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Li M, Yin F, Song L, Mao X, Li F, Fan C, Zuo X, Xia Q. Nucleic Acid Tests for Clinical Translation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10469-10558. [PMID: 34254782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are natural biopolymers composed of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic information. Overexpressed or underexpressed as well as mutated nucleic acids have been implicated in many diseases. Therefore, nucleic acid tests (NATs) are extremely important. Inspired by intracellular DNA replication and RNA transcription, in vitro NATs have been extensively developed to improve the detection specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. The principles of NATs can be in general classified into three categories: nucleic acid hybridization, thermal-cycle or isothermal amplification, and signal amplification. Driven by pressing needs in clinical diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases, NATs have evolved to be a rapidly advancing field. During the past ten years, an explosive increase of research interest in both basic research and clinical translation has been witnessed. In this review, we aim to provide comprehensive coverage of the progress to analyze nucleic acids, use nucleic acids as recognition probes, construct detection devices based on nucleic acids, and utilize nucleic acids in clinical diagnosis and other important fields. We also discuss the new frontiers in the field and the challenges to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fangfei Yin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lu Song
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiuhai Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Liver Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Mustafa Hellou M, Górska A, Mazzaferri F, Cremonini E, Gentilotti E, De Nardo P, Poran I, Leeflang MM, Tacconelli E, Paul M. Nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples for the diagnosis of coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:341-351. [PMID: 33188933 PMCID: PMC7657614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies on reliable diagnostic testing. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for the diagnosis of coronavirus infections. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Open Grey and conference proceeding until May 2019. PubMed and medRxiv were updated for COVID-19 on 31st August 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY Studies were eligible if they reported on agreement rates between different NAATs using clinical samples. PARTICIPANTS Symptomatic patients with suspected upper or lower respiratory tract coronavirus infection. METHODS The new NAAT was defined as the index test and the existing NAAT as reference standard. Data were extracted independently in duplicate. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Confidence regions (CRs) surrounding summary sensitivity/specificity pooled by bivariate meta-analysis are reported. Heterogeneity was assessed using meta-regression. RESULTS Fifty-one studies were included, 22 of which included 10 181 persons before COVID-19 and 29 including 8742 persons diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The overall summary sensitivity was 89.1% (95%CR 84.0-92.7%) and specificity 98.9% (95%CR 98.0-99.4%). Nearly all the studies evaluated different PCRs as both index and reference standards. Real-time RT PCR assays resulted in significantly higher sensitivity than other tests. Reference standards at high risk of bias possibly exaggerated specificity. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of studies evaluating SARS-COV-2 were 90.4% (95%CR 83.7-94.5%) and 98.1% (95%CR 95.9-99.2), respectively. SARS-COV-2 studies using samples from the lower respiratory tract, real-time RT-PCR, and tests targeting the N or S gene or more than one gene showed higher sensitivity, and assays based on reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), especially when targeting only the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene, showed significantly lower sensitivity compared to other studies. CONCLUSIONS Pooling all studies to date shows that on average 10% of patients with coronavirus infections might be missed with PCR tests. Variables affecting sensitivity and specificity can be used for test selection and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Górska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fulvia Mazzaferri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cremonini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Gentilotti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Nardo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Itamar Poran
- Medicine E, Rabin Medical Centre, Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Mariska M Leeflang
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evelina Tacconelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, Tu¨bingen University Hospital, Tu¨bingen, Germany
| | - Mical Paul
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Anand M, Nimmala P. Seasonal incidence of respiratory viral infections in Telangana, India: utility of a multiplex PCR assay to bridge the knowledge gap. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1503-1509. [PMID: 32996228 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of acute viral respiratory tract infections (RTI) is a challenge due to overlapping clinical presentations and lack of availability of robust diagnostic methods. This in turn leads to lack of data regarding incidence and seasonality of viral RTIs which could potentially help to implement efficient strategies of antimicrobial stewardship as well as vaccine administration. Here we utilise a commercial Multiplex PCR assay for the early diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections and discuss their epidemiology. METHODS A prospective, observational study was conducted over a period of 3 years (2017-2019). Respiratory samples received from outpatients and inpatients with suspected acute RTIs from three multispeciality hospitals located in the twin cities of Hyderabad-Secunderabad were subjected to FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA). Results were tabulated and statistically analysed. RESULTS Of 513 samples, 261 (50.9%) were positive for one or more pathogens. The viruses detected included influenza A H1 2009 (26.0%), human rhinovirus/enterovirus (21.5%), influenza A H3N2 (17.0%), human metapneumovirus (9.4%), influenza B (6.6%), coronavirus (4.9%), parainfluenza virus (4.5%), respiratory syncytial virus (3.1%) and adenovirus (2.1%). The largest number of samples was positive during the monsoon season (43.8%). Influenza A H1 2009 peaked in the monsoon season with another, smaller peak in February. CONCLUSIONS There is a bimodal peak of respiratory infections relative to the seasons, and vaccine administration should take place in April-May before the advent of the monsoons in this part of the country. Multiplexed PCR may be used as first line for diagnosis of viral infections so that infection control measures can be prioritised and antibiotic administration can be avoided in those who do not require it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Anand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, 500003, India
| | - Pavani Nimmala
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Yashoda Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, 500003, India
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Visseaux B, Armand-Lefèvre L. Approche syndromique multiplexe en réanimation. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3166/rea-2019-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Le développement récent des nouveaux tests de diagnostic rapide par PCR multiplexe à visée syndromique, capables de détecter plusieurs dizaines de pathogènes en quelques heures, a entraîné un changement de paradigme en microbiologie et en pratique clinique. Plusieurs d’entre eux, comme les panels pour détecter les germes en cause dans les bactériémies, les infections respiratoires hautes ou basses et les méningoencéphalites, sont déjà disponibles et peuvent apporter une aide dans le diagnostic des infections chez les patients de réanimation. Bien que ces nouvelles techniques présentent des avantages évidents pour le dénombrement de micro-organismes et parfois pour la détection simultanée de gènes de résistance, pour les délais d’exécution et de rendus de résultats, elles présentent cependant certains défis, comme l’évaluation de leurs performances réelles, leur coût très élevé, le choix des stratégies d’utilisation et l’interprétation clinicobiologique des résultats. Dans cet article, nous avons passé en revue les différents tests qui peuvent ou pourront aider les réanimateurs dans leur pratique quotidienne, relevé leurs limites et leur impact bénéfique potentiel sur le soin des patients.
