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Siqueira JF, Sakamoto M, Rosado AS. Microbial Community Profiling Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2588:91-104. [PMID: 36418684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In their natural environments, microorganisms usually live in organized communities. Profiling analysis of microbial communities has recently assumed special relevance as it allows a thorough understanding of the diversity of the microbiota, its behavior over time, and the establishment of patterns associated with health and disease. The application of molecular biology approaches holds the advantage of including culture-difficult and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes in the profiles, providing a more comprehensive picture of the microbial community. This chapter focuses on two particular techniques, namely terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), both of which have been widely used in environmental studies and have been recently successfully used by the authors in the study of the oral microbial communities associated with conditions of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Iguaçu University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alexandre S Rosado
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Effectiveness of the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray in Identifying Periodontal Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) in identifying and quantifying bacterial species of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease. The search for articles was conducted in CENTRAL, CINAHL, MEDLINE and EMBASE by two reviewers, and included articles published in English between January 1990 and December 2021. The selected articles were human observational studies in adults between 18 and 65 years, presenting specific predefined keywords. Articles were initially selected by title and abstract; articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed for methodological quality using a detailed checklist for quality assessment. Data were extracted and reported using the PRISMA tool. The study design, sample, follow-up period, collection and microbial analysis methods, statistical treatment, results and discussion were quality assessed and risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool. A narrative synthesis approach was used to synthesize and interpret the extracted data. From the initial search, 2931 articles were retrieved; 51 of these were then selected after screening by title and abstract. Subsequently, 8 articles met the inclusion after full-text reading and were classed according to methodological quality as high (2), moderate (3) or low (3). Studies included in this review were of high and medium quality. Data from the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) provide much more robust results, showing major shifts between periodontal health and periodontal disease. Compared to earlier techniques such as Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), HOMIM represents a more effective approach for quantification due to its high sensitivity; thus, it is able to identify a high prevalence of periodontal pathogens and novel species in low abundance. The literature provides moderate evidence that the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM) is more effective in identifying and quantifying bacterial species of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease, compared to earlier molecular and non-molecular methods such as Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and a culture-based approach with phenotypic tests.
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Bacterial variation in the oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260384. [PMID: 34847159 PMCID: PMC8631616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms in oral cavity are called oral microbiota, while microbiome consists of total genome content of microorganisms in a host. Interaction between host and microorganisms is important in nervous system development and nervous diseases such as Autism, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Bacterial infections, as an environmental factor in MS pathogenesis play role in T helper 17(Th17) increase and it enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interlukin-21(IL-21), IL-17 and IL -22. Oral microbiota consists diverse populations of cultivable and uncultivable bacterial species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is an acceptable method for identification of uncultivable bacteria. In this study, we compared the bacterial population diversity in the oral cavity between MS and healthy people. METHODS From October to March 2019, samples were taken at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences' MS patients center. A total of 30 samples were taken from MS patients and another 30 samples were taken from healthy people. Phenotypic tests were used to identify bacteria after pure cultures were obtained. DNA was extracted from 1 mL of saliva, and PCR products produced with primers were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. RESULTS The genera Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Propionibacterium and uncultivable bacteria with accession number MW880919-25, JQ477416.1, KF074888.1 and several other un-culturable strains were significantly more abundant in the MS group while Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcus were more prevalent in the normal healthy group according to logistic regression method. CONCLUSION Oral micro-organisms may alleviate or exacerbate inflammatory condition which impact MS disease pathogenesis. It may be assumed that controlling oral infections may result in reduction of MS disease progression.
