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Grech AK, Foo CT, Paul E, Aung AK, Yu C. Epidemiological trends of respiratory tract pathogens detected via mPCR in Australian adult patients before COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:38. [PMID: 38166699 PMCID: PMC10763466 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major global health burden due to their high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study described the epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in adults over a 5-year period at an Australian tertiary healthcare network. METHODS All multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction respiratory samples taken between the 1st of November 2014 and the 31st of October 2019 were included in this study. Overall prevalence and variations according to seasons, age groups and sex were analysed, as well as factors associated with prolonged hospital and intensive care length of stay. RESULTS There were 12,453 pathogens detected amongst the 12,185 positive samples, with coinfection rates of 3.7%. Picornavirus (Rhinovirus), Influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus were the most commonly detected pathogens. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the most commonly detected atypical bacteria. Significant differences in the prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Human metapneumovirus infections were found between sexes. Longest median length of intensive care and hospital stay was for Legionella species. Seasonal variations were evident for certain pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The high rates of pathogen detection and hospitalisation in this real-world study highlights the significant burden of RTIs, and the urgent need for an improved understanding of the pathogenicity as well as preventative and treatment options of RTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K Grech
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Chuan T Foo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eldho Paul
- ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ar K Aung
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christiaan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
- Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Aponte-Diaz D, Vogt MR, Cameron CE. An unexpected, pH-sensitive step of the enterovirus D68 lifecycle. mBio 2023; 14:e0228123. [PMID: 37909766 PMCID: PMC10746263 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02281-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) contributes significantly to pathogen-induced respiratory illnesses and severe neurological disorders like acute flaccid myelitis. We lack EV-D68 preventive measures, and knowledge of its molecular and cellular biology is incomplete. Multiple studies have highlighted the role of membrane compartments and autophagy during picornavirus multiplication. Galitska et al. found that EV-D68 also exploits cellular autophagic compartments and relies on autophagic machinery as pro-viral factors (G. Galitska, A. Jassey, M. A. Wagner, N. Pollack, et al., mBio e02141-23, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02141-23). Surprisingly, failure of the autophagic compartment to acidify early during EV-D68 infection causes a delay in RNA synthesis that has not been reported for other enteroviruses. This delay appears to reflect the inability of viral proteins 2B and 3A to engage membranes stably, leading to their degradation in the cytoplasm. Observations like this underscore the importance of studying individual members of the virus genus. It will be interesting to understand how this phenomenon connects to EV-D68 pathogenesis, if at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aponte-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew R. Vogt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Thabti I, Albert Q, Philippot S, Dupire F, Westerhuis B, Fontanay S, Risler A, Kassab T, Elfalleh W, Aferchichi A, Varbanov M. Advances on Antiviral Activity of Morus spp. Plant Extracts: Human Coronavirus and Virus-Related Respiratory Tract Infections in the Spotlight. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081876. [PMID: 32325742 PMCID: PMC7221944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Viral respiratory infections cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide every year. Human coronavirus and several picornaviruses are responsible for worldwide epidemic outbreaks, thus representing a heavy burden to their hosts. In the absence of specific treatments for human viral infections, natural products offer an alternative in terms of innovative drug therapies. (2) Methods: We analyzed the antiviral properties of the leaves and stem bark of the mulberry tree (Morus spp.). We compared the antiviral activity of Morus spp. on enveloped and nonenveloped viral pathogens, such as human coronavirus (HCoV 229E) and different members of the Picornaviridae family-human poliovirus 1, human parechovirus 1 and 3, and human echovirus 11. The antiviral activity of 12 water and water-alcohol plant extracts of the leaves and stem bark of three different species of mulberry-Morus alba var. alba, Morus alba var. rosa, and Morus rubra-were evaluated. We also evaluated the antiviral activities of kuwanon G against HCoV-229E. (3) Results: Our results showed that several extracts reduced the viral titer and cytopathogenic effects (CPE). Leaves' water-alcohol extracts exhibited maximum antiviral activity on human coronavirus, while stem bark and leaves' water and water-alcohol extracts were the most effective on picornaviruses. (4) Conclusions: The analysis of the antiviral activities of Morus spp. offer promising applications in antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Thabti
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
- Laboratoire d’Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des régions Arides de Médenine, Route el Djorf, Médenine 4119, Tunisia; (W.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Quentin Albert
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Stéphanie Philippot
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
| | - François Dupire
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Brenda Westerhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphane Fontanay
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
- INSA de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5240, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Risler
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Kassab
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
| | - Walid Elfalleh
- Laboratoire d’Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des régions Arides de Médenine, Route el Djorf, Médenine 4119, Tunisia; (W.E.); (A.A.)
