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Li W, Feng Y, Zhong H, Jiang M, Zhang J, Lin S, Chen N, He S, Zhang K, Fu S, Wang H, Liang G. Incongruence between confirmed and suspected clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1302314. [PMID: 38343888 PMCID: PMC10853334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1302314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a notifiable infectious disease in China. Information on every case of JE is reported to the superior health administration department. However, reported cases include both laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases. This study aimed to differentiate between clinical and laboratory-confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, and improve the accuracy of reported JE cases by analyzing the acute-phase serum and cerebrospinal fluid of all reported JE cases in the Sichuan province from 2012 to 2022. Methods All acute-phase serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples of the reported JE cases were screened for IgM(ImmunoglobulinM)to JEV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the detection of the viral genes of JEV and 9 other pathogens including enterovirus (EV), using reverse transcription PCR was attempted. Epidemiological analyses of JE and non-JE cases based on sex, age, onset time, and geographical distribution were also performed. Results From 2012 to 2022, 1558 JE cases were reported in the Sichuan province. The results of serological (JEV-specific IgM) and genetic testing for JEV showed that 81% (1262/1558) of the reported cases were confirmed as JEV infection cases (laboratory-confirmed cases). Among the 296 cases of non-JEV infection, 6 viruses were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in 62 cases, including EV and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), constituting 21% (62/296) of all non-JE cases. Among the 62 non-JEV infection cases with confirmed pathogens, infections with EV and EBV included 17 cases each, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2) included 14 cases, varicella- zoster virus included 6 cases, mumps virus included 2 cases, and human herpes viruses-6 included 1 case. Additionally, there were five cases involving mixed infections (two cases of EV/EBV, one case of HSV-1/HSV-2, one case of EBV/HSV-1, and one case of EV/herpes viruses-6). The remaining 234 cases were classified as unknown viral encephalitis cases. Our analysis indicated that those aged 0-15 y were the majority of the patients among the 1558 reported JE cases. However, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed JE cases in the >40 y age group has increased in recent years. The temporal distribution of laboratory-confirmed cases of JE revealed that the majority of cases occurred from May to September each year, with the highest incidence in August. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is a certain discrepancy between clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases of JE. Each reported case should be based on laboratory detection results, which is of great importance in improving the accuracy of case diagnosis and reducing misreporting. Our results are not only important for addressing JE endemic to the Sichuan province, but also provide a valuable reference for the laboratory detection of various notifiable infectious diseases in China and other regions outside China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrong Zhong
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiake Zhang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihua Lin
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Chen
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shusen He
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Immunization Programme, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122686. [PMID: 36560690 PMCID: PMC9781168 DOI: 10.3390/v14122686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disease in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region; approximately 1.15 billion people are at risk, and thousands suffer from permanent neurological disorders across Asian countries, with 10-15 thousand people dying each year. JEV crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and forms a complex with receptors on the surface of neurons. GRP78, Src, TLR7, caveolin-1, and dopamine receptor D2 are involved in JEV binding and entry into the neurons, and these receptors also play a role in carcinogenic activity in cells. JEV binds to GRP78, a member of the HSP70 overexpressed on malignant cells to enter neurons, indicating a higher chance of JEV infection in cancer patients. However, JEV enters human brain microvascular endothelial cells via an endocytic pathway mediated by caveolae and the ezrin protein and also targets dopamine-rich areas for infection of the midbrain via altering dopamine levels. In addition, JEV complexed with CLEC5A receptor of macrophage cells is involved in the breakdown of the BBB and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. CLEC5A-mediated infection is also responsible for the influx of cytokines into the CNS. In this review, we discuss the neuronal and macrophage surface receptors involved in neuronal death.