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Kotaskova I, Obrucova H, Malisova B, Videnska P, Zwinsova B, Peroutkova T, Dvorackova M, Kumstat P, Trojan P, Ruzicka F, Hola V, Freiberger T. Molecular Techniques Complement Culture-Based Assessment of Bacteria Composition in Mixed Biofilms of Urinary Tract Catheter-Related Samples. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:462. [PMID: 30949137 PMCID: PMC6435596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary or ureteral catheter insertion remains one of the most common urological procedures, yet is considered a predisposing factor for urinary tract infection. Diverse bacterial consortia adhere to foreign body surfaces and create various difficult to treat biofilm structures. We analyzed 347 urinary catheter- and stent-related samples, treated with sonication, using both routine culture and broad-range 16S rDNA PCR followed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing (PCR-DGGE-S). In 29 selected samples, 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing was performed. The results of all methods were compared. In 338 positive samples, from which 86.1% were polybacterial, 1,295 representatives of 153 unique OTUs were detected. Gram-positive microbes were found in 46.5 and 59.1% of catheter- and stent-related samples, respectively. PCR-DGGE-S was shown as a feasible method with higher overall specificity (95 vs. 85%, p < 0.01) though lower sensitivity (50 vs. 69%, p < 0.01) in comparison to standard culture. Molecular methods considerably widened a spectrum of microbes detected in biofilms, including the very prevalent emerging opportunistic pathogen Actinotignum schaalii. Using massive parallel sequencing as a reference method in selected specimens, culture combined with PCR-DGGE was shown to be an efficient and reliable tool for determining the composition of urinary catheter-related biofilms. This might be applicable particularly to immunocompromised patients, in whom catheter-colonizing bacteria may lead to severe infectious complications. For the first time, broad-range molecular detection sensitivity and specificity were evaluated in this setting. This study extends the knowledge of biofilm consortia composition by analyzing large urinary catheter and stent sample sets using both molecular and culture techniques, including the widest dataset of catheter-related samples characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon Illumina sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kotaskova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Medical Genomics Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Obrucova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Malisova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Videnska
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Zwinsova
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tereza Peroutkova
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Milada Dvorackova
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kumstat
- Department of Urology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Trojan
- Department of Urology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Hola
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Freiberger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno, Czechia.,Medical Genomics Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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Kusuma Yulianto HD, Rinastiti M, Cune MS, de Haan-Visser W, Atema-Smit J, Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Biofilm composition and composite degradation during intra-oral wear. Dent Mater 2019; 35:740-750. [PMID: 30833012 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The oral environment limits the longevity of composite-restorations due to degradation caused by chewing, salivary and biofilm-produced enzymes and acids. This study investigates degradation of two resin-composites in relation with biofilm composition in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Surface-chemical-composition of two Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composites was compared using X-ray-Photoelectron-Spectroscopy from which the number ester-linkages was derived. Composite-degradation was assessed through water contact angles, yielding surface-exposure of filler-particles. Degradation in vitro was achieved by composite immersion in a lipase solution. In order to evaluate in vivo degradation, composite samples were worn in palatal devices by 15 volunteers for 30-days periods in absence and presence of manually-brushing with water. PCR-DGGE analysis was applied to determine biofilm composition on the samples, while in addition to water contact angles, degradation of worn composites was assessed through surface-roughness and micro-hardness measurements. RESULTS In vitro degradation by lipase exposure was highest for the high ester-linkage composite and virtually absent for the low ester-linkage composite. Filler-particle surface-exposure, surface-roughness and micro-hardness of both resin-composites increased during intra-oral wear, but filler-particle surface-exposure was affected most. However, based on increased filler-particle surface-exposure, the high ester-linkage composite degraded most in volunteers harvesting composite biofilms comprising Streptococcus mutans, a known esterase and lactic acid producer. This occurred especially in absence of brushing. SIGNIFICANCE Degradation during intra-oral wear of a low ester-linkage composite was smaller than of a high ester-linkage composite, amongst possible other differences between both composites. S. mutans herewith is not only a cariogenic, but also a composite-degradative member of the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dedy Kusuma Yulianto
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Biomedical Science, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margareta Rinastiti
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Conservative, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Marco S Cune
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willy de Haan-Visser
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelly Atema-Smit
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Siqueira JF, Sakamoto M, Rosado AS. Microbial Community Profiling Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1537:139-152. [PMID: 27924592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environments, microorganisms usually live in organized communities. Profiling analysis of microbial communities has recently assumed special relevance as it allows a thorough understanding of the diversity of the microbiota, its behavior over time, and the establishment of patterns associated with health and disease. The application of molecular biology approaches holds the advantage of including culture-difficult and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes in the profiles, providing a more comprehensive picture of the microbial community. This chapter focuses on two particular techniques, namely, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), both of which have been widely used in environmental studies and have been successfully used by the authors in the study of the oral microbial communities associated with conditions of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Av. Alfredo Baltazar da Silveira, 580/cobertura, Recreio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22790-710, Brazil.
| | - Mitsuo Sakamoto
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alexandre S Rosado
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hsu TK, Chen JS, Hsu BM, Chen YP, Leu TH, Huang TY, Hsu YW, Wu SF. Application of modified JDP-DGGE-based molecular genotyping method to predict Acanthamoeba genotype and to analyse community diversity in aquatic environments. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:437-446. [PMID: 29248979 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are ubiquitous, opportunistic potential human pathogens, causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. They are classified as protozoa, and they include at least 20 different genotypes (T1-T20) based on variation in the 18S rRNA gene. Acanthamoeba spp. are diverse in their production of toxins and in their ability to resist environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid genotyping method for Acanthamoeba spp. in aquatic environments. Although the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method for analysing microbial genotypes is potentially useful for rapid identification of aquatic environmental species, the technique has been compromised by artificial DGGE profiles in which many DNA fragments of identical sequences are segregated and displayed as different bands. The results indicate that PCR-DGGE genotyping with a GC clamp results in many segregated weaker bands of identical DNA sequences. In contrast, PCR-DGGE genotyping without a GC clamp displays genotype-dependent patterns in the major bands. Thus, DGGE without a GC clamp was performed to compare genotyping efficiency for Acanthamoeba in 21 water samples from rivers and reservoirs in Taiwan. Among them, four samples were found to demonstrate a banding pattern with more than one major band, and these band profiles of major bands were identical to those of positive controls. DNA cloning further confirmed that the sequences of the major bands were identical. In conclusion, more than two genotypes of Acanthamoeba in the four samples were identified by this method, suggesting that PCR-DGGE genotyping without a GC clamp is a useful approach for studying the diversity of Acanthamoeba communities. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Kang Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hsueh Leu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County, 62102, Taiwan.
