phospholipid metabolism in the absence of net phospholipid synthesis in a glycerol-requiring mutant of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1971; 107:790-7. [PMID: 4999416 PMCID: PMC247002 DOI: 10.1128/jb.107.3.790-797.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A glycerol-requiring auxotroph of Bacillus subtilis showed no net synthesis of phospholipid when deprived of glycerol. Although there was no net synthesis of phospholipid, we found that: (i) fatty acids and (32)P were slowly incorporated into phospholipid; (ii) in pulse-chase experiments, both (32)P and (14)C in the glycerol portion of the phospholipids were lost from phosphatidlyglycerol (PG) and lysylphosphatidylglycerol and accumulated in cardiolipin (CL); (iii) the proportions of the phospholipids in the membrane changed with a loss of PG and an accumulation of CL. The addition of glycerol to the glycerol-deprived cells resulted in a rapid incorporation of glycerol and restoration to the predeprivation metabolism and PG to CL ratio.
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Ballesta JP, Schaechter M. Effect of shift-down and growth inhibition on phospholipid metabolism of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1971; 107:251-8. [PMID: 4327511 PMCID: PMC246912 DOI: 10.1128/jb.107.1.251-258.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of phospholipids of Escherichia coli was studied under conditions which inhibit various metabolic processes. Phospholipid synthesis and turnover were not inhibited by growth-inhibitory amounts of various antibiotics. Turnover of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was inhibited by small amounts of dinitrophenol and by anaerobiosis. Turnover of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which is not detected in control cultures, was demonstrated under conditions of incipient lysis. When cells were shifted down from a rich to a poor medium, PE synthesis was inhibited, and incorporation of glycerol into the distal position of PG was stimulated. Under these conditions, turnover of the phosphate and the acylated glycerol moieties of PG was inhibited. Increased synthesis of PE was detected when filamentous cells were induced to make septa. The results indicate that PE synthesis is related to growth and cell division, whereas PG metabolism is related to other cell processes.
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Joyce GH, White DC. Effect of benzo(a) pyrene and piperonyl butoxide on formation of respiratory system, phospholipids, and carotenoids of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 1971; 106:403-11. [PMID: 4324805 PMCID: PMC285110 DOI: 10.1128/jb.106.2.403-411.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus formed an electron transport system when exponentially growing cells were aerated. Formation of the electron transport system occurred concomitantly with increases in the phospholipids and the carotenoids. The addition of piperonyl butoxide or benzo(a)pyrene at the onset of aeration (i) slowed the formation of the electron transport system, (ii) both inhibited cytochrome oxidase o synthesis and decreased its stability, (iii) simultaneously depressed the increase in total phospholipid (especially cardiolipin), and (iv) depressed the synthesis of the carotenoid rubixanthin. Benzo(a)pyrene was the more inhibitory of the two, both on the rate of synthesis of the electron transport system and on rubixanthin formation. Evidence obtained with the inhibitors suggested that inhibition of the lipid synthesis was related to the formation of the electron transport system.
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Joyce GH, Hammond RK, White DC. Changes in membrane lipid composition in exponentially growing Staphylococcus aureus during the shift from 37 to 25 C. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:323-30. [PMID: 5473899 PMCID: PMC248217 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.323-330.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowering the temperature of growth of Staphylococcus aureus from 37 to 25 C decreased the growth rate and induced changes in the composition of the membrane lipids. Changes in lipid composition also occur in the transition between exponential and stationary growth phases at one temperature. To isolate the effects of lowering the temperature, exponentially growing S. aureus was abruptly switched from 37 to 25 C by transfer to cooler medium. Exponential growth continued at 25 C without a lag period but with a threefold increase in doubling time. In the period of exponential growth at suboptimal temperature, there was essentially no change in the fatty acid composition of the lipids, little change in the vitamin K(2) composition with perhaps a slight increase in the total level, and essentially no change in the phospholipid composition, but a marked stimulation of the synthesis of the rubixanthins. Growth of cells at 25 C was much more sensitive to the inhibition of rubixanthin formation by mixed-function oxidase inhibitors than cells growing at 37 C, suggesting some function for the rubixanthins at suboptimal temperatures. The striking increases in the proportions of monoenoic fatty acids observed at lowered growth temperatures in many biological systems are not detected in S. aureus.
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Morman MR, White DC. Phospholipid metabolism during penicillinase production in Bacillus licheniformis. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:247-53. [PMID: 5473893 PMCID: PMC248207 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.247-253.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During membrane-bound penicillinase production, Bacillus licheniformis forms vesicles and tubules that do not appear in the absence of penicillinase production. The major lipids of B. licheniformis were shown to be phospholipids. The proportions, metabolism, and the total phospholipid per cell were shown to be essentially the same in the uninduced control, induced and constitutive penicillinase forming cells during both the exponential and stationary growth phases. Membrane phospholipids were not secreted into the medium during penicillinase formation. In the shift from the exponential to the stationary growth phase, there was an accumulation of phosphatidyl glycerol and a marked decrease in cardiolipin. These two lipids had the most active turnover of their phospholipid phosphate of all the lipids studied.
