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Bévalot F, Cartiser N, Bottinelli C, Fanton L, Guitton J. Vitreous humor analysis for the detection of xenobiotics in forensic toxicology: a review. Forensic Toxicol 2015; 34:12-40. [PMID: 26793276 PMCID: PMC4705140 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitreous humor (VH) is a gelatinous substance contained in the posterior chamber of the eye, playing a mechanical role in the eyeball. It has been the subject of numerous studies in various forensic applications, primarily for the assessment of postmortem interval and for postmortem chemical analysis. Since most of the xenobiotics present in the bloodstream are detected in VH after crossing the selective blood-retinal barrier, VH is an alternative matrix useful for forensic toxicology. VH analysis offers particular advantages over other biological matrices: it is less prone to postmortem redistribution, is easy to collect, has relatively few interfering compounds for the analytical process, and shows sample stability over time after death. The present study is an overview of VH physiology, drug transport and elimination. Collection, storage, analytical techniques and interpretation of results from qualitative and quantitative points of view are dealt with. The distribution of xenobiotics in VH samples is thus discussed and illustrated by a table reporting the concentrations of 106 drugs from more than 300 case reports. For this purpose, a survey was conducted of publications found in the MEDLINE database from 1969 through April 30, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bévalot
- Laboratoire LAT LUMTOX, 71 Avenue Rockefeller, 69003 Lyon, France.,Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de Médecine Légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Place D'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France.,CREATIS CNRS UMR 5220, INSERM U1044, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, 7 Avenue Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 165 Chemin Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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Canki M, Sparrow JR, Chao W, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can infect human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture and alter the ability of the cells to phagocytose rod outer segment membranes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:453-63. [PMID: 10772531 DOI: 10.1089/088922200309115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been found in the vitreous of persons with AIDS. Here we investigated the susceptibility of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to HIV-1 infection in culture and the effects of HIV-1 on the phagocytic function of the RPE. We found that 10 of 11 populations of RPE cells isolated from different fetal or adult eyes were susceptible to low-level replication of HIV-1/NL4-3 as determined by the detection of viral DNA and spliced viral RNA encoding envelope. HIV-1 infection was not inhibited by recombinant soluble CD4, suggesting that CD4 is not required for virus entry into RPE cells. RPE cells fused with target cells constitutively expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, indicating that HIV-1 enters cells by receptor-mediated fusion. Exposure to HIV-1 or recombinant gp120 caused a two- to four-fold increase in the binding and uptake of isolated rod outer segments by RPE cells. These findings introduce a new cell target of HIV-1 replication in the eye and indicate that RPE cells function aberrantly when exposed to HIV-1 or its envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Canki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10019, USA
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Abstract
Assay of human vitreous specimens obtained postmortem for HIV antibodies, or HIV p24 antigen, is reported to be a reliable technique to demonstrate HIV infection in possible cornea donors from whom serum could not be obtained. We tested three vitreous samples obtained during vitrectomy from two HIV-positive patients. One patient exhibited the clinical AIDS syndrome. HIV antigen and antibody tests were negative in all specimens. HIV proviral DNA was detected by PCR only in the vitreous of the patient with AIDS. Therefore, testing only vitreous samples is insufficient to exclude HIV infection in potential cornea donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mietz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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