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Barzgar G, Ahmadpour E, Ahmadi R, Norouzi R, Siyadatpanah A, Kohansal MH. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis by microscopy and molecular methods in women referred to health centers in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:624-629. [PMID: 39145365 PMCID: PMC11319573 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic disease that affects the human reproductive and urinary systems, representing a substantial non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Given its impact on reproductive health, and the limited available information on the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of T. vaginalis among women referred to health centers in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. Study was conducted on 448 suspicious women who attended to 29Bahman hospital in Tabriz, Northwest Iran, during September 2020 to September 2021. Demographic data were collected according to the study protocol. Vaginal discharges were obtained using sterile swabs, and the prevalence of T. vaginalis was determined using Papanicolauo staining and PCR method. Among the 448 cases studied, 48 (10.7%) samples were suspected as a T. vaginalis infection, while 4 (0.89%) confirmed using the PCR method. The mean age of infected individuals was 41.7 ± 9.4 years. No statistical correlation was observed between inflammation, method of contraception and infection (p = 0.8). The present study revealed a relatively low prevalence of T. vaginalis infection within the study population. Additionally, the utilization of the PCR method can be beneficial in confirming suspected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Barzgar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
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Schwebke JR, Nyirjesy P, Dsouza M, Getman D. Vaginitis and risk of sexually transmitted infections: results of a multi-center U.S. clinical study using STI nucleic acid amplification testing. J Clin Microbiol 2024:e0081624. [PMID: 39140739 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00816-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant increases in rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) are occurring in the United States. We present results of a U.S. study examining the intersection of STIs and vaginitis. Among 1,051 women with diagnoses for the presence or absence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and/or symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), 195 (18.5%) had one or more STIs, including 101 (9.6%) with TV, 24 (2.3%) with CT, 9 (0.8%) with NG, and 93 (8.8%) with MG. STI prevalence in BV-positive women was 26.3% (136/518), significantly higher than STI prevalence of 12.5% (59/474) in BV-negative women (P < 0.0002). Unlike infections with CT or NG, solo infections of MG or TV were each significantly associated with a diagnosis of BV-positive/VVC-negative (OR 3.0751; 95% CI 1.5797-5.9858, P = 0.0113, and OR 2.873; 95% CI 1.5687-5.2619, P = 0.0017, respectively) and with mixed infections containing MG and TV (OR 3.4886; 95% CI 1.8901-6.439, P = 0.0042, and OR 3.1858; 95% CI 1.809-5.6103, P = 0.0014, respectively). TV and MG infection rates were higher in all Nugent score (NS) categories than CT and NG infection rates; however, both STIs had similar comparative prevalence ratios to CT in NS 6-10 vs NS 0-5 (CT: 3.06% vs 1.4%, 2.2-fold; MG: 10.7% vs 6.1%, 1.8-fold; TV: 14.5% vs 7.0%, 2.1-fold). NG prevalence was relatively invariant by the NS category. These results highlight the complexity of associations of STIs with two major causes of vaginitis and underscore the importance of STI testing in women seeking care for abnormal vaginal discharge and inflammation. IMPORTANCE This study reports high rates for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in women seeking care for symptoms of vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, revealing highly complex associations of STIs with two of the major causes of vaginal dysbiosis. These results underscore the importance of STI testing in women seeking care for abnormal vaginal discharge and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane R Schwebke
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Paul Nyirjesy
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Silva RC, De Freitas A, Vicente B, Midlej V, Dos Santos MS. Exploring novel pyrazole-nitroimidazole hybrids: Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity against the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117679. [PMID: 38461555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, has gained increased significance globally. Its relevance has grown in recent years due to its association with a heightened risk of acquiring and transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other STIs. In addition, many publications have revealed a potential link between trichomoniasis and certain cancers. Metronidazole (MTZ), a nitroimidazole compound developed over 50 years ago, remains the first-choice drug for treatment. However, reports of genotoxicity and side effects underscore the necessity for new compounds to address this pressing global health concern. In this study, we synthesized ten pyrazole-nitroimidazoles 1(a-j) and 4-nitro-1-(hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazole 2, an analog of metronidazole (MTZ), and assessed their trichomonacidal and cytotoxic effects. All compounds 1(a-j) and 2 exhibited IC50 values ≤ 20 μM and ≤ 41 μM, after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Compounds 1d (IC50 5.3 μM), 1e (IC50 4.8 μM), and 1i (IC50 5.2 μM) exhibited potencies equivalent to MTZ (IC50 4.9 μM), the reference drug, after 24 h. Notably, compound 1i showed high anti-trichomonas activity after 24 h (IC50 5.2 μM) and 48 h (IC50 2.1 μM). Additionally, all compounds demonstrated either non-cytotoxic to HeLa cells (CC50 > 100 μM) or low cytotoxicity (CC50 between 69 and 100 μM). These findings suggest that pyrazole-nitroimidazole derivatives represent a promising heterocyclic system, serving as a potential lead for further optimization in trichomoniasis chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Corrêa Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Sistemas Heterocíclicos (LaSSH), Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Federal University of Itajubá, 1303 BPS Avenue, Pinheirinho, Itajubá-MG, 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Anna De Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural (LBE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, 4365 Brasil Avenue, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21040-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Oswaldo Cruz Institute- Fiocruz, Brazil
| | - Bruno Vicente
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural (LBE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, 4365 Brasil Avenue, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21040-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Fiocruz, Brazil
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural (LBE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, 4365 Brasil Avenue, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maurício Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese de Sistemas Heterocíclicos (LaSSH), Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Federal University of Itajubá, 1303 BPS Avenue, Pinheirinho, Itajubá-MG, 37500-903, Brazil.
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Shiratori M, Patel A, Gerhold RW, Sullivan SA, Carlton JM. Persistent Trichomonas vaginalis infections and the pseudocyst form. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1023-1031. [PMID: 37806787 PMCID: PMC10844888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis [the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans] can establish persistent infections in the vagina. T. vaginalis infections are often asymptomatic but can have adverse consequences such as increased risk of HIV-1 infection and cervical cancer. Despite this, it remains an understudied infection. A potential agent of persistent infections is the 'pseudocyst', a spherical form of T. vaginalis identified by several laboratories and linked to persistence in related species such as the avian parasite Trichomonas gallinae and cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Additional robust and reproducible research on pseudocysts and persistent T. vaginalis infections is required, which may ultimately shed light on how to better diagnose and treat trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shiratori
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Abhishek Patel
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Richard W Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Steven A Sullivan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 12 Waverly Place, New York City, NY 10003, USA.
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Getaneh FW, Oliveira CR, Pathy S, Sheth SS. Disparities in adherence to retesting guidelines in women with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 229:284.e1-284.e10. [PMID: 37393012 PMCID: PMC10530237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Numerous studies have shown disproportionately higher prevalence rates in non-Hispanic Black women. Because of the high rates of reinfection, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends retesting women treated for trichomoniasis. Despite these national guidelines, there are few studies examining adherence to retesting recommendations for patients with trichomoniasis. Adherence to retesting guidelines has been shown in other infections to be an important determinant of racial disparities. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe Trichomonas vaginalis infection rates, evaluate adherence to retesting guidelines, and examine characteristics of women who were not retested according to the guidelines in an urban, diverse, hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic population. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients from a single hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic who were tested for Trichomonas vaginalis between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to examine guideline-concordant testing for reinfection among patients with trichomoniasis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with testing positive and with appropriate retesting. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients who were pregnant and tested positive for Trichomonas vaginalis. RESULTS Among the 8809 patients tested for Trichomonas vaginalis, 799 (9.1%) tested positive at least once during the study. Factors associated with trichomoniasis included identifying as non-Hispanic Black (adjusted odds ratio, 3.13; 95% confidence interval, 2.52-3.89), current or former tobacco smoking (adjusted odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-2.65), and single marital status (adjusted odds ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-2.56). Similar associated factors were found in the pregnant subgroup analysis. For women with trichomoniasis, guideline-concordant retesting rates were low across the entire population, with only 27% (214/799) of patients retested within the recommended time frame; 42% (82/194) of the pregnant subgroup underwent guideline-concordant retesting. Non-Hispanic Black women had significantly lower odds of undergoing guideline-recommended retesting than non-Hispanic White women (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.92). Among patients tested according to guideline recommendations, we found a high rate of Trichomonas vaginalis positivity at retesting: 24% in the entire cohort (51/214) and 33% in the pregnant subgroup (27/82). CONCLUSION Trichomonas vaginalis infection was identified at a high frequency in a diverse, urban hospital-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic population. Opportunities exist to improve on equitable and guideline-concordant retesting of patients with trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feven W Getaneh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC.
