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Lee EB, Lee GY, Hossain MA, Awji EG, Park SC. Gut microbiome perturbation and its correlation with tylosin pharmacokinetics in healthy and infected pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18670. [PMID: 39134586 PMCID: PMC11319344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Tylosin, an antibiotic with a long history in treating respiratory bacterial infections, has unknown effects on the gut microbiota of healthy and infected pigs. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a therapeutic dose of tylosin on swine gut microbiota and explored the relationship between this effect and tylosin pharmacokinetics (PK). We also assessed whether changes in gut microbiota after tylosin administration differ between healthy animals (n = 7) and animals intranasally co-infected (n = 7) with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Both groups were intramuscularly administered with tylosin (20 mg/kg). The 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed a significantly lower species richness and diversity, after tylosin treatment, in the infected than the healthy pigs, with infected pigs having lower levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and higher levels of Proteobacteria. Greater tylosin exposure (greater area under curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and slower elimination (longer terminal half-life, T1/2) were observed in healthy than infected pigs. Relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, and Sporobacter was positively and significantly correlated with AUC and Cmax, whereas the abundance of Acinetobacter, Alishewanella, and Pseudomonas was positively and significantly correlated with T1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) of tylosin. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrated significant changes in swine gut microbiota after a single therapeutic dose of tylosin was administered, whereas the effect of these changes on tylosin PK was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Akil Hossain
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Elias Gebru Awji
- Independent Researcher, 263 Congressional Ln, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Horne B, Badji H, Bhuiyan MTR, Romaina Cachique L, Cornick J, Hotwani A, Juma J, Ochieng JB, Abdou M, Apondi E, Atlas HE, Awuor AO, Baker KS, Ceesay BE, Charles M, Cunliffe NA, Feutz E, Galagan SR, Guindo I, Hossain MJ, Iqbal J, Jallow F, Keita NY, Khanam F, Kotloff KL, Maiden V, Manzanares Villanueva K, Mito O, Mosharraf MP, Nkeze J, Ikumapayi UN, Paredes Olortegui M, Pavlinac PB, Pinedo Vasquez T, Qadri F, Qamar FN, Qureshi S, Rahman N, Sangare A, Sen S, Peñataro Yori P, Yousafzai MT, Ahmed D, Jere KC, Kosek MN, Omore R, Permala-Booth J, Secka O, Tennant SM. Microbiological Methods Used in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:S25-S33. [PMID: 38532949 PMCID: PMC10962722 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella is a major cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Multiple vaccines targeting Shigella are in development, and phase 3 clinical trials are imminent to determine efficacy against shigellosis. Methods The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study is designed to determine the incidence of medically attended shigellosis in 6- to 35-month-old children in 7 resource-limited settings. Here, we describe the microbiological methods used to isolate and identify Shigella. We developed a standardized laboratory protocol for isolation and identification of Shigella by culture. This protocol was implemented across all 7 sites, ensuring consistency and comparability of results. Secondary objectives of the study are to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of Shigella, compare isolation of Shigella from rectal swabs versus whole stool, and compare isolation of Shigella following transport of rectal swabs in Cary-Blair versus a modified buffered glycerol saline transport medium. Conclusions Data generated from EFGH using culture methods described herein can potentially be used for microbiological endpoints in future phase 3 clinical trials to evaluate vaccines against shigellosis and for other clinical and public health studies focused on these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bri’Anna Horne
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Henry Badji
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Jennifer Cornick
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Aneeta Hotwani
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jane Juma
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Mahamadou Abdou
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Evans Apondi
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hannah E Atlas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alex O Awuor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kate S Baker
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bubacarr E Ceesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Mary Charles
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Feutz
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sean R Galagan
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ibrehima Guindo
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - M Jahangir Hossain
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Junaid Iqbal
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Farhana Khanam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victor Maiden
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Oscar Mito
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Md Parvej Mosharraf
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joseph Nkeze
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Usman N Ikumapayi
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Patricia B Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aminata Sangare
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sunil Sen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Pablo Peñataro Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Dilruba Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Health Professions, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard Omore
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jasnehta Permala-Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Ousman Secka
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
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Johnstone SL, Page NA, Groome MJ, du Plessis NM, Thomas J. Diagnostic testing practices for diarrhoeal cases in South African public hospitals. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:827. [DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Stool samples submitted for diagnostic testing represent a proportion of diarrhoeal cases seeking healthcare, and an even smaller proportion of diarrhoeal cases in the community. Despite this, surveillance relies heavily on these laboratory results. This study described diarrhoeal diagnostic practices and aetiological agents of diarrhoea in patients admitted to three South African public hospitals in order to understand biases in surveillance data, and inform guidelines, diagnostic and laboratory practices to improve clinical management.
Methods
A doctors’ survey was conducted to determine sample submission, diarrhoeal treatment and barriers to submitting samples for testing. Results for all samples submitted for routine diagnostics were obtained from the NHLS Central Data Warehouse. An enhanced surveillance study enrolled patients with acute diarrhoea at the same hospitals over the same period. Differences between routine culture results and molecular testing from the surveillance study were described.
Results
Stool samples were seldom submitted for diagnostic testing (median of 10% of admitted cases). Current diagnostic guidelines were not useful, hence most doctors (75.1%) relied on their own clinical judgement or judgement of a senior clinician. Although most doctors (90.3%) agreed that diagnostics were helpful for clinical management, they reported patients being unwilling to provide samples and long laboratory turnaround times. Routine diagnostic data represent cases with chronic diarrhoea and dysentery since doctors are most likely to submit specimens for these cases. Pathogen yield (number of pathogens detected for samples tested for specific pathogens) was significantly higher in the surveillance study, which used molecular methods, than through routine diagnostic services (73.3% versus 8.2%, p < 0.001), including for viruses (48.9% versus 2.6%, p < 0.001), bacteria (40.1% versus 2.2%, p < 0.001) and parasites (16.2% versus 3.6%, p < 0.001). Despite viruses being commonly detected in the surveillance study, viral testing was seldom requested in routine diagnostic investigations.
Conclusions
Comprehensive diagnostic and treatment guidelines are required for diarrhoeal diseases. These guidelines should be informed by local epidemiological data, where diagnostic testing is reserved for cases most likely to benefit from specific treatment. Optimisation of current diagnostic processes and methods are required for these cases, specifically in terms of minimising turnaround times while maximising diagnostic acumen.
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