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Liao S, Wang L, Ji X, Chen J, Li Q, Ma L. Simultaneous detection of 15 respiratory pathogens with a fluorescence probe melting curve analysis-based multiplex real-time PCR assay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2019; 10:29-37. [PMID: 31149327 PMCID: PMC6526376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections are common worldwide and caused by a great diversity of pathogens. A rapid and accurate diagnosis method of respiratory infection is crucial for timely clinical intervention. Here, by combining fluorescence melting curve analysis and multiplex real-time assay, we developed a novel method which can simultaneously detect 15 respiratory viruses. The specificity for target genes was 100%, as assessed with a panel of 47 respiratory pathogens, which indicated no cross-reactions. The assay's limits of detection at the nucleic acid level ranged from 5 copies/μL to 500 copies/μL nucleic acids. Compared with conventional culture method, our assay showed more than 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity for each respiratory pathogen in 384 clinical samples. Even more, the kappa correlation for all the pathogens ranged from 0.86 to 1.00. Overall, this method has the characteristics of high throughput, low cost and high sensitivity and precision, which demonstrated our method is well suited for routine clinical testing in respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Liao
- Shenzhen Yilifang Biotech Co. Ltd, A High-tech Incubiator in Shenzhen Hitech ZoneShenzhen 518057, China
| | - Lingli Wang
- Shenzhen Yilifang Biotech Co. Ltd, A High-tech Incubiator in Shenzhen Hitech ZoneShenzhen 518057, China
- Mathematcal Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGungzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Division of Life Science and Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Shenzhen Yilifang Biotech Co. Ltd, A High-tech Incubiator in Shenzhen Hitech ZoneShenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Life Science and Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Division of Life Science and Health, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055, China
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Manuel O, Estabrook M. RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13511. [PMID: 30817023 PMCID: PMC7162209 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of RNA respiratory viral infections in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. Viruses reviewed include influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and coronavirus. Diagnosis is by nucleic acid testing due to improved sensitivity, specificity, broad range of detection of viral pathogens, automatization, and turnaround time. Respiratory viral infections may be associated with acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. The cornerstone of influenza prevention is annual vaccination and in some cases antiviral prophylaxis. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors and other antivirals is reviewed. Prevention of RSV is limited to prophylaxis with palivizumab in select children. Therapy of RSV upper or lower tract disease is controversial but may include oral or aerosolized ribavirin in some populations. There are no approved vaccines or licensed antivirals for parainfluenza, rhinovirus, hMPV, and coronavirus. Potential management strategies for these viruses are given. Future studies should include prospective trials using contemporary molecular diagnostics to understand the true epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and long‐term consequences of respiratory viruses as well as to define preventative and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Estabrook
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Karalkar NB, Benner SA. The challenge of synthetic biology. Synthetic Darwinism and the aperiodic crystal structure. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 46:188-195. [PMID: 30098527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
'Grand Challenges' offer ways to discover flaws in existing theory without first needing to guess what those flaws are. Our grand challenge here is to reproduce the Darwinism of terran biology, but on molecular platforms different from standard DNA. Access to Darwinism distinguishes the living from the non-living state. However, theory suggests that any biopolymer able to support Darwinism must (a) be able to form Schrödinger's `aperiodic crystal', where different molecular components pack into a single crystal lattice, and (b) have a polyelectrolyte backbone. In 1953, the descriptive biology of Watson and Crick suggested DNA met Schrödinger's criertion, forming a linear crystal with geometrically similar building blocks supported on a polyelectrolye backbone. At the center of genetics were nucleobase pairs that fit into that crystal lattice by having both size complementarity and hydrogen bonding complementarity to enforce a constant geometry. This review covers experiments that show that by adhering to these two structural rules, the aperiodic crystal structure is maintained in DNA having 6 (or more) components. Further, this molecular system is shown to support Darwinism. Together with a deeper understanding of the role played in crystal formation by the poly-charged backbone and the intervening scaffolding, these results define how we might search for Darwinism, and therefore life, on Mars, Europa, Enceladus, and other watery lagoons in our Solar System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh B Karalkar
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32615, United States
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Boulevard, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32615, United States; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Box 17, Alachua, FL 32615, United States.
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Loubet P, Voiriot G, Neuville M, Visseaux B, Timsit JF. Virus respiratoires dans les pneumonies associées aux soins. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/rea-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Les pneumonies acquises à l’hôpital (PAH) sont fréquentes. À l’ère des techniques diagnostiques de biologie moléculaire (multiplex polymerase chain reaction), les rares données disponibles estiment que les virus respiratoires sont impliqués dans 22 à 32 % des épisodes. Les patients immunodéprimés constituent probablement la population la plus à risque. La présentation clinique et radiologique ne diffère pas entre pneumonies bactériennes, virales et mixtes (virus–bactérie). L’excrétion prolongée de virus respiratoires dans les voies aériennes a été rapportée chez les patients immunodéprimés. Elle pourrait promouvoir la co-infection bactérienne, associée à des durées d’hospitalisation prolongées. L’acquisition intrahospitalière a été démontrée chez tous les virus respiratoires. Elle encourage la mise en œuvre et le respect des mesures d’hygiène et de confinement, dans l’objectif de protéger soignants, visiteurs et patients. De nombreux points restent largement méconnus, relatifs aux interactions entre virus respiratoires et pathogènes non viraux, aux périodes d’incubation, ou encore aux durées d’excrétion virale. L’amélioration des techniques diagnostiques et l’accumulation de données épidémiologiques et cliniques devraient permettre de mieux appréhender le rôle des virus respiratoires dans les PAH. Cette meilleure connaissance aidera à rationaliser l’utilisation des tests de détection et facilitera l’interprétation de leurs résultats. Elle guidera aussi le clinicien dans l’utilisation future des nombreuses molécules antivirales actuellement en développement clinique chez l’homme.
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Abstract
A review of pulmonary infections of all types with diagnostic and morphological features.
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10
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Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Tapia LI, Yang CF, Torres JP, Chavez-Bueno S, Garcia C, Jaramillo LM, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Jafri HS, Peeples ME, Piedra PA, Ramilo O, Mejias A. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotypes, Host Immune Profiles, and Disease Severity in Young Children Hospitalized With Bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2017; 217:24-34. [PMID: 29045741 PMCID: PMC5853407 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Data on how respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) genotypes influence disease severity and host immune responses is limited. Here, we characterized the genetic variability of RSV during 5 seasons, and evaluated the role of RSV subtypes, genotypes, and viral loads in disease severity and host transcriptional profiles. Methods A prospective, observational study was carried out, including a convenience sample of healthy infants hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis. Nasopharyngeal samples for viral load quantitation, typing, and genotyping, and blood samples for transcriptome analyses were obtained within 24 hours of hospitalization. Multivariate models were constructed to identify virologic and clinical variables predictive of clinical outcomes. Results We enrolled 253 infants (median age 2.1 [25%-75% interquartile range] months). RSV A infections predominated over RSV B and showed greater genotype variability. RSV A/GA2, A/GA5, and RSV B/BA were the most common genotypes identified. Compared to GA2 or BA, infants with GA5 infections had higher viral loads. GA5 infections were associated with longer hospital stay, and with less activation of interferon and increased overexpression of neutrophil genes. Conclusions RSV A infections were more frequent than RSV B, and displayed greater variability. GA5 infections were associated with enhanced disease severity and distinct host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lorena I Tapia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics and Virology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Chin-Fen Yang
- Department of Research, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California
- Enimmune Corporation, Taiwan
| | - Juan Pablo Torres
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Department of Pediatrics and Virology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
| | - Susana Chavez-Bueno
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Carla Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- PID Associates, Carrollton, Texas
| | - Lisa M Jaramillo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Hasan S Jafri
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Medimmune /AztraZeneca
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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Prevalence of respiratory viruses among adults, by season, age, respiratory tract region and type of medical unit in Paris, France, from 2011 to 2016. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180888. [PMID: 28708843 PMCID: PMC5510824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiplex PCR tests have improved our understanding of respiratory viruses' epidemiology by allowing their wide range detection. We describe here the burden of these viruses in hospital settings over a five-year period. METHODS All respiratory samples from adult patients (>20 years old) tested by multiplex-PCR at the request of physicians, from May 1 2011 to April 30 2016, were included retrospectively. Viral findings are reported by season, patient age group, respiratory tract region (upper or lower) and type of clinical unit (intensive care unit, pneumology unit, lung transplantation unit and other medical units). RESULTS In total, 7196 samples (4958 patients) were included; 29.2% tested positive, with viral co-infections detected in 1.6% of samples. Overall, two viral groups accounted for 60.2% of all viruses identified: picornaviruses (rhinovirus or enterovirus, 34.3%) and influenza (26.6%). Influenza viruses constituted the group most frequently identified in winter (34.4%), in the upper respiratory tract (32%) and in patients over the age of 70 years (36.4%). Picornavirus was the second most frequently identified viral group in these populations and in all other groups, including lower respiratory tract infections (41.3%) or patients in intensive care units (37.6%). CONCLUSION This study, the largest to date in Europe, provides a broad picture of the distribution of viruses over seasons, age groups, types of clinical unit and respiratory tract regions in the hospital setting. It highlights the burden associated with the neglected picornavirus group. These data have important implications for the future development of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Wang X, Hoshika S, Peterson RJ, Kim MJ, Benner SA, Kahn JD. Biophysics of Artificially Expanded Genetic Information Systems. Thermodynamics of DNA Duplexes Containing Matches and Mismatches Involving 2-Amino-3-nitropyridin-6-one (Z) and Imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)one (P). ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:782-792. [PMID: 28094993 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleobases presenting non-Watson-Crick arrangements of hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups can form additional nucleotide pairs that stabilize duplex DNA independent of the standard A:T and G:C pairs. The pair between 2-amino-3-nitropyridin-6-one 2'-deoxyriboside (presenting a {donor-donor-acceptor} hydrogen bonding pattern on the Watson-Crick face of the small component, trivially designated Z) and imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)one 2'-deoxyriboside (presenting an {acceptor-acceptor-donor} hydrogen bonding pattern on the large component, trivially designated P) is one of these extra pairs for which a substantial amount of molecular biology has been developed. Here, we report the results of UV absorbance melting measurements and determine the energetics of binding of DNA strands containing Z and P to give short duplexes containing Z:P pairs as well as various mismatches comprising Z and P. All measurements were done at 1 M NaCl in buffer (10 mM Na cacodylate, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.0). Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°37) for oligonucleotide hybridization were extracted. Consistent with the Watson-Crick model that considers both geometric and hydrogen bonding complementarity, the Z:P pair was found to contribute more to duplex stability than any mismatches involving either nonstandard nucleotide. Further, the Z:P pair is more stable than a C:G pair. The Z:G pair was found to be the most stable mismatch, forming either a deprotonated mismatched pair or a wobble base pair analogous to the stable T:G mismatch. The C:P pair is less stable, perhaps analogous to the wobble pair observed for C:O6-methyl-G, in which the pyrimidine is displaced into the minor groove. The Z:A and T:P mismatches are much less stable. Parameters for predicting the thermodynamics of oligonucleotides containing Z and P bases are provided. This represents the first case where this has been done for a synthetic genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
| | - Raymond J. Peterson
- Celadon Laboratories, 6525 Belcrest
Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, United States
| | - Myong-Jung Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
| | - Steven A. Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 17, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
| | - Jason D. Kahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Loubet P, Voiriot G, Houhou-Fidouh N, Neuville M, Bouadma L, Lescure FX, Descamps D, Timsit JF, Yazdanpanah Y, Visseaux B. Impact of respiratory viruses in hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: A single-center retrospective study. J Clin Virol 2017; 91:52-57. [PMID: 28494435 PMCID: PMC7106511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the frequency and role of respiratory viruses (RVs) in hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) are still scarce. OBJECTIVES We assessed the proportion of RVs and their impact on the outcome of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU). STUDY DESIGN Cases of HAP were retrospectively selected among patients who underwent screening for RVs by multiplex PCR (mPCR) in the ICU of a French tertiary care hospital from May 2014 to April 2016. ICU length of stay and in-hospital mortality were compared between four groups defined according to the identified pathogens: virus only (V), virus/bacteria (V/B), bacteria only (B) and no pathogen (Neg). When available, previous mPCR was retrieved in order to assess possible chronic viral carriage. RESULTS Overall, 95/999 (10%) ICU patients who underwent mPCR had HAP (V(17,18%), V/B(13,14%), B(60,63%), Neg(5,5%)). Median age was 61 years and 45 (47%) were immunocompromised. Influenza (27%) and rhinovirus (27%) were the most common RVs. V/B group had higher mortality rate than B and V groups (62% vs. 40% and 35%, p=0.3) and a significantly longer length of stay (31days (18-48)) than V group (5days (3-11), p=0.0002)) and B group (14.5days (5.5-25.5), p=0.007)). Among the 15 patients with available mPCR tests before viral HAP, seven were negative and eight were positive corresponding to long-term carriage of community-acquired viruses. DISCUSSION RVs were detected in 32% of HAP patients who underwent mPCR. Two situations were encountered: (i) acute acquired viral infection; (ii) long-term viral carriage (mostly rhinovirus) especially in immunocompromised patients complicated by a virus/bacteria coinfection. The latter was associated with a longer length of stay and a trend toward a higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Loubet
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Voiriot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nadhira Houhou-Fidouh
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Neuville
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Lila Bouadma
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Lescure
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Timsit
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de réanimation médicale et infectieuse, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
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14
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Guibas GV, Papadopoulos NG. Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN, VOLUME II 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121526 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The upper respiratory system is one of the most common sites of infection for adults, but even more so for children. Several viruses, from variable families, cause upper respiratory infections which, although generally underestimated due to their typically self-limiting nature, underlie enormous healthcare resource utilization and financial burden. Such, otherwise “benign” infections, can have very significant sequelae both in the form of bringing about local complications but also inducing asthma attacks, thus greatly increasing morbidity. Their enormous prevalence also indicates that rigorous research should be undertaken in order to tackle them, in both the prevention and treatment field.
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15
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Accurate Detection of Avian Respiratory Viruses by Use of Multiplex PCR-Based Luminex Suspension Microarray Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2716-2725. [PMID: 27558184 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00610-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel oligonucleotide suspension microarray (Luminex microsphere system) was developed for the rapid detection of avian respiratory viruses of major clinical importance. This test was optimized and validated with 70 clinical samples. The developed tool was accurate for high-throughput detection and differentiation of the most important avian respiratory viruses: avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infection bronchitis virus (IBV), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in single- and mixed-virus infections. A multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), followed by a monoplex or a multiplex Luminex assays, were realized using a Luminex 200 analyzer instrument. The sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the multiplex DNA suspension microarray system were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences in the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) value in monoplex and multiplex Luminex assays. The sensitivity and specificity proved to be completely concordant with monoplex real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that the multiplex DNA suspension microarray system is an accurate, high-throughput, and relatively simple method for the rapid detection of the main respiratory viruses of poultry.
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16
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Gu Z, Zhu H, Rodriguez A, Mhaissen M, Schultz-Cherry S, Adderson E, Hayden RT. Comparative Evaluation of Broad-Panel PCR Assays for the Detection of Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Pediatric Oncology Patients. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:715-21. [PMID: 26321042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly multiplexed molecular amplification assays offer an unprecedented ability to diagnose gastrointestinal infection in immunocompromised patients. However, little data are available to compare the performance of such systems in this population. A total of 436 stool samples were collected from 199 predominantly immunocompromised pediatric oncology patients. Remnant samples were tested in parallel with the use of the premarket (investigational use only) versions of two broadly multiplexed PCR assays (BioFire and Luminex), and the results of samples corresponding to the first episode per patient were compared with those from laboratory-developed molecular assays, culture, and antigen detection. Overall performance of the multiplexed systems was comparable, with BioFire and Luminex detecting 94 and 99 positives (P = 0.34), respectively. Stratifying by analyte, BioFire assay detected 51 samples positive for Clostridium difficile, whereas Luminex assay detected 60 (P = 0.01). Biofire and Luminex detected 28 and 38 norovirus-positive samples (P = 0.002), respectively. Astrovirus- and adenovirus-positive samples were detected in higher numbers by in-house PCR than by BioFire; the same was observed for adenovirus with Luminex. Differences observed with other analytes were minimal, did not reach statistical significance, or lacked the numbers needed to detect a difference between systems. Broadly multiplexed PCR offers an effective means of detecting a variety of gastrointestinal pathogens in pediatric oncology patients, with assay performance comparable among the tests examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Haiqing Zhu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alicia Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mohammad Mhaissen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Elisabeth Adderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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17
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Glushakova LG, Sharma N, Hoshika S, Bradley AC, Bradley KM, Yang Z, Benner SA. Detecting respiratory viral RNA using expanded genetic alphabets and self-avoiding DNA. Anal Biochem 2015; 489:62-72. [PMID: 26299645 PMCID: PMC4733849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-targeted tests detect and quantify viral DNA and RNA (collectively xNA) to support epidemiological surveillance and, in individual patients, to guide therapy. They commonly use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR. Although these all have rapid turnaround, they are expensive to run. Multiplexing would allow their cost to be spread over multiple targets, but often only with lower sensitivity and accuracy, noise, false positives, and false negatives; these arise by interactions between the multiple nucleic acid primers and probes in a multiplexed kit. Here we offer a multiplexed assay for a panel of respiratory viruses that mitigates these problems by combining several nucleic acid analogs from the emerging field of synthetic biology: (i) self-avoiding molecular recognition systems (SAMRSs), which facilitate multiplexing, and (ii) artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGISs), which enable low-noise PCR. These are supplemented by “transliteration” technology, which converts standard nucleotides in a target to AEGIS nucleotides in a product, improving hybridization. The combination supports a multiplexed Luminex-based respiratory panel that potentially differentiates influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, detecting as few as 10 MERS virions in a 20-μl sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Andrea C Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Kevin M Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences, Alachua, FL 32615, USA; Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Alachua, FL 32615, USA.