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Zhao S, Li Y, Fu S, Liu M, Li F, Liu C, Yu J, Rui L, Wang D, Wang H. Environmental factors and spatiotemporal distribution of Japanese encephalitis after vaccination campaign in Guizhou Province, China (2004-2016). BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1172. [PMID: 34809606 PMCID: PMC8607706 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a vaccination campaign has been conducted since 2004, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is still a public health problem in Guizhou, one of the provinces with the highest incidence of JE in China. The aim of this study was to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of JE and its relationship with environmental factors in Guizhou Province in the post-vaccination era, 2004–2016. Methods We collected data on human JE cases in Guizhou Province from 2004 to 2016 from the national infectious disease reporting system. A Poisson regression model was used to analyze the relationship between JE occurrence and environmental factors amongst counties. Results Our results showed that the incidence and mortality of JE decreased after the initiation of vaccination. JE cases were mainly concentrated in preschool and school-age children and the number of cases in children over age 15 years was significantly decreased compared with the previous 10 years; the seasonality of JE before and after the use of vaccines was unchanged. JE incidence was positively associated with cultivated land and negatively associated with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, vegetation coverage, and developed land. In areas with cultivated land coverage < 25%, vegetation coverage > 55%, and urban area coverage > 25%, the JE risk was lower. The highest JE incidence was among mid-level GDP areas and in moderately urbanized areas. Conclusions This study assessed the relationship between incidence of JE and environmental factors in Guizhou Province. Our results highlight that the highest risk of JE transmission in the post-vaccination era is in mid-level developed areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06857-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suye Zhao
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yidan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,School of National Security and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chunting Liu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liping Rui
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101, Ba Ge Yan road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Wu D, Chen X, Liu W, Fu S, Li F, Liang G, Yang G, Zheng H, Li J, Yin Z, Li Y, Wang H. Emergence of Japanese encephalitis among adults 40 years of age or older in northern China: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3415-3423. [PMID: 33283432 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne vaccine preventable infectious disease for which vaccine provides direct protection. China introduced nationwide JE vaccination of young children in 2007, rapidly achieving high coverage. In 2018, 1,800 JE cases were reported in China, with morbidity and mortality rates of 0.13/100,000 and 0.0097/100,000. Nationally, 64% of cases were among adults aged 40 years or older, and in northern China, 82% were among adults, mainly in outbreaks. Severity varied little by age grouping. Compared with the previous 10 years, the proportion and absolute number of cases among adults increased, indicating possible emergence of adult JE in China as childhood JE decreased. We describe JE epidemiology and clinical features nationally and in areas with low endemicity after more than 10 years of routine childhood JE vaccination. Determining population JE seroprevalence should be a priority; vaccination campaigns among adults in high risk areas should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Li
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yixing Li
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Viral Encephalitis, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Song S, Yao H, Yang Z, He Z, Shao Z, Liu K. Epidemic Changes and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Japanese Encephalitis in Shaanxi Province, China, 2005-2018. Front Public Health 2020; 8:380. [PMID: 32850600 PMCID: PMC7426712 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease, which is the most serious viral encephalitis in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Since 2005, the epidemic patterns of JE have changed dramatically in China because of the vaccination of children younger than 15 years old, and JE is expanding geographically along with global warming. This retrospective epidemiological study analyzed dynamic environmental factors and the spatio-temporal distribution of human cases of JE in Shaanxi Province—one of the most severely affected areas of China—from 2005 to 2018. The results demonstrated that the high-risk population changed rapidly as the annual rate of JE cases increased by more than 40% in the age group >60 years during the study period, and endemic areas expanded northward in Shaanxi. Hotspot analysis detected four hotspots accounting for 52.38% the total cases, and the panel negative binomial regression model revealed that the spatio-temporal distribution of JE was significantly affected by temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, coniferous forest coverage, and urban areas. These findings can provide useful information for improving current strategies and measures to reduce disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwu Yao
- The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zurong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Centre for Disease Prevent and Control in Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Clinical analysis of psychiatric symptoms of Japanese encephalitis during the convalescent Period: A single center study in Chongqing, China. Brain Dev 2019; 41:614-617. [PMID: 30902357 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze clinical and imaging features of children with severe Japanese encephalitis (JE), and to analyze causes and solutions for psychiatric symptoms of JE during the convalescent period. METHODS We analyzed clinical information for 78 children with severe JE at the Department of Neurology, Department of Infection, and Department of Rehabilitation in our hospital during 2014-2016. Seventy-eight cases of severe JE were divided into patients with psychiatric symptoms and no psychiatric symptoms groups. We focused on analysis of the patients with psychiatric symptoms group. RESULTS The incidence of psychiatric symptoms during the convalescent period was 46.15% (36/78). Antipsychotic drugs can effectively control psychiatric symptoms and shorten duration of symptoms. Seventy-one patients underwent reexamination with a head MRI. Of these, 8 cases (8/36 = 22.22%) in patients with psychiatric symptoms group showed new lesions in the basal ganglia, insula, and hippocampus. During the 12-month follow-up, two cases showed reappearance of psychiatric symptoms that had been relieved previously. CONCLUSION This study found that severe JE cases revealed a considerable proportion with psychiatric symptoms during the convalescent period.
