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Peng Y, Williams MM, Xiaoli L, Simon A, Fueston H, Tondella ML, Weigand MR. Strengthening Bordetella pertussis genomic surveillance by direct sequencing of residual positive specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0165323. [PMID: 38445858 PMCID: PMC11005353 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01653-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of microbial pathogens recovered from patients with infectious disease facilitates high-resolution strain characterization and molecular epidemiology. However, increasing reliance on culture-independent methods to diagnose infectious diseases has resulted in few isolates available for WGS. Here, we report a novel culture-independent approach to genome characterization of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of pertussis and a paradigm for insufficient genomic surveillance due to limited culture of clinical isolates. Sequencing libraries constructed directly from residual pertussis-positive diagnostic nasopharyngeal specimens were hybridized with biotinylated RNA "baits" targeting B. pertussis fragments within complex mixtures that contained high concentrations of host and microbial background DNA. Recovery of B. pertussis genome sequence data was evaluated with mock and pooled negative clinical specimens spiked with reducing concentrations of either purified DNA or inactivated cells. Targeted enrichment increased the yield of B. pertussis sequencing reads up to 90% while simultaneously decreasing host reads to less than 10%. Filtered sequencing reads provided sufficient genome coverage to perform characterization via whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole-genome multilocus sequencing typing. Moreover, these data were concordant with sequenced isolates recovered from the same specimens such that phylogenetic reconstructions from either consistently clustered the same putatively linked cases. The optimized protocol is suitable for nasopharyngeal specimens with diagnostic IS481 Ct < 35 and >10 ng DNA. Routine implementation of these methods could strengthen surveillance and study of pertussis resurgence by capturing additional cases with genomic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Peng
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret M. Williams
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ashley Simon
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heather Fueston
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria L. Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael R. Weigand
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kamachi K, Koide K, Otsuka N, Goto M, Kenri T. Strain identity of Bordetella pertussis isolates from household members based on whole-genome sequencing. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:111-114. [PMID: 38224024 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the genetic diversity of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of pertussis, within households by whole-genome sequencing. In pairwise comparisons of 23 isolates collected from 11 households, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed extremely low SNP diversity (≤1 SNP) between isolate pairs: no SNPs were detected in 10 households and one SNP was obtained in the remaining household. This SNP was uncommon for B. pertussis and resulted in a nonsynonymous substitution (Ala303Thr) in nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase. We demonstrated that the same strain is transmitted between household members and that B. pertussis is genomically stable during household transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Goto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Moosa F, du Plessis M, Weigand MR, Peng Y, Mogale D, de Gouveia L, Nunes MC, Madhi SA, Zar HJ, Reubenson G, Ismail A, Tondella ML, Cohen C, Walaza S, von Gottberg A, Wolter N. Genomic characterization of Bordetella pertussis in South Africa, 2015-2019. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001162. [PMID: 38117675 PMCID: PMC10763497 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis remains a public health concern in South Africa, with an increase in reported cases and outbreaks in recent years. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 32 Bordetella pertussis isolates sourced from three different surveillance programmes in South Africa between 2015 and 2019. Genome sequences were characterized using multilocus sequence typing, vaccine antigen genes (ptxP, ptxA, ptxB, prn and fimH) and overall genome structure. All isolates were sequence type 2 and harboured the pertussis toxin promoter allele ptxP3. The dominant genotype was ptxP3-ptxA1-ptxB2-prn2-fimH2 (31/32, 96.9 %), with no pertactin-deficient or other mutations in vaccine antigen genes identified. Amongst 21 isolates yielding closed genome assemblies, eight distinct genome structures were detected, with 61.9 % (13/21) of the isolates exhibiting three predominant structures. Increases in case numbers are probably not due to evolutionary changes in the genome but possibly due to other factors such as the cyclical nature of B. pertussis disease, waning immunity due to the use of acellular vaccines and/or population immunity gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Moosa
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael R. Weigand
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dineo Mogale
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda de Gouveia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C. Nunes