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18
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19
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Laos R, Thomson JM, Benner SA. DNA polymerases engineered by directed evolution to incorporate non-standard nucleotides. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25400626 PMCID: PMC4215692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases have evolved for billions of years to accept natural nucleoside triphosphate substrates with high fidelity and to exclude closely related structures, such as the analogous ribonucleoside triphosphates. However, polymerases that can accept unnatural nucleoside triphosphates are desired for many applications in biotechnology. The focus of this review is on non-standard nucleotides that expand the genetic "alphabet." This review focuses on experiments that, by directed evolution, have created variants of DNA polymerases that are better able to accept unnatural nucleotides. In many cases, an analysis of past evolution of these polymerases (as inferred by examining multiple sequence alignments) can help explain some of the mutations delivered by directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Laos
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Kim HJ, Leal NA, Hoshika S, Benner SA. Ribonucleosides for an artificially expanded genetic information system. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3194-9. [PMID: 24597611 PMCID: PMC3985877 DOI: 10.1021/jo402665d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rearranging hydrogen bonding groups
adds nucleobases to an artificially
expanded genetic information system (AEGIS), pairing orthogonally
to standard nucleotides. We report here a large-scale synthesis of
the AEGIS nucleotide carrying 2-amino-3-nitropyridin-6-one (trivially
Z) via Heck coupling and a hydroboration/oxidation sequence.
RiboZ is more stable against epimerization than its 2′-deoxyribo
analogue. Further, T7 RNA polymerase incorporates ZTP opposite its
Watson–Crick complement, imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)one (trivially P), laying grounds for using this “second-generation”
AEGIS Z:P pair to add amino acids encoded by mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 720 SW Second Avenue, Suite 201, Gainesville, Florida 32601, United States
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21
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Abstract
Since the last Handbook of Clinical Neurology volume on this topic, viral diagnosis has made tremendous strides, moving from the margin to the mainstream of clinical care. For many years, conventional virus isolation was the mainstay of viral diagnosis since it was sensitive and “open-minded.” However, growth in conventional cell culture entails an inherent delay that limits its clinical impact. Although rapid culture and viral antigen methods detect fewer pathogens and are less sensitive than conventional culture, both require less expertise and have greatly reduced time to result. Polymerase chain reaction has ushered in a new era in virology, especially in the diagnosis of neurologic diseases. Molecular amplification methods are rapid, highly sensitive, can be automated, quantitative, and detect viruses not amenable to routine culture. User-friendly, walk-away tests with results in an hour, as well as multiplex tests that can detect 20 viruses in a single reaction, are now a reality. As the variety of test methods and commercial products proliferate, the challenges for clinicians and laboratories are selecting which tests to utilize in which clinical scenarios, and understanding how to interpret the results. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in this chapter, with special attention to neurologic disease.
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22
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Rhinoviruses. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Kaslow RA, Stanberry LR, Le Duc JW. Diagnosis, Discovery and Dissection of Viral Diseases. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7122662 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Kaslow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama USA
| | - Lawrence R. Stanberry
- Departmant of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York USA
| | - James W. Le Duc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas USA
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24
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Mejias A, Dimo B, Suarez NM, Garcia C, Suarez-Arrabal MC, Jartti T, Blankenship D, Jordan-Villegas A, Ardura MI, Xu Z, Banchereau J, Chaussabel D, Ramilo O. Whole blood gene expression profiles to assess pathogenesis and disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS Med 2013; 10:e1001549. [PMID: 24265599 PMCID: PMC3825655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and hospitalization in infants. Mostly because of the incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis, there is no licensed vaccine, and treatment remains symptomatic. We analyzed whole blood transcriptional profiles to characterize the global host immune response to acute RSV LRTI in infants, to characterize its specificity compared with influenza and human rhinovirus (HRV) LRTI, and to identify biomarkers that can objectively assess RSV disease severity. METHODS AND FINDINGS This was a prospective observational study over six respiratory seasons including a cohort of infants hospitalized with RSV (n = 135), HRV (n = 30), and influenza (n = 16) LRTI, and healthy age- and sex-matched controls (n = 39). A specific RSV transcriptional profile was identified in whole blood (training cohort, n = 45 infants; Dallas, Texas, US) and validated in three different cohorts (test cohort, n = 46, Dallas, Texas, US; validation cohort A, n = 16, Turku, Finland; validation cohort B, n = 28, Columbus, Ohio, US) with high sensitivity (94% [95% CI 87%-98%]) and specificity (98% [95% CI 88%-99%]). It classified infants with RSV LRTI versus HRV or influenza LRTI with 95% accuracy. The immune dysregulation induced by RSV (overexpression of neutrophil, inflammation, and interferon genes, and suppression of T and B cell genes) persisted beyond the acute disease, and immune dysregulation was greatly impaired in younger infants (<6 mo). We identified a genomic score that significantly correlated with outcomes of care including a clinical disease severity score and, more importantly, length of hospitalization and duration of supplemental O2. CONCLUSIONS Blood RNA profiles of infants with RSV LRTI allow specific diagnosis, better understanding of disease pathogenesis, and assessment of disease severity. This study opens new avenues for biomarker discovery and identification of potential therapeutic or preventive targets, and demonstrates that large microarray datasets can be translated into a biologically meaningful context and applied to the clinical setting. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AM); (OR)
| | - Blerta Dimo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicolas M. Suarez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carla Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Carmen Suarez-Arrabal
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Derek Blankenship
- Department of Statistics, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Jordan-Villegas
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Monica I. Ardura
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhaohui Xu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AM); (OR)
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25
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A two-tube multiplex reverse transcription PCR assay for simultaneous detection of sixteen human respiratory virus types/subtypes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:327620. [PMID: 23984344 PMCID: PMC3747601 DOI: 10.1155/2013/327620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for the development of a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of respiratory viral pathogens. With an intended application in provincial Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, in this study, we present a two-tube multiplex RT-PCR assay (two-tube assay) using automatic electrophoresis to simultaneously detect sixteen common respiratory viruses. The specificity and the sensitivity of the assay were tested. The assay could detect 20-200 copies per reaction when each viral type was assayed individually, 2000 copies with 9 premixed viral targets in the multiplexed assay in tube 1, and 200 copies with 8 premixed templates in tube 2. A total of 247 specimens were used to evaluate the two-tube assay, and the results were compared with those obtained from the Luminex xTAG RVP Fast assay. The discordant results were confirmed by sequencing or by the Seeplex RV15 ACE detection kit. There were no false positives, but six false negatives occurred with the two-tube assay. In conclusion, the two-tube assay is demonstrated to have great potential for routine surveillance of respiratory virus infection in China.