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Liu B, Gao X, Ma J, Jiao Z, Xiao J, Wang H. Influence of Host and Environmental Factors on the Distribution of the Japanese Encephalitis Vector Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091848. [PMID: 30150565 PMCID: PMC6165309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Culex tritaeniorhynchus is an important vector that transmits a variety of human and animal diseases. Japanese encephalitis (JE), an endemic disease in the Asia-Pacific region, is primarily transmitted by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Insufficient monitoring of vector mosquitoes has led to a poor understanding of the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China. To delineate the habitat of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and any host and environmental factors that affect its distribution, we used a maximum entropy modeling method to predict its distribution in China. Our models provided high resolution predictions on the potential distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The predicted suitable habitats of the JE vector were correlated with areas of high JE incidence in parts of China. Factors driving the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in China were also revealed by our models. Furthermore, human population density and the maximum NDVI were the most important predictors in our models. Bioclimate factors and elevation also significantly impacted the distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Our findings may serve as a reference for vector and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Zhihui Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine. Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.
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Could Zika virus emerge in Mainland China? Virus isolation from nature in Culex quinquefasciatus, 2016. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e93. [PMID: 29089591 PMCID: PMC5717083 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Tian HY, Bi P, Cazelles B, Zhou S, Huang SQ, Yang J, Pei Y, Wu XX, Fu SH, Tong SL, Wang HY, Xu B. How environmental conditions impact mosquito ecology and Japanese encephalitis: an eco-epidemiological approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 79:17-24. [PMID: 25771078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the major vector-borne diseases in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region, posing a threat to human health. In rural and suburban areas, traditional rice farming and intensive pig breeding provide an ideal environment for both mosquito development and the transmission of JEV among human beings. Combining surveillance data for mosquito vectors, human JE cases, and environmental conditions in Changsha, China, 2004-2009, generalized threshold models were constructed to project the mosquito and JE dynamics. Temperature and rainfall were found to be closely associated with mosquito density at 1, and 4month lag, respectively. The two thresholds, maximum temperature of 22-23°C for mosquito development and minimum temperature of 25-26°C for JEV transmission, play key roles in the ecology of JEV. The model predicts that, in the upper regime, a 1g/m(3) increase in absolute humidity would on average increase human cases by 68-84%. A shift in mosquito species composition in 2007 was observed, and possibly caused by a drought. Effective predictive models could be used in risk management to provide early warnings for potential JE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Bi
- Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- UMMISCO, UMI 209 IRD-UPMC, 93142 Bondy, France; Eco-Evolutionary Mathematic, IBENS UMR 8197, ENS, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sen Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Qian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Pei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Lu Tong
- School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Huan-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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12
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Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:435-48. [PMID: 25848290 PMCID: PMC4373597 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s51168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of severe viral encephalitis that affects individuals in Asia, western Pacific countries, and northern Australia. Although 67,900 JE cases have been estimated among 24 JE epidemic countries annually, only 10,426 have been reported in 2011. With the establishment of JE surveillance and vaccine use in some countries, the JE incidence rate has decreased; however, serious outbreaks still occur. Understanding JE epidemics and identifying the circulating JE virus genotypes will improve JE prevention and control. This review summarizes the current epidemiology data in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), Department of Viral Encephalitis, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing People's Republic of China ; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Tan LV, Thai LH, Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Chuong LV, Sinh DX, Phong ND, Mai NTH, Man DNH, Hien VM, Vinh NT, Day J, Chau NVV, Hien TT, Farrar J, de Jong MD, Thwaites G, van Doorn HR, Chau TTH. Viral aetiology of central nervous system infections in adults admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in southern Vietnam over 12 