| | - Carlos R Oliveira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shefali Pathy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sangini S Sheth
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Han Y, Chen S, Xu W, Shi M, Chen K, Liu J, Kim P, Chen X, Yin Y. A Nationwide Survey on Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Health Facilities in China. Sex Transm Dis 2023; 50:420-424. [PMID: 36920285 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the clinical laboratory capacity for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in China to provide recommendations to improve the diagnostic capacity and quality of this clinically important sexually transmitted disease. METHODS An electronic questionnaire-based cross-sectional, survey study was conducted by the National Center for STD Control among different types of healthcare facilities in China from July to December 2021. RESULTS The surveyed laboratory facilities were located in 332 cities in 31 provinces in China. A total of 4640 records from clinical laboratories were included in the data set for the final analysis. Less than half of the laboratories (41.6% [1931 of 4640]) performed the CT diagnostic test; of these, 721 laboratories (15.5% [721 of 4640]) carried out nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) methods, and 1318 laboratories (28.4% [1318 of 4640]) performed antigen-based immunochromatographic assays. Most laboratories were equipped with biological safety cabinets (93.7% [4348 of 4640]), 49.2% (2283 of 4640) were equipped with fully automated nucleic acid extractors, and 55.2% (2560 of 4640) were equipped with polymerase chain reaction amplification instruments. The laboratories from Southern China or third-class hospitals (i.e., the highest rated hospitals) had the highest proportion using NAATs to diagnose CT among the surveyed health facilities. CONCLUSIONS Advancing laboratories to use NAAT to detect CT should be phased step-by-step by different areas and levels of hospitals according to the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Liu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Kim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Beteck RM, Isaacs M, Legoabe LJ, Hoppe HC, Tam CC, Kim JH, Petzer JP, Cheng LW, Quiambao Q, Land KM, Khanye SD. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of novel metronidazole-Schiff base hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200409. [PMID: 36446720 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 21 novel small molecules inspired by metronidazole and Schiff base compounds. The compounds were evaluated against Trichomonas vaginalis and cross-screened against other pathogenic protozoans of clinical relevance. Most of these compounds were potent against T. vaginalis, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. Compound 20, the most active compound against T. vaginalis, exhibited an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. A few compounds also exhibited activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosomal brucei brucei, with compound 6 exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.7 µM against P. falciparum and compound 22 exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.4 µM against T.b. brucei. Compound 22 is a broad-spectrum antiprotozoal agent, showing activities against all three pathogenic protozoans under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Quincel Quiambao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. It has been associated with a variety of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes for both men and women. In this review, the authors discuss updates in its epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical significance, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Ajani T, Elikwu C, Fayemiwo S, Nwadike V, Tayo B, Anaedobe C, Shonekan O, Okangba C, Akanji A, Omeonu A, Faluyi B, Asini A, Ajayi E, Adeyoola O, Atalabi F, Nwanane E. TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2022; 20:135-142. [PMID: 37384345 PMCID: PMC10295101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the common non- viral sexually transmitted infections that infect both men and women worldwide. It is largely asymptomatic and its association with the risk of HIV transmission has made it a compelling public health concern. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with T. vaginalis among asymptomatic undergraduate students at Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Ogun state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 246 asymptomatic students of Babcock University between February 2019 to April 2020. Information on socio-demographic and associated risk factors was obtained by structured-questionnaire in an interview-based manner. First-void urine was collected from each participant for the detection of T. vaginalis using the traditional wet prep method and TV in-pouch. The data were analyzed by SPSS Version 23. Results The overall prevalence of T. vaginalis among the participants was 12.2% (30/246). The use of wet-preparation showed 8.5% (21/246) while the use of TV inpouch yielded 12. 2% (30/246) prevalence of positive results. The results of the wet prep in comparison to the in-pouch technique was statistically significant among the study population. (P < 0.001). Sexual intercourse, use of hormonal contraceptives and practice of internet-based sex seeking behaviour were factors that had increase likelihood of T. vaginalis infection on multivariate analysis. Conclusion The occurrence of T. vaginalis and, its associated risk factors among the asymptomatic population in this study is very high. We advocate for the screening of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.A. Ajani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - C.J. Elikwu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
| | - S.A. Fayemiwo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - V. Nwadike
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - B. Tayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - C.G. Anaedobe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
| | - O. Shonekan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - C.C. Okangba
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - A.M. Akanji
- Department of Histopathology, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - A. Omeonu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - B. Faluyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - A.O. Asini
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - E.V. Ajayi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - O.O. Adeyoola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - F.B. Atalabi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - E.B. Nwanane
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Common Microbial Genital Infections and Their Impact on the Innate Immune Response to HPV in Cervical Cells. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111361. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is a prerequisite of cervical cancer. It is not clear whether and how bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause higher rates of persistent HPV infection. This study aimed to characterize mucosal innate immunity to HPV, comparing different conditions. Specifically, expression levels of genes coding for Toll-like receptors (TLR)7 and 9, several type III Interferon-related genes (IFNL1, 2, 3, their specific receptor subunit IFNLR1, and the IFN-stimulated gene ISG15). Chemokines CCL5 and CCL20 were measured in cervical cells positive, or not, for HPV, BV, and STIs. HPV DNA was detected in 51/120 (42.5%) enrolled women, two/third were HR-HPV genotypes. More than 50% of samples were BV- and/or STI-positive. HPV-positive women had BV, but not other STIs, more frequently than the HPV-negative. TLR9 and IFNL1 mRNAs were expressed in the LR, but much less in the HR HPV infection. Enhanced levels of TLR9, TLR7, IFNL2, and IFNLR1 were observed in HPV-positive women with BV and STI. TLR9-increased expression was associated with HPV persistence in previous studies; hence, bacterial coinfections may enhance this risk. Prospective measurements of type III IFNs and IFNLR1 are warranted to evaluate whether this response may act as a double-edged sword in infected epithelia.
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Scaglione E, Mantova G, Caturano V, Fanasca L, Carraturo F, Farina F, Pagliarulo C, Vitiello M, Pagliuca C, Salvatore P, Colicchio R. Molecular Epidemiology of Genital Infections in Campania Region: A Retrospective Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081798. [PMID: 35892509 PMCID: PMC9394247 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides updated information on the prevalence and co-infections caused by genital microorganisms and pathogens: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Gardnerella vaginalis, by retrospectively analyzing a cohort of patients living in the Naples metropolitan area, Campania region, Southern Italy. To investigate the genital infections prevalence in clinical specimens (vaginal/endocervical swabs and urines) collected from infertile asymptomatic women and men from November 2018 to December 2020, we used a multiplex real-time PCR assay. Of the 717 specimens collected, 302 (42.1%) resulted positive for at least one of the targets named above. Statistically significant differences in genital prevalence of selected microorganisms were detected in both women (62.91%) and men (37.08%). G. vaginalis and U. parvum represented the most common findings with an 80.2% and 16.9% prevalence in vaginal/endocervical swabs and first-voided urines, respectively. Prevalence of multiple infections was 18.18% and 8.19% in women and men, respectively. The most frequent association detected was the co-infection of G. vaginalis and U. parvum with 60% prevalence. Our epidemiological analysis suggests different infection patterns between genders, highlighting the need to implement a preventative screening strategy of genital infections to reduce the complications on reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mantova
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Valeria Caturano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Luca Fanasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Carraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Farina
- Department of Law, Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Sannio, Piazza Arechi II, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Mariateresa Vitiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (G.M.); (V.C.); (L.F.); (F.C.); (M.V.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (R.C.)
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12
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Lindrose AR, Htet KZ, O'Connell S, Marsh J, Kissinger PJ. Burden of trichomoniasis among older adults in the United States: a systematic review. Sex Health 2022; 19:151-156. [PMID: 35667854 DOI: 10.1071/sh22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite being one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States, the epidemiology of trichomoniasis remains understudied. One population that has been historically overlooked regarding STIs is that of older adults, despite many individuals remaining sexually active well into their older years. We investigated the reported prevalence and incidence of trichomoniasis in adults aged ≥45years in the United States using a systematic literature review. Twelve articles were included in the review, all assessing prevalence of trichomoniasis in this age group. Notably, no included articles assessed trichomoniasis incidence. Data collected encompassed several decades, from 1993 to 2016. Estimates of infection prevalence varied widely and ranged from 0.2% to 21.4% in included populations, with the highest prevalence typically seen among individuals seeking diagnostic testing for STIs. Several studies found increased risk for trichomoniasis in older patients compared to younger age groups. This is the first review to examine the risk of trichomoniasis in older adults, and the surprisingly high prevalence suggests that older adults may merit increased screening for trichomoniasis and sexual health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Lindrose
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kyaw Zin Htet
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Samantha O'Connell
- Office of Academic Affairs & Provost, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - James Marsh
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patricia J Kissinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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13
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Detection of metronidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis using uncultured vaginal swabs. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2421-2432. [PMID: 35657426 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating T. vaginalis infections although metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis has been reported in clinical isolates. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of mutations in nitroreductase genes associated with metronidazole resistance in vaginal swabs testing positive for T. vaginalis. This study included 385 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women. Vaginal swabs were collected from consenting pregnant women and used for the detection of T. vaginalis using the TaqMan assay. From the vaginal swabs, nitroreductase genes ntr4 and ntr6 containing mutations associated with metronidazole resistance were amplified using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. To validate the PCR assay, T. vaginalis cultured isolates with known metronidazole resistance profiles were used as controls in the mutation detection assays. The prevalence of T. vaginalis in the study population was 12.2% (47/385). Mutations associated with resistance to metronidazole were detected in more than 40% of the samples tested, i.e. 21/47 (45%) and 24/47 (51%) for ntr4 and ntr6, respectively. A total of 19 samples (40%) carried mutations for both ntr4 and ntr6 genes associated with metronidazole resistance. The validation assays showed a positive correlation between phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. This study found a high prevalence of mutations associated with metronidazole resistance. This is concerning since metronidazole is currently used in the syndromic management of STIs in South Africa. Molecular-based assays for monitoring metronidazole resistance profiles using nitroreductase genes may serve as a feasible method for antimicrobial surveillance studies for T. vaginalis.