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Jongsma MA, van de Lagemaat M, Busscher HJ, Geertsema-Doornbusch GI, Atema-Smit J, van der Mei HC, Ren Y. Synergy of brushing mode and antibacterial use on in vivo biofilm formation. J Dent 2015; 43:1580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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9
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Xia M, Qi Q. Bacterial analysis of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Oral Sci 2015; 55:287-91. [PMID: 24351916 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to compare bacterial profiles in periodontium and root canals of teeth with combined periodontal-endodontic lesions. Samples of dental plaque and necrotic pulp were collected from thirteen extracted teeth with advanced periodontitis. Genomic DNA was extracted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using universal bacterial primers. The PCR products were then loaded onto DGGE gels to obtain fractionated bands. Characteristic DGGE bands were excised and DNA was cloned and sequenced. The number of bands, which indicates the number of bacterial species, was compared between dental plaques and necrotic pulp tissues from the same tooth. Although the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01), there was no positive correlation; similarity (Dice coefficient) was 13.1% to 62.5%. Some bacteria species were present in both the periodontal pockets and root canals of the same tooth; however, periodontal bacteria did not always invade the root canals, and some bacteria in root canals were not present in periodontal pockets of the same tooth. In some teeth, unique bacteria in root canals had not passed from periodontal pockets. A basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) sequence search in Genbank indicated that new bacteria species were present in periodontal pockets and root canals. Their characteristics must thus be further analyzed.
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10
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Pahumunto N, Ruangsri P, Wongsuwanlert M, Piwat S, Dahlen G, Teanpaisan R. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and DGGE subtypes in Thai adults with chronic periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1789-96. [PMID: 26475998 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and DGGE subtypes among isolates from Thai chronic periodontitis patients. DESIGN Forty-four adult Thai periodontitis patients were assessed by a full mouth recording for CAL, PPD, and BOP. Seventy-nine strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans were isolated from deep pockets on selective TSBV agar and 17 strains were isolated from shallow pockets. The strains were serotyped using PCR and subtyped using DGGE. RESULTS The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was 84.1%. Non-serotypeable A. actinomycetemcomitans strains occurred equally frequent as serotypeable (54.5%); serotype a 18.2%, serotype c 15.9%, serotype e 9.1%, and serotype f 11.4%. Serotype b and d were not detected. A JP2 like strain but serotyped as c was isolated from two patients, and another two strains showed an 886bp insertion on the ltx promoter of their A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates. DGGE typing disclosed 16 different subtypes among the non-serotypeable strains. Two of them (NS1 and NS2) were more common (12.7 and 10.1%) among the strains than the other 14 subtypes (˂5.1%). Most patients showed only one subtype (32.4%) but 29.7% had 2 and 3 different subtypes while 8.1% revealed 4 subtypes in one and the same deep pocket. CONCLUSION This study showed a greater subtype diversity of A. actinomycetemcomitans predominated by non-serotypeable strains than previously reported in an adult Thai population. It was also revealed for the first time that isolates with a 530bp deletion or 886bp insertion of the ltx promoter were serotyped as serotype c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center and the Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Praphansri Ruangsri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Mutita Wongsuwanlert
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Supatcharin Piwat
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center and the Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Gunnar Dahlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Center and the Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand.