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26
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Litwin CM, Bosley JG. Seasonality and prevalence of respiratory pathogens detected by multiplex PCR at a tertiary care medical center. Arch Virol 2013; 159:65-72. [PMID: 23881085 PMCID: PMC7086932 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Seasonality has been reported for many viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recently described human metapneumovirus (hMPV). We hypothesize that the availability of rapid, multiplex PCR diagnostics will provide better clinical care and new insights into the etiology and clinical spectrum of RTIs. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the incidence of respiratory pathogens at a 500-bed adult and 154-bed pediatric hospital tertiary care center. A total of 939 specimens from patients with an age range of 5 days to 91 years (median, 2 years) were tested by a multiplex respiratory pathogen PCR from November 14, 2011 to November 13, 2012. Sixty-five percent of specimens were positive for at least one pathogen. As the age of the patient increased, the positivity rate for the PCR decreased proportionately. Rhinoviruses/enteroviruses (Rhino/Entero) were the most prevalent (34.3 %) followed by RSV (19.2 %) and hMPV (6.2 %). Twelve percent of the positive samples were positive for multiple analytes, with Rhino/Entero and RSV being the most common combination. The peak months were September and May for Rhino/Entero infections, January for RSV and February for coronavirus. hMPV peaked 2 months after RSV, as has been observed recently in other studies. Multiplex PCR provides rapid diagnostic information that can be used to make knowledgeable clinical decisions and potentially reduce the use of antibiotics. Active respiratory PCR surveillance could also predict seasonal respiratory epidemics to allow for adequate planning of additional infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Litwin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA, 30912, USA,
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27
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Yang Z, Durante M, Glushakova LG, Sharma N, Leal NA, Bradley KM, Chen F, Benner SA. Conversion strategy using an expanded genetic alphabet to assay nucleic acids. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4705-12. [PMID: 23541235 DOI: 10.1021/ac400422r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methods to detect DNA and RNA (collectively xNA) are easily plagued by noise, false positives, and false negatives, especially with increasing levels of multiplexing in complex assay mixtures. Here, we describe assay architectures that mitigate these problems by converting standard xNA analyte sequences into sequences that incorporate nonstandard nucleotides (Z and P). Z and P are extra DNA building blocks that form tight nonstandard base pairs without cross-binding to natural oligonucleotides containing G, A, C, and T (GACT). The resulting improvements are assessed in an assay that inverts the standard Luminex xTAG architecture, placing a biotin on a primer (rather than on a triphosphate). This primer is extended on the target to create a standard GACT extension product that is captured by a CTGA oligonucleotide attached to a Luminex bead. By using conversion, a polymerase incorporates dZTP opposite template dG in the absence of dCTP. This creates a Z-containing extension product that is captured by a bead-bound oligonucleotide containing P, which binds selectively to Z. The assay with conversion produces higher signals than the assay without conversion, possibly because the Z/P pair is stronger than the C/G pair. These architectures improve the ability of the Luminex instruments to detect xNA analytes, producing higher signals without the possibility of competition from any natural oligonucleotides, even in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), Gainesville, Florida 32601, United States.
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28
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Lipkin WI, Firth C. Viral surveillance and discovery. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:199-204. [PMID: 23602435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of virus discovery has burgeoned with the advent of high throughput sequencing platforms and bioinformatics programs that enable rapid identification and molecular characterization of known and novel agents, investments in global microbial surveillance that include wildlife and domestic animals as well as humans, and recognition that viruses may be implicated in chronic as well as acute diseases. Here we review methods for viral surveillance and discovery, strategies and pitfalls in linking discoveries to disease, and identify opportunities for improvements in sequencing instrumentation and analysis, the use of social media and medical informatics that will further advance clinical medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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Jaton-Ogay K, Bille J. Microbiological diagnosis of community-acquired respiratory tract infections by nucleic acid detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:947-61. [PMID: 23495868 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.8.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological diagnostic procedures have changed significantly over the last decade. Initially the implementation of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resulted in improved detection tests for microbes that were difficult or even impossible to detect by conventional methods such as culture and serology, especially in community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTI). A further improvement was the development of real-time PCR, which allows end point detection and quantification, and many diagnostic laboratories have now implemented this powerful method. OBJECTIVE At present, new performant and convenient molecular tests have emerged targeting in parallel many viruses and bacteria responsible for lower and/or upper respiratory tract infections. The range of test formats and microbial agents detected is evolving very quickly and the added value of these new tests needs to be studied in terms of better use of antibiotics, better patient management, duration of hospitalization and overall costs. CONCLUSIONS Molecular tools for a better microbial documentation of CA-RTI are now available. Controlled studies are now required to address the relevance issue of these new methods, such as, for example, the role of some newly detected respiratory viruses or of the microbial DNA load in a particular patient at a particular time. The future challenge for molecular diagnosis will be to become easy to handle, highly efficient and cost-effective, delivering rapid results with a direct impact on clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Jaton-Ogay
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland +41 21 314 40 76 ; +41 21 314 40 60 ;
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation CenterUniversity Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - M. Estabrook
- Division of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
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Couturier MR, Barney T, Alger G, Hymas WC, Stevenson JB, Hillyard D, Daly JA. Evaluation of the FilmArray® Respiratory Panel for clinical use in a large children's hospital. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 27:148-54. [PMID: 23424157 PMCID: PMC6807554 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory pathogens are a leading cause of hospital admission and traditional detection methods are time consuming and insensitive. Multiplex molecular detection methods have recently been investigated in hope of replacing these traditional techniques with rapid panel‐based testing. Objectives This study evaluated the FilmArray®Respiratory Panel ([FARP], Idaho Technology Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) as a replacement for direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing in a pediatric hospital. Methods Eleven of the 21 FARP analytes (Adenovirus, Bordetella pertussis, human Metapneumovirus, Influenza A, Influenza A H1N1 2009, Influenza B, Parainfluenza [1, 2, & 3], Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and rhinovirus) were evaluated using nasopharyngeal specimens. Positive samples were pooled in groups of 5. Samples identified by reference methods as positive for respiratory pathogens were used for the majority of positive samples. DFA was the reference method for ten analytes; LuminexTM xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel (RVP) was the reference method for rhinovirus. Discrepant results were resolved by positive culture and fluorescent antibody stain and/or laboratory‐developed real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays (LDT). Results The agreement for most analytes was in concordance with the established reference methods with the exception of Adenovirus. Additionally, the FARP detected several pathogens not previously detected by DFA, and most were confirmed by LDT. Several DFA‐positive analytes were confirmed as true‐negatives by the FARP and LDT. Conclusion FARP overall performed better than DFA with the exception of Adenovirus, making the FARP an attractive alternative to laboratories looking to replace DFA with a rapid, user‐friendly, multiplex molecular assay. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:148–154, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Leekha S, Irish CL, Schneider SK, Fernholz EC, Espy MJ, Cunningham SA, Patel R, Juhn YJ, Pritt B, Smith TF, Sampathkumar P. Viral detection using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based assay in outpatients with upper respiratory infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 75:169-73. [PMID: 23182565 PMCID: PMC7127585 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated a commercial multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in a cross-sectional study among 81 adult and pediatric outpatients-40 cases with upper respiratory infection symptoms and 41 asymptomatic controls-from February to April 2008. Two specimens (throat swab and nasal swab) from each participant were tested using the EraGen MultiCode-PLx Respiratory Virus Panel that detects 17 viral targets. Throat swabs were also tested for Group A Streptococcus (GAS) by PCR. Respiratory viruses were detected in 22/40 (55%) cases and in 3/41 (7%) controls (P < 0.001). GAS was detected in 10 (25%) cases; GAS and respiratory virus co-infection was found in 4 (10%). Agreement between nasal and throat swabs for viral detection was 69% in cases and 95% in controls. Of 22 cases with a detectable virus, 12 (54%) were picked up by only 1 (throat or nasal) specimen, and the detection rate was increased by combining results of nasal and throat swab testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Leekha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Determining the viral etiology of respiratory tract infections (RTI) has been limited for the most part to specific primer PCR-based methods due to their increased sensitivity and specificity compared to other methods, such as tissue culture. However, specific primer approaches have limited the ability to fully understand the diversity of infecting pathogens. A pathogen chip system (PathChip), developed at the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), using a random-tagged PCR coupled to a chip with over 170,000 probes, has the potential to recognize all known human viral pathogens. We tested 290 nasal wash specimens from Filipino children <2 years of age with respiratory tract infections using culture and 3 PCR methods-EraGen, Luminex, and the GIS PathChip. The PathChip had good diagnostic accuracy, ranging from 85.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.3 to 89.7%) for rhinovirus/enteroviruses to 98.6% (95% CI, 96.5 to 99.6%) for PIV 2, compared to the other methods and additionally identified a number of viruses not detected by these methods.