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14
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Local cytokine/chemokine profiles in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to T. vaginalis infection. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108287. [PMID: 35660531 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of Trichomoniasis (a sexually transmitted infection). Recent reports have shown that stimulation of cellular immunity can reduce trichomoniasis infection. Animal studies are essential to understanding the pathogenesis of infection and developing new potential drugs and vaccines to treat the infection. Therefore, we have tried to understand the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis infection by investigating the differences in the expression of chemokine/cytokine levels in vaginal and cervical tissues of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Different pathological symptoms, like desquamation, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage, were recorded in BALB/c and C57BL/6 in response to T. vaginalis infection. Vaginal and cervical tissues of BALB/c showed these symptoms on 2nd dpi, which became severe on 7th dpi and turned to mild or normal till 14th dpi compared to C57BL/6 strain. Immunohistochemistry in the vagina and cervical tissues of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was done to assess cytokines at different time intervals post-infection. Significant expression of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) was found in BALB/c compared to the C57BL/6 mice, on 7th dpi and 2nd dpi in vaginal and cervical tissues, respectively. Higher expression of MIP-2 (neutrophil chemoattractant) was observed in the vaginal tissues of BALB/c mice on 7th dpi compared to the C57BL/6 group. In addition, higher expression of TGF-β (immune-suppressor) was observed on 7th dpi in the vaginal tissue of BALB/c mice. The present study demonstrates that more pathological signs of T. vaginalis infection developed in BALB/c mice than C57BL/6 mice. Also, significant levels of IL-1β and MIP-2 were measured in BALB/c mice in response to T. vaginalis compared to C57BL/6.
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15
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Kim YH, Ahn HJ, Kim D, Nam HW. Spatiotemporal Clusters and Trend of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:97-107. [PMID: 35500891 PMCID: PMC9058277 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was done to provide an overview of the latest trichomoniasis status in Korea by finding disease clusters and analyzing temporal trends during 2012–2020. Data were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) of Korea. SaTScan and Joinpoint programs were used for statistical analyses. Gyeonggi-do had the highest average population and highest number of cases. The high incidence of T. vaginalis infections were observed among women aged 40–49 and 30–39 years (33,830/year and 33,179/year, respectively). Similarly, the 40–49 and 30–39 age group in men showed the highest average cases (1,319/year and 1,282/year, respectively). Jeollabuk-do was the most likely cluster, followed by Busan/Gyeongsangnam-do/Ulsan/Daegu and Jeju-do and Gwangju. Urban and rural differences were prominent. Trichomoniasis has decreased significantly in most clusters, except for Incheon. Trichomoniasis was decreasing in women recently after peaking around 2014. Men showed different trends according to age. Trichomoniasis was increasing in the 10–39 age groups, but decreasing in the 40–59 age groups. This study might provide an analytic basis for future health measures, policy-makers, and health authorities in developing effective system for prevention of trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Ahn
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Dongjae Kim
- Department of Biomedicine Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
| | - Ho-Woo Nam
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591,
Korea
- Corresponding author ()
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16
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Kissinger PJ, Gaydos CA, Seña AC, Scott McClelland R, Soper D, Secor WE, Legendre D, Workowski KA, Muzny CA. Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:S152-S161. [PMID: 35416973 PMCID: PMC9006969 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is likely the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the United States. Health disparities are prominent in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis, as African Americans are >4 times more likely to be infected than persons of other races. Since publication of the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, additional data have bolstered the importance of T. vaginalis infection sequelae in women, including increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, cervical cancer, preterm birth, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Less is known about the clinical significance of infection in men. Newly available diagnostic methods, including point-of-care assays and multiple nucleic acid amplification tests, can be performed on a variety of genital specimens in women and men, including urine, allowing more accurate and convenient testing and screening of those at risk for infection. Repeat and persistent infections are common in women; thus, rescreening at 3 months after treatment is recommended. In vitro antibiotic resistance to 5-nitroimidazole in T. vaginalis remains low (4.3%) but should be monitored. High rates of T. vaginalis among sexual partners of infected persons suggest a role for expedited partner treatment. A randomized controlled trial in HIV-uninfected women demonstrated that multidose metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 7 days reduced the proportion of women with Trichomonas infection at 1 month test of cure compared with women receiving single-dose therapy (2 g). The 2-g single-dose oral metronidazole regimen remains the preferred treatment in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Kissinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arlene C Seña
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Scott McClelland
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Soper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - W Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Davey Legendre
- Comprehensive Pharmacy Services, Woodstock, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly A Workowski
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christina A Muzny
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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17
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Muzny CA, Van Gerwen OT. Secnidazole for Trichomoniasis in Women and Men. Sex Med Rev 2022; 10:255-262. [PMID: 35153156 PMCID: PMC11019772 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secnidazole (SEC), newly FDA-approved for trichomoniasis, is a potent 5-nitroimidazole with selective toxicity against various infections. It has been used internationally to treat trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and other infections for decades. Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity. In comparison to the only other approved treatments for trichomoniasis in the U.S.-metronidazole and tinidazole-SEC has favorable pharmacokinetics, including a longer half-life, and a lower minimal lethal concentration against Trichomonas vaginalis. OBJECTIVES Provide an updated, comprehensive review of the literature evaluating SEC as a treatment for trichomoniasis in women and men. METHODS We conducted a search to identify existing research on SEC and trichomoniasis. On August 6, 2021, we searched MEDLINE using the terms "secnidazole" and "trichomon.*" We excluded reviews, editorials, case reports, and small case series. RESULTS We identified 29 articles; 14 of which were included: 5 reported in vitro pharmacologic data on SEC, 6 were observational studies, and 4 were controlled clinical trials (1 observational study also reported in vitro pharmacologic data). Six studies reported data on women only, 1 on men only, and 3 on women and men. These studies showed that SEC-as a single dose or 3-day course-had comparable efficacy to multi-dose metronidazole for treating trichomoniasis in women and men, was generally well tolerated by patients, and had a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. A single 2-g dose of SEC also led to a microbiologic cure rate of 92.2% in the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of trichomonas-infected US-based women. CONCLUSION SEC is an efficacious and safe treatment for women and men with trichomoniasis. Single-dose administration makes it a favorable treatment option for patients, especially in cases where adherence to other multi-dose treatment regimens could be problematic. Christina A. Muzny and Olivia T. Van Gerwen. Secnidazole for Trichomoniasis in Women and Men. Sex Med Rev 2022;10:255-262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Olivia T Van Gerwen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Han Y, Chen K, Liu JW, Zhu BY, Zhou K, Shi MQ, Xu WQ, Jhaveri TA, Yin YP, Chen XS. High Prevalence of Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis Infection With the Same Genotype as Urogenital Infection in Female Outpatients in Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in China. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofab569. [PMID: 35146037 PMCID: PMC8826247 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about rectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in outpatients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical and epidemiologic features of rectal CT infection in this population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending STD clinics in Tianjin and Guangxi provinces of China from June 2018 to August 2020. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were developed to explore the association of different risk factors for urogenital and rectal CT infection. Results The prevalence of urogenital and rectal CT was 11.2% (154/1374) and 4.9% (68/1377), respectively. The rectal CT prevalence among female and male patients was 7.8% (60/767) and 1.3% (8/610), respectively. The most common genotype in urogenital CT–positive samples was genotype E (29.9%), while the most common genotype among rectal CT–positive samples was genotype J (23.4%). More than 85% (52/60) of women infected with rectal CT were co-infected with urogenital CT. About 90.0% (36/40) of women shared similar genotypes between rectal and urogenital samples. Females and patients infected with urogenital CT were deemed to be at an increased risk for rectal CT infection. A high proportion of rectal CT infection had concurrent urogenital CT infection, especially in women, and most of the co-infections were shared among the same genotypes. Conclusions It would be prudent to encourage awareness and introduce detection tests and treatment strategies for rectal CT infection particularly in female patients visiting STD clinics in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Wei Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bang-Yong Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Tianjin Academy of traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei-Qin Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qi Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tulip A Jhaveri