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Short SA, White DC. Metabolism of the glycosyl diglycerides and phosphatidylglucose of Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:126-32. [PMID: 5473881 PMCID: PMC248191 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.126-132.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A glucose containing lipid, phosphatidylglucose (probably 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-glucose) and a lipid tentatively identified as phosphatidylethanolamine have been characterized in the lipids of Staphylococcus aureus. These lipids together comprise less than 2% of the total phospholipids of exponentially growing S. aureus and accumulate to 14% of the total phospholipid in stationary-phase cells. These lipids lost no (32)P when cells grown with H(3) (32)PO(4) were transferred to nonradioactive medium during the exponential growth phase. This was in marked contrast to the other phospholipids which lost (32)P rapidly. The loss of (32)P from phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin in exponentially growing cells was biphasic, suggesting heterogeneity of phospholipid phosphate metabolism. The mono- and diglucosyl diglycerides showed a rapid loss of (14)C-glucose during growth in nonradioactive medium but no loss of (14)C from the fatty acids of these lipids. The (14)C in the glucose and fatty acids of the glucosyl diglycerides was derived from glucose.
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Tucker AN, White DC. Metabolism of phospholipid 2-linked fatty acids during the release of membrane fragments from Haemophilus parainfluenzae by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. J Bacteriol 1970; 103:329-34. [PMID: 4988240 PMCID: PMC248083 DOI: 10.1128/jb.103.2.329-334.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fragments containing diacyl phospholipids were released from viable cells of Haemophilus parainfluenzae during incubation in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)- tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) buffer. The phospholipids located in the part of the membrane that was released during the EDTA-Tris treatment had markedly different proportions of fatty acids than the lipids remaining in the cell residue. Very little metabolism of the 1-linked fatty acid occurred. After a short pulse with (14)C, the specific activity of the 1-linked fatty acid was lower in the phospholipids released than in the phospholipids of the residue, indicating an earlier time of synthesis of those lipids released in the membrane fragments. During the EDTA-Tris treatment, the 2-linked fatty acid was metabolized. This metabolism may have involved phospholipase A(2) which stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and the transfer of acyl groups to the lysophospholipid.
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Tucker AN, White DC. Release of membrane components from viable Haemophilus parainfluenzae by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:498-507. [PMID: 4989095 PMCID: PMC247576 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.2.498-507.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Logarithmically growing Haemophilus parainfluenzae lost 15 to 20% of the phospholipids, demethyl vitamin K(2), cytochrome b, and cytochrome c, and 50% of the lipopolysaccharide when incubated in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) for 10 min. This loss of membrane components occurred without loss in viability, and the lost components were recovered as membrane fragments in the surrounding buffer. The phospholipids recovered in the membrane fragments had a slightly lower specific activity than the phospholipids in the residue. Lysis of a portion of the cells could not account for the release of membrane components, as the cells lost neither glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity not deoxyribonucleic acid. The treated cells were osmotically stable and contained the same proportions of the individual phospholipids as pretreatment cells. Prolongation of the EDTA-Tris treatment did not induce further loss of phospholipid or demethyl vitamin K(2), but caused a decrease in viability. If the cells were returned to the growth medium after 10 min, the cells immediately resumed growth at the pretreatment rate. During growth in the recovery period, the phospholipids increased logarithmically in the pretreatment rate. During growth in the recovery period, the phospholipids increased logarithmically in the pretreatment proportions, although there was a marked decrease in the turnover and a shift from the use of extracellular lipid precursors to the use of intracellular pools of precursors.
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Abstract
Heterogeneity in the distribution or binding of the membrane phospholipids was demonstrated in the membrane fragments released from Haemophilus parainfluenzae by treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris). The membrane fragments released early in the EDTA-Tris treatment contained two- to fivefold higher proportions of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol and less phosphatidylethanolamine as well as phospholipids with threefold lower specific activity of the phospholipid phosphate after a short pulse of (32)P than were found in the residue. Heterogeneity was best demonstrated with shorter EDTA-Tris treatments and shorter periods of growth with (32)P. EDTA-Tris treatment appeared to progressively strip phospholipids from the cells that were synthesized at progressively later times.
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Abstract
The lipids of Bacteroides melaninogenicus were readily extractable with chloroform-methanol. Three per cent of the fatty acids were not extractable. The neutral lipids contained 4% of the extractable fatty acids, the stench characteristic of these organisms, and 0.5 mumole of vitamin K(2) isoprenologues K(2)-35, K(2)-40, and K(2)-45 per g (dry weight). This is one-fifth to one-tenth of the vitamin K(2) level found in other bacteria. Ninety-six per cent of the extractable fatty acids were associated with the phospholipids (60 mumoles of lipid phosphate/g, dry weight), which consisted of the diacyl lipids phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (with phosphatidyl glycerol and cardiolipin in one strain). The unusual phosphosphingolipids ceramide phosphorylethanolamine, ceramide phosphorylglycerol, and ceramide phosphorylglycerol phosphate accounted for 50 to 70% of the lipid phosphate. In protoheme-requiring strains, the protoheme concentration in the growth medium regulated the growth rate and the amount of enzymatically reducible cytochrome c. There were no gross changes in the lipid composition in cells containing different levels of enzymatically reducible cytochrome c.
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