- Energy, Water, Environment and Process Laboratory, (LR18ES35), National Engineering School of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia
| | - Ali Aferchichi
- Laboratoire d’Aridoculture et Cultures Oasiennes, Institut des régions Arides de Médenine, Route el Djorf, Médenine 4119, Tunisia; (W.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- L2CM, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France; (I.T.); (Q.A.); (S.P.); (F.D.); (S.F.); (A.R.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Temte JL, Meiman JG, Gangnon RE. School sessions are correlated with seasonal outbreaks of medically attended respiratory infections: electronic health record time series analysis, Wisconsin 2004-2011. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e127. [PMID: 30868998 PMCID: PMC6518471 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818003424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased social contact within school settings is thought to be an important factor in seasonal outbreaks of acute respiratory infection (ARI). To better understand the degree of impact, we analysed electronic health records and compared risks of respiratory infections within communities while schools were in session and out-of-session. A time series analysis of weekly respiratory infection diagnoses from 28 family medicine clinics in Wisconsin showed that people under the age of 65 experienced an increased risk of ARI when schools were in session. For children aged 5-17 years, the risk ratio for the first week of a school session was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.34), the second week of a session was 1.39 (95% CI 1.15-1.68) and more than 2 weeks into a session was 1.43 (95% CI 1.20-1.71). Less significant increased risk ratios were also observed in young children (0-4 years) and adults (18-64 years). These results were obtained after modelling for baseline seasonal variations in disease prevalence and controlling for short-term changes in ambient temperature and relative humidity. Understanding the mechanisms of seasonality make it easier to predict outbreaks and launch timely public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Temte
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J. G. Meiman
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R. E. Gangnon
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Kloc A, Rai DK, Rieder E. The Roles of Picornavirus Untranslated Regions in Infection and Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 29616004 PMCID: PMC5870040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral genomes have evolved to maximize their potential of overcoming host defense mechanisms and to induce a variety of disease syndromes. Structurally, a genome of a virus consists of coding and noncoding regions, and both have been shown to contribute to initiation and progression of disease. Accumulated work in picornaviruses has stressed out the importance of the noncoding RNAs, or untranslated 5′- and 3′-regions (UTRs), in both replication and translation of viral genomes. Unsurprisingly, defects in these processes have been reported to cause viral attenuation and affect viral pathogenicity. However, substantial evidence suggests that these untranslated RNAs may influence the outcome of the host innate immune response. This review discusses the involvement of 5′- and 3′-terminus UTRs in induction and regulation of host immunity and its consequences for viral life cycle and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloc
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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6
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Taylor S, Lopez P, Weckx L, Borja-Tabora C, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Lazcano-Ponce E, Kerdpanich A, Angel Rodriguez Weber M, Mascareñas de Los Santos A, Tinoco JC, Safadi MAP, Lim FS, Hernandez-de Mezerville M, Faingezicht I, Cruz-Valdez A, Feng Y, Li P, Durviaux S, Haars G, Roy-Ghanta S, Vaughn DW, Nolan T. Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: Epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample. J Infect 2016; 74:29-41. [PMID: 27667752 PMCID: PMC7112512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better population data on respiratory viruses in children in tropical and southern hemisphere countries is needed. METHODS The epidemiology of respiratory viruses among healthy children (6 months to <10 years) with influenza-like illness (ILI) was determined in a population sample derived from an influenza vaccine trial (NCT01051661) in 17 centers in eight countries (Australia, South East Asia and Latin America). Active surveillance for ILI was conducted for approximately 1 year (between February 2010 and August 2011), with PCR analysis of nasal and throat swabs. RESULTS 6266 children were included, of whom 2421 experienced 3717 ILI episodes. Rhinovirus/enterovirus had the highest prevalence (41.5%), followed by influenza (15.8%), adenovirus (9.8%), parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (both 9.7%), coronavirus (5.6%), human metapneumovirus (5.5%) and human bocavirus (HBov) (2.0%). Corresponding incidence per 100 person-years was 29.78, 11.34, 7.03, 6.96, 6.94, 4.00, 3.98 and 1.41. Except for influenza, respiratory virus prevalence declined with age. The incidence of medically-attended ILI associated with viral infection ranged from 1.03 (HBov) to 23.69 (rhinovirus/enterovirus). The percentage of children missing school or daycare ranged from 21.4% (HBov) to 52.1% (influenza). CONCLUSIONS Active surveillance of healthy children provided evidence of respiratory illness burden associated with several viruses, with a substantial burden in older children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pio Lopez