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Reubenson
- Rahima Moosa Mother & Child Hospital, Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - M. Lucia Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Leeper MM, Tolar BM, Griswold T, Vidyaprakash E, Hise KB, Williams GM, Im SB, Chen JC, Pouseele H, Carleton HA. Evaluation of whole and core genome multilocus sequence typing allele schemes for Salmonella enterica outbreak detection in a national surveillance network, PulseNet USA. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254777. [PMID: 37808298 PMCID: PMC10558246 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne and zoonotic illnesses in the United States. For this study, we applied four different whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based subtyping methods: high quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (hqSNP) analysis, whole genome multilocus sequence typing using either all loci [wgMLST (all loci)] and only chromosome-associated loci [wgMLST (chrom)], and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to a dataset of isolate sequences from 9 well-characterized Salmonella outbreaks. For each outbreak, we evaluated the genomic and epidemiologic concordance between hqSNP and allele-based methods. We first compared pairwise genomic differences using all four methods. We observed discrepancies in allele difference ranges when using wgMLST (all loci), likely caused by inflated genetic variation due to loci found on plasmids and/or other mobile genetic elements in the accessory genome. Therefore, we excluded wgMLST (all loci) results from any further comparisons in the study. Then, we created linear regression models and phylogenetic tanglegrams using the remaining three methods. K-means analysis using the silhouette method was applied to compare the ability of the three methods to partition outbreak and sporadic isolate sequences. Our results showed that pairwise hqSNP differences had high concordance with cgMLST and wgMLST (chrom) allele differences. The slopes of the regressions for hqSNP vs. allele pairwise differences were 0.58 (cgMLST) and 0.74 [wgMLST (chrom)], and the slope of the regression was 0.77 for cgMLST vs. wgMLST (chrom) pairwise differences. Tanglegrams showed high clustering concordance between methods using two statistical measures, the Baker's gamma index (BGI) and cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC), where 9/9 (100%) of outbreaks yielded BGI values ≥ 0.60 and CCCs were ≥ 0.97 across all nine outbreaks and all three methods. K-means analysis showed separation of outbreak and sporadic isolate groups with average silhouette widths ≥ 0.87 for outbreak groups and ≥ 0.16 for sporadic groups. This study demonstrates that Salmonella isolates clustered in concordance with epidemiologic data using three WGS-based subtyping methods and supports using cgMLST as the primary method for national surveillance of Salmonella outbreak clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M. Leeper
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Beth M. Tolar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taylor Griswold
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eshaw Vidyaprakash
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelley B. Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Grant M. Williams
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sung B. Im
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica C. Chen
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Heather A. Carleton
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Kamachi K, Koide K, Otsuka N, Goto M, Kenri T. Whole-Genome Analysis of Bordetella pertussis MT27 Isolates from School-Associated Outbreaks: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Diversity and Threshold of the Outbreak Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0406522. [PMID: 37191540 PMCID: PMC10269452 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, can cause pertussis outbreaks in humans, especially in school-aged children. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 51 B. pertussis isolates (epidemic strain MT27) collected from patients infected during 6 school-associated outbreaks lasting less than 4 months. We compared their genetic diversity with that of 28 sporadic isolates (non-outbreak MT27 isolates) based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our temporal SNP diversity analysis revealed a mean SNP accumulation rate (time-weighted average) of 0.21 SNPs/genome/year during the outbreaks. The outbreak isolates showed a mean of 0.74 SNP differences (median, 0; range, 0 to 5) between 238 isolate pairs, whereas the sporadic isolates had a mean of 16.12 SNP differences (median, 17; range 0 to 36) between 378 isolate pairs. A low SNP diversity was observed in the outbreak isolates. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the optimal cutoff value to distinguish between the outbreak and sporadic isolates was 3 SNPs (Youden's index of 0.90 with a true-positive rate of 0.97 and a false-positive rate of 0.07). Based on these results, we propose an epidemiological threshold of ≤3 SNPs per genome as a reliable marker of B. pertussis strain identity during pertussis outbreaks that span less than 4 months. IMPORTANCE Bordetella pertussis is a highly infectious bacterium that easily causes pertussis outbreaks in humans, especially in school-aged children. In detection and investigation of outbreaks, excluding non-outbreak isolates is important for understanding the bacterial transmission routes. Currently, whole-genome sequencing is widely used for outbreak investigations, and the genetic relatedness of outbreak isolates is assessed based on differences in the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomes of different isolates. The optimal SNP threshold defining strain identity has been proposed for many bacterial pathogens, but not for B. pertussis. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 51 B. pertussis outbreak isolates and identified a genetic threshold of ≤3 SNPs per genome as a marker defining the strain identity during pertussis outbreaks. This study provides a useful marker for identifying and analyzing pertussis outbreaks and can serve as a basis for future epidemiological studies on pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kamachi