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yue-Ping Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Han Y, Shi MQ, Jiang QP, Le WJ, Qin XL, Xiong HZ, Zheng HP, Tenover FC, Tang YW, Yin YP. Clinical Performance of the Xpert ® CT/NG Test for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Multicenter Evaluation in Chinese Urban Hospitals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:784610. [PMID: 35047416 PMCID: PMC8762110 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.784610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of the GeneXpert® (Xpert) CT/NG assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using urine and cervical swabs collected from patients in China. Methods This study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2018 in three Chinese urban hospitals. The results from the Xpert CT/NG test were compared to those from the Roche cobas® 4800 CT/NG test. Discordant results were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Results In this study, 619 first void urine (FVU) specimens and 1,042 cervical swab specimens were included in the final dataset. There were no statistical differences between the results of the two tests for the detection of CT/NG in urine samples (p > 0.05), while a statistical difference was found in cervical swabs (p < 0.05). For CT detection, the sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert test were 100.0% (95%CI = 96.8-99.9) and 98.3% (95%CI = 96.6-99.2) for urine samples and 99.4% (95%CI = 96.5-100.0) and 98.6% (95%CI 97.5-99.2) for cervical swabs, respectively. For NG detection, the sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert test were 99.2% (95%CI = 94.9-100.0) and 100.0% (95%CI = 99.0-100.0) for urine and 100% (95%CI = 92.8-100.0) and 99.7% (95%CI = 99.0-99.9) for cervical swabs, respectively. Conclusion The Xpert CT/NG test exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of CT and NG in both urine and cervical samples when compared to the reference results. The 90-min turnaround time for CT and NG detection at the point of care using Xpert may enable patients to receive treatment promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Qin Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Ping Jiang
- Depatment of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jing Le
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Qin
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Zhen Xiong
- Depatment of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Ping Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fred C Tenover
- Department of Medical and Scientific Affairs, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Medical and Scientific Affairs, Danaher Diagnostic Platform China/Cepheid, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ping Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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20
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Lu H, He H, He X, Liu Q, Mo C, Li M, Chen M, Qin J, Zhang Z. Prevalence and spatial heterogeneity of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among the female population and association with climate in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Southern China. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106204. [PMID: 34688632 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two cervical cancer screening (CCS) projects have been ongoing for years in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (Guangxi), and some Trichomonas vaginalis infection (TVI) cases have been found as an opportunistic finding. This study aimed to identify the high-risk population and expound the spatial epidemiological features of TVI in Guangxi. METHODS This study was based on CCS from 2012 to 2019. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), and spatial analyses were used to identify the high-risk subgroups, as well as to depict the spatial epidemiological feature and its relationship with meteorological factors. RESULTS The infection rate of TVI was 0.38% in 873,880 samples. Significant association with a high risk of TVI was found in the following: females aged 40-49 years (aOR=4.464; 95% CI, 3.359-5.932; p<0.001), aged 50-59 years (aOR=3.169; 95% CI, 2.370-4.237; p<0.001), from urban (aOR=1.577; 95% CI, 1.471-1.691; p<0.001), from minority areas (aOR=1.183; 95% CI, 1.060-1.320; p=0.003), areas with GPD <41,500 CNY (aOR=1.191; 95% CI, 1.106-1.282; p<0.001), and inland areas (aOR=1.520; 95% CI, 1.339-1.726; p<0.001). Counties with higher infection rate were concentrated in northwest Guangxi's mountainous area (Z-score=3.9656, p<0.001), in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River and Yu River, and with a significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I=0.581, p=0.002). Spatial error model showed significantly negative regressions among temperature (B=-0.295, p=0.002), annual temperature range (B=-0.295, p=0.002), and TVI spatial distribution. CONCLUSION The spatial clustering and disparity of TVI in northwest Guangxi warrant further study, and meteorological conditions may play an important role in TVI in northwest Guangxi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Department of Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project, Guangxi Center of Diseases Prevention and Control, 18 Jinzhou Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haoyu He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xijia He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; School of Information Management, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiumei Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chunbao Mo
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 20 Lequn Road, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cytopathology Diagnosis, Guangxi Kingmed Diagnostics Laboratory, 3 Zhongbu Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mingjian Chen
- Department of Cytopathology Diagnosis, Guangxi Kingmed Diagnostics Laboratory, 3 Zhongbu Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian Qin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 20 Lequn Road, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire Lifecycle Health and Care, 20 Lequn Road, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Van Gerwen OT, Camino AF, Bourla LN, Legendre D, Muzny CA. Management of Trichomoniasis in the Setting of 5-Nitroimidazole Hypersensitivity. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48:e111-e115. [PMID: 33137011 PMCID: PMC8081757 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Metronidazole and other 5-nitroimidazoles are the mainstay of Trichomonas vaginalis treatment, with few efficacious and safe treatment options available outside of this class. Patients with trichomoniasis and a history of a clinically confirmed hypersensitivity reaction to 5-nitroimidazoles present a management challenge for clinicians. The first step in managing such patients is metronidazole desensitization. In situations where this cannot be performed or tolerated, treatment with alternative regimens outside of the 5-nitroimidazole class, such as intravaginal boric acid or paromomycin, may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T. Van Gerwen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Lorelei N. Bourla
- Saratoga Hospital Medical Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | | | - Christina A. Muzny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Trichomonas vaginalis detection in urogenital specimens from symptomatic and asymptomatic men and women using the cobas TV/MG test. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0026421. [PMID: 34319805 PMCID: PMC8451429 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00264-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI). Diagnosis has historically relied on either microscopic analysis or culture, the latter being the previous gold standard. However, these tests are not readily available for male diagnosis, generally only perform well for symptomatic women, and are not as sensitive as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Men are largely asymptomatic but carry the organism and transmit to their sexual partners. This multicenter, prospective study evaluated the performance of the cobas T. vaginalis/Mycoplasma genitalium (TV/MG) assay for detection of T. vaginalis DNA compared with patient infection status (PIS) defined by a combination of commercially available NAATs and culture using urogenital specimens. A total of 2,064 subjects (984 men and 1,080 women, 940 [45.5%] symptomatic, 1,124 [54.5%] asymptomatic) were evaluable. In women, sensitivity ranged from 99.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.8 to 99.9%) using vaginal samples to 94.7% (95% CI 90.2 to 97.2%) in PreservCyt samples. Specificity ranged from 98.9 to 96.8% (95% CI 95.4 to 97.8%). In men, the cobas TV/MG assay was 100% sensitive for the detection of T. vaginalis in both male urine samples and meatal swabs, with specificity of 98.4% in urine samples and 92.5% in meatal swabs. The cobas TV/MG is a suitable diagnostic test for the detection of T. vaginalis, which could support public health efforts toward infection control and complement existing STI programs.
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Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021; 70:1-187. [PMID: 34292926 PMCID: PMC8344968 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 261.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These guidelines for the treatment of persons who have or are at risk for
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were updated by CDC after consultation
with professionals knowledgeable in the field of STIs who met in Atlanta,
Georgia, June 11–14, 2019. The information in this report updates the
2015 guidelines. These guidelines discuss 1) updated recommendations for
treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,
and Trichomonas vaginalis; 2) addition of
metronidazole to the recommended treatment regimen for pelvic inflammatory
disease; 3) alternative treatment options for bacterial vaginosis; 4) management
of Mycoplasma genitalium; 5) human papillomavirus vaccine
recommendations and counseling messages; 6) expanded risk factors for syphilis
testing among pregnant women; 7) one-time testing for hepatitis C infection; 8)
evaluation of men who have sex with men after sexual assault; and 9) two-step
testing for serologic diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus. Physicians and
other health care providers can use these guidelines to assist in prevention and
treatment of STIs.
