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Abstract
Studies on the intestinal epithelial response to viral infection have previously been limited by the absence of in vitro human intestinal models that recapitulate the multicellular complexity of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent technological advances have led to the development of “mini-intestine” models, which mimic the diverse cellular nature and physiological activity of the small intestine. Utilizing adult or embryonic intestinal tissue, enteroid and organoid systems, respectively, represent an opportunity to effectively model cellular differentiation, proliferation, and interactions that are specific to the specialized environment of the intestine. Enteroid and organoid systems represent a significant advantage over traditional in vitro methods because they model the structure and function of the small intestine while also maintaining the genetic identity of the host. These more physiologic models also allow for novel approaches to investigate the interaction of enteric viruses with the gastrointestinal tract, making them ideal to study the complexities of host-pathogen interactions in this unique cellular environment. This review aims to provide a summary on the use of human enteroid and organoid systems as models to study virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt E Lanik
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Madison A Mara
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Otto PH, Reetz J, Eichhorn W, Herbst W, Elschner MC. Isolation and propagation of the animal rotaviruses in MA-104 cells—30 years of practical experience. J Virol Methods 2015; 223:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jere KC, O'Neill HG, Potgieter AC, van Dijk AA. Chimaeric virus-like particles derived from consensus genome sequences of human rotavirus strains co-circulating in Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105167. [PMID: 25268783 PMCID: PMC4181975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) are potential alternative non-live vaccine candidates due to their high immunogenicity. They mimic the natural conformation of native viral proteins but cannot replicate because they do not contain genomic material which makes them safe. To date, most RV-VLPs have been derived from cell culture adapted strains or common G1 and G3 rotaviruses that have been circulating in communities for some time. In this study, chimaeric RV-VLPs were generated from the consensus sequences of African rotaviruses (G2, G8, G9 or G12 strains associated with either P[4], P[6] or P[8] genotypes) characterised directly from human stool samples without prior adaptation of the wild type strains to cell culture. Codon-optimised sequences for insect cell expression of genome segments 2 (VP2), 4 (VP4), 6 (VP6) and 9 (VP7) were cloned into a modified pFASTBAC vector, which allowed simultaneous expression of up to four genes using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System (BEVS; Invitrogen). Several combinations of the genome segments originating from different field strains were cloned to produce double-layered RV-VLPs (dRV-VLP; VP2/6), triple-layered RV-VLPs (tRV-VLP; VP2/6/7 or VP2/6/7/4) and chimaeric tRV-VLPs. The RV-VLPs were produced by infecting Spodoptera frugiperda 9 and Trichoplusia ni cells with recombinant baculoviruses using multi-cistronic, dual co-infection and stepwise-infection expression strategies. The size and morphology of the RV-VLPs, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, revealed successful production of RV-VLPs. The novel approach of producing tRV-VLPs, by using the consensus insect cell codon-optimised nucleotide sequence derived from dsRNA extracted directly from clinical specimens, should speed-up vaccine research and development by by-passing the need to adapt rotaviruses to cell culture. Other problems associated with cell culture adaptation, such as possible changes in epitopes, can also be circumvented. Thus, it is now possible to generate tRV-VLPs for evaluation as non-live vaccine candidates for any human or animal field rotavirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hester G. O'Neill
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - A. Christiaan Potgieter
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Deltamune (Pty.) Ltd., Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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4