years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3127. [PMID: 25165820 PMCID: PMC4148224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections are important diseases in both children and adults worldwide. The spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Better understanding of the viral causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and may influence clinical management. Methodology/Principal Findings Study was conducted at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, a primary, secondary, and tertiary referral hospital for all southern provinces of Vietnam. Between December 1996 and May 2008, patients with CNS infections of presumed viral origin were enrolled. Laboratory diagnostics consisted of molecular and serological tests targeted at 14 meningitis/encephalitis-associated viruses. Of 291 enrolled patients, fatal outcome and neurological sequelae were recorded in 10% (28/291) and 27% (78/291), respectively. Mortality was especially high (9/19, 47%) amongst those with confirmed herpes simplex encephalitis which is attributed to the limited availability of intravenous acyclovir/valacyclovir. Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected, responsible for 36 (12%), 19 (6.5%), 19 (6.5%) and 8 (2.7%) respectively, followed by rubella virus (6, 2%), varicella zoster virus (5, 1.7%), mumps virus (2, 0.7%), cytomegalovirus (1, 0.3%), and rabies virus (1, 0.3%). Conclusions/Significance Viral infections of the CNS in adults in Vietnam are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive laboratory testing, 68% of the patients remain undiagnosed. Together with our previous reports, the data confirm that Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and enteroviruses are the leading identified causes of CNS viral infections in Vietnam, suggest that the majority of morbidity/mortality amongst patients with a confirmed/probable diagnosis is preventable by adequate vaccination/treatment, and are therefore of public health significance. Central nervous system (CNS) infections are important diseases worldwide. The spectrum of infections is broad, encompassing bacterial/aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Viruses are regarded as the most common causes of encephalitis and aseptic meningitis. Better understanding of the causes of the diseases is of public health importance, in order to better inform immunization policy, and influence clinical management. We describe the clinical features and infectious causes of 291 adults with clinically suspected CNS infections of presumed viral origin. We show that CNS viral infections in Vietnam are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mortality was especially high (47%) amongst those with herpes simplex encephalitis which is attributed to the limited availability specific antiviral drugs in our setting. Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue viruses, herpes simplex virus and enteroviruses were the most common viruses detected, followed by rubella virus, varicella zoster virus, mumps virus, cytomegalovirus, and rabies virus. Our study represents the broadest yet investigation of the possible viral causes of the CNS infections in adults in Vietnam, with a diagnostic yield of 32%. The results show that the majority of morbidity/mortality amongst patients with a confirmed/probable diagnosis could be prevented by adequate vaccination or treatment, and are therefore of public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - Le Hong Thai
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ly Van Chuong
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Xuan Sinh
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Vo Minh Hien
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Jeremy Day
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical, Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Feng Y, Fu S, Zhang H, Petersen LR, Zhang B, Gao X, Yang W, Zhang Y, Dao B, Li K, Li N, Yin Z, Liu Y, Nasci R, Wang H, Liang G. High incidence of Japanese encephalitis, southern China. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:672-3. [PMID: 23750863 PMCID: PMC5836486 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.120137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zheng H, Shan T, Deng Y, Sun C, Yuan S, Yin Y, Tong G. Molecular characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus strains prevalent in Chinese swine herds. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:27-36. [PMID: 23388434 PMCID: PMC3615229 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia and domestic pigs serve as the amplifying hosts. In the present study, the full genomic sequences of two JEV strains (HEN0701 and SH0601) isolated from pigs in China were determined and compared with other 12 JEV strains deposited in GenBank. These two strains had an 88.8% nucleotide sequence similarity and 97.9% deduced amino acid sequence homology. HEN0701 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with genotype I (GI) strains, while SH0601 had high nucleotide sequence and high amino acid sequence identity with GIII strains at both the gene and full genome levels. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that HEN0701 belonged to the JEV GI group and SH0601 was classified as a GIII strain. Analysis of codon usage showed there were a few differences between the GI and GIII strains in nucleotide composition and codon usage for the open reading frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Yiang GT, Chen YH, Chou PL, Chang WJ, Wei CW, Yu YL. The NS3 protease and helicase domains of Japanese encephalitis virus trigger cell death via caspase‑dependent and ‑independent pathways. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:826-30. [PMID: 23291778 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito‑borne flavivirus, causes acute encephalitis and nervous damage. Previous studies have demonstrated that JEV induces apoptosis in infected cells. However, to date the mechanisms of JEV‑induced apoptosis are unclear. In order to identify the viral proteins associated with JEV‑induced apoptosis, pEGFP‑non‑structural protein 3 (NS3) 1‑619 (expressing the JEV NS3 intact protein, including the protease and helicase domains), pEGFP‑NS3 1‑180 (expressing the protease domain) and pEGFP‑NS3 163‑619 (expressing the helicase domain) were transfected into target cells to study cell death. Results demonstrate that the JEV NS3 intact protein and protease and helicase domains induce cell death. In addition, cell death was identified to be significantly higher in cells transfected with the NS3 protease domain compared with the intact protein and helicase domain. Caspase activation was also analyzed in the current study. NS3 intact protein and NS3 protease and helicase domains activated caspase‑9/‑3‑dependent and ‑independent pathways. However, caspase‑8 activity was not found to be significantly different in NS3‑transfected cells compared with control. In summary, the present study demonstrates that the NS3 helicase and protease domains of JEV activate caspase‑9/‑3‑dependent and ‑independent cascades and trigger cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Teng M, Luo J, Fan JM, Chen L, Wang XT, Yao W, Wang CQ, Zhang GP. Molecular characterization of Japanese encephalitis viruses circulating in pigs and mosquitoes on pig farms in the Chinese province of Henan. Virus Genes 2012; 46:170-4. [PMID: 22945473 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since the first Chinese case report of Japanese encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has circulated in China for at least 60 years. Even though pigs play a critical role in the JEV transmission cycle information on the prevalence of JEV in pigs has not been investigated in China. As the central Chinese province of Henan has the largest human population in China, a history of serious JEV and is the largest pig producing province it was chosen for this study. We have found that currently natural infection with JEV in pigs and mosquitoes is prevalent and both genotypes 1 and 3 co-circulate in pigs and mosquitoes in central China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the newly obtained pig-derived JEV isolates are more closely related to isolates from the 1950s to 1960s than to those recently isolated from humans and mosquitoes. Further analyses based on all the previous reported Chinese isolates indicates that presently genotype 3 JEV is the predominant genotype in pigs but genotype 1 JEV is emerging and spreading rapidly in recent years. Our study provides information for understanding the current epidemiology of JEV in China and suggests possible measures applicable to the further control of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zheng Y, Li M, Wang H, Liang G. Japanese encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis virus in mainland China. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:301-22. [PMID: 22407526 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, is the most important viral encephalitis in the world. Approximately 35,000-50,000 people suffer from JE every year, with a mortality rate of 10,000-15,000 people per year. Although the safety and efficacy of JE vaccines (inactivated and attenuated) have been demonstrated, China still accounts for 50% of the reported JE cases worldwide. In this review, we provide information about the burden of JE in mainland China and the corresponding epidemiology from 1949 to 2010, including the morbidity and mortality of JE; the age, gender, and vocational distribution of JE cases; its regional and seasonal distribution; and JE immunization. In addition, we discuss the relationships among vectors, hosts, and JEV isolates from mainland China; the dominant vector species for JEV transmission; the variety of JEV genotypes and the different biological characteristics of the different JEV genotypes; and the molecular evolution of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zheng
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Mei L, Wu P, Ye J, Gao G, Shao L, Huang S, Li Y, Yang X, Chen H, Cao S. Development and application of an antigen capture ELISA assay for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine, human and mosquito. Virol J 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22221768 PMCID: PMC3275457 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious zoonosis caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) which is a mosquito-borne pathogen of the family Flavivirus. However, the application of several developed laboratory methods for the detection of JEV antigens or antibodies are limited by their requirements of laboratory operations, skilled technicians and special facilities. Results To develop a method for detecting JEV antigen in swine, human, mosquito and other clinical specimens specifically, conveniently and effectively, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and stability of the developed method were evaluated, and 60 clinical samples were tested in this study. The results demonstrated that the antigen capture ELISA was capable in detecting JEV antigen with high sensitivity and specificity compared with conventional methods. 