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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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Differential Ability of Pandemic and Seasonal H1N1 Influenza A Viruses To Alter the Function of Human Neutrophils. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00567-17. [PMID: 29299535 PMCID: PMC5750393 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00567-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing notion is that IAV inhibits normal neutrophil function and thereby predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Here we report that seasonal H1N1 IAV primes human neutrophils for enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive view of the changes in neutrophil gene expression during interaction with seasonal or pandemic IAV and report how these changes relate to functions such as bactericidal activity. This study expands our knowledge of IAV interactions with human neutrophils. Neutrophils are essential cells of host innate immunity. Although the role of neutrophils in defense against bacterial and fungal infections is well characterized, there is a relative paucity of information about their role against viral infections. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection can be associated with secondary bacterial coinfection, and it has long been posited that the ability of IAV to alter normal neutrophil function predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. To better understand this phenomenon, we evaluated the interaction of pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV with human neutrophils isolated from healthy persons. These viruses were ingested by human neutrophils and elicited changes in neutrophil gene expression that are consistent with an interferon-mediated immune response. The viability of neutrophils following coculture with either pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV was similar for up to 18 h of culture. Notably, neutrophil exposure to seasonal (but not pandemic) IAV primed these leukocytes for enhanced functions, including production of reactive oxygen species and bactericidal activity. Taken together, our results are at variance with the universal idea that IAV impairs neutrophil function directly to predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Rather, we suggest that some strains of IAV prime neutrophils for enhanced bacterial clearance. IMPORTANCE A long-standing notion is that IAV inhibits normal neutrophil function and thereby predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Here we report that seasonal H1N1 IAV primes human neutrophils for enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive view of the changes in neutrophil gene expression during interaction with seasonal or pandemic IAV and report how these changes relate to functions such as bactericidal activity. This study expands our knowledge of IAV interactions with human neutrophils.
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Drake MG, Bivins-Smith ER, Proskocil BJ, Nie Z, Scott GD, Lee JJ, Lee NA, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Human and Mouse Eosinophils Have Antiviral Activity against Parainfluenza Virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:387-94. [PMID: 27049514 PMCID: PMC5023029 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0405oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause asthma exacerbations. Because eosinophils are the prominent leukocytes in the airways of 60-70% of patients with asthma, we evaluated the effects of eosinophils on a common respiratory virus, parainfluenza 1, in the lung. Eosinophils recruited to the airways of wild-type mice after ovalbumin sensitization and challenge significantly decreased parainfluenza virus RNA in the lungs 4 days after infection compared with nonsensitized animals. This antiviral effect was also seen in IL-5 transgenic mice with an abundance of airway eosinophils (NJ.1726) but was lost in transgenic eosinophil-deficient mice (PHIL) and in IL-5 transgenic mice crossed with eosinophil-deficient mice (NJ.1726-PHIL). Loss of the eosinophil granule protein eosinophil peroxidase, using eosinophil peroxidase-deficient transgenic mice, did not reduce eosinophils' antiviral effect. Eosinophil antiviral mechanisms were also explored in vitro. Isolated human eosinophils significantly reduced parainfluenza virus titers. This effect did not involve degradation of viral RNA by eosinophil granule RNases. However, eosinophils treated with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor lost their antiviral activity, suggesting eosinophils attenuate viral infectivity through production of nitric oxide. Consequently, eosinophil nitric oxide production was measured with an intracellular fluorescent probe. Eosinophils produced nitric oxide in response to virus and to a synthetic agonist of the virus-sensing innate immune receptor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7. IFNγ increased expression of eosinophil TLR7 and potentiated TLR7-induced nitric oxide production. These results suggest that eosinophils promote viral clearance in the lung and contribute to innate immune responses against respiratory virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Elizabeth R. Bivins-Smith
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Becky J. Proskocil
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gregory D. Scott
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - James J. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, and
| | - Nancy A. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Divisions of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Zhang Z, Huang T, Yu F, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen X, Kelvin DJ, Gu J. Infectious Progeny of 2009 A (H1N1) Influenza Virus Replicated in and Released from Human Neutrophils. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17809. [PMID: 26639836 PMCID: PMC4671072 DOI: 10.1038/srep17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various reports have indicated that a number of viruses could infect neutrophils, but the multiplication of viruses in neutrophils was abortive. Based on our previous finding that avian influenza viral RNA and proteins were present in the nucleus of infected human neutrophils in vivo, we investigated the possibility of 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viral synthesis in infected neutrophils and possible release of infectious progeny from host cells. In this study we found that human neutrophils in vitro without detectable level of sialic acid expression could be infected by this virus strain. We also show that the infected neutrophils can not only synthesize 2009 A (H1N1) viral mRNA and proteins, but also produce infectious progeny. These findings suggest that infectious progeny of 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus could be replicated in and released from human neutrophils with possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Feiyuan Yu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xingmu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Conghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Universita’ degli Studi di Sassari, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italia