- Centro de Estudios en Infectologia Pediatrica, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lily Weckx
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charissa Borja-Tabora
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Angkool Kerdpanich
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Marco Aurelio P Safadi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo and Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa, Department of Pediatrics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fong Seng Lim
- National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Idis Faingezicht
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigaciones Clínicas, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Ping Li
- GSK Vaccines, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Terry Nolan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Using Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques in a Syndrome-Oriented Approach: Detection of Respiratory Agents. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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8
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Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Pérez-Ruiz M, Lara-Oya A, Pedrosa-Corral I, Riazzo-Damas C, Navarro-Marí JM. Analytical performance of the automated multianalyte point-of-care mariPOC® for the detection of respiratory viruses. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:252-6. [PMID: 26283523 PMCID: PMC7132759 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performance of mariPOC® respi test (ArcDia® Laboratories, Turku, Finland) was evaluated using nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) as the gold standard. The mariPOC assay allows automated detection of antigens from 8 respiratory viruses: influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza viruses 1-3. Positive results from samples with high viral load are available in 20min. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (n=192) from patients with acute respiratory infection and from previously positive samples were analyzed by mariPOC and NAATs (Simplexa(TM) FluA/FluB & RSV kit [n=118] and Luminex® Respiratory virus panel xTAG® RVP FAST [n=74]). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of mariPOC were 85.4%, 99.2%, 95.9%, and 97%, respectively, and 84.6% of positive results were reported in 20min. The good analytical performance and extended portfolio of mariPOC show this rapid assay as a good alternative for the etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory infection in laboratories that are not equipped with molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Calle Dr Azpitarte 4, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Calle Dr Azpitarte 4, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Lara-Oya
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Calle Dr Azpitarte 4, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Riazzo-Damas
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - José María Navarro-Marí
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18012 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Calle Dr Azpitarte 4, 18012 Granada, Spain
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9
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Díaz PV, Valdivia G, Gaggero AA, Bono MR, Zepeda G, Rivas M, Uasapud P, Pinto RA, Boza ML, Guerrero J. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Nasopharyngeal Aspirate From Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection With or Without Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis, and Use of the Cytokines as Predictors of Illness Severity. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1512. [PMID: 26426613 PMCID: PMC4616851 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) respiratory infection in children induce production of inflammatory interleukins (ILs) in the respiratory epithelium. As IL(s) determine the severity of illness, the purpose of this study was to identify the pro-inflammatory IL(s) that could be predictor(s) of clinical severity. One hundred and fifteen patients <2 years old with bronchiolitis due to RSV and /or HRV and 38 controls were selected from a hospital and an outpatient clinic. Clinical data of all patients were recorded. Severity was defined by the number of days with oxygen need. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected to perform viral diagnosis by quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and to quantify ILs: TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8, by flow cytometry. Simple and multiple regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for statistical analysis. Of the patients selected 60 were single RSV, 28 RSV associated to HRV, and 27 single HRV. All patients (115) showed significantly higher IL levels when compared with controls. Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from RSV single and associated to HRV were significantly higher than HRV infected and positively associated with days requiring O2.Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 detected in NPA from patients infected with RSV only or with both RSV and HRV are increased, and any of those 3 cytokines may have a predictive value for the number of days with need of supplemental oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Díaz