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11
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Ferreira DC, Gonçalves LS, Siqueira JF, Carmo FL, Santos HF, Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Soares GM, Rosado AS, dos Santos KRN, Colombo APV. Subgingival bacterial community profiles in HIV-infected Brazilian adults with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:95-102. [PMID: 26040412 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To compare the subgingival microbial diversity between non-HIV-infected and HIV-infected individuals with chronic periodontitis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-two patients were selected: 11 were HIV-infected and 21 were non-HIV-infected, and all had chronic periodontitis. Periodontal measurements included probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible supragingival biofilm and bleeding on probing. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from periodontal sites (50% with probing depth ≤ 4 mm and 50% with probing depth ≥ 5 mm) and whole-genomic-amplified DNA was obtained. The DNA samples were subjected to amplification of a 16S rRNA gene fragment using universal bacterial primers, followed by DGGE analysis of the amplified gene sequences. RESULTS The non-HIV-infected group presented higher mean full-mouth visible supragingival biofilm (p = 0.004), bleeding on probing (p = 0.006), probing depth (p < 0.001) and clinical attachment level (p = 0.001) in comparison with the HIV-infected group. DGGE analysis revealed 81 distinct bands from all 33 individuals. Banding profiles revealed a higher diversity of the bacterial communities in the subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis. Moreover, cluster and principal component analyses demonstrated that the bacterial community profiles differed between these two conditions. High interindividual and intra-individual variability in banding profiles were observed for both groups. CONCLUSION HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis present greater subgingival microbial diversity. In addition, the bacterial communities associated with HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals are different in structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Ferreira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L S Gonçalves
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F L Carmo
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H F Santos
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Feres
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - L C Figueiredo
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - G M Soares
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - A S Rosado
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - K R N dos Santos
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A P V Colombo
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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In vivo biofilm formation on stainless steel bonded retainers during different oral health-care regimens. Int J Oral Sci 2015; 7:42-8. [PMID: 25572920 PMCID: PMC4817537 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retention wires permanently bonded to the anterior teeth are used after orthodontic treatment to prevent the teeth from relapsing to pre-treatment positions. A disadvantage of bonded retainers is biofilm accumulation on the wires, which produces a higher incidence of gingival recession, increased pocket depth and bleeding on probing. This study compares in vivo biofilm formation on single-strand and multi-strand retention wires with different oral health-care regimens. Two-centimetre wires were placed in brackets that were bonded to the buccal side of the first molars and second premolars in the upper arches of 22 volunteers. Volunteers used a selected toothpaste with or without the additional use of a mouthrinse containing essential oils. Brushing was performed manually. Regimens were maintained for 1 week, after which the wires were removed and the oral biofilm was collected to quantify the number of organisms and their viability, determine the microbial composition and visualize the bacteria by electron microscopy. A 6-week washout period was employed between regimens. Biofilm formation was reduced on single-strand wires compared with multi-strand wires; bacteria were observed to adhere between the strands. The use of antibacterial toothpastes marginally reduced the amount of biofilm on both wire types, but significantly reduced the viability of the biofilm organisms. Additional use of the mouthrinse did not result in significant changes in biofilm amount or viability. However, major shifts in biofilm composition were induced by combining a stannous fluoride- or triclosan-containing toothpaste with the mouthrinse. These shifts can be tentatively attributed to small changes in bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity after the adsorption of the toothpaste components, which stimulate bacterial adhesion to the hydrophobic oil, as illustrated for a Streptococcus mutans strain.
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Antiabong JF, Boardman W, Ball AS. What can we learn from the microbial ecological interactions associated with polymicrobial diseases? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:30-6. [PMID: 23570991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases in humans and animals are model polymicrobial diseases which are associated with a shift in the microbial community structure and function; there is therefore a need to investigate these diseases from a microbial ecological perspective. This review highlights three important areas of microbial ecological investigation of polymicrobial diseases and the lessons that could be learnt: (1) identification of disease-associated microbes and the implications for choice of anti-infective treatment; (2) the implications associated with vaccine design and development and (3) application of the dynamics of microbial interaction in the discovery of novel anti-infective agents. This review emphasises the need to invigorate microbial ecological approaches to the study of periodontal diseases and other polymicrobial diseases for greater understanding of the ecological interactions between and within the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Antiabong
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - W Boardman
- Zoos SA, Monarto Zoo, Princes Hwy, Monarto, SA 5254, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - A S Ball