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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5
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White MR, Doss M, Boland P, Tecle T, Hartshorn KL. Innate immunity to influenza virus: implications for future therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:497-514. [PMID: 19756245 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical in the early containment of influenza virus infection. The innate response is surprisingly complex. A variety of soluble innate inhibitors in respiratory secretions provide an initial barrier to infection. Dendritic cells, phagocytes and natural killer cells mediate viral clearance and promote further innate and adaptive responses. Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 and cytoplasmic RNA sensors are critical for activating these responses. In general, the innate response restricts viral replication without injuring the lung; however, the 1918 pandemic and H5N1 strains cause more profound, possibly harmful, innate responses. In this review, we discuss the implications of burgeoning knowledge of innate immunity for therapy of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, EBRC 414, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA
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Gabriel C, Her Z, Ng LF. Neutrophils: Neglected Players in Viral Diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:665-75. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gabriel
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Lisa F.P. Ng
- Laboratory of Chikungunya Virus Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Marcet CW, St Laurent CD, Moon TC, Singh N, Befus AD. Limited replication of influenza A virus in human mast cells. Immunol Res 2013; 56:32-43. [PMID: 23055084 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are important in innate immunity and protective against certain bacterial infections. However, there is limited evidence that mast cells respond to viruses. As mast cells are abundant in mucosal tissues of the lung, they are in a prime location to detect and respond to influenza virus. In this study, we characterized for the first time the replication cycle of influenza A virus in human mast cells by measuring influenza A virus transcription, RNA replication, protein synthesis, and formation of infectious virus as compared to the replication cycle in epithelial cells. We detected the presence of influenza A viral genomic RNA transcription, replication, and protein synthesis in human mast cells and epithelial cells. However, there was no significant release of infectious influenza A virus from mast cells, whereas epithelial cells produce ~100-fold virus compared with the inoculating dose. We confirmed that influenza A virus infects human mast cells, begins to replicate, but the production of new virus is aborted. Thus, mast cells may lack critical factors essential for productive infection or there are intrinsic or inducible anti-influenza A mechanisms in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy W Marcet
- Department of Medicine, HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ivan FX, Tan KS, Phoon MC, Engelward BP, Welsch RE, Rajapakse JC, Chow VT. Neutrophils infected with highly virulent influenza H3N2 virus exhibit augmented early cell death and rapid induction of type I interferon signaling pathways. Genomics 2012. [PMID: 23195410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a model of influenza virus infection of neutrophils by inducing differentiation of the MPRO promyelocytic cell line. After 5 days of differentiation, about 20-30% of mature neutrophils could be detected. Only a fraction of neutrophils were infected by highly virulent influenza (HVI) virus, but were unable to support active viral replication compared with MDCK cells. HVI infection of neutrophils augmented early and late apoptosis as indicated by annexin V and TUNEL assays. Comparison between the global transcriptomic responses of neutrophils to HVI and low virulent influenza (LVI) revealed that the IFN regulatory factor and IFN signaling pathways were the most significantly overrepresented pathways, with activation of related genes in HVI as early as 3 h. Relatively consistent results were obtained by real-time RT-PCR of selected genes associated with the type I IFN pathway. Early after HVI infection, comparatively enhanced expression of apoptosis-related genes was also elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransiskus X Ivan
- Computation and Systems Biology Program, Singapore-MIT Alliance, Singapore
| | - K S Tan
- Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - M C Phoon
- Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | | | - Roy E Welsch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jagath C Rajapakse
- BioInformatics Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
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9