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Zhai J, Wang L, Qiao X, Zhao J, Wang X, He X. Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in pregnant women by multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251119. [PMID: 33945580 PMCID: PMC8096098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are the main pathogenic microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections. In this study, a multiplex thermostable recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow detection (RPA-LFD) assay was established, and the reaction conditions such as the ratio of primer concentration, magnesium ion concentration, amplification time and template DNA concentration in the multiplex RPA reaction were optimized. The optimized multiplex RPA-LFD method was used to detect both CT and NG positive control plasmids, and it was found that the LFD could be used to obtain visible results when the plasmid copy number was only 200. The sensitivity of the multiplex RPA-LFD method used for clinical samples was 85.62 (95% CI at 53.66–97.29) for NG detection and 90.90 (95% CI at 57.12–99.52) for CT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoliang Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Infants Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
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25
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Pillay J, Wingert A, MacGregor T, Gates M, Vandermeer B, Hartling L. Screening for chlamydia and/or gonorrhea in primary health care: systematic reviews on effectiveness and patient preferences. Syst Rev 2021; 10:118. [PMID: 33879251 PMCID: PMC8056106 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted systematic reviews on the benefits and harms of screening compared with no screening or alternative screening approaches for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) in non-pregnant sexually active individuals, and on the relative importance patients' place on the relevant outcomes. Findings will inform recommendations by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. METHODS We searched five databases (to January 24, 2020), trial registries, conference proceedings, and reference lists for English and French literature published since 1996. Screening, study selection, and risk of bias assessments were independently undertaken by two reviewers, with consensus for final decisions. Data extraction was conducted by one reviewer and checked by another for accuracy and completeness. Meta-analysis was conducted where appropriate. We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of the evidence. The Task Force and content experts provided input on determining thresholds for important effect sizes and on interpretation of findings. RESULTS Of 41 included studies, 17 and 11 reported on benefits and harms of screening, respectively, and 14 reported on patient preferences. Universal screening for CT in general populations 16 to 29 years of age, using population-based or opportunistic approaches achieving low screening rates, may make little-to-no difference for a female's risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (2 RCTs, n=141,362; 0.3 more in 1000 [7.6 fewer to 11 more]) or ectopic pregnancy (1 RCT, n=15,459; 0.20 more per 1000 [2.2 fewer to 3.9 more]). It may also not make a difference for CT transmission (3 RCTs, n=41,709; 3 fewer per 1000 [11.5 fewer to 6.9 more]). However, benefits may be achieved for reducing PID if screening rates are increased (2 trials, n=30,652; 5.7 fewer per 1000 [10.8 fewer to 1.1 more]), and for reducing CT and NG transmission when intensely screening high-prevalence female populations (2 trials, n=6127; 34.3 fewer per 1000 [4 to 58 fewer]; NNS 29 [17 to 250]). Evidence on infertility in females from CT screening and on transmission of NG in males and both sexes from screening for CT and NG is very uncertain. No evidence was found for cervicitis, chronic pelvic pain, or infertility in males from CT screening, or on any clinical outcomes from NG screening. Undergoing screening, or having a diagnosis of CT, may cause a small-to-moderate number of people to experience some degree of harm, mainly due to feelings of stigmatization and anxiety about future infertility risk. The number of individuals affected in the entire screening-eligible population is likely smaller. Screening may make little-to-no difference for general anxiety, self-esteem, or relationship break-up. Evidence on transmission from studies comparing home versus clinic screening is very uncertain. Four studies on patient preferences found that although utility values for the different consequences of CT and NG infections are probably quite similar, when considering the duration of the health state experiences, infertility and chronic pelvic pain are probably valued much more than PID, ectopic pregnancy, and cervicitis. How patients weigh the potential benefits versus harms of screening is very uncertain (1 survey, 10 qualitative studies); risks to reproductive health and transmission appear to be more important than the (often transient) psychosocial harms. DISCUSSION Most of the evidence on screening for CT and/or NG offers low or very low certainty about the benefits and harms. Indirectness from use of comparison groups receiving some screening, incomplete outcome ascertainment, and use of outreach settings was a major contributor to uncertainty. Patient preferences indicate that the potential benefits from screening appear to outweigh the possible harms. Direct evidence about which screening strategies and intervals to use, which age to start and stop screening, and whether screening males in addition to females is necessary to prevent clinical outcomes is scarce, and further research in these areas would be informative. Apart from the evidence in this review, information on factors related to equity, acceptability, implementation, cost/resources, and feasibility will support recommendations made by the Task Force. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number CRD42018100733 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pillay
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Aireen Wingert
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Tara MacGregor
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Michelle Gates
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Ben Vandermeer
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
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Van Der Pol B, Torres-Chavolla E, Kodsi S, Cooper CK, Davis TE, Fife KH, Taylor SN, Augenbraun MH, Gaydos CA. Clinical Performance of the BD CTGCTV2 Assay for the BD MAX System for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48:134-140. [PMID: 33448727 PMCID: PMC7817187 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic options to combat the increasing rates of sexually transmitted infections recorded throughout the world increasingly include multiplex assays. Here we describe the estimated sensitivity and specificity of a triplex molecular assay that simultaneously detects Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (or gonococci [GC]), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). METHODS Participants (2547 women and 1159 men) were recruited from 12 clinics in the United States. BD CTGCTV2 for BD MAX System assay (CTGCTV2) results were obtained from vaginal and endocervical swabs, endocervical samples in cytology medium, and female and male urine. Results were compared with infection standards that were sample type and pathogen dependent. RESULTS Female specimen sensitivity estimates ranged from 92.7% to 98.4%, 92.9% to 100%, and 86.6% to 100% for CT, GC and TV, respectively. Male urine sensitivity estimates were 96.7%, 99.2%, and 97.9% for CT, GC, and TV, respectively. Specificity estimates were >98.7% for all sample types. CONCLUSIONS BD CTGCTV2 performed well using a variety of sample types. As a true triplex assay, performed using a benchtop instrument, BD CTGCTV2 may be useful in settings where no testing is currently performed and in settings, such as reference laboratories, where testing turnaround time may be several days. Use of this assay at local laboratories may result in greater access to testing and a shorter time to result, which are important steps for improving our ability to combat sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Van Der Pol
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Salma Kodsi
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, BD Life Sciences—Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD
| | - Charles K. Cooper
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, BD Life Sciences—Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD
| | | | | | - Stephanie N. Taylor
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Charlotte A. Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Mohseni M, Simon LV, Sheele JM. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Tubo-Ovarian Abscess, Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx, and Oophoritis in Emergency Department Patients. Cureus 2020; 12:e11647. [PMID: 33376658 PMCID: PMC7755693 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a spectrum of illness ranging from mild illness to more severe forms including tubo-ovarian abscess, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, oophoritis (THPO). The objective of the study was to report rates and clinical characteristics of females presenting to the ED with a diagnosis of THPO in relationship to the presence or absence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Methods A database of ED patient encounters occurring from April 18, 2014, to March 7, 2017 was created. Analysis of women diagnosed with THPO and who had testing for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas by nucleic acid amplification testing or who had a vaginal wet preparation was performed. Patient demographics, ED diagnoses, laboratory tests, medications administered in the ED, and medications prescribed were examined. Categorical variables were summarized as count and percentages and analyzed using the Chi-square test. Continuous variables were summarized as the mean and standard deviation and analyzed using the t-test. All statistical tests were two-sided with a significance level of 0.05. Results THPO was diagnosed in 0.3% (56/17,905) of patient encounters. There were 50% (28/56) of women with THPO admitted to the hospital. There were 25.0% (12/48) women who received a positive test result for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. Women with THPO were significantly older, more likely to be infected with gonorrhea, and more likely to be diagnosed with sepsis and PID (P<.05 for all). Conclusions THPO is an infrequently encountered entity in the ED. A diagnosis of STI, PID, and sepsis can accompany these presentations. Although an uncommon diagnosis, ED providers must be attentive to patients presenting with pelvic symptoms that could be consistent with THPO to mitigate any complications that may arise and to direct the appropriate treatment.
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Advancing Prevention of STIs by Developing Specific Serodiagnostic Targets: Trichomonas vginalis as a Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165783. [PMID: 32785073 PMCID: PMC7460209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-Care (POC) serum antibody screening of large cohorts of women and men at risk for the sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by Trichomonas vaginalis requires the availability of targets with high specificity. Such targets should comprise epitopes unique to T. vaginalis immunogenic proteins detected by sera of women and men patients with trichomonosis but not uninfected controls. Three enzymes to which patients make serum IgG antibody were identified as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (A), α-enolase (E), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G). Epitopes within these proteins were identified that had no sequence identity to enzymes of humans and other pathogens. Therefore, I constructed a chimeric recombinant String-Of-Epitopes (SOE) protein consisting of 15-mer peptides, within which are the epitopes of A, E, and G. This novel protein of ~36-kD is comprised of two epitopes of A, ten epitopes of E, and seven epitopes of G (AEG::SOE2). The AEG::SOE2 protein was detected both by immunoblot and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using highly reactive sera of women and men but not negative serum unreactive to T. vaginalis proteins. Finally, AEG::SOE2 was found to be immunogenic, as evidenced by serum IgG from immunized mice. I discuss how this approach is important in relation to infectious disease diagnostic targets for detection of serum IgG antibody in exposed and/or infected individuals and how such novel targets may have potential as subunit vaccine candidates against microbial pathogens.