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Wang S, Guo L, Seneviratne CJ, Huang B, Han J, Peng L, Liu X, Zhang C. Biofilm formation of salivary microbiota on dental restorative materials analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Dent Mater J 2014; 33:325-31. [PMID: 24598237 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2013-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The microbial diversity of biofilms formed on the surfaces of amalgam, glass-ionomer cement, and resin composite was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The V2-V3 region of salivary microbial 16S rDNA gene sequences of planktonic and biofilm bacteria, after 1 day and 1 week of incubation, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed by DGGE. The amounts of strongly adherent phylotypes after 1 day and 1 week on the three dental restorative materials were more than those on hydroxyapatite. Streptococcus salivarius was detected in both loosely adherent and strong adherent groups of all 1-day samples. At 1 week, the amounts of loosely adherent and strongly adherent phylotypes present on the three restorative materials ranked in this ascending order: glass-ionomer cement < resin composite < amalgam. Results of DGGE analysis suggested that glass-ionomer cement was the best material of choice in terms of suppressing bacterial phylotypes in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Comprehensive Dental Care (Endodontics), Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong
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15
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Antiabong JF, Boardman W, Adetutu EM, Brown MH, Ball AS. Does anaerobic bacterial antibiosis decrease fungal diversity in oral necrobacillosis disease? Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1012-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Antiabong JF, Boardman W, Moore RB, Brown MH, Ball AS. The oral microbial community of gingivitis and lumpy jaw in captive macropods. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:996-1005. [PMID: 24012349 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gingivitis and lumpy jaw are diseases of polymicrobial aetiology. Although Fusobacterium necrophorum has been associated with these diseases in macropods, little is known about other organisms associated with these diseases in this animal species. PCR-DGGE analysis revealed the potential pathogens associated with gingivitis and lumpy jaw in macropods. PCR-DGGE profile comparison between the healthy and disease groups indicated a shift in the oral bacterial community structures with similarity coefficients of 48% and 35% for gingivitis and lumpy jaw respectively. Moreover, gingivitis was associated with increase in bacterial diversity (Shannon index = 2.87; PL curve = 45%) while lumpy jaw resulted in a decline in bacterial diversity (Shannon index = 2.47; PL curve = 74%). This study suggest that the establishment of gingivitis and lumpy jaw diseases follows the ecological plaque hypothesis. This forms the basis for an expanded investigation in an epidemiological scale and suggests the need for the appropriate choice of antimicrobial agent(s) and for the effective management and control of polymicrobial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Antiabong
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Gao W, Weng J, Gao Y, Chen X. Comparison of the vaginal microbiota diversity of women with and without human papillomavirus infection: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:271. [PMID: 23758857 PMCID: PMC3684509 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The female genital tract is an important bacterial habitat of the human body, and vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role in vaginal health. The alteration of vaginal microbiota affects millions of women annually, and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the association between bacterial vaginosis and HPV infection. Little is known about the composition of vaginal microbial communities involved in HPV acquisition. The present study was performed to investigate whether HPV infection was associated with the diversity and composition of vaginal microbiota. Methods A total of 70 healthy women (32 HPV-negative and 38 HPV-positive) with normal cervical cytology were enrolled in this study. Culture-independent polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to measure the diversity and composition of vaginal microbiota of all subjects. Results We found significantly greater biological diversity in the vaginal microbiota of HPV-positive women (p < 0.001). Lactobacillus, including L. gallinarum, L. iners and L. gasseri, was the predominant genus and was detected in all women. No significant difference between HPV-positive and HPV-negative women was found for the frequency of detection of L. gallinarum (p = 0.775) or L. iners (p = 0.717), but L. gasseri was found at a significantly higher frequency in HPV-positive women (p = 0.005). Gardnerella vaginalis was also found at a significantly higher frequency in HPV-positive women (p = 0.031). Dendrograms revealed that vaginal microbiota from the two groups had different profiles. Conclusions Our study is the first systematic evaluation of an association between vaginal microbiota and HPV infection, and we have demonstrated that compared with HPV-negative women, the bacterial diversity of HPV-positive women is more complex and the composition of vaginal microbiota is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Peking University school of Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, No 52, Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, PR China
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Rams TE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic resistance in human peri-implantitis microbiota. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 25:82-90. [PMID: 23551701 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because antimicrobial therapy is often employed in the treatment of infectious dental implant complications, this study determined the occurrence of in vitro antibiotic resistance among putative peri-implantitis bacterial pathogens. METHODS Submucosal biofilm specimens were cultured from 160 dental implants with peri-implantitis in 120 adults, with isolated putative pathogens identified to species level, and tested in vitro for susceptibility to 4 mg/l of doxycycline, 8 mg/l of amoxicillin, 16 mg/l of metronidazole, and 4 mg/l of clindamycin. Findings for amoxicillin and metronidazole were combined post-hoc to identify peri-implantitis species resistant to both antibiotics. Gram-negative enteric rods/pseudomonads were subjected to ciprofloxacin disk diffusion testing. RESULTS One or more cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens, most often Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens or Streptococcus constellatus, were resistant in vitro to clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole in 46.7%, 39.2%, 25%, and 21.7% of the peri-implantitis subjects, respectively. Only 6.7% subjects revealed submucosal test species resistant in vitro to both amoxicillin and metronidazole, which were either S. constellatus (one subject) or ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains of gram-negative enteric rods/pseudomonads (seven subjects). Overall, 71.7% of the 120 peri-implantitis subjects exhibited submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant in vitro to one or more of the tested antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Peri-implantitis patients frequently yielded submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant in vitro to individual therapeutic concentrations of clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole, but only rarely to both amoxicillin and metronidazole. Due to the wide variation in observed drug resistance patterns, antibiotic susceptibility testing of cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens may aid in the selection of antimicrobial therapy for peri-implantitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Oral administration of heparin or heparosan increases the Lactobacillus population in gut microbiota of rats. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Molecular analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implant diseases. J Dent 2012; 40:989-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Jongsma MA, Pelser FDH, van der Mei HC, Atema-Smit J, van de Belt-Gritter B, Busscher HJ, Ren Y. Biofilm formation on stainless steel and gold wires for bonded retainers in vitro and in vivo and their susceptibility to oral antimicrobials. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:1209-18. [PMID: 22855266 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bonded retainers are used in orthodontics to maintain treatment result. Retention wires are prone to biofilm formation and cause gingival recession, bleeding on probing and increased pocket depths near bonded retainers. In this study, we compare in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation on different wires used for bonded retainers and the susceptibility of in vitro biofilms to oral antimicrobials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orthodontic wires were exposed to saliva, and in vitro biofilm formation was evaluated using plate counting and live/dead staining, together with effects of exposure to toothpaste slurry alone or followed by antimicrobial mouthrinse application. Wires were also placed intra-orally for 72 h in human volunteers and undisturbed biofilm formation was compared by plate counting and live/dead staining, as well as by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for compositional differences in biofilms. RESULTS Single-strand wires attracted only slightly less biofilm in vitro than multi-strand wires. Biofilms on stainless steel single-strand wires however, were much more susceptible to antimicrobials from toothpaste slurries and mouthrinses than on single-strand gold wires and biofilms on multi-strand wires. Also, in vivo significantly less biofilm was found on single-strand than on multi-strand wires. Microbial composition of biofilms was more dependent on the volunteer involved than on wire type. CONCLUSIONS Biofilms on single-strand stainless steel wires attract less biofilm in vitro and are more susceptible to antimicrobials than on multi-strand wires. Also in vivo, single-strand wires attract less biofilm than multi-strand ones. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of single-strand wires is preferred over multi-strand wires, not because they attract less biofilm, but because biofilms on single-strand wires are not protected against antimicrobials as in crevices and niches as on multi-strand wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije A Jongsma
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, 9700, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Thomas RZ, Zijnge V, Ciçek A, de Soet JJ, Harmsen HJM, Huysmans MCDNJM. Shifts in the microbial population in relation to in situ caries progression. Caries Res 2012; 46:427-31. [PMID: 22739571 DOI: 10.1159/000339482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift in microbial diversity from young to mature plaque, related to caries activity on sound and restored surfaces, was studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. During a 20-week in situ study on caries progression 8 subjects wearing restored and unrestored dentin and enamel sections, biofilm was sampled after 1 and 20 weeks (young or mature plaque). A higher microbial diversity (mature plaque) was seen in caries-active compared to caries-free subjects. Rothia dentocariosa and Scardovia inopinata were absent from all caries-free sites, but appeared in 50% of the caries-active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Z Thomas
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Quinn RA, Stevenson RMW. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for nonlethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid mucus and its potential for other bacterial fish pathogens. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:563-71. [PMID: 22506865 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA was used to nonlethally detect Aeromonas salmonicida and other bacteria in salmonid skin mucus. Mucus samples from wild spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with endemic A. salmonicida and from cultured lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were tested by PCR-DGGE and were compared with mucus culture on Coomassie brilliant blue agar and internal organ culture. PCR-DGGE gave a highly reproducible 4-band pattern for 9 strains of typical A. salmonicida, which was different from other Aeromonas spp. Aeromonas salmonicida presence in mucus was evident as a band that comigrated with the bottom band of the A. salmonicida 4-band pattern and was verified by sequencing. PCR-DGGE found 36 of 52 coho salmon positive for A. salmonicida, compared with 31 positive by mucus culture and 16 by organ culture. Numerous other bacteria were detected in salmonid mucus, including Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella putrefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila and other aeromonads. However, Yersinia ruckeri was not detected in mucus from 27 lake trout, but 1 fish had a sorbitol-positive Y. ruckeri isolated from organ culture. Yersinia ruckeri seeded into a mucus sample suggested that PCR-DGGE detection of this bacterium from mucus was possible. PCR-DGGE allows nonlethal detection of A. salmonicida in mucus and differentiation of some Aeromonas spp. and has the potential to allow simultaneous detection of other pathogens present in fish mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Ariani N, Vissink A, van Oort RP, Kusdhany L, Djais A, Rahardjo TBW, van der Mei HC, Krom BP. Microbial biofilms on facial prostheses. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:583-591. [PMID: 22703052 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.698614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The composition of microbial biofilms on silicone rubber facial prostheses was investigated and compared with the microbial flora on healthy and prosthesis-covered skin. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of mixed bacterial and yeast biofilms on and deterioration of the surface of the prostheses. Microbial culturing confirmed the presence of yeasts and bacteria. Microbial colonization was significantly increased on prosthesis-covered skin compared to healthy skin. Candida spp. were exclusively isolated from prosthesis-covered skin and from prostheses. Biofilms from prostheses showed the least diverse band-profile in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) whereas prosthesis-covered skin showed the most diverse band-profile. Bacterial diversity exceeded yeast diversity in all samples. It is concluded that occlusion of the skin by prostheses creates a favorable niche for opportunistic pathogens such as Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms on healthy skin, skin underneath the prosthesis and on the prosthesis had a comparable composition, but the numbers present differed according to the microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ariani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute, University Medical Center Groningen and the University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Otten MPT, Busscher HJ, Abbas F, van der Mei HC, van Hoogmoed CG. Plaque-left-behind after brushing: intra-oral reservoir for antibacterial toothpaste ingredients. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:1435-42. [PMID: 22160537 PMCID: PMC3443356 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Plaque is never fully removed by brushing and may act as a reservoir for antibacterial ingredients, contributing to their substantive action. This study investigates the contribution of plaque-left-behind and saliva towards substantivity of three antibacterial toothpastes versus a control paste without antibacterial claims. Materials and methods First, volunteers brushed 2 weeks with a control or antibacterial toothpaste. Next, plaque and saliva samples were collected 6 and 12 h after brushing and bacterial concentrations and viabilities were measured. The contributions of plaque and saliva towards substantivity were determined by combining control plaques with experimental plaque or saliva samples and subsequently assessing their viabilities. Bacterial compositions in the various plaque and saliva samples were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Results The viabilities of plaques after brushing with Colgate-Total® and Crest-Pro-Health® were smaller than of control plaques and up to 12 h after brushing with Crest-Pro-Health® plaques still contained effective, residual antibacterial activity against control plaques. No effective, residual antibacterial activity could be measured in saliva samples after brushing. There was no significant difference in bacterial composition of plaque or saliva after brushing with the different toothpastes. Conclusions Plaque-left-behind after mechanical cleaning contributes to the substantive action of an antibacterial toothpaste containing stannous fluoride (Crest-Pro-Health®). Clinical relevance The absorptive capacity of plaque-left-behind after brushing is of utmost clinical importance, since plaque is predominantly left behind in places where its removal and effective killing matter most. Therewith this study demonstrates a clear and new beneficial effect of the use of antibacterial toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke P. T. Otten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Abbas
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris G. van Hoogmoed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Liu D, Zhou Y, Li C, Li Y, Jiang Y, Huang Z, Liang J, Shu R. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis with different primers of subgingival bacterial communities under mechanical debridement. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 54:702-6. [PMID: 21155359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
DGGE of 16S rDNA is one of the most frequently used methods to study microbial communities. In this study, the DGGE profiles of different 16S rDNA regions of the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella nigrescens were investigated. The results suggested that V3-V5 and V6-V8 fragments may be suitable for community analysis of subgingival bacteria. Further analysis of subgingival samples with V3-V5 and V6-V8 regions as target fragments suggested that, in chronic periodontitis, re-colonization by periodontal bacteria with a population very similar to the baseline may occur by 6 weeks after mechanical debridement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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Kuboniwa M, Inaba H, Amano A. Genotyping to distinguish microbial pathogenicity in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:136-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zijnge V, Meijer HF, Lie MA, Tromp JAH, Degener JE, Harmsen HJM, Abbas F. The recolonization hypothesis in a full-mouth or multiple-session treatment protocol: a blinded, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:518-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Siqueira JF, Sakamoto M, Rosado AS. Microbial community profiling using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Methods Mol Biol 2010; 666:71-85. [PMID: 20717779 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-820-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environments, microorganisms usually live in organized communities. Profiling analysis of microbial communities has recently assumed special relevance as it allows a thorough understanding of the diversity of the microbiota, its behavior over time, and the establishment of patterns associated with health and disease. The application of molecular biology approaches holds the advantage of including culture-difficult and as-yet-uncultivated phylotypes in the profiles, providing a more comprehensive picture of the microbial community. This chapter focuses on two particular techniques: the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), both of which have been widely used in environmental studies and have been recently successfully used by the authors in the study of the oral microbial communities associated with conditions of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Drinking habits are associated with changes in the dental plaque microbial community. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 48:347-56. [PMID: 19955272 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00932-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries and gingivitis are the most prevalent oral infectious diseases of humans and are due to the accumulation of dental plaque (a microbial biofilm) on the tooth surface and at the gingival margin, respectively. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that many natural components of foods and beverages inhibit the adhesion of and/or exert activity against oral bacteria. These biological activities have mainly been attributed to the polyphenol fraction. In order to explore the possibility that diet can alter the dental plaque community, in this study we evaluated the composition of the microbiota of supra- and subgingival plaque samples collected from 75 adult subjects with different drinking habits (drinkers of coffee, red wine, or water for at least 2 years) by analyzing the microbial population through the separation of PCR-amplified fragments using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique. The mean numbers of bands of the DGGE profiles from all three categories were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the two kinds of plaque collected from the control group (water drinkers), and this group showed the highest number of bands (supragingival plaque, 18.98 +/- 3.16 bands; subgingival plaque, 18.7 +/- 3.23 bands). The coffee and wine drinker groups generated the lowest numbers of bands for both supragingival plaque (coffee drinkers, 8.25 +/- 3.53 bands; wine drinkers, 7.93 +/- 2.55 bands) and subgingival plaque (coffee drinkers, 8.3 +/- 3.03 bands; wine drinkers, 7.65 +/- 1.68 bands). The differences between coffee drinkers or wine drinkers and the control group (water drinkers) were statistically significant. A total of 34 microorganisms were identified, and the frequency of their distribution in the three subject categories was analyzed. A greater percentage of subjects were positive for facultative aerobes when supragingival plaque was analyzed, while anaerobes were more frequent in subgingival plaque samples. It is noteworthy that the frequency of identification of anaerobes was significantly reduced when the frequencies for coffee and wine drinkers were compared with the frequencies for subjects in the control group. The DGGE profiles of the organisms in both plaque samples from all groups were generated and were used to construct dendrograms. A number of distinct clusters of organisms from water, coffee, and wine drinkers were formed. The clustering of some of the DGGE results into cohort-specific clusters implies similarities in the microbiotas within these groups and relevant differences in the microbiotas between cohorts. This supports the notion that the drinking habits of the subjects may influence the microbiota at both the supragingival and the subgingival levels.
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Konishi I, Hoshino T, Kondo Y, Saito K, Nishiguchi M, Sato K, Fujiwara T. Phylogenetic analyses and detection of viridans streptococci based on sequences and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of the rod shape-determining protein gene. J Oral Microbiol 2009; 1. [PMID: 21523207 PMCID: PMC3077002 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v1i0.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population analysis of viridans streptococci is important because these species are associated with dental caries, bacteremia, and subacute endocarditis, in addition to being important members of the human oral commensal microbiota. Design In this study, we phylogenetically analyzed the rod shape-determining protein gene (rodA), which is associated with cellular morphology, cell division, and sensitivity for antibiotics, and demonstrated that the diversity of the rodA gene is sufficient to identify viridans streptococci at the species level. Moreover, we developed a more convenient denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method based on the diversity of the rodA gene (rodA-DGGE) for detecting nine dominant streptococcal species in human saliva, namely, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus vestibularis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus. Results This rodA-DGGE method proved useful in detecting viridans streptococci without cultivation, isolation, and phenotypic characterization. Conclusion Analysis of the oral microbiota by rodA-DGGE offers a higher resolution than the conventional DGGE using 16S rDNA and may be an alternative in the microbial diagnosis of streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuri Konishi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ristic M, Vlahovic Svabic M, Sasic M, Zelic O. Effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on subgingival microflora. Int J Dent Hyg 2008; 6:129-36. [PMID: 18412726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fixed orthodontic appliances cause plaque accumulation around bands and brackets. Since the microbiological composition of dental plaque is closely connected to periodontal tissue health, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on subgingival microflora and periodontal status. METHODS This prospective study was carried out on 32 adolescents scheduled for fixed orthodontic treatment. Subgingival dental plaque samples and periodontal records (pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level) were obtained in four recording times: before bonding of fixed appliances (T0), 1 (T1), 3 (T2) and 6 (T3) months after the beginning of orthodontic therapy, in order to detect the changes in periodontopathic anaerobe microbial flora and its effects on periodontal status. RESULTS The values of pocket probing depth, total number of microorganisms and number of patients with positive findings of Prevotella intermedia and other periodontopathic anaerobes increased from T0 to the maximum obtained in T2 recording time. Both clinical and microbiological values decreased 6 months after the beginning of orthodontic therapy. CONCLUSIONS The therapy with fixed appliances may transitionally increase the growth of periodontopathogenic bacteria and consequently result in gingival inflammatory response but without destructive effect on deep periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ristic
- Department of Orthodontics, Clinic of Stomatology, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska, Belgrade, Serbia.
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