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Hufford MM, Richardson G, Zhou H, Manicassamy B, García-Sastre A, Enelow RI, Braciale TJ. Influenza-infected neutrophils within the infected lungs act as antigen presenting cells for anti-viral CD8(+) T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46581. [PMID: 23056353 PMCID: PMC3466305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease worldwide. Anti-viral CD8+ T lymphocytes responding to IAV infection are believed to eliminate virally infected cells by direct cytolysis but may also contribute to pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage via the release of pro-inflammatory mediators following recognition of viral antigen displaying cells. We have previously demonstrated that IAV antigen expressing inflammatory cells of hematopoietic origin within the infected lung interstitium serve as antigen presenting cells (APC) for infiltrating effector CD8+ T lymphocytes; however, the spectrum of inflammatory cell types capable of serving as APC was not determined. Here, we demonstrate that viral antigen displaying neutrophils infiltrating the IAV infected lungs are an important cell type capable of acting as APC for effector CD8+ T lymphocytes in the infected lungs and that neutrophils expressing viral antigen as a result of direct infection by IAV exhibit the most potent APC activity. Our findings suggest that in addition to their suggested role in induction of the innate immune responses to IAV, virus clearance, and the development of pulmonary injury, neutrophils can serve as APCs to anti-viral effector CD8+ T cells within the infected lung interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Hufford
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Graham Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Cell Signaling, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haixia Zhou
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard I. Enelow
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Braciale
- The Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Niemann S, Ehrhardt C, Medina E, Warnking K, Tuchscherr L, Heitmann V, Ludwig S, Peters G, Löffler B. Combined action of influenza virus and Staphylococcus aureus panton-valentine leukocidin provokes severe lung epithelium damage. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1138-48. [PMID: 22837490 PMCID: PMC3433859 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is a life-threatening disease that is frequently preceded by influenza infection. The S. aureus toxin Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is most likely causative for necrotizing diseases, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms of PVL and a possible contribution of influenza virus remain to be elucidated. In this study, we present a model that explains how influenza virus and PVL act together to cause necrotizing pneumonia: an influenza infection activates the lung epithelium to produce chemoattractants for neutrophils. Upon superinfection with PVL-expressing S. aureus, the recruited neutrophils are rapidly killed by PVL, resulting in uncontrolled release of neutrophil proteases that damage the airway epithelium. The host counteracts this pathogen strategy by generating PVL-neutralizing antibodies and by neutralizing the released proteases via protease inhibitors present in the serum. These findings explain why necrotizing infections mainly develop in serum-free spaces (eg, pulmonary alveoli) and open options for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Germany
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Essential role of IL-6 in protection against H1N1 influenza virus by promoting neutrophil survival in the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:258-66. [PMID: 22294047 PMCID: PMC3328598 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is considered a major worldwide public health problem. Seasonal infections with the most common influenza virus strains (e.g., H1N1) can usually be resolved, but they still cause a high rate of mortality. The factors that influence the outcome of the infection remain unclear. Here, we show that deficiency of interleukin (IL)-6 or IL-6 receptor is sufficient for normally sublethal doses of H1N1 influenza A virus to cause death in mice. IL-6 is necessary for resolution of influenza infection by protecting neutrophils from virus-induced death in the lung and by promoting neutrophil-mediated viral clearance. Loss of IL-6 results in persistence of the influenza virus in the lung leading to pronounced lung damage and, ultimately, death. Thus, we demonstrate that IL-6 is a vital innate immune cytokine in providing protection against influenza A infection. Genetic or environmental factors that impair IL-6 production or signaling could increase mortality to influenza virus infection.
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Tate MD, Ioannidis LJ, Croker B, Brown LE, Brooks AG, Reading PC. The role of neutrophils during mild and severe influenza virus infections of mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17618. [PMID: 21423798 PMCID: PMC3056712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have been implicated in both protective and pathological responses following influenza virus infections. We have used mAb 1A8 (anti-Ly6G) to specifically deplete LyG6(high) neutrophils and induce neutropenia in mice infected with virus strains known to differ in virulence. Mice were also treated with mAb RB6-8C5 (anti-Ly6C/G or anti-Gr-1), a mAb widely used to investigate the role of neutrophils in mice that has been shown to bind and deplete additional leukocyte subsets. Using mAb 1A8, we confirm the beneficial role of neutrophils in mice infected with virus strains of intermediate (HKx31; H3N2) or high (PR8; H1N1) virulence whereas treatment of mice infected with an avirulent strain (BJx109; H3N2) did not affect disease or virus replication. Treatment of BJx109-infected mice with mAb RB6-8C5 was, however, associated with significant weight loss and enhanced virus replication indicating that other Gr-1(+) cells, not neutrophils, limit disease severity during mild influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Croker
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract is characterized by a neutrophil infiltrate accompanied by inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. We and others have reported that Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins are present on human neutrophils and that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment enhances IL-8 (CXCL8) secretion in response to stimulation with TLR ligands. We demonstrate that influenza virus can induce IL-8 and other inflammatory cytokines from GM-CSF-primed human neutrophils. Using heat inactivation of influenza virus, we show that viral entry but not replication is required for cytokine induction. Furthermore, endosomal acidification and viral uncoating are necessary. Finally, using single-cell analysis of intracellular cytokine accumulation in neutrophils from knockout mice, we prove that TLR7 is essential for influenza viral recognition and inflammatory cytokine production by murine neutrophils. These studies demonstrate neutrophil activation by influenza virus and highlight the importance of TLR7 and TLR8 in that response.