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van Meel ER, Attanasi M, Jaddoe VWV, Reiss IKM, Moll HA, de Jongste JC, Duijts L. C hlamydia trachomatis during pregnancy and childhood asthma-related morbidity: a population-based prospective cohort. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/1/1901829. [PMID: 32703819 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01829-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease and although infection during pregnancy is associated with neonatal complications, long-term respiratory consequences are unknown. We aimed to determine whether C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy is associated with asthma-related symptoms across childhood METHODS: This study among 2475 children and their mothers was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study. Maternal urine samples were tested for C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy. Questionnaires provided information on childhood physician-attended lower respiratory tract infections and wheezing, and current asthma at age 10 years. Lung function was measured by spirometry at age 10 years. RESULTS The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy was 3.2% (78 out of 2475). C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy was not associated with lower respiratory tract infections until age 6 years, but was associated with a higher odds of wheezing in children until age 10 years (OR 1.50 (95% CI 1.10-2.03)). C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy was associated with an increased odds of asthma (OR 2.29 (95% CI 1.02-5.13)), and with a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow at 75% of forced vital capacity (z-score difference -0.28 (95% CI -0.52- -0.04) and -0.24 (95% CI -0.46- -0.01), respectively) in children at age 10 years. The observed associations were only partly explained by mode of delivery, gestational age at birth or birthweight. CONCLUSIONS C. trachomatis infection during pregnancy is associated with increased odds of wheezing, asthma and impaired lung function. The causality of the observed associations and potential underlying mechanisms need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien R van Meel
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Attanasi
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Moll
- Dept of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Trichomonas vaginalis Among Female Sexual Workers in Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 46:458-464. [PMID: 31194717 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. Trichomonas vaginalis infection is associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, human immunodeficiency virus transmission, and preterm birth in women. Data on the prevalence and risk factors for TV infection in sub-Saharan African countries remain scarce. METHODS A total of 350 Kenyan female sex workers, aged 18 to 50 years, participated in a 2-year longitudinal study of the acquisition of STIs, including TV infection. Every 3 months, cervical and vaginal brush samples were collected for STI testing. At baseline, a sociodemographic and behavior questionnaire was administered. Testing for TV, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and high-risk human papillomavirus was performed using APTIMA assays. RESULTS The TV baseline prevalence was 9.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.3-12.7%) and 2-year cumulative TV incidence was 8.1 per 1000 person months (6.9-9.3). Risk factors for higher TV prevalence at baseline were CT infection (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR], 8.53; 95% CI, 3.35-21.71), human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity (PR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.45, 6.24) and greater than 4 years of sex work (PR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.07-6.60). Risk factors for elevated 2-year TV incidence were CT (hazard ratio [HR], 4.28; 95% CI, 1.36-13.50), high-risk human papillomavirus infection (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.06-3.45) and history of smoking (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.24-5.73). DISCUSSION CT infection was positively associated with both prevalent and 2-year incident TV infections.
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Nolan MS, Cruz AT, Erickson T. Retrospective Chart Analysis of Child and Adolescent Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Houston, Texas. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:75-81. [PMID: 30624683 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis infection causes significant morbidity in the United States. Despite its high national disease burden, the epidemiologic characteristics of child and adolescent cases are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to describe the socioeconomic, transmission risk factors, clinical manifestations, and geospatial variables associated with cases of T vaginalis infection in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart abstraction of all T vaginalis cases at 2 large pediatric hospitals in Houston between 2008 and 2016. RESULTS We identified 87 patients (mean age, 16 years; range, 4-18 years); 30% of them were asymptomatic, and 39% were coinfected with another sexually transmitted infection(s). Almost all T vaginalis infections in sexually assaulted patients were diagnosed incidentally. Geospatial analysis identified clustering of cases in areas of high poverty and in minority populations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that children and adolescents are at risk for T vaginalis infection; however, their risk factors might differ from those in adults. In addition, our geospatial analysis revealed the need for dedicated resources in neighborhoods associated with health disparities to prevent future incident cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Nolan
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Epidemiology, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Andrea T Cruz
- Section of Emergency Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tim Erickson
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Fallon SA, Pathela P, Mikati T. Prevalence and Correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Using the OSOM Rapid Point-of-Care Test Among Women Attending New York City Sexual Health Clinics, May-July 2016. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 46:748-750. [PMID: 31356528 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using electronic medical record data and OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Tests, Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence was 9.3% among women attending New York City sexual health clinics in 2016. Positivity was associated with black race (adjusted odds ratios 3.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-7.1) and vaginal pH of 4.5 or greater (adjusted odds ratios, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Fallon
- From the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY
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34
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Marlowe EM, Gohl P, Steidle M, Arcenas R, Bier C. Trichomonas vaginalis Detection in Female Specimens with cobas ® TV/MG for use on the cobas ® 6800/8800 Systems. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:42-45. [PMID: 31223495 PMCID: PMC6563683 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, a common curable sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is usually asymptomatic. However, symptomatic women may experience vaginal discharge and/or vulvar irritation. This study evaluated cobas® TV/ Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) (Conformité Européene marking for in vitro diagnostic medical devices [CE-IVD]) against other nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for detecting TV in female urogenital specimens. Matched de-identified specimens from 412 females were collected. cobas® TV/MG results were compared against a composite reference (CR) of 3 different NAATs for TV (Aptima TV, modified S-DiaMGTV™, and a laboratory-developed test). The overall TV prevalence rate was 6.2%, based on cobas® TV/MG results. Relative to the CR, cobas® TV/MG sensitivity/specificity for the specimen types were endocervical swabs (ES) 100%/99.2%, vaginal swabs (VS) 100%/99.7%, urine (U) 100%/99.7%, and cervical specimens in PreservCyt® solution (PC) 100%/99.5%. There was no significant statistical difference between clinician-collected and self-collected VS (p = 0.28). Correlation of cobas® TV/MG vs. Aptima TV demonstrated the following positive, negative, and overall percent agreements, respectively: ES 69.0%, 98.7%, and 96.6%; VS 88.9%, 99.5%, and 98.8%; U 100%, 100%, and 100%; and PC 95.5%, 99.0%, and 98.8%. Detection of TV with cobas® TV/MG for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 systems demonstrated excellent performance in female urogenital specimens (overall sensitivity/specificity of 100%≥99.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodney Arcenas
- Roche Molecular Systems, Inc, Pleasanton, California, USA
| | - Carolin Bier
- Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
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Screening for Trichomonas vaginalis in a Large High-Risk Population: Prevalence Among Men and Women Determined by Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 45:e23-e24. [PMID: 29465684 PMCID: PMC5908257 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A large sample (n = 77,740) of men and women tested for Trichomonas vaginalis showed increasing age-dependent infection rates for both sexes, suggesting that older men and older women should be screened for this sexually transmitted infection. Men and women attending family planning and sexually transmitted disease clinics for sexually transmitted infection screening in 2012 to 2013 were tested for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) using a sensitive nucleic acid amplification test. T. vaginalis prevalence in urogenital samples was 11.3% in 77,740 women and 6.1% in 12,604 men, and increased with age in both sexes.
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36
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Lin HC, Huang KY, Chung CH, Lin HA, Chen RM, Tsao CH, Chien WC, Chiueh TS. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of psychiatric disorders in women: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:88. [PMID: 30867042 PMCID: PMC6417068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis and annually infects approximately 276 million people worldwide. We observed an ambiguously higher probability of trichomoniasis in patients from the psychiatric department of Tri-Service General Hospital. Herein, we aimed to investigate the association between trichomoniasis and the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Methods The nationwide population-based study utilized the database of the National Health Insurance (NHI) programme in Taiwan. A total of 46,865 subjects were enrolled in this study from 2000–2013, comprising 9373 study subjects with trichomoniasis and 37,492 subjects without trichomoniasis as the control group. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of psychiatric disorders during the 14 years of follow-up. Results Of the study subjects with trichomoniasis, 875 (9.34%) developed psychiatric disorders compared with 1988 (5.30%) in the control group (P < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of overall psychiatric disorders in the study subjects was 1.644 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.514–1.766; P < 0.001). More specifically, the study subjects had a higher risk for developing an individual psychiatric disorder, including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse. Although metronidazole treatment reduced the risk for developing several subgroups of psychiatric disorders, significant reduction was detected for depression only. Furthermore, refractory trichomoniasis (trichomoniasis visits ≥ 2) enhanced the risk of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions We show herein that T. vaginalis infection increases the overall risk for psychiatric disorders. The novel role of T. vaginalis in developing psychiatric disorders deserves more attention, and the control of such a neglected pathogen is of urgent public health importance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3350-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Lin
- Division of Infection, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital SongShan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Min Chen
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Huei Tsao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Shi Chiueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Páez‐Canro C, Alzate JP, González LM, Rubio‐Romero JA, Lethaby A, Gaitán HG. Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 1:CD010871. [PMID: 30682211 PMCID: PMC6353232 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010871.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genital infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. The infection is mainly asymptomatic in women, thus it can produce infertility and chronic pelvic pain. In men infection is mainly symptomatic, but can evolve to prostatitis. Clinical practice guidelines for CT urogenital infections do not give any specific recommendation about which antibiotic use as first option OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of antibiotic treatment for CT genital infection in men and non-pregnant women. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections' (STI) Information Specialist developed the electronic searches in electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS), and trials registers. We searched studies published from inception to June 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA We included parallel, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of men, and sexually-active, non-pregnant women with CT infection (urethritis or uterine cervicitis or asymptomatic), diagnosed by cell culture for CT, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) or antigen-based detection methods, who had been treated with any of the antibiotic regimens recommended by any of the updated to 2013 CT Guidelines. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Four review authors screened evidence according to selection criteria and independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Two authors developed the 'Summary of findings' tables. We used a fixed-effect meta-analysis model for combining data where it was reasonable to assume that studies were estimating the same underlying treatment effect. We estimated the pooled risk ratio in order to establish the effects of the comparisons. Our primary outcomes were microbiological failure and adverse events, and our secondary outcomes were clinical failure, antimicrobial resistance and reinfection. MAIN RESULTS We selected 14 studies ( 2715 participants: 2147 (79.08%) men and 568 (20.92%) women). The studies were conducted mainly at STD clinics. Sample sizes ranged from 71 to 606 participants; follow-up was 29.7 days on average.For the comparison: azithromycin single dose versus doxycycline once or twice daily for 7 days, in men treated for CT, the risk of microbiological failure was higher in the azithromycin group (RR 2.45, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.41; participants = 821; studies = 9; moderate-quality evidence), but regarding clinical failure, the results showed that the effect is uncertain (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.43 to 2,05; I² = 55%; participants = 525; studies = 3; low-quality evidence). Regarding adverse events (AE) in men there could be little or no difference between the antibiotics (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.02; participants = 1424; studies = 6; low-quality evidence). About women treated for CT, the effect on microbiological failure was uncertain (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 0.48 to 6.16; participants = 338; studies = 5; very low-quality evidence). There were no studies assessing clinical failure or adverse events in women, however, we found that azithromycin probably has fewer adverse events in both genders (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.98; I² = 0%; participants = 2261; studies = 9; moderate-quality evidence).For the second comparison: doxycycline compared to ofloxacin, for men treated for CT the effect on microbiological failure was uncertain (RR 8.53, 95% CI 0.43 to 167.38, I² not applicable; participants = 80; studies = 2; very low-quality evidence), as also it was on clinical failure (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.28 to 2.62; participants = 36; studies = 1; very low-quality evidence). The effect of in women on clinical failure was uncertain (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.25; I² = 39%; participants = 127; studies = 2; very low-quality evidence).Regarding adverse events, the effect in both men and women was uncertain (RR 1.02 95% CI 0.66 to 1.55; participants = 339 studies = 3; very low-quality evidence). The effect on microbiological failure in women and in men and women together, the effect on microbiological failure was not estimable. The most frequently AE reported were not serious and of gastrointestinal origin.No studies assessed antimicrobial resistance or reinfection in either comparison. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In men, regimens with azithromycin are probably less effective than doxycycline for microbiological failure, however, there might be little or no difference for clinical failure. For women, we are uncertain whether azithromycin compared to doxycycline increases the risk of microbiological failure. Azithromycin probably slightly reduces adverse events compared to doxycycline in men and women together but may have little difference in men alone. We are uncertain whether doxycycline compared to ofloxacin reduces microbiological failure in men or women alone, or men and women together, nor if it reduces clinical failure or adverse events in men or women.Based on the fact that women suffer mainly asymptomatic infections, and in order to test the effectiveness and safety of the current recommendations (azithromycin, doxycycline and ofloxacin), for CT infection, especially in low and middle income countries, future RCTs should be designed and conducted to include a large enough sample size of women, and with low risk of bias. It is also important that future RCTs include adherence, CT resistance to antibiotic regimens, and risk of reinfection as outcomes to be measured. In addition, it is important to conduct a network meta-analysis in order to evaluate all those studies that included in one arm only the current antibiotic treatments for CT infection that are recommended by the updated clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Páez‐Canro
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaClinical Research InstituteBogotaColombia
| | - Juan Pablo Alzate
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital Infantil de San JoséResearch UnitBogotaColombia
| | - Lina M González
- Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud ‐ Hospital Infantil de San José.Research UnitCra. 52 #67A‐71BogotáCundinamarcaColombia111411
| | - Jorge Andres Rubio‐Romero
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyCiudad UniversitariaBogotaColombia
| | - Anne Lethaby
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1142
| | - Hernando G Gaitán
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyCiudad UniversitariaBogotaColombia
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Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The increasing incidence of gonorrhea coupled with global spread of multidrug-resistant isolates of gonococci has ushered in an era of potentially untreatable infection. Gonococcal disease elicits limited immunity, and individuals are susceptible to repeated infections. In this chapter, we describe gonococcal disease and epidemiology and the structure and function of major surface components involved in pathogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms that gonococci use to evade host immune responses and the immune responses following immunization with selected bacterial components that may overcome evasion. Understanding the biology of the gonococcus may aid in preventing the spread of gonorrhea and also facilitate the development of gonococcal vaccines and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Blavo-Kouamé T, Angora KE, Yéo A, Ouattara A, Ira-Bonouman A, Offianan AT, Ouhon J, Faye-Ketté H. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among women at Institut Pasteur of Cte dIvoire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2018.8989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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40
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Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, Carroll KC, Chapin KC, Gilligan PH, Gonzalez MD, Jerris RC, Kehl SC, Patel R, Pritt BS, Richter SS, Robinson-Dunn B, Schwartzman JD, Snyder JW, Telford S, Theel ES, Thomson RB, Weinstein MP, Yao JD. A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:e1-e94. [PMID: 29955859 PMCID: PMC7108105 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical nature of the microbiology laboratory in infectious disease diagnosis calls for a close, positive working relationship between the physician/advanced practice provider and the microbiologists who provide enormous value to the healthcare team. This document, developed by experts in laboratory and adult and pediatric clinical medicine, provides information on which tests are valuable and in which contexts, and on tests that add little or no value for diagnostic decisions. This document presents a system-based approach rather than specimen-based approach, and includes bloodstream and cardiovascular system infections, central nervous system infections, ocular infections, soft tissue infections of the head and neck, upper and lower respiratory infections, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, intra-abdominal infections, bone and joint infections, urinary tract infections, genital infections, and other skin and soft tissue infections; or into etiologic agent groups, including arthropod-borne infections, viral syndromes, and blood and tissue parasite infections. Each section contains introductory concepts, a summary of key points, and detailed tables that list suspected agents; the most reliable tests to order; the samples (and volumes) to collect in order of preference; specimen transport devices, procedures, times, and temperatures; and detailed notes on specific issues regarding the test methods, such as when tests are likely to require a specialized laboratory or have prolonged turnaround times. In addition, the pediatric needs of specimen management are also emphasized. There is intentional redundancy among the tables and sections, as many agents and assay choices overlap. The document is intended to serve as a guidance for physicians in choosing tests that will aid them to quickly and accurately diagnose infectious diseases in their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Binnicker
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Karen C Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Peter H Gilligan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mark D Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert C Jerris
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Barbara Robinson-Dunn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | | | - James W Snyder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sam Telford
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Elitza S Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard B Thomson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Melvin P Weinstein
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Joseph D Yao
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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41
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Sherrard J, Wilson J, Donders G, Mendling W, Jensen JS. 2018 European (IUSTI/WHO) International Union against sexually transmitted infections (IUSTI) World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. Int J STD AIDS 2018; 29:1258-1272. [PMID: 30049258 DOI: 10.1177/0956462418785451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Four common pathological conditions are associated with vaginal discharge: bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis, candidosis, and the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. Chlamydial or gonococcal cervical infection may result in vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge may be caused by a range of other physiological and pathological conditions including atrophic vaginitis, desquamative inflammatory vaginitis, cervicitis, and mucoid ectopy. Psychosexual problems may present with recurrent episodes of vaginal discharge and vulval burning. These need to be considered if tests for specific infections are negative. Many of the symptoms and signs are non-specific and a number of women may have other conditions such as vulval dermatoses or allergic and irritant reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Sherrard
- 1 Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Sexual Health Department, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Amersham, UK
| | - Janet Wilson
- 2 Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Gilbert Donders
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Regional Hospital H Hart Tienen, University Hospital Antwerp
| | - Werner Mendling
- 4 Infektionen in Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jørgen S Jensen
- 5 Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Patel EU, Gaydos CA, Packman ZR, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. Prevalence and Correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among Men and Women in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:211-217. [PMID: 29554238 PMCID: PMC6031067 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection in the United States is poorly defined. Methods Males and females aged 18-59 years who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and provided a urine specimen were tested for TV infection (n = 4057). Participants were also examined for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection, genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus. Weighted adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) were estimated by multivariable Poisson regression. Results TV infection prevalence was 0.5% and 1.8% among males and females, respectively. TV infection prevalence was 4.2% among black males, 8.9% among black females, and 0.03% and 0.8%, respectively, among males and females of other races/ethnicities. TV infection prevalence (aPR [95% confidence interval]) was positively associated with female sex (6.1 [3.3-11.3]), black race (vs other races/ethnicities; 7.9 [3.9-16.1]), older age (vs 18-24 years; 3.0 [1.2-7.1] for 25- to 39-year-olds and 3.5 [1.3-9.4] for 40- to 59-year-olds), having less than a high school education (vs completing high school or more; 2.0 [1.0-4.1]), being below the poverty level (vs at or above the poverty level; 4.0 [2.1-7.7]), and having ≥2 sexual partners in the past year (vs 0-1 sexual partners; 3.6 [2.0-6.6]). There were no TV and CT coinfections. Genital HPV detection was not independently associated with TV infection. Among persons aged 18-39 years, there was a significant racial disparity in all sexually transmitted infections examined, and this disparity was greatest for TV infection. Conclusions There is a high and disproportionate burden of urinary TV infection in the adult civilian, noninstitutionalized black population in the United States that warrants intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshan U Patel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Zoe R Packman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland
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Muzny CA. Why Does Trichomonas vaginalis Continue to be a "Neglected" Sexually Transmitted Infection? Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:218-220. [PMID: 29554227 PMCID: PMC6030825 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Singh A, Fong G, Liu J, Wu YH, Chang K, Park W, Kim J, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Kumar V. Synthesis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Analysis of Isatin-Ferrocene and Isatin-Ferrocenyl Chalcone Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:5808-5813. [PMID: 30023926 PMCID: PMC6045481 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we outline the synthesis of isatin-ferrocenyl chalcone and 1H-1,2,3-triazole-tethered isatin-ferrocene conjugates along with their antimicrobial evaluation against the human mucosal pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. The introduction of a triazole ring among the synthesized conjugates improved the activity profiles with most of the compounds in the library, exhibiting 100% growth inhibition in a preliminary susceptibility screen at 100 μM. IC50 determination of the most potent compounds in the set revealed an inhibitory range between 2 and 13 μM. Normal flora microbiome are unaffected by these compounds, suggesting that these may be new chemical scaffolds for the discovery of new drugs against trichomonad infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Grant Fong
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Jenny Liu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - William Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne
Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Luisa W. Cheng
- Foodborne
Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Kirkwood M. Land
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of the
Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
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Trichomonas vaginalis Prevalence and Correlates in Women and Men Attending STI Clinics in Western Canada. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 44:627-629. [PMID: 28876319 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence (2.8%) in female sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees was within the prevalence of chlamydia (5.8%) and gonorrhea (1.8%), while being very low for male attendees (0.2%). Correlates among women were indigenous ethnicity, other ethnicity, and being symptomatic.