14 samples showed the positive result with coincidence rate of 70%, and 46 displayed negative result with coincidence rate of 100% as compared to that of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Conclusions The developed ELISA assay provides a convenient and specific method for the large-scale determination of JEV antigen in infected swine, human and mosquito samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Li Y, Counor D, Lu P, Liang G, Vu T, Phan T, Huynh T, Sun G, Grandadam M, Butrapet S, Lavergne J, Flamand M, Yu Y, Solomon T, Buchy P, Deubel V. A specific and sensitive antigen capture assay for NS1 protein quantitation in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol Methods 2012; 179:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, Jacobson JA, Hoke CH, Hombach JM, Marfin AA, Solomon T, Tsai TF, Tsu VD, Ginsburg AS. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2011; 89:766-74, 774A-774E. [PMID: 22084515 PMCID: PMC3209971 DOI: 10.2471/blt.10.085233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) using recent data for the purpose of guiding prevention and control efforts. METHODS Thirty-two areas endemic for JE in 24 Asian and Western Pacific countries were sorted into 10 incidence groups on the basis of published data and expert opinion. Population-based surveillance studies using laboratory-confirmed cases were sought for each incidence group by a computerized search of the scientific literature. When no eligible studies existed for a particular incidence group, incidence data were extrapolated from related groups. FINDINGS A total of 12 eligible studies representing 7 of 10 incidence groups in 24 JE-endemic countries were identified. Approximately 67,900 JE cases typically occur annually (overall incidence: 1.8 per 100,000), of which only about 10% are reported to the World Health Organization. Approximately 33,900 (50%) of these cases occur in China (excluding Taiwan) and approximately 51,000 (75%) occur in children aged 0-14 years (incidence: 5.4 per 100,000). Approximately 55,000 (81%) cases occur in areas with well established or developing JE vaccination programmes, while approximately 12,900 (19%) occur in areas with minimal or no JE vaccination programmes. CONCLUSION Recent data allowed us to refine the estimate of the global incidence of JE, which remains substantial despite improvements in vaccination coverage. More and better incidence studies in selected countries, particularly China and India, are needed to further refine these estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L Hills
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Marc Fischer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, USA
| | | | - Charles H Hoke
- Pharmaceutical Systems Project Management Office, US Army Medical Material Development Activity, Fort Detrick, USA
| | - Joachim M Hombach
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony A Marfin
- Washington State Department of Health, Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Shoreline, USA
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | | | - Vivien D Tsu
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), PO Box 900922, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Amy S Ginsburg
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), PO Box 900922, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Isolation and genetic characteristics of human genotype 1 Japanese encephalitis virus, China, 2009. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16418. [PMID: 21283590 PMCID: PMC3026811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the predominant genotype of Chinese Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is evolving from genotype 3 to genotype 1. However, in recent years, almost all genotype 1 isolates were from mosquitoes, and genotype 1 has been less associated with human disease than genotype 3. This study reports the isolation of human genotype 1 JEV and its genetic characteristics to provide additional insights into human JE pathogens that are currently circulating in China. METHODS AND RESULTS In 2009, 31 cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from patients living in Yunnan and Shanxi provinces and were used to inoculate Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells for virus isolation. The JEV strains were identified using immunofluorescent assays and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial capsid/pre-membrane and full envelope (E) sequences were performed using Clustalx 1.8 software. Three JEV isolates were obtained from a 4-year-old girl and a 2-year-old boy living in Yunnan and an 82-year-old woman in Shanxi. The boy had been immunized with one dose of JE live attenuated vaccine. New isolates were grouped into genotype 1. Amino acid sequence for the viral E protein indicated 95% to 100% identity with each other and with other JEV strains. When compared with a consensus sequence of E protein, two amino acid substitutions were found: Ser(E-123)-Asn in the two Yunnan isolates and Lys(E-166)-Arg in the Shanxi isolate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the genotype 1 of JEV is causing human infections in China. Our observation of a previously vaccinated boy developing JE from genotype 1 virus infection also calls for more detailed studies, both in vitro and in vivo neutralization tests as well as active surveillance, to examine the possibility of a lack of complete protection conferred by the live attenuated JE vaccine against genotype 1 virus.
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