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Neutrophils play an essential role in cooperation with antibody in both protection against and recovery from pulmonary infection with influenza virus in mice. J Virol 2008; 82:2772-83. [PMID: 18184718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01210-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in protection in the early phase and recovery in the late phase of influenza A virus infection was investigated by the depletion of PMN in, and passive transfer of anti-influenza virus antiserum to, mice with pulmonary infections. The depletion of PMN in normal mice by treatment with monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 both increased the mortality rate and pulmonary virus titers from the early to the late phase after infection and delayed virus elimination in the late phase. The passive transfer of the antiserum to normal mice before or after infection abolished pulmonary virus propagation in the early phase, during 3 days, or rapidly decreased high virus titers in the plateau phase, on days 3 to 5, as well as accelerated virus elimination in the late phase, on day 7, after infection, respectively. The passive transfer of the antiserum to PMN-depleted mice could neither prevent the more rapid virus propagation in the early phase, diminish the higher virus titers in the plateau phase, nor accelerate the markedly delayed virus elimination in the late phase after infection in comparison to those for controls. The antibody responses to the virus began to increase on day 7 after infection in normal and PMN-depleted mice. The prevention of virus replication, cytotoxic activity in virus-infected cell cultures, and phagocytosis of the virus in vitro by PMN were all augmented in the presence of the antiserum. These results indicate that PMN play an essential role in virus elimination in both protection against and recovery from infection, in cooperation with the antibody response.
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Baskin CR, García-Sastre A, Tumpey TM, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Carter VS, Nistal-Villán E, Katze MG. Integration of clinical data, pathology, and cDNA microarrays in influenza virus-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). J Virol 2004; 78:10420-32. [PMID: 15367608 PMCID: PMC516400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10420-10432.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For most severe viral pandemics such as influenza and AIDS, the exact contribution of individual viral genes to pathogenicity is still largely unknown. A necessary step toward that understanding is a systematic comparison of different influenza virus strains at the level of transcriptional regulation in the host as a whole and interpretation of these complex genetic changes in the context of multifactorial clinical outcomes and pathology. We conducted a study by infecting pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with a genetically reconstructed strain of human influenza H1N1 A/Texas/36/91 virus and hypothesized not only that these animals would respond to the virus similarly to humans, but that gene expression patterns in the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes would fit into a coherent and complete picture of the host-virus interactions during infection. The disease observed in infected macaques simulated uncomplicated influenza in humans. Clinical signs and an antibody response appeared with induction of interferon and B-cell activation pathways, respectively. Transcriptional activation of inflammatory cells and apoptotic pathways coincided with gross and histopathological signs of inflammation, with tissue damage and concurrent signs of repair. Additionally, cDNA microarrays offered new evidence of the importance of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells throughout infection. With this experiment, we confirmed the suitability of the nonhuman primate model in the quest for understanding the individual and joint contributions of viral genes to influenza virus pathogenesis by using cDNA microarray technology and a reverse genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole R Baskin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Tacken PJ, Hartshorn KL, White MR, van Kooten C, van de Winkel JGJ, Reid KBM, Batenburg JJ. Effective targeting of pathogens to neutrophils via chimeric surfactant protein D/anti-CD89 protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4934-40. [PMID: 15067073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of specific pathogens to FcRs on immune effector cells by using bispecific Abs was reported to result in effective killing of the pathogens, both in vitro and in vivo. Instead of targeting a specific pathogen to an FcR, we assessed whether a broad spectrum of pathogens can be targeted to an FcR using surfactant protein D (SP-D). SP-D is a collectin that binds a great variety of pathogens via its carbohydrate recognition domain. A recombinant trimeric fragment of SP-D (rfSP-D), consisting of the carbohydrate recognition domain and neck domain of human SP-D, was chemically cross-linked to the Fab' of an Ab directed against the human Fc alpha RI (CD89). In vitro, the chimeric rfSP-D/anti-CD89 protein enhanced uptake of Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and influenza A virus by human neutrophils. Blocking of the interaction between rfSP-D/anti-CD89 and either the pathogen or CD89 abolished its stimulatory effect on pathogen uptake by neutrophils. In addition, rfSP-D/anti-CD89 stimulated killing of E. coli and C. albicans by neutrophils and enhanced neutrophil activation by influenza A virus. In conclusion, rfSP-D/anti-CD89 effectively targeted three structurally unrelated pathogens to neutrophils. (Col)lectin-based chimeric proteins may thus offer promise for therapy of infectious disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Blocking/metabolism