- From the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile (PVD, AAG, JG); Department of Public Health, Catholic University (GV); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile (MRB); Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile (GZ); San Borja-Arriarán, Clinical Hospital (MR, MLB); and Family Health Center "Agustin Cruz Melo", North Health Service, Santiago (PU)
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10
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Prasetyo AA, Desyardi MN, Tanamas J, Suradi, Reviono, Harsini, Kageyama S, Chikumi H, Shimizu E. Respiratory viruses and torque teno virus in adults with acute respiratory infections. Intervirology 2015; 58:57-68. [PMID: 25890989 PMCID: PMC7179541 DOI: 10.1159/000369211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To define the molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in adult patients. Methods Nasal and throat swabs were collected from all adult patients with influenza-like illness (ILI), acute respiratory infection (ARI), or severe ARI (SARI) admitted to a tertiary hospital in Surakarta, Indonesia, between March 2010 and April 2011 and analyzed for 19 respiratory viruses and for torque teno virus (TTV) and human gyrovirus (HGyV). Results Respiratory viruses were detected in 61.3% of the subjects, most of whom had ARI (90.8%, OR = 11.39), were hospitalized (96.9%, OR = 22.31), had asthma exacerbation (90.9%, OR = 8.67), and/or had pneumonia (80%, OR = 4.0). Human rhinovirus (HRV) A43 predominated. Influenza A H3N2, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) subtypes A1 and A2, the influenza B virus, human adenovirus B, and human coronavirus OC43 were also detected. All respiratory viruses were detected in the transition month between the rainy and dry seasons. No mixed respiratory virus infection was found. Coinfections of the influenza A H3N2 virus with TTV, HMPV with TTV, HRV with TTV, and human parainfluenza virus-3 with TTV were found in 4.7, 2.8, 19.8, and 0.9% of the samples, respectively. Conclusions This study highlights the need to perform routine detection of respiratory viruses in adults hospitalized with ARI, asthma exacerbation, and/or pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afiono Agung Prasetyo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36A, Surakarta 57126 (Indonesia). afie.agp.la @ gmail.com
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11
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Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients 2015; 7:4240-70. [PMID: 26035247 PMCID: PMC4488782 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.
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12
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Borchers AT, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Gershwin LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus--a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:331-79. [PMID: 23575961 PMCID: PMC7090643 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. The major histopathologic characteristics of RSV infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal occlusion by cellular debris of sloughed epithelial cells mixed with macrophages, strands of fibrin, and some mucin. There is a single RSV serotype with two major antigenic subgroups, A and B. Strains of both subtypes often co-circulate, but usually one subtype predominates. In temperate climates, RSV infections reflect a distinct seasonality with onset in late fall or early winter. It is believed that most children will experience at least one RSV infection by the age of 2 years. There are several key animal models of RSV. These include a model in mice and, more importantly, a bovine model; the latter reflects distinct similarity to the human disease. Importantly, the prevalence of asthma is significantly higher amongst children who are hospitalized with RSV in infancy or early childhood. However, there have been only limited investigations of candidate genes that have the potential to explain this increase in susceptibility. An atopic predisposition appears to predispose to subsequent development of asthma and it is likely that subsequent development of asthma is secondary to the pathogenic inflammatory response involving cytokines, chemokines and their cognate receptors. Numerous approaches to the development of RSV vaccines are being evaluated, as are the use of newer antiviral agents to mitigate disease. There is also significant attention being placed on the potential impact of co-infection and defining the natural history of RSV. Clearly, more research is required to define the relationships between RSV bronchiolitis, other viral induced inflammatory responses, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T. Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6501, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Laurel J. Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA
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Musher DM, Roig IL, Cazares G, Stager CE, Logan N, Safar H. Can an etiologic agent be identified in adults who are hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: results of a one-year study. J Infect 2013; 67:11-8. [PMID: 23523447 PMCID: PMC7132393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determining the cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains problematic. In this observational study, we systematically applied currently approved diagnostic techniques in patients hospitalized for CAP in order to determine the proportion in which an etiological agent could be identified. METHODS All patients admitted with findings consistent with CAP were included. Sputum and blood cultures, urine tests for pneumococcal and Legionella antigens, nasopharyngeal swab for viral PCR, and serum procalcitonin were obtained in nearly every case. Admission-related electronic medical records were reviewed in entirety. RESULTS By final clinical diagnosis, 44 patients (17.0%) were uninfected. A causative bacterium was identified in only 60 (23.2%) cases. PCR identified a respiratory virus in 42 (16.2%), 12 with documented bacterial coinfection. In 119 (45.9%), no cause for CAP was found; 69 (26.6%) of these had a syndrome indistinguishable from bacterial pneumonia. Procalcitonin was elevated in patients with bacterial infection and low in uninfected patients or those with viral infection, but with substantial overlap. CONCLUSIONS Only 23.2% of 259 patients admitted with a CAP syndrome had documented bacterial infection; another 26.6% had no identified bacterial etiology, but findings closely resembled those of bacterial infection. Nevertheless, all 259 received antibacterial therapy. Careful attention to the clinical picture may identify uninfected patients or those with viral infection, perhaps with reassurance by a non-elevated procalcitonin. Determining an etiologic diagnosis remains elusive. Better discriminators of bacterial infection are sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Musher
- Medical Care Line (Infectious Disease Section), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Potential use of Atlantic cod trypsin in biomedicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:749078. [PMID: 23555095 PMCID: PMC3600245 DOI: 10.1155/2013/749078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Surface proteins of viruses and bacteria used for cell attachment and invasion are candidates for degradation by proteases. Trypsin from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was previously demonstrated to have efficacy against influenza viruses in vitro and on skin. In this paper, cod trypsin is shown to be 3–12 times more effective in degrading large native proteins than its mesophilic analogue, bovine trypsin. This is in agreement with previous findings where cod trypsin was found to be the most active among twelve different proteases in cleaving various cytokines and pathological proteins. Furthermore, our results show that cod trypsin has high efficacy against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro. The results on the antipathogenic properties of cod trypsin are important because rhinovirus, RSV, and influenza are the most predominant pathogenic viruses in upper respiratory tract infections. Results from a clinical study presented in this paper show that a specific formulation containing cod trypsin was preferred for wound healing over other methods used in the study. Apparently, the high digestive ability of the cold-adapted cod trypsin towards large native proteins plays a role in its efficacy against pathogens and its positive effects on wounds.
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Pérez-Ruiz M, Pedrosa-Corral I, Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S, Navarro-Marí M. Laboratory detection of respiratory viruses by automated techniques. Open Virol J 2012; 6:151-9. [PMID: 23248735 PMCID: PMC3522051 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in clinical virology for detecting respiratory viruses have been focused on nucleic acids amplification techniques, which have converted in the reference method for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections of viral aetiology. Improvements of current commercial molecular assays to reduce hands-on-time rely on two strategies, a stepwise automation (semi-automation) and the complete automation of the whole procedure. Contributions to the former strategy have been the use of automated nucleic acids extractors, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR and/or DNA arrays for detection of amplicons. Commercial fully-automated molecular systems are now available for the detection of respiratory viruses. Some of them could convert in point-of-care methods substituting antigen tests for detection of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A and B viruses. This article describes laboratory methods for detection of respiratory viruses. A cost-effective and rational diagnostic algorithm is proposed, considering technical aspects of the available assays, infrastructure possibilities of each laboratory and clinic-epidemiologic factors of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Salud Pública para Enfermedades con Sospecha de Etiología Vírica en Andalucía (Consejería de Salud), Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda, Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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