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Xu M, Qin X, Astion ML, Rutledge JC, Simpson J, Jerome KR, Englund JA, Zerr DM, Migita RT, Rich S, Childs JC, Cent A, Del Beccaro MA. Implementation of filmarray respiratory viral panel in a core laboratory improves testing turnaround time and patient care. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 139:118-23. [PMID: 23270907 PMCID: PMC7110182 DOI: 10.1309/ajcph7x3nlyzphbw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The FilmArray respiratory virus panel detects 15 viral agents in respiratory specimens using polymerase chain reaction. We performed FilmArray respiratory viral testing in a core laboratory at a regional children’s hospital that provides service 24 hours a day 7 days a week. The average and median turnaround time were 1.6 and 1.4 hours, respectively, in contrast to 7 and 6.5 hours documented 1 year previously at an on-site reference laboratory using a direct fluorescence assay (DFA) that detected 8 viral agents. During the study period, rhinovirus was detected in 20% and coronavirus in 6% of samples using FilmArray; these viruses would not have been detected with DFA. We followed 97 patients with influenza A or influenza B who received care at the emergency department (ED). Overall, 79 patients (81%) were given oseltamivir in a timely manner defined as receiving the drug in the ED, a prescription in the ED, or a prescription within 3 hours of ED discharge. Our results demonstrate that molecular technology can be successfully deployed in a nonspecialty, high-volume, multidisciplinary core laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xuan Qin
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael L. Astion
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Joe C. Rutledge
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Joanne Simpson
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Danielle M. Zerr
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Russell T. Migita
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Shannon Rich
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - John C. Childs
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Anne Cent
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mark A. Del Beccaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
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Clinical accuracy of a PLEX-ID flu device for simultaneous detection and identification of influenza viruses A and B. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 51:40-5. [PMID: 23077123 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01978-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections caused by influenza A and B viruses often present nonspecifically, and a rapid, high-throughput laboratory technique that can identify influenza viruses is clinically and epidemiologically desirable. The PLEX-ID Flu assay (Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, IL) incorporates multilocus PCR and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to detect and differentiate influenza A 2009 H1N1 (H1N1-p), seasonal H1N1 (H1N1-s), influenza A H3N2, and influenza B viruses in nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens. The clinical performance characteristics of the PLEX-ID Flu assay in symptomatic patients were determined in this multicenter trial. A total of 2,617 prospectively and retrospectively collected NPS specimens from patients with influenza-like illness between February 2008 and 28 May 2010 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Each specimen was tested in parallel by the PLEX-ID Flu assay and by the Prodesse ProFLU+ assay (Prodesse Inc., Madison, WI), to detect influenza A and B viruses. Specimens testing positive for influenza A virus by ProFLU+ were subtyped as H1N1-p, H1N1-s, or H3N2 by using the ProFAST+ assay (Gen-Probe Prodesse Inc.). The reproducibility of the PLEX-ID Flu assay ranged from 98.3 to 100.0%, as determined by testing a nine-specimen panel at three clinical sites on each of 5 days. Positive percent agreements (PPAs) and negative percent agreements (NPAs) of the PLEX-ID Flu assay were 94.5% and 99.0% for influenza A virus and 96.0% and 99.9% for influenza B virus, respectively. For the influenza A virus subtyping characterization, the PLEX-ID Flu assay had PPAs and NPAs of 98.3% and 97.5% for H1N1-p, 88.6% and 100.0% for H1N1-s, and 98.0% and 99.9% for H3N2, respectively. The overall agreements between the PLEX-ID and Prodesse ProFLU+/ProFAST+ assays were 97.1 to 100.0%. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing analysis revealed that 87.5% of 96 discrepant results between the PLEX-ID Flu and ProFLU+/ProFAST+ assays were found upon influenza A virus detection and H1N1-p subtyping. The PLEX-ID Flu assay demonstrated a high level of accuracy for the simultaneous detection and identification of influenza A and B viruses in patient specimens, providing a new laboratory tool for the rapid diagnosis and management of influenza A and B virus infections.
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Zhang G, Hu Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Bao Y, Zhou X. High incidence of multiple viral infections identified in upper respiratory tract infected children under three years of age in Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44568. [PMID: 22970251 PMCID: PMC3436764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a major reason for hospitalization in childhood. More than 80% of URTIs are viral. Etiological diagnosis of URTIs is important to make correct clinical decisions on treatment methods. However, data for viral spectrum of URTIs are very limited in Shanghai children. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from a group of 164 children aged below 3 years who were hospitalized due to acute respiratory infection from May 2009 to July 2010 in Shanghai. A VRDAL multiplex PCR for 10 common respiratory viruses was performed on collected specimens compared with the Seeplex® RV15 ACE Detection kit for 15 respiratory viruses. Results Viruses were detected in 84 (51.2%) patients by VRDAL multiplex PCR, and 8 (4.9%) of cases were mixed infections. Using the Seeplex® RV15 ACE Detection kit, viruses were detected in 129 (78.7%) patients, 49 (29.9%) were co-infected cases. Identified viruses included 37 of human rhinovirus (22.6% of cases), 32 of influenza A virus (19.5%), 30 of parainfluenzavirus-2 (18.3%), 23 of parainfluenzavirus-3 (14.0%), 15 of human enterovirus (9.1%), 14 each of parainfluenzavirus-1, respiratory syncytial virus B and adenovirus (8.5%), 8 of coronavirus 229E/NL63 (4.9%), 6 of human bocavirus (3.7%), 5 each of influenza B virus and respiratory syncytial virus A (3.0%), 3 of parainfluenzavirus-4 (1.8%), 2 of coronavirus OC43/HKU1 (1.2%), and 1 human metapneumovirus (0.6%). Conclusions A high frequency of respiratory infections (78.7%) and co-infections (29.9%) was detected in children with acute respiratory infection symptoms in Shanghai. The Seeplex® RV15 ACE detection method was found to be a more reliable high throughput tool than VRDAL method to simultaneously detect multiple respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocui Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunwen Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongping Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixi Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Mao NY, Zhang C, Yang MJ, Wang M, Xu WB, Ma XJ. The development of a GeXP-based multiplex reverse transcription-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of sixteen human respiratory virus types/subtypes. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:189. [PMID: 22891685 PMCID: PMC3462154 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Existing standard non-molecular diagnostic methods such as viral culture and immunofluorescent (DFA) are time-consuming, labor intensive or limited sensitivity. Several multiplex molecular assays are costly. Therefore, there is a need for the development of a rapid and sensitive diagnosis of respiratory viral pathogens. Methods A GeXP-based multiplex RT-PCR assay (GeXP assay) was developed to detect simultaneously sixteen different respiratory virus types/subtypes. Seventeen sets of chimeric primers were used to initiate the RT-PCR, and one pair of universal primers was used for the subsequent cycles of the RT-PCR. The specificity of the GeXP assay was examined with positive controls for each virus type/subtype. The sensitivity was evaluated by performing the assay on serial ten-fold dilutions of in vitro-transcribed RNA of all RNA viruses and the plasmids containing the Adv and HBoV target sequence. GeXP assay was further evaluated using 126 clinical specimens and compared with Luminex xTAG RVP Fast assay. Results The GeXP assay achieved a sensitivity of 20–200 copies for a single virus and 1000 copies when all of the 16 pre-mixed viral targets were present. Analyses of 126 clinical specimens using the GeXP assay demonstrated that GeXP assay and the RVP Fast assay were in complete agreement for 109/126 (88.51%) of the specimens. GeXP assay was more sensitive than the RVP Fast assay for the detection of HRV and PIV3, and slightly less sensitive for the detection of HMPV, Adv, RSVB and HBoV. The whole process of the GeXP assay for the detection of 12 samples was completed within 2.5 hours. Conclusions In conclusion, the GeXP assay is a rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, specific and high throughput method for the detection of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changbai Rd 155, Beijing, Changping District 102206, China