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Candida albicans/growth & development
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Carbohydrates/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Drug Combinations
- Escherichia coli/growth & development
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/pharmacology
- Influenza A virus/growth & development
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Mice
- Neutrophil Activation/genetics
- Neutrophil Activation/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Neutrophils/virology
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/genetics
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/metabolism
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/pharmacology
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tacken
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Neutrophils are recruited into the airway in the early phase of uncomplicated influenza A virus (IAV) infection and during the bacterial superinfections that are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in IAV-infected subjects. In this report, we show that IAV accelerates neutrophil apoptosis. Unopsonized Escherichia colihad similar effects, although apoptotic effects of opsonized E coli were greater. When neutrophils were treated with both IAV and unopsonized E coli, a marked enhancement of the rate and extent of neutrophil apoptosis occured as compared with that caused by either pathogen alone. Treatment of neutrophils with IAV markedly increased phagocytosis of E coli. Simultaneous treatment of neutrophils with IAV and E coli also elicited greater hydrogen peroxide production than did either pathogen alone. IAV increased neutrophil expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand, and it also increased release of Fas ligand into the cell supernatant. These findings may have relevance to the understanding of inflammatory responses to IAV in vivo and of bacterial superinfection of IAV-infected subjects.
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Influenza A Virus Accelerates Neutrophil Apoptosis and Markedly Potentiates Apoptotic Effects of Bacteria. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.7.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNeutrophils are recruited into the airway in the early phase of uncomplicated influenza A virus (IAV) infection and during the bacterial superinfections that are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in IAV-infected subjects. In this report, we show that IAV accelerates neutrophil apoptosis. Unopsonized Escherichia colihad similar effects, although apoptotic effects of opsonized E coli were greater. When neutrophils were treated with both IAV and unopsonized E coli, a marked enhancement of the rate and extent of neutrophil apoptosis occured as compared with that caused by either pathogen alone. Treatment of neutrophils with IAV markedly increased phagocytosis of E coli. Simultaneous treatment of neutrophils with IAV and E coli also elicited greater hydrogen peroxide production than did either pathogen alone. IAV increased neutrophil expression of Fas antigen and Fas ligand, and it also increased release of Fas ligand into the cell supernatant. These findings may have relevance to the understanding of inflammatory responses to IAV in vivo and of bacterial superinfection of IAV-infected subjects.
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Qvist P, Aasted B, Bloch B, Meyling A, Rønsholt L, Houe H. Flow cytometric detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in peripheral blood leukocytes of persistently infected cattle. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1990; 54:469-72. [PMID: 2174298 PMCID: PMC1255695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was investigated for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of persistently infected cattle. The mononuclear leukocytes were purified by sedimentation in a gradient of Ficoll-Paque, fixed, permeabilized, and then labelled by indirect immunofluorescence using biotinylated immunoglobulins from a porcine antiserum to BVDV. Flow cytometric analysis of blood samples obtained from persistently infected cattle revealed virus in 3.0-21.0% (mean +/- SD, 11.2% +/- 6.4%) of the mononuclear leukocytes. Fluorescent cells were not observed in controls. Flow cytometric detection of BVDV in blood cells of persistently infected bovines is a rapid and objective technique which does not require cell culture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Qvist
- Animal Biotechnology Research Center, National Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
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