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koide
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Otsuka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Goto
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kenri
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Bridel S, Bouchez V, Brancotte B, Hauck S, Armatys N, Landier A, Mühle E, Guillot S, Toubiana J, Maiden MCJ, Jolley KA, Brisse S. A comprehensive resource for Bordetella genomic epidemiology and biodiversity studies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3807. [PMID: 35778384 PMCID: PMC9249784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Bordetella includes bacteria that are found in the environment and/or associated with humans and other animals. A few closely related species, including Bordetella pertussis, are human pathogens that cause diseases such as whooping cough. Here, we present a large database of Bordetella isolates and genomes and develop genotyping systems for the genus and for the B. pertussis clade. To generate the database, we merge previously existing databases from Oxford University and Institut Pasteur, import genomes from public repositories, and add 83 newly sequenced B. bronchiseptica genomes. The public database currently includes 2582 Bordetella isolates and their provenance data, and 2085 genomes ( https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/bordetella/ ). We use core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to develop genotyping systems for the whole genus and for B. pertussis, as well as specific schemes to define antigenic, virulence and macrolide resistance profiles. Phylogenetic analyses allow us to redefine evolutionary relationships among known Bordetella species, and to propose potential new species. Our database provides an expandable resource for genotyping of environmental and clinical Bordetella isolates, thus facilitating evolutionary and epidemiological research on whooping cough and other Bordetella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bridel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bouchez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bryan Brancotte
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sofia Hauck
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Nathalie Armatys
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Annie Landier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Mühle
- Collection de l´Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guillot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France.,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Keith A Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France. .,National Reference Center for Whooping Cough and other Bordetella Infections, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Wang T, Zhao W, Li S, Yao H, Zhang Q, Yang L. Characterization of erm(B)-carrying Campylobacter spp. of retail chicken meat origin. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 30:173-177. [PMID: 35660664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The erm(B) gene in Campylobacter, conferring resistance to macrolides, poses a great concern worldwide. In this study, the prevalence of erm(B) in Campylobacter of retail chicken meat origin was investigated and the characterization of erm(B)-harboring Campylobacter isolates was also analyzed. METHODS The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates. Whole genome sequencing and analysis were used to characterize ST type and genetic context of erm(B). Natural transformation was conducted to evaluate transferability of the erm(B) gene. RESULTS A total of 16 (11.8%) Campylobacter isolates were obtained from 136 samples collected from retail chicken meat, among which 5 erm(B)-positive isolates were identified as C. coli belonging to ST3753 (n=4) and ST825 (n=1). Furthermore, a total of 22 Campylobacter spp. were erm(B)-positive in GenBank database, all except one C. jejuni isolate were collected in China. Diverse ST types were involved in these erm(B)-carrying isolates. Comparison analysis indicated that 11 types for genetic environment of erm(B) were identified, mostly associated with multidrug-resistance genomic islands (MDRGIs). The genetic context of erm(B) in C. coli of retail chicken meat origin showed highly nucleotide sequence identity to that in C. coli from human. CONCLUSION This is the first report of prevalence and characterization for erm(B) in Campylobacter of retail chicken meat origin. Highly homologous of genetic context of erm(B) in C. coli isolates from retail meat and human, implying the possibility of zoonotic transmission of erm(B) in Campylobacter, which poses a great threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiurong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longhua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
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