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Puppe W, Weigl J, Gröndahl B, Knuf M, Rockahr S, von Bismarck P, Aron G, Niesters HGM, Osterhaus ADME, Schmitt HJ. Validation of a multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR ELISA for the detection of 19 respiratory tract pathogens. Infection 2012; 41:77-91. [PMID: 22847627 PMCID: PMC7100787 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-012-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since acute respiratory tract infections inflict a high burden of disease in children worldwide, a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with a microwell hybridization assay (m-RT-PCR-ELISA) to detect 19 different respiratory pathogens was developed and validated. METHODS A total of 430 respiratory specimens were retrospectively tested in parallel by both the advanced 19-valent m-RT-PCR-ELISA as well as by culture or individual RT-PCR assays used in clinical routine. RESULTS The mean (median) sensitivity of the m-RT-PCR-ELISA in the retrospective test was 93.3% (95.1%; range 83.3-100 %), and the mean (median) specificity was 99.8 and 100 % (range 98.6-100 %), respectively. The mean positive predictive value was 99.3 % (range 93.4-100 %) and the mean negative predictive value was 95.3 % (range 98.4-100 %). Feasibility and clinical value of the 19-valent method was prospectively shown on 16,231 incoming clinical specimens from patients between 0 and 16 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections admitted to pediatric hospitals or private practices from October 2003 to June 2010 in three regions in Germany (Kiel, Mainz, Freiburg; Freiburg to June 2007 only). At least one microorganism was detected in 10,765 of 16,231 (66.3 %) clinical specimens: 5,044 RV, 1,999 RSV, 1,286 AV, 944 EV, 737 seasonal IVA, 173 pandemic IVA H1N1-2009, 899 MPV, 518 CV, 383 PIV3, 268 PIV1, 259 Mpn, 205 IVB, 164 PIV2, 144 PIV4, 103 Bp, 29 Cpn and 29 Bpp, while reovirus and Lpn were not present in these specimens from a pediatric population. More than one organism could be detected in 13.4 % of the specimens. CONCLUSIONS The m-RT-PCR-ELISA evaluated here improves the spectrum for diagnosing respiratory infections and is a feasible instrument for individual diagnostic and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Puppe
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Mahony JB, Petrich A, Smieja M. Molecular diagnosis of respiratory virus infections. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2012; 48:217-49. [PMID: 22185616 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.640976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of eight new respiratory viruses, including the SARS coronavirus in 2003 and swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, in the human population in the past nine years has tested the ability of virology laboratories to develop diagnostic tests to identify these viruses. Nucleic acid based amplification tests (NATs) for respiratory viruses were first introduced two decades ago and today are utilized for the detection of both conventional and emerging viruses. These tests are more sensitive than other diagnostic approaches, including virus isolation in cell culture, shell vial culture (SVC), antigen detection by direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) staining, and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and now form the backbone of clinical virology laboratory testing around the world. NATs not only provide fast, accurate and sensitive detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens but also have increased our understanding of the epidemiology of both new emerging viruses such as the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of 2009, and conventional viruses such as the common cold viruses, including rhinovirus and coronavirus. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays introduced in the last five years detect up to 19 different viruses in a single test. Several multiplex PCR tests are now commercially available and tests are working their way into clinical laboratories. The final chapter in the evolution of respiratory virus diagnostics has been the addition of allelic discrimination and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with antiviral resistance. These assays are now being multiplexed with primary detection and subtyping assays, especially in the case of influenza virus. These resistance assays, together with viral load assays, will enable clinical laboratories to provide physicians with new and important information for optimal treatment of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Mahony
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Canada.
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was identified as a causative agent of respiratory illness in humans. Since then, numerous studies have contributed to a substantial body of knowledge on many aspects of HMPV. This review summarizes our current knowledge on HMPV, HMPV disease pathogenesis, and disease intervention strategies and identifies a number of areas with key questions to be addressed in the future.
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Bhat N, O'Brien KL, Karron RA, Driscoll AJ, Murdoch DR. Use and evaluation of molecular diagnostics for pneumonia etiology studies. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54 Suppl 2:S153-8. [PMID: 22403230 PMCID: PMC3297547 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive microbiological testing will be a core function of the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) project. The development stage of PERCH provided the time and resources necessary for us to conduct a comprehensive review of the current state of respiratory diagnostics. These efforts allowed us to articulate the unique requirements of PERCH, establish that molecular methods would be central to our testing strategy, and focus on a short list of candidate platforms. This process also highlighted critical challenges in the general design and interpretation of diagnostic evaluation studies, particularly in the field of respiratory infections. Although our final molecular diagnostic platform was ultimately selected on the basis of operational and strategic considerations determined by the specific context of PERCH, our review highlighted several conceptual and practical challenges in respiratory diagnostics that have broader relevance for the performance and interpretation of pneumonia research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Bhat
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
| | | | - Ruth A. Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David R. Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago
- Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Jokela P, Piiparinen H, Mannonen L, Auvinen E, Lappalainen M. Performance of the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel Fast in a clinical laboratory setting. J Virol Methods 2012; 182:82-6. [PMID: 22465255 PMCID: PMC7119588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a real-time RT-PCR for the detection of enteroviruses (EVs) and rhinoviruses (RVs) and to assess the performance of the xTAG RVP Fast assay in comparison to a direct fluorescent assay (DFA), a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and the EV/RV RT-PCR assay developed in this study. The performance of the RVP Fast assay was assessed in the analysis of 373 nasopharyngeal samples. For the viruses of the DFA panel, detection rates of 27.6% and 23.8% were obtained by RVP and DFA, respectively, in analysis of a set of 297 samples collected in 2009–2010. These results show statistically significant superiority of the RVP Fast assay (P = 0.049). For RSV, hMPV, EV, and RV, detection rates of 48.0% and 45.2% were achieved by RVP and RT-PCR, respectively. For individual targets, increased detection of EV/RV (P = 0.043) and decreased detection of influenza A virus (P = 0.004) by RVP in comparison to real-time RT-PCR was observed. The results of the present study imply the need to adjust the InfA component of the RVP Fast assay to also cover the InfA(H1N1) 2009 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jokela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Flu Assay for rapid identification and differentiation of influenza A, influenza A 2009 H1N1, and influenza B viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1704-10. [PMID: 22378908 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06520-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xpert Flu Assay cartridge is a next-generation nucleic acid amplification system that provides multiplexed PCR detection of the influenza A, influenza A 2009 H1N1, and influenza B viruses in approximately 70 min with minimal hands-on time. Six laboratories participated in a clinical trial comparing the results of the new Cepheid Xpert Flu Assay to those of culture or real-time PCR with archived and prospectively collected nasal aspirate-wash (NA-W) specimens and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from children and adults. Discrepant results were resolved by DNA sequence analysis. After discrepant-result analysis, the sensitivities of the Xpert Flu Assay for prospective NA-W specimens containing the influenza A, influenza A 2009 H1N1, and influenza B viruses compared to those of culture were 90.0%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, while the sensitivities of the assay for prospective NP swabs compared to those of culture were 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The sensitivities of the Xpert Flu Assay for archived NA-W specimens compared to those of Gen-Probe ProFlu+ PCR for the influenza A, influenza A 2009 H1N1, and influenza B viruses were 99.4%, 98.4%, and 100%, respectively, while the sensitivities of the Xpert Flu Assay for archived NP swabs compared to those of ProFlu+ were 98.1%, 100%, and 93.8%, respectively. The sensitivities of the Xpert Flu Assay with archived NP specimens compared to those of culture for the three targets were 97.5%, 100%, and 93.8%, respectively. We conclude that the Cepheid Xpert Flu Assay is an accurate and rapid method that is suitable for on-demand testing for influenza viral infection.