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Directed differentiation of stem cell lines into intestine-like tissue called induced human intestinal organoids (iHIOs) is now possible (J. R. Spence, C. N. Mayhew, S. A. Rankin, M. F. Kuhar, J. E. Vallance, K. Tolle, E. E. Hoskins, V. V. Kalinichenko, S. I. Wells, A. M. Zorn, N. F. Shroyer, and J. M. Wells, Nature 470:105-109, 2011). We tested iHIOs as a new model to cultivate and study fecal viruses. Protocols for infection of iHIOs with a laboratory strain of rotavirus, simian SA11, were developed. Proof-of-principle analyses showed that iHIOs support replication of a gastrointestinal virus, rotavirus, on the basis of detection of nonstructural viral proteins (nonstructural protein 4 [NSP4] and NSP2) by immunofluorescence, increased levels of viral RNA by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), and production of infectious progeny virus. iHIOs were also shown to support replication of 12/13 clinical rotavirus isolates directly from stool samples. An unexpected finding was the detection of rotavirus infection not only in the epithelial cells but also in the mesenchymal cell population of the iHIOs. This work demonstrates that iHIOs offer a promising new model to study rotaviruses and other gastrointestinal viruses. IMPORTANCE Gastrointestinal viral infections are a major cause of illness and death in children and adults. The ability to fully understand how viruses interact with human intestinal cells in order to cause disease has been hampered by insufficient methods for growing many gastrointestinal viruses in the laboratory. Induced human intestinal organoids (iHIOs) are a promising new model for generating intestine-like tissue. This is the first report of a study using iHIOs to cultivate any microorganism, in this case, an enteric virus. The evidence that both laboratory and clinical rotavirus isolates can replicate in iHIOs suggests that this model would be useful not only for studies of rotaviruses but also potentially of other infectious agents. Furthermore, detection of rotavirus proteins in unexpected cell types highlights the promise of this system to reveal new questions about pathogenesis that have not been previously recognized or investigated in other intestinal cell culture models.
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Molecular characterization of VP7 gene of human rotaviruses from Bangladesh. Virus Genes 2010; 40:347-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arnold M, Patton JT, McDonald SM. Culturing, storage, and quantification of rotaviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; Chapter 15:Unit 15C.3. [PMID: 19885940 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15c03s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVs) infect the young of numerous animal species and cause acute gastroenteritis. Cultivation of animal and human RVs in cells requires proteolytic activation of the viral attachment protein using trypsin. Continuous cell lines, such as rhesus monkey kidney cells, as well as primary monkey kidney cells, are routinely used for the growth and characterization of RVs. Isolation and cultivation of human RVs from clinical fecal specimens is difficult and adaptation to growth in vitro requires multiple rounds of passage in primary cells. Following growth, RV stocks can be purified by centrifugation, if required, and quantified using plaque assay or fluorescence focus assay. This unit describes easily applicable procedures for the culturing, storage, and quantification of RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Arnold
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:29-56. [PMID: 15484186 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is urgently needed, particularly in developing countries. Critical to vaccine development and implementation is a knowledge base concerning the epidemiology of rotavirus G and P serotypes/genotypes throughout the world. The temporal and geographical distribution of human rotavirus G and P types was reviewed by analysing a total of 45571 strains collected globally from 124 studies reported from 52 countries on five continents published between 1989 and 2004. Four common G types (G1, G2, G3 and G4) in conjunction with P[8] or P[4] represented over 88% of the strains analysed worldwide. In addition, serotype G9 viruses associated with P[8] or P[6] were shown to have emerged as the fourth globally important G type with the relative frequency of 4.1%. When the global G and/or P type distributions were divided into five continents/subcontinents, several characteristic features emerged. For example, the P[8]G1 represented over 70% of rotavirus infections in North America, Europe and Australia, but only about 30% of the infections in South America and Asia, and 23% in Africa. In addition, in Africa (i) the relative frequency of G8 was as high as that of the globally common G3 or G4, (ii) P[6] represented almost one-third of all P types identified and (iii) 27% of the infections were associated with rotavirus strains bearing unusual combinations such as P[6]G8 or P[4]G8. Furthermore, in South America, uncommon G5 virus appeared to increase its epidemiological importance among children with diarrhea. Such findings have (i) confirmed the importance of continued active rotavirus strain surveillance in a variety of geographical settings and (ii) provided important considerations for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine (e.g. a geographical P-G type adjustment in the formulation of next generation multivalent vaccines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Santos
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-590, Brazil.
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8
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McNeal MM, Sestak K, Choi AHC, Basu M, Cole MJ, Aye PP, Bohm RP, Ward RL. Development of a rotavirus-shedding model in rhesus macaques, using a homologous wild-type rotavirus of a new P genotype. J Virol 2005; 79:944-54. [PMID: 15613323 PMCID: PMC538554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.944-954.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several reports on rotavirus inoculation of nonhuman primates, no reliable model exists. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a rhesus macaque model for rotavirus studies. The goals were to obtain a wild-type macaque rotavirus and evaluate it as a challenge virus for model studies. Once rotavirus was shown to be endemic within the macaque colony at the Tulane National Primate Research Center, stool specimens were collected from juvenile animals (2.6 to 5.9 months of age) without evidence of previous rotavirus infection and examined for rotavirus antigen. Six of 10 animals shed rotavirus during the 10-week collection period, and the electropherotypes of all isolates were identical to each other but distinct from those of prototype simian rotaviruses. These viruses were characterized as serotype G3 and subgroup 1, properties typical of many animal rotaviruses, including simian strains. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP4 gene was performed with a culture-grown isolate from the stool of one animal, designated the TUCH strain. Based on both genotypic and phylogenetic comparisons between TUCH VP4 and cognate proteins of representatives of the reported 22 P genotypes, the TUCH virus belongs to a new genotype, P[23]. A pool of wild-type TUCH was prepared and intragastrically administered to eight cesarean section-derived, specific-pathogen-free macaques 14 to 42 days of age. All animals were kept in a biocontainment level 2 facility. Although no diarrhea was observed and the animals remained clinically normal, all animals shed large quantities of rotavirus antigen in their feces after inoculation, which resolved by the end of the 14-day observation period. Therefore, TUCH infection of macaques provides a useful nonhuman primate model for studies on rotavirus protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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McNeal MM, Belli J, Basu M, Choi AHC, Ward RL. Discovery of a new strain of murine rotavirus that is consistently shed in large quantities after oral inoculation of adult mice. Virology 2004; 320:1-11. [PMID: 15003858 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1990, we developed the adult mouse model for studies on active immunity against shedding of the EDIM strain of murine rotavirus. Low and inconsistent levels of EDIM shedding in some strains of adult mice, particularly those on C57BL/6 backgrounds, established the need for an alternative murine rotavirus strain for these studies. Fortuitously, such a rotavirus strain was obtained from mice housed within the conventional colony at Children's Hospital. This strain, named EMcN, was clearly distinguishable from EDIM based on electropherotype. Furthermore, sequence analyses of VP4 and VP7 genes of EMcN revealed non-identities in 5% of the amino acids of both proteins relative to EDIM but established EMcN as another G3P[16] strain of murine rotavirus. Subgroup analysis showed EMcN belonged to SG1 while EDIM was found to be non-SG1/SG2. Similarly, unlike EDIM, the EMcN strain was identified as serotype G3 based on neutralization by hyperimmune antisera developed against prototype human and simian G3 rotavirus strains. Although EDIM produced more days of diarrhea and was shed in greater quantities in neonatal BALB/c mice, EMcN was shed in much greater quantities in adult BALB/c mice. More importantly, in contrast to the EDIM strain, EMcN was shown to be consistently shed in large quantities in adult C57BL/6 mice and ko mice on this background. Therefore, it is recommended that the EMcN strain be used for future challenge studies with mice on this background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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10
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Steele JC. Rotavirus. Clin Lab Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Unicomb LE, Podder G, Gentsch JR, Woods PA, Hasan KZ, Faruque AS, Albert MJ, Glass RI. Evidence of high-frequency genomic reassortment of group A rotavirus strains in Bangladesh: emergence of type G9 in 1995. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1885-91. [PMID: 10325342 PMCID: PMC84977 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.6.1885-1891.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/1998] [Accepted: 03/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 1,534 rotavirus (RV) strains collected in Bangladesh from 1992 to 1997 to assess temporal changes in G type and to study the most common G and P types using reverse transcription-PCR, oligonucleotide probe hybridization, and monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay. Results from this study combined with our previous findings from 1987 to 1991 (F. Bingnan et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:862-868, 1991, and L. E. Unicomb et al., Arch. Virol. 132:201-208, 1993) (n = 2,515 fecal specimens) demonstrated that the distribution of the four major G types varied from year to year, types G1 to G4 constituted 51% of all strains tested (n = 1,364), and type G4 was the most prevalent type (22%), followed by type G2 (17%). Of 351 strains tested for both G and P types, three globally common types, type P[8], G1, type P[4], G2, and type P[8], G4, comprised 45% (n = 159) of the strains, although eight other strains were circulating during the study period. Mixed G and/or P types were found in 23% (n = 79) of the samples tested. Type G9 RVs that were genotype P[6] and P[8] with both long and short electrophoretic patterns emerged in 1995. The finding of five different genotypes among G9 strains, of which three were frequently detected, suggests that they may have an unusual propensity for reassortment that exceeds that found among the common G types. We also detected antigenic changes in serotypes G2 and G4 over time, as indicated by the loss of reactivity with standard typing monoclonal antibodies. Our data suggest that a vaccine must provide protection against type G9 RVs as well as against the four major G types because G9 strains constituted 16% (n = 56) of the typeable RV strains and have predominated since 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Clemens JD, Rao MR, Chakraborty J, Yunus M, Ali M, Kay B, Naficy A, Sack DA. Breastfeeding and the risk of life-threatening enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants and children. Pediatrics 1997; 100:E2. [PMID: 9374580 DOI: 10.1542/peds.100.6.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of life-threatening enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea among Bangladeshi infants and young children <36 months of age. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING A rural Bangladesh community. PARTICIPANTS A total of 168 cases with clinically severe ETEC diarrhea detected in a treatment center-based surveillance system during 1985 to 1986 and 3679 controls selected in three surveys of the same community during the same calendar interval. OUTCOMES Cases and controls were compared for the frequency of antecedent breastfeeding patterns. RESULTS Compared with other feeding modes, exclusive breastfeeding of infants was associated with significant protection against severe ETEC diarrhea (relative risk [RR] = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28,0.96). However, during the second and third years of life, the risk of this outcome was similar in both breastfed and nonbreastfed children (RR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.45,2.12), and no significant overall protective association between breastfeeding and severe ETEC diarrhea was evident during the first 3 years of life (RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.43,1. 74). CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breastfeeding appeared to protect infants against severe ETEC diarrhea, but breastfeeding was not associated with protection after infancy, nor was it associated with a major overall reduction of severe ETEC disease during the first 3 years of life. Although not diminishing the importance of breastfeeding, our findings suggest that other interventions, such as immunization and education about proper food hygiene, may also be required in efforts to prevent this major pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Aijaz S, Gowda K, Jagannath HV, Reddy RR, Maiya PP, Ward RL, Greenberg HB, Raju M, Babu A, Rao CD. Epidemiology of symptomatic human rotaviruses in Bangalore and Mysore, India, from 1988 to 1994 as determined by electropherotype, subgroup and serotype analysis. Arch Virol 1996; 141:715-26. [PMID: 8645107 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology of symptomatic rotaviruses from Bangalore and Mysore in Southern India was investigated. While serotype G3 predominated throughout the 7-year study period from 1988 to 1994 in Bangalore, serotype G1 was more predominant than serotype G3 in Mysore during 1993 and 1994. Serotype G2 strains were either not detected or infrequently observed in both the cities. However, several strains with subgroup I and 'short' RNA pattern that exhibited high reactivity with typing MAbs specific for serotype 2 as well as other serotypes were detected throughout the period. Among the nonserotypeable strains from both cities, several exhibited dual subgroup (SGI + II) or subgroup I specificity and 'long' RNA pattern indicating their probable animal origin. Notably, a gradual, yet highly significant reduction in rotavirus gastroenteritis, from 45.3% in 1988