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Lainhart W, Yarbrough ML, Jean S, Burnham CAD. New Bugs and New Drugs: Updates in Clinical Microbiology. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 2:925-940. [PMID: 33636835 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The landscape of clinical microbiology laboratories is changing. As new technologies are introduced, we are better able to detect and identify pathogens and to recognize and characterize emerging antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. CONTENT In this review, a selected cross-section of current hot topics in clinical microbiology is discussed. These topics include (a) diagnostics for urinary tract and sexually transmitted infections; (b) phenotypic and genotypic methods of detecting carbapenem resistance and discussion of newly approved anti-infective agents for these multi-drug resistant organisms; and (c) the significance, epidemiology, and identification of the emerging pathogens Mycobacterium chimaera and Candida auris. SUMMARY Communication between clinical microbiologists and their clinical colleagues is imperative to convey the significance of emerging pathogens and resistance determinants, as well as the performance characteristics of new diagnostic methods. Additionally, as antimicrobial resistance is surging, it is important to comprehensively evaluate the resistance profiles of clinical isolates to facilitate antimicrobial stewardship and inform infection prevention measures. Although antimicrobial resistance is a global public health crisis, it is encouraging that new anti-infective agents are in the pipeline and being approved for use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lainhart
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melanie L Yarbrough
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sophonie Jean
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Stemmer SM, Mordechai E, Adelson ME, Gygax SE, Hilbert DW. Trichomonas vaginalis is most frequently detected in women at the age of peri-/premenopause: an unusual pattern for a sexually transmitted pathogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218:328.e1-328.e13. [PMID: 29247635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. However, because it is not a reportable disease in the United States, there is limited information on the age of infected individuals and their geographic distribution. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection rates of T vaginalis infection compared with Chlamydia trachomatis by age and state in a commercial laboratory setting. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to detect the presence of T vaginalis and C trachomatis in cervicovaginal samples that were obtained during gynecologic examinations. A total of 1,554,966 and 1,999,077 samples from females 10-79 years old were analyzed retrospectively for the presence of T vaginalis and C trachomatis, respectively. RESULTS The highest detection rate of an infection with T vaginalis was ages 47-53 years. For C trachomatis, the highest detection rate was ages 14-20 years. T vaginalis detection rate distribution by age shows a bimodal pattern with first peak at ages 21-22 years (4.0-4.1%) and a higher second peak at ages 48-51 years (5.4-5.8%). C trachomatis prevalence distribution by age shows a maximum peak of 8.6% at age 17 years and a rapid decline thereafter. In general, the detection rates of both pathogens were higher in the southeast and in states along the Mississippi River Valley than in other parts of the country. A nucleotide polymorphism associated with T vaginalis metronidazole resistance (ntr6TVK80STOP) was not associated with age and was found most frequently in specimens from New Mexico and Vermont. CONCLUSIONS The detection rate of T vaginalis does not appear to decrease with age as observed for C trachomatis and reaches maximum rates in women 48-51 years old. The geographic distribution of T vaginalis appears to be broadly similar to that of other sexually transmitted diseases. The ntr6TVK80STOP polymorphism did not have a specific association with age or geography.
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Clinical Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert TV Assay for Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis with Prospectively Collected Specimens from Men and Women. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01091-17. [PMID: 29167292 PMCID: PMC5786720 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01091-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent curable sexually transmitted disease (STD). It has been associated with preterm birth and the acquisition and transmission of HIV. Recently, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) have been FDA cleared in the United States for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in specimens from both women and men. This study reports the results of a multicenter study recently conducted using the Xpert TV (T. vaginalis) assay to test specimens from both men and women. On-demand results were available in as little as 40 min for positive specimens. A total of 1,867 women and 4,791 men were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. In women, the performance of the Xpert TV assay was compared to the patient infected status (PIS) derived from the results of InPouch TV broth culture and Aptima NAAT for T. vaginalis. The diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of the Xpert TV assay for the combined female specimens (urine samples, self-collected vaginal swabs, and endocervical swabs) ranged from 99.5 to 100% and 99.4 to 99.9%, respectively. For male urine samples, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 97.2% and 99.9%, respectively, compared to PIS results derived from the results of broth culture for T. vaginalis and bidirectional gene sequencing of amplicons. Excellent performance characteristics were seen using both female and male specimens. The ease of using the Xpert TV assay should result in opportunities for enhanced screening for T. vaginalis in both men and women and, hopefully, improved control of this infection.
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AZAMBAKHTIAR A, NIKMANESH B, REZAEIAN M, DASHTI N, SAFARI F, ZAREBAVANI M. The Prevalence of Trichomoniasis in Women Referred to Clinical Centers in South of Tehran, Iran during 2015-2016. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 13:108-113. [PMID: 29963092 PMCID: PMC6019587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichomoniasis infection among females in Tehran, Iran. METHODS This study was conducted on 482 women referred to the 6 obstetrics and gynecology centers of Tehran during 2015-2016. Some information including education, occupation, and number of sexual partners was obtained and clinical signs and symptoms of the genital tract were diagnosed by clinical examination. Two swabs were collected from the posterior fornix of patients. Two laboratory techniques, wet mount, and culture were carried out. Finally, statistical analysis test was performed using SPSS software version 16.0. RESULTS Age distribution of patients was 15-60 yr. Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 2 out of 482 participants (0.41%). All of the infected individuals were married (0.43%) and they had unique sexual partner and all of them had clinical symptoms. Significant association was observed between incidence of T. vaginalis infection and educational levels (P= 0.03), occupation (P=0.006), clinical symptoms (P=0.001), marriage (P=0.006) and bacterial infection (P=0.018). CONCLUSION The prevalence of trichomoniasis was low and its incidence was associated with several risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram AZAMBAKHTIAR
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram NIKMANESH
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa REZAEIAN
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin DASHTI
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh SAFARI
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra ZAREBAVANI
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rapid Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis by Testing Vaginal Swabs in an Isothermal Helicase-Dependent AmpliVue Assay. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 43:369-73. [PMID: 27196258 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AmpliVue Trichomonas Assay (Quidel) is a new Federal Drug Administration-cleared rapid test for qualitative detection of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) DNA in female vaginal specimens. The assay is based on BioHelix's helicase-dependent amplification isothermal technology in conjunction with a disposable lateral-flow detection device, with a total turnaround time of approximately 45 minutes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the performance of this new assay to wet preparation and culture as well as to another Federal Drug Administration-cleared nucleic acid amplification assay. METHODS Four clinician collected vaginal swabs were obtained from women attending sexually transmitted disease, family planning, and OB/GYN clinics and tested by AmpliVue Trichomonas Assay and comparator tests: saline microscopy, TV culture (InPouch), and Aptima TV. AmpliVue Trichomonas Assay results were compared with a composite positive comparator (CPC) as determined by the results from culture and/or wet mount microscopic examination. At least one of either the wet preparation or culture reference test results was required to be positive to establish CPC. RESULTS A total of 992 patients, 342 symptomatic and 650 asymptomatic patients, were included in the study. Results for AmpliVue for all women combined compared with saline microscopy and culture as a CPC yielded a sensitivity of 100%. Specificity for all women was 98.2%. Overall percent agreement versus Aptima TV was 97.8%. Sensitivity for AmpliVue compared with Aptima was 90.7% %, whereas specificity was 98.9%. CONCLUSIONS The rapid AmpliVue Trichomonas Assay performed as well as microscopy and culture, and had comparable sensitivity and specificity to another nucleic acid amplification test for the detection of TV. This study provided evidence of new diagnostic options and indicated very good performance of amplified testing for detection of TV in symptomatic and asymptomatic women.
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