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Sibley CD, Peirano G, Church DL. Molecular methods for pathogen and microbial community detection and characterization: current and potential application in diagnostic microbiology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:505-21. [PMID: 22342514 PMCID: PMC7106020 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical microbiology laboratories worldwide have historically relied on phenotypic methods (i.e., culture and biochemical tests) for detection, identification and characterization of virulence traits (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes, toxins) of human pathogens. However, limitations to implementation of molecular methods for human infectious diseases testing are being rapidly overcome allowing for the clinical evaluation and implementation of diverse technologies with expanding diagnostic capabilities. The advantages and limitation of molecular techniques including real-time polymerase chain reaction, partial or whole genome sequencing, molecular typing, microarrays, broad-range PCR and multiplexing will be discussed. Finally, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and deep sequencing are introduced as technologies at the clinical interface with the potential to dramatically enhance our ability to diagnose infectious diseases and better define the epidemiology and microbial ecology of a wide range of complex infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Sibley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta, Canada
| | - Gisele Peirano
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alta, Canada
| | - Deirdre L. Church
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alta, Canada
- Corresponding author. Address: c/o Calgary Laboratory Services, 9-3535 Research Rd. N.W., Calgary, Alta, Canada T2L 2K8. Tel.: +1 403 770 3281; fax: +1 403 770 3347.
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Hayden RT, Gu Z, Rodriguez A, Tanioka L, Ying C, Morgenstern M, Bankowski MJ. Comparison of two broadly multiplexed PCR systems for viral detection in clinical respiratory tract specimens from immunocompromised children. J Clin Virol 2012; 53:308-13. [PMID: 22296791 PMCID: PMC7108354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The detection of viral respiratory tract infections has evolved greatly with the development of PCR based commercial systems capable of simultaneously detecting a wide variety of pathogens. Objectives Evaluate the relative performance of two commercial broad range systems for the detection of viral agents in clinical respiratory tract specimens from immunocompromised children. Study design A total of 176 patient samples were included in the analysis, representing only the first sample collected for each patient, and excluding failed reactions. Samples were de-identified and assayed in parallel using two different, broadly multiplexed PCR systems: ResPlex™ II Panel v2.0 (ResPlex), Qiagen, Hilden, Germany and FilmArray® Respiratory Panel (FilmArray), Idaho Technology Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. Method comparison was based upon pair-wise concordance of results according to patient age, viral target and number of targets detected. Results The two systems showed an overall concordance, by patient, of 83.8% (p = 0.0001). FilmArray detected at least one target in 68.8% of samples, while ResPlex detected at least one target in 56.8%. ResPlex failed to detect 20.7% of FilmArray positives, and FilmArray failed to detect 4% of ResPlex positives. The relative performance of each system (including which system detected a higher number of positive samples) varied when stratified by target viral pathogen. Conclusions Broadly multiplexed PCR is an effective means of detecting large numbers of clinically relevant respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States.
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Decreased innate immune cytokine responses correlate with disease severity in children with respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus bronchiolitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:86-9. [PMID: 21829141 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31822dc8c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immunopathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infections in children remains to be defined. We measured nasal wash concentrations of 29 cytokines in infants with RSV or human rhinovirus lower respiratory tract infections. Concentrations of interferon-γ in RSV and innate immunity cytokines in both infections inversely correlated with disease severity.
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Selvaraju SB, Selvarangan R. Evaluation of xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST and xTAG Human Parainfluenza Virus Analyte-Specific Reagents for detection of human parainfluenza viruses in respiratory specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 72:278-81. [PMID: 22209513 PMCID: PMC7172276 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The multiplex xTAG® Respiratory Viral Panel FAST (RVP FAST) research-use-only assay and xTAG® Human Parainfluenza Virus Analyte-Specific Reagent (HPIV-ASR) assay were evaluated with 99 culture-confirmed human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)–positive and –negative specimens and found to have analytical sensitivities of 95.2% and 100% and specificities of 98.3% and 96.6%, respectively. Since the in vitro diagnostic (IVD) version of the RVP FAST assay does not include HPIVs, the HPIV-ASR assay can be tested in parallel with RVP FAST-IVD for optimal detection of HPIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B Selvaraju
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Drews SJ. Rethinking approaches to improve the utilization of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection and characterization of influenza A in diagnostic and reference laboratories. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1443-60. [PMID: 22122441 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IFVA) is a significant cause of respiratory infections worldwide and was also responsible for a recent pandemic in 2009. Laboratory identification of IFVA can guide antiviral therapy, assist in cohorting of patients and prevent antibiotic use. Characterization of the virus can track the emergence of novel strains, identify resistance and determine how circulating strains match with vaccine components. The gold standard for detection and characterization of IFVA is nucleic acid amplification technology (e.g., reverse transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]), which must contend with a constantly evolving viral genome. Although molecular technology has been available for over two decades, there is still an operational gap between assay design and utilization of these tests for the diagnosis and characterization of IFVA. This review will discuss issues surrounding the implementation and use of RT-PCR for the identification and characterization of IFVA, and speculate on why RT-PCR has not been used more widely in clinical laboratories or moved closer to the patient. Newer, less widely used technologies that may change our laboratory practices will be identified and the authors will close with an attempt to identify some future applications of RT-PCR-based technologies for the detection and characterization of IFVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Microbiology, 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4W4, Canada
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Yamashige R, Kimoto M, Takezawa Y, Sato A, Mitsui T, Yokoyama S, Hirao I. Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2793-806. [PMID: 22121213 PMCID: PMC3315302 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward the expansion of the genetic alphabet of DNA, we present highly efficient unnatural base pair systems as an artificial third base pair for PCR. Hydrophobic unnatural base pair systems between 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds) and 2-nitro-4-propynylpyrrole (Px) were fine-tuned for efficient PCR, by assessing the amplification efficiency and fidelity using different polymerases and template sequence contexts and modified Px bases. Then, we found that some modifications of the Px base reduced the misincorporation rate of the unnatural base substrates opposite the natural bases in templates without reducing the Ds–Px pairing selectivity. Under optimized conditions using Deep Vent DNA polymerase, the misincorporation rate was extremely low (0.005%/bp/replication), which is close to that of the natural base mispairings by the polymerase. DNA fragments with different sequence contexts were amplified ∼1010-fold by 40 cycles of PCR, and the selectivity of the Ds–Px pairing was >99.9%/replication, except for 99.77%/replication for unfavorable purine-Ds-purine motifs. Furthermore, >97% of the Ds–Px pair in DNA survived in the 1028-fold amplified products after 100-cycle PCR (10 cycles repeated 10 times). This highly specific Ds–Px pair system provides a framework for new biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yamashige
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center (SSBC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Picornavirus, the most common respiratory virus causing infection among patients of all ages hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:506-8. [PMID: 22116142 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05999-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the prevalence of respiratory virus infection (RVI) in 403 illnesses of 364 persons hospitalized over a 2-year period with acute respiratory conditions using virus-specific reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays in addition to cell culture and serology. RVIs were identified in >75% of children under 5 years of age and 25 to 37% of adults. The molecular assays doubled the number of infections identified; picornaviruses were the most frequent in patients of all ages, followed by respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses.
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