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Nurmukanova V, Matsvay A, Gordukova M, Shipulin G. Square the Circle: Diversity of Viral Pathogens Causing Neuro-Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2024; 16:787. [PMID: 38793668 PMCID: PMC11126052 DOI: 10.3390/v16050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections rank among the top ten leading causes of child mortality globally, even in high-income countries. The crucial determinants for successful treatment lie in the timing and swiftness of diagnosis. Although viruses constitute the majority of infectious neuropathologies, diagnosing and treating viral neuroinfections remains challenging. Despite technological advancements, the etiology of the disease remains undetermined in over half of cases. The identification of the pathogen becomes more difficult when the infection is caused by atypical pathogens or multiple pathogens simultaneously. Furthermore, the modern surge in global passenger traffic has led to an increase in cases of infections caused by pathogens not endemic to local areas. This review aims to systematize and summarize information on neuroinvasive viral pathogens, encompassing their geographic distribution and transmission routes. Emphasis is placed on rare pathogens and cases involving atypical pathogens, aiming to offer a comprehensive and structured catalog of viral agents with neurovirulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nurmukanova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Matsvay
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Gordukova
- G. Speransky Children’s Hospital No. 9, 123317 Moscow, Russia
| | - German Shipulin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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Obaro S, Hassan-Hanga F, Medugu N, Olaosebikan R, Olanipekun G, Jibir B, Gambo S, Ajose T, Duru C, Ebruke B, Davies HD. Comparison of bacterial culture with BioFire® FilmArray® multiplex PCR screening of archived cerebrospinal fluid specimens from children with suspected bacterial meningitis in Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:641. [PMID: 37784010 PMCID: PMC10544496 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis remains a challenge in most developing countries due to low yield from bacterial culture, widespread use of non-prescription antibiotics, and weak microbiology laboratories. The objective of this study was to compare the yield from standard bacterial culture with the multiplex nested PCR platform, the BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel (BioFire ME Panel), for cases with suspected acute bacterial meningitis. METHODS Following Gram stain and bacterial culture on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from children aged less than 5 years with a clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) as defined by the WHO guidelines, residual CSF specimens were frozen and later tested by BioFire ME Panel. RESULTS A total of 400 samples were analyzed. Thirty-two [32/400 (8%)] of the specimens were culture positive, consisting of; three Salmonella spp. (2 Typhi and 1 non-typhi), three alpha hemolytic Streptococcus, one Staphylococcus aureus, six Neisseria meningitidis, seven Hemophilus influenzae, 11 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 368 were culture negative. Of the 368 culture-negative specimens, the BioFire ME Panel detected at least one bacterial pathogen in 90 (24.5%) samples, consisting of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae, predominantly. All culture positive specimens for H. influenzae, N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae also tested positive with the BioFire ME Panel. In addition, 12 specimens had mixed bacterial pathogens identified. For the first time in this setting, we have data on the viral agents associated with meningitis. Single viral agents were detected in 11 (2.8%) samples while co-detections with bacterial agents or other viruses occurred in 23 (5.8%) of the samples. CONCLUSIONS The BioFire® ME Panel was more sensitive and rapid than culture for detecting bacterial pathogens in CSF. The BioFire® ME Panel also provided for the first time, the diagnosis of viral etiologic agents that are associated with meningoencephalitis in this setting. Institution of PCR diagnostics is recommended as a routine test for suspected cases of ABM to enhance early diagnosis and optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Obaro
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - F Hassan-Hanga
- Department of Pediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University/ Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - N Medugu
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - R Olaosebikan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - G Olanipekun
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B Jibir
- Hasiya Bayero Pediatric Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - S Gambo
- Department of Pediatrics, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Theresa Ajose
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Carissa Duru
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B Ebruke
- International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - H D Davies
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, US
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Drevinek P, Hollweck R, Lorenz MG, Lustig M, Bjarnsholt T. Direct 16S/18S rRNA Gene PCR Followed by Sanger Sequencing as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Bacterial and Fungal Infections: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0033823. [PMID: 37367430 PMCID: PMC10575125 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00338-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
rRNA gene Sanger sequencing is being used for the identification of cultured pathogens. A new diagnostic approach is sequencing of uncultured samples by using the commercial DNA extraction and sequencing platform SepsiTest (ST). The goal was to analyze the clinical performance of ST with a focus on nongrowing pathogens and the impact on antibiotic therapy. A literature search used PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Eligibility followed PRISMA-P criteria. Quality and risk of bias were assessed drawing on QUADAS-2 (quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies, revised) criteria. Meta-analyses were performed regarding accuracy metrics compared to standard references and the added value of ST in terms of extra found pathogens. We identified 25 studies on sepsis, infectious endocarditis, bacterial meningitis, joint infections, pyomyositis, and various diseases from routine diagnosis. Patients with suspected infections of purportedly sterile body sites originated from various hospital wards. The overall sensitivity (79%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 73 to 84%) and specificity (83%; 95% CI, 72 to 90%) were accompanied by large effect sizes. ST-related positivity was 32% (95% CI, 30 to 34%), which was significantly higher than the culture positivity (20%; 95% CI, 18 to 22%). The overall added value of ST was 14% (95% CI, 10 to 20%) for all samples. With 130 relevant taxa, ST uncovered high microbial richness. Four studies demonstrated changes of antibiotic treatment at 12% (95% CI, 9 to 15%) of all patients upon availability of ST results. ST appears to be an approach for the diagnosis of nongrowing pathogens. The potential clinical role of this agnostic molecular diagnostic tool is discussed regarding changes of antibiotic treatment in cases where culture stays negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Costerton Biofilm Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Both A, Christner M, Berinson B, Dreimann M, Viezens L, Lütgehetmann M, Aepfelbacher M, Rohde H, Stangenberg M. The added value of a commercial 16S/18S-PCR assay (UMD-SelectNA, Molzym) for microbiological diagnosis of spondylodiscitis: an observational study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 106:115926. [PMID: 36963329 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
In spondylodiscitis, pathogen identification is important to guide therapy strategies. Here the use of an rDNA PCR assay (Molzym UMDSelectNA) for pathogen detection in spondylodiscitis was evaluated in 182 specimens from 124 spondylodiscitis patients. In 81% of specimens rDNA PCR and conventional culture produced concordant results. Compared to conventional culture, sensitivity and specificity of rDNA PCR were 75% and 83.9%, respectively. The rDNA PCR performed better than conventional culture in identification of Streptococcus spp.. However, overall sensitivity was suboptimal, e.g., in cases with low bacterial burden, and only 5 of 124 patients (4%) received a microbiological diagnosis by employing rDNA PCR. Thus, the added value of routine use of rDNA PCR on spondylodiscitis specimens is limited. Targeted use of the assay in culture-negative cases may be efficient and moderately increase diagnostic yield. The need for susceptibility information implies that 16S rDNA PCR may only be used as an add-on tool to culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Both
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Christner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Berinson
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Dreimann
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Viezens
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Stangenberg
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Van Belkum A, Gros MF, Ferry T, Lustig S, Laurent F, Durand G, Jay C, Rochas O, Ginocchio CC. Novel strategies to diagnose prosthetic or native bone and joint infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:391-405. [PMID: 34384319 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1967745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone and Joint Infections (BJI) are medically important, costly and occur in native and prosthetic joints. Arthroplasties will increase significantly in absolute numbers over time as well as the incidence of Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJI). Diagnosis of BJI and PJI is sub-optimal. The available diagnostic tests have variable effectiveness, are often below standard in sensitivity and/or specificity, and carry significant contamination risks during the collection of clinical samples. Improvement of diagnostics is urgently needed. AREAS COVERED We provide a narrative review on current and future diagnostic microbiology technologies. Pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance detection, and assessment of the epidemiology of infections via bacterial typing are considered useful for improved patient management. We confirm the continuing importance of culture methods and successful introduction of molecular, mass spectrometry-mediated and next-generation genome sequencing technologies. The diagnostic algorithms for BJI must be better defined, especially in the context of diversity of both disease phenotypes and clinical specimens rendered available. EXPERT OPINION Whether interventions in BJI or PJI are surgical or chemo-therapeutic (antibiotics and bacteriophages included), prior sensitive and specific pathogen detection remains a therapy-substantiating necessity. Innovative tests for earlier and more sensitive and specific detection of bacterial pathogens in BJI are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Van Belkum
- bioMérieux, Open Innovation and Partnerships, 3 Route De Port Michaud, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | | | - Tristan Ferry
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Maladies Infectieuses, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Centre Interrégional De Référence Pour La Prise En Charge Des Infections Ostéo-articulaires Complexes (Crioac Lyon), Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Ciri - Centre International De Recherche En Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université́ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure De Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Lustig
- Maladies Infectieuses, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Service De Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Laurent
- Service Des Maladies Infectieuses Et Tropicales, Hospices Civils De Lyon, Hôpital De La Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France.,Ciri - Centre International De Recherche En Infectiologie, Inserm, U1111, Université́ Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure De Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Corinne Jay
- bioMérieux, BioFire Development Emea, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Rochas
- Corporate Business Development, bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
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Malczynski M, Zhu A, Zembower T, Qi C. Diagnostic performance of Ion 16S metagenomics kit and Ion reporter metagenomics workflow for bacterial pathogen detection in culture-negative clinical specimens from sterile sources. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115451. [PMID: 34237647 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PCR-based deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene allows for detection of a wide array of bacterial pathogens in culture-negative specimens. Ion 16S metagenomics kit and Ion Reporter metagenomics workflow (Ion 16S mNGS) provides an end-to-end solution with integrated workflow. Ninety-eight clinical samples with the diagnosis generated with 16S rRNA gene PCR/chain termination (Sanger) sequencing (16S CS) was used to assess the performance of Ion 16S mNGS. Compared to species level detection of 16S CS, the Ion 16S mNGS had 88% sensitivity and 76% specificity. When accounting for genus level of detection, the Ion 16S mNGS had 100% sensitivity. Notably, Ion 16S mNGS generated diagnosis in 13% of 16S CS and culture-negative samples. In addition, Ion 16S mNGS had the advantage of detecting more than 1 pathogen in 16S CS positive samples. We showed that the workflow had high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Malczynski
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex Zhu
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Teresa Zembower
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chao Qi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae in Culture Negative Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Meningitis Patients Using a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in Nepal. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:173-180. [PMID: 33804301 PMCID: PMC7930938 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid identification of bacteria causing meningitis is crucial as delays in the treatment increase mortality rate. Though considered as the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, culture might give false negative results in a case of patients under antibiotics prior to lumbar puncture. This study aimed to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in culture-negative cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from clinically suspected meningitis cases attending different hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal from January 2017 to December 2019. S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae were detected in 8.59% (33/384) of the specimens by PCR and 7.55% (29/384) of the specimens by culture. Correlation between culture and PCR of the same sample was good (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient = 0.932). However, the difference in positivity between culture and PCR was statistically not significant (p value > 0.05). In four specimens, culture could not detect any of the targeted bacteria whereas PCR could detect presence of H. influenzae. PCR increases the diagnostic yield for bacterial meningitis. PCR may be considered as an adjunctive test for establishing the cause of infection in culture negative clinically suspected meningitis cases.
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Performance and Application of 16S rRNA Gene Cycle Sequencing for Routine Identification of Bacteria in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:33/4/e00053-19. [PMID: 32907806 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00053-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a state-of-the-art description of the performance of Sanger cycle sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for routine identification of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory. A detailed description of the technology and current methodology is outlined with a major focus on proper data analyses and interpretation of sequences. The remainder of the article is focused on a comprehensive evaluation of the application of this method for identification of bacterial pathogens based on analyses of 16S multialignment sequences. In particular, the existing limitations of similarity within 16S for genus- and species-level differentiation of clinically relevant pathogens and the lack of sequence data currently available in public databases is highlighted. A multiyear experience is described of a large regional clinical microbiology service with direct 16S broad-range PCR followed by cycle sequencing for direct detection of pathogens in appropriate clinical samples. The ability of proteomics (matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight) versus 16S sequencing for bacterial identification and genotyping is compared. Finally, the potential for whole-genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) to replace 16S sequencing for routine diagnostic use is presented for several applications, including the barriers that must be overcome to fully implement newer genomic methods in clinical microbiology. A future challenge for large clinical, reference, and research laboratories, as well as for industry, will be the translation of vast amounts of accrued NGS microbial data into convenient algorithm testing schemes for various applications (i.e., microbial identification, genotyping, and metagenomics and microbiome analyses) so that clinically relevant information can be reported to physicians in a format that is understood and actionable. These challenges will not be faced by clinical microbiologists alone but by every scientist involved in a domain where natural diversity of genes and gene sequences plays a critical role in disease, health, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and other aspects of life-forms. Overcoming these challenges will require global multidisciplinary efforts across fields that do not normally interact with the clinical arena to make vast amounts of sequencing data clinically interpretable and actionable at the bedside.
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Ramachandran PS, Wilson MR. Metagenomics for neurological infections - expanding our imagination. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:547-556. [PMID: 32661342 PMCID: PMC7356134 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the diagnosis rate for patients with encephalitis has remained poor despite advances in pathogen-specific testing such as PCR and antigen assays. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of RNA and DNA extracted from cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue now offers another strategy for diagnosing neurological infections. Given that mNGS simultaneously assays for a wide range of infectious agents in an unbiased manner, it can identify pathogens that were not part of a neurologist’s initial differential diagnosis either because of the rarity of the infection, because the microorganism has not been previously associated with a clinical phenotype or because it is a newly discovered organism. This Review discusses the technical advantages and pitfalls of cerebrospinal fluid mNGS in the context of patients with neuroinflammatory syndromes, including encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis. We also speculate on how mNGS testing potentially fits into current diagnostic testing algorithms given data on mNGS test performance, cost and turnaround time. Finally, the Review highlights future directions for mNGS technology and other hypothesis-free testing methodologies that are in development. This Review discusses the advantages and pitfalls of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in patients with encephalitis, meningitis and myelitis. The authors outline data on mNGS test performance, cost and turnaround time and highlight future directions for mNGS technology. Meningoencephalitis remains a challenging diagnosis owing to the multitude of possible infectious and autoimmune causes. Meningoencephalitis is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is now a clinically validated test for neuroinfectious diseases that can aid clinicians with a timely diagnosis. mNGS can improve the detection of pathogens that were missed by clinicians or on standard direct testing. mNGS does not perform well when indirect tests are required to make the diagnosis (for example, serology), when infections are compartmentalized and for certain low abundance pathogens. The clinical context of the case is required when interpreting the results of mNGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth S Ramachandran
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Jafari M, Mohammadzadeh Jahani P, Choopanizadeh M, Jamalidoost M, Pourabbas B, Pouladfar G, Kalani M. Investigating the role of T helper related cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid for the differential diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in pre-treated paediatric patients. Biomarkers 2020; 25:171-178. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1714737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Jafari
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Maral Choopanizadeh
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoost
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahman Pourabbas
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kalani
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire® FilmArray® meningitis/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:281-290. [PMID: 31760115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FilmArray® meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel is a multiplex PCR assay which can detect the most commonly identified pathogens in central nervous system infections. It significantly decreases the time to diagnosis of ME and data has yielded several positive outcomes. However, in part, reports of both false positive and false negative detections have resulted in concerns about adoption. OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate the ME panel in a diagnostic test accuracy review. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and EMBASE databases were systematically searched through May 2019. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Eligible studies were those providing sensitivity and specificity data for the ME panel compared with a reference standard. Studies providing details on false positive and false negative results of the panel as well as further investigation (adjudication) of the discordant results between the panel and comparator assays were included and assessed separately. PARTICIPANTS Patients with suspected ME for whom a panel was ordered were included. METHODS The ME panel was compared to reference standard methods for diagnosing community-acquired ME. We performed a meta-analysis and calculated the summary sensitivity and specificity of the ME panel. Moreover, we evaluated the false positive and false negative results of the panel. RESULTS Thirteen studies (3764 patients) were included in the review and 8 of them (3059 patients) were pooled in a meta-analysis. The summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was 90% (95% CI 86-93%) and 97% (95% CI 94-99%), respectively. When we looked specifically at studies that assessed further the false positive and false negative results, false positive detections were 11.4% and 4% before and after adjudication, respectively. The highest proportion of false positive was observed for Streptococcus pneumoniae followed by Streptococcus agalactiae. False negative isolates were 2.2% and 1.5% before and after adjudication, respectively. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, enterovirus and Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii had the highest proportions of false negative determinations. False negative C. neoformans/gattii were mostly patients with positive antigen titres, on treatment or cleared disease. CONCLUSIONS The currently available literature suggests that the ME panel has high diagnostic accuracy. However, the decision for implementation should be individualized based on the needs of the patient population, the capabilities of the laboratory, and the knowledge of the healthcare providers that will utilize the test.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach (including the use of novel diagnostic platforms), and treatment of select infectious and noninfectious etiologies of chronic meningitis. RECENT FINDINGS Identification of the etiology of chronic meningitis remains challenging, with no cause identified in at least one-third of cases. Often, several serologic, CSF, and neuroimaging studies are indicated, although novel diagnostic platforms including metagenomic deep sequencing may hold promise for identifying organisms. Infectious etiologies are more common in those at risk for disseminated disease, specifically those who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplantation, or immunosuppressant medications. An important step in identifying the etiology of chronic meningitis is assembling a multidisciplinary team of individuals, including those with specialized expertise in ophthalmology, dermatology, rheumatology, and infectious diseases, to provide guidance regarding diagnostic procedures. SUMMARY Chronic meningitis is defined as inflammation involving the meninges that lasts at least 4 weeks and is associated with a CSF pleocytosis. Chronic meningitis has numerous possible infectious and noninfectious etiologies, making it challenging to definitively diagnose patients. Therefore, a multifaceted approach that combines history, physical examination, neuroimaging, and laboratory analysis, including novel diagnostic platforms, is needed. This article focuses on key aspects of the evaluation of and approach to patients with chronic meningitis. Specific infectious etiologies and differential diagnoses of subacute and chronic meningitis, including noninfectious etiologies, are addressed.
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Abstract
Neuroinfectious diseases continue to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide, with many emerging or reemerging infections resulting in neurologic sequelae. Careful clinical evaluation coupled with appropriate laboratory investigations still forms the bedrock for making the correct etiologic diagnosis and implementing appropriate management. The treating physician needs to understand the individual test characteristics of each of the many conventional candidate-based diagnostics: culture, pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction, antigen, antibody tests, used to diagnose the whole array of neuroinvasive infections. In addition, there is a growing need for more comprehensive, agnostic testing modalities that can identify a diversity of infections with a single assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth S Ramachandran
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, NS212A, Campus Box 3206, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, NS212A, Campus Box 3206, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Mina Y, Schechner V, Savion M, Yahav D, Bilavsky E, Sorek N, Ben-Zvi H, Adler A. Clinical benefits of FilmArray meningitis-encephalitis PCR assay in partially-treated bacterial meningitis in Israel. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:713. [PMID: 31409318 PMCID: PMC6693273 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Management of partially-treated, community-acquired bacterial meningitis (PCBM) is commonly compromised by lack of microbiological diagnosis. We aimed to analyze the impact of FilmArray Meningitis-Encephalitis (FA-ME) PCR on the management of PCBM. Methods Comparison of treatment variables of PCBM cases between two periods, before (6.5 years, control group) and after (2 years, study group) the application of FA-ME PCR assay. Results The total duration of antimicrobial treatment in the study group (n = 8) was significantly shorter than the control group (n = 23) (9.5 ± 3.7 days vs. 15.2 ± 5 days, p = 0.007). The percentage of narrow-spectrum regimens was significantly higher in the study group (78 ± 11% vs. 40 ± 9%, p = 0.03). There was a significant difference in implementation of antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis for close contacts (4/8 (50%) vs. 1/23 (4%), p = 0.01). Conclusions The use of FA-ME PCR provides significant benefits in the management of PCBM by shortening duration of antibiotic treatment, increasing the use of narrow-spectrum regimens, and allowing proper administration of antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. Trial registration The study was approved and retrospectively registered by the Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (0378–17-TLV, 10/17/2017) and Rabin Medical Center (0270–18-RMC, 11/11/2018) Ethics committees and conforms to recognized standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Mina
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6th Weizman street, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Vered Schechner
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Savion
- Tel-Aviv District, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dafna Yahav
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Efraim Bilavsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatrics C, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Nadav Sorek
- Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Haim Ben-Zvi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Adler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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15
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Mou XZ, Chen XY, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Shou ZX, Tu YX, Du X, Wu C, Zhao Y, Qiu L, Jiang P, Chen C, Huang DS, Li YQ. Bacteria-Instructed Click Chemistry between Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Point-of-Care Microbial Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23093-23101. [PMID: 31184853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose mounting public health concerns and cause an enormous medical and financial burden today. Rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria at the point of care (POC) remains a paramount challenge. Here, we report a novel concept of bacteria-instructed click chemistry and employ it for POC microbial sensing. In this concept of bacteria-instructed click chemistry, we demonstrate for the first time that pathogenic bacteria can capture and reduce exogenous Cu2+ to Cu+ by leveraging their unique metabolic processes. The produced Cu+ subsequently acts as a catalyst to trigger the click reaction between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) modified with azide and alkyne functional molecules, resulting in the aggregation of nanoparticles with a color change of the solution from red to blue. In this process, signal amplification from click chemistry is complied with the aggregation of functionalized AuNPs, thus presenting a robust colorimetric strategy for sensitive POC sensing of pathogenic bacteria. Notably, this colorimetric strategy is easily integrated in a smartphone app as a portable platform to achieve one-click detection in a mobile way. Moreover, with the help of the magnetic preseparation process, this smartphone app-assisted platform enables rapid (within 1 h) detection of Escherichia coli with high sensitivity (40 colony-forming units/mL) in the complex artificial sepsis blood samples, showing great potential for clinical early diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , China
| | - Zhaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Zhang-Xuan Shou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yue-Xing Tu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Xuancheng Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , China
| | - Chun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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16
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Nestor D, Thulin Hedberg S, Lignell M, Skovbjerg S, Mölling P, Sundqvist M. Evaluation of the FilmArray™ Meningitis/Encephalitis panel with focus on bacteria and Cryptococcus spp. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 157:113-116. [PMID: 30639516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular methods provide fast and accurate detection of both bacteria and viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causing infection in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study we evaluated the bacterial detection performance of the fully automated FilmArray™ Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) panel (bioMérieux) by comparing it with culture and multiplexed in-house PCR. METHODS Three sample types were analysed; Contrived samples with known bacterial/fungal concentration (n = 29), clinical samples from patients with verified cause of CNS infection (n = 17) and external quality assessment (EQA) samples (n = 11). Another six samples were purposely prepared with multiple targets to evaluate multiplex capacity. RESULTS The FilmArray™ had a slightly higher limit of detection for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae compared to in-house PCR methods but performed equal or better when compared to culture. The FilmArray™ ME panel detected the expected pathogen in 17 of 17 clinical samples and yielded detection of three additional viruses of which one was confirmed with comparator techniques. All but one of the EQA samples were correctly detected. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are promising and the FilmArray™ ME panel could add to the diagnostic algorithm in CNS-infections. However, the limit of detection for the important pathogens N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nestor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Örebro SE-701 85, Sweden.
| | - S Thulin Hedberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Örebro SE-701 85, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
| | - M Lignell
- Department of Bacteriology, Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 435, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - S Skovbjerg
- Department of Bacteriology, Clinical Microbiological Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, PO Box 435, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 480, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - P Mölling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Örebro SE-701 85, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
| | - M Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Örebro SE-701 85, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
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17
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Tang YW, Stratton CW. Interpretation and Relevance of Advanced Technique Results. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7120226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-95111-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Advanced techniques in the field of diagnostic microbiology have made amazing progress over the past 25 years due largely to a technological revolution in the molecular aspects of microbiology [1, 2]. In particular, rapid molecular methods for nucleic acid amplification and characterization combined with automation in the clinical microbiology laboratory as well as user-friendly software and robust laboratory informatics systems have significantly broadened the diagnostic capabilities of modern clinical microbiology laboratories. Molecular methods such as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) rapidly are being developed and introduced in the clinical laboratory setting [3, 4]. Indeed, every section of the clinical microbiology laboratory, including bacteriology, mycology, mycobacteriology, parasitology, and virology, has benefited from these advanced techniques. Because of the rapid development and adaptation of these molecular techniques, the interpretation and relevance of the results produced by such molecular methods continues to lag behind. The purpose of this chapter is to review, update, and discuss the interpretation and relevance of results produced by these advanced molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Tang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Charles W. Stratton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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18
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Wang J, Wu H, Yang Y, Yan R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Chen A, Shao S, Jiang P, Li YQ. Bacterial species-identifiable magnetic nanosystems for early sepsis diagnosis and extracorporeal photodynamic blood disinfection. NANOSCALE 2017; 10:132-141. [PMID: 29135009 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06373c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the numerous bacteria detection and elimination techniques available nowadays, sensitive diagnosis and treatment of sepsis (caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream), especially at the early stage, remain big challenges. Here we report a nanosystem for early sepsis diagnosis and complete extracorporeal blood disinfection, based on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with chlorin e6 molecules and bacterial species-identifiable aptamers (Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt). We demonstrate that the Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem can achieve simultaneous blood bacterial species identification and enrichment in a single step, and the enriched bacteria can be easily detected with the assistance of fluorescence microscopic determination. Based on this Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem, successful diagnosis of sepsis caused by a single (Staphylococcus aureus) or multiple species (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) of bacteria in mice has been realized. Compared to the gold standard blood culture method, this Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem-based strategy has a comparable detection sensitivity (around 10 colony-forming units) but a significantly shortened diagnosis turnaround time (within 1.5 h), revealing its great potential for early sepsis diagnosis in clinical settings. Moreover, benefitting from the strong photodynamic effect of the Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem, complete extracorporeal blood disinfection has been achieved. Remarkably, we also demonstrate that the disinfected blood can be reused for mice transfusion application without inducing adverse reactions, indicating the fruitful potential of the Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem for sepsis treatment. Apart from the sepsis-associated applications, we believe that the Fe3O4-Ce6-Apt nanosystem could find wide applications in the fields of health and environmental sciences that require bacteria monitoring and sterilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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19
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Enhanced Identification of Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia Coli in Young Infants with Meningitis Using the Biofire Filmarray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2017; 36:685-687. [PMID: 28114152 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel was tested on 62 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from young infants (0-3 months) with suspected meningitis and compared with CSF cultures. Twelve CSF samples from 9 infants were positive by ME PCR panel (10 Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and 2 Escherichia coli) of which only 5 were positive by culture. The 7 CSF samples that were positive only by ME PCR panel were obtained from infants who had received prior antibiotic treatment. The ME PCR panel can be a useful tool in the rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in pretreated young infants.
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20
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Ribosomal PCR assay of excised intervertebral discs from patients undergoing single-level primary lumbar microdiscectomy. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 26:2038-2044. [PMID: 28567591 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-5141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the presence of infectious microorganisms in the herniated discs of immunocompetent patients, using methodology that we hoped would be of higher sensitivity and specificity than has been reported in the past. Recent studies have demonstrated a significant rate of positive cultures for low virulent organisms in excised HNP samples (range 19-53%). These studies have served as the theoretical basis for a pilot trial, and then, a well done prospective randomized trial that demonstrated that systemic treatment with antibiotics may yield lasting improvements in a subset of patients with axial back pain. Whether the reported positive cultures in discectomy specimens represent true positives is as yet not proven, and critically important if underlying the basis of therapeutic approaches for chronic low back pain. METHODS This consecutive case series from a single academic center included 44 patients with radiculopathy and MRI findings of lumbar HNP. Patients elected for lumbar microdiscectomy after failure of conservative management. All patients received primary surgery at a single spinal level in the absence of immune compromise. Excised disc material was analyzed with a real-time PCR assay targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene followed by amplicon sequencing. No concurrent cultures were performed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: sensory or motor symptoms in a single lumbar nerve distribution; positive physical examination findings including positive straight leg raise test, distributional weakness, and/or a diminished deep tendon reflexes; and magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine positive for HNP in a distribution correlating with the radicular complaint. RESULTS The PCR assay for the 16S rRNA sequence was negative in all 44 patients (100%). 95% CI 0-8%. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data presented here, there does not appear to be a significant underlying rate of bacterial disc infection in immunocompetent patients presenting with radiculopathy from disc herniation.
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21
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Evaluation of a TaqMan Array Card for Detection of Central Nervous System Infections. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2035-2044. [PMID: 28404679 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02469-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are often acute, with significant morbidity and mortality. Routine diagnosis of such infections is limited in developing countries and requires modern equipment in advanced laboratories that may be unavailable to a number of patients in sub-Saharan Africa. We developed a TaqMan array card (TAC) that detects multiple pathogens simultaneously from cerebrospinal fluid. The 21-pathogen CNS multiple-pathogen TAC (CNS-TAC) assay includes two parasites (Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba), six bacterial pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bartonella), and 13 viruses (parechovirus, dengue virus, Nipah virus, varicella-zoster virus, mumps virus, measles virus, lyssavirus, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, and chikungunya virus). The card also includes human RNase P as a nucleic acid extraction control and an internal manufacturer control, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). This CNS-TAC assay can test up to eight samples for all 21 agents within 2.5 h following nucleic acid extraction. The assay was validated for linearity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and specificity by using either live viruses (dengue, mumps, and measles viruses) or nucleic acid material (Nipah and chikungunya viruses). Of 120 samples tested by individual real-time PCR, 35 were positive for eight different targets, whereas the CNS-TAC assay detected 37 positive samples across nine different targets. The CNS-TAC assays showed 85.6% sensitivity and 96.7% specificity. Therefore, the CNS-TAC assay may be useful for outbreak investigation and surveillance of suspected neurological disease.
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22
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Stavnsbjerg C, Frimodt-Møller N, Moser C, Bjarnsholt T. Comparison of two commercial broad-range PCR and sequencing assays for identification of bacteria in culture-negative clinical samples. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:233. [PMID: 28347280 PMCID: PMC5368927 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturing has long been the gold standard for detecting aetiologic agents in bacterial infections. In some cases, however, culturing fails to detect the infection. To further investigate culture-negative samples, amplification and subsequent sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene is often applied. The aim of the present study was to compare the current method used at our Department of Clinical Microbiology, based on the MicroSeq ID system (Applied Biosystems, USA) with the Universal Microbe Detection (UMD) SelectNA kit (Molzym, Germany). METHODS 76 culture-negative samples were first processed with the MicroSeq ID analysis, where total DNA was extracted and the 16S gene amplified and sequenced with the MicroSeq ID system. Samples were subsequently processed with the UMD SelectNA analysis, where human DNA was removed during the DNA extraction procedure and the 16S gene amplified in a real-time PCR and sequenced. RESULTS 22 of 76 samples (28.9%) were positive for bacteria with the UMD SelectNA, which was significantly more (p = 0.0055) than the MicroSeq ID where 11 of 76 samples (14.5%) were positive. The UMD SelectNA assay identified more relevant bacterial pathogens than the MicroSeq ID analysis (p = 0.0233), but also found a number of species that were considered contaminations. CONCLUSIONS The UMD SelectNA assay was valuable for the identification of pathogens in culture-negative samples; however, due to the sensitive nature of the assay, extreme care is suggested in order to avoid false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Stavnsbjerg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Centre for Diagnostics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Maurer FP, Hentschke M, Rohde H. [Advances in diagnostic microbiology : Opportunities and limitations]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017; 112:199-205. [PMID: 28342095 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the light of ever increasing problems related to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, rapid microbiological diagnostics are of growing importance. Timely pathogen detection and availability of susceptibility data are essential for optimal treatment, but are even more crucial for de-escalation of broad spectrum empiric therapies. Medical microbiology is, thus, an integral part of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Traditional microbiological techniques for species identification and susceptibility testing rely on bacterial growth and are, thus, characterized by inherent slowness. Time-to-report is usually 48 h or longer, and typically delays optimization of therapeutic regimens. Constant improvement of available techniques (e. g., molecular methods) and introduction of novel methods (e. g., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight [MALDI-ToF] mass spectrometry) have fundamentally changed diagnostic procedures. As a consequence, sensitivity and specificity as well as time-to-report have been dramatically improved. In this manuscript, key methodological advances in medical microbiology are discussed, emphasizing consequences for daily management of infectious disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Maurer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.,Antibiotic Stewardship Team, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Hentschke
- MVZ Labor Dr. Fenner und Kollegen, Bergstraße 14, 20095, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - H Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
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24
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Nested PCR Assay for Eight Pathogens: A Rapid Tool for Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:45-54. [PMID: 26645831 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bacterial meningitis is a dreadful infectious disease with a high mortality and morbidity if remained undiagnosed. Traditional diagnostic methods for bacterial meningitis pose a challenge in accurate identification of pathogen, making prognosis difficult. The present study is therefore aimed to design and evaluate a specific and sensitive nested 16S rDNA genus-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using clinical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for rapid diagnosis of eight pathogens causing the disease. METHODS The present work was dedicated to development of an in-house genus specific 16S rDNA nested PCR covering pathogens of eight genera responsible for causing bacterial meningitis using newly designed as well as literature based primers for respective genus. A total 150 suspected meningitis CSF obtained from the patients admitted to Central India Institute of Medical Sciences (CIIMS), India during the period from August 2011 to May 2014, were used to evaluate clinical sensitivity and clinical specificity of optimized PCR assays. RESULTS The analytical sensitivity and specificity of our newly designed genus-specific 16S rDNA PCR were found to be ≥92%. With such a high sensitivity and specificity, our in-house nested PCR was able to give 100% sensitivity in clinically confirmed positive cases and 100% specificity in clinically confirmed negative cases indicating its applicability in clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our in-house nested PCR system therefore can diagnose the accurate pathogen causing bacterial meningitis and therefore be useful in selecting a specific treatment line to minimize morbidity. Results are obtained within 24 h and high sensitivity makes this nested PCR assay a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool compared to traditional culture-based methods.
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25
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Başpınar EÖ, Dayan S, Bekçibaşı M, Tekin R, Ayaz C, Deveci Ö, Hoşoğlu S. Comparison of culture and PCR methods in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 48:232-236. [PMID: 27793541 PMCID: PMC5470338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim in this study is to compare the standard culture method with the multiplex PCR and the Speed-Oligo® Bacterial Meningitis Test (SO-BMT) – a hybridization-based molecular test method – during the CSF examination of the patients with the pre-diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis. For the purposes of this study, patients with acute bacterial meningitis treated at the Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Clinic between December 2009 and April 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The diagnosis of bacterial meningitis was made based on the clinical findings, laboratory test anomalies, CSF analysis results, and the radiological images. Growth was observed in the CSF cultures of 10 out of the 57 patients included in the study (17.5%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in all of them. The CSF samples of 34 patients (59.6%) were positive according to the SO-BMT and S. pneumoniae was detected in 33 of the samples (97.05%), while Neisseria meningitidis was found in 1 sample (2.95%). In a total of 10 patients, S. pneumoniae was both isolated in the CSF culture and detected in the SO-BMT. The culture and the SO-BMT were negative in 23 of the CSF samples. There was no sample in which the CSF culture was positive although the SO-BMT was negative. While SO-BMT seems to be a more efficient method than bacterial culturing to determine the pathogens that most commonly cause bacterial meningitis in adults, further studies conducted on larger populations are needed in order to assess its efficiency and uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Ödemiş Başpınar
- Celal Ertuğ Etimesgut State Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saim Dayan
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Bekçibaşı
- Bismil State Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Recep Tekin
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Celal Ayaz
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Özcan Deveci
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Salih Hoşoğlu
- Fatih University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are potentially life threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. The initial clinical presentations of many CNS infections are non-specific, making a definitive etiologic diagnosis challenging. Nucleic acid in vitro amplification-based molecular methods are increasingly being applied for routine microbial detection. These methods are a vast improvement over conventional techniques with the advantage of rapid turnaround and higher sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, molecular methods performed on cerebrospinal fluid samples are considered the new gold standard for diagnosis of CNS infection caused by pathogens, which are otherwise difficult to detect. Commercial diagnostic platforms offer various monoplex and multiplex PCR assays for convenient testing of targets that cause similar clinical illness. Pan-omic molecular platforms possess potential for use in this area. Although molecular methods are predicted to be widely used in diagnosing and monitoring CNS infections, results generated by these methods need to be carefully interpreted in combination with clinical findings. This review summarizes the currently available armamentarium of molecular assays for diagnosis of central nervous system infections, their application, and future approaches.
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Comparative study of bacteriological culture and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and multiplex PCR-based reverse line blot (mPCR/RLB) hybridization assay in the diagnosis of bacterial neonatal meningitis. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:224. [PMID: 25200110 PMCID: PMC4165992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is more common in the neonatal period than any other time in life; however, it is still a challenge for the evidence based diagnosis. Strategy for identification of neonatal bacterial meningitis pathogens is presented by evaluating three different available methods to establish evidence-based diagnosis for neonatal bacterial meningitis. Methods The cerebrospinal fluid samples from 56 neonates diagnosed as bacterial meningitis in 2009 in Beijing Children’s Hospital were analyzed in the study. Two PCR based molecular assays, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and multiplex PCR based-reverse line blot hybridization (mPCR/RLB), were used to assess 7 common neonatal meningitis bacterial pathongens, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listerisa monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The findings in examinations of two assays were compared with the results obtained bacterial culture tests. Results Bacterial meningitis was identified in five cases (9%) by CSF cultures, 25 (45%) by RT-PCR and 16 (29%) by mPCR/RLB. One strain of S. epidermidis and one of E. faecalis were identified using mPCR/RLB but not by RT-PCR. In contrast, cultures identified one strain of S. pneumoniae which was missed by both PCR assays. Overall, the bacterial pathogens in 28 cases were identified with these three methods. Both RT-PCR and mPCR/RLB assays were more sensitive than bacterial culture, (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study confirmed that both RT-PCR and mPCR/RLB assays have better sensitivity than bacterial culture. They are capable of detecting the pathogens in CSF samples with negative culture results.
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28
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Abstract
Cross-sectional imaging techniques have facilitated diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, there is still frequently a lack of definition of the cause of neurologic lesions, because tissue sampling from the pathologic site is often difficult and there are few clinical diagnostic tools to assist diagnosis. Biomarkers can assist in understanding the cause, diagnosis, severity, and prognosis for neural injury. Integration of conventional testing and new diagnostic techniques will overcome shortcomings in understanding infectious diseases of the CNS. Diagnostic tests may be limited by poor positive and negative predictive values, which must be recognized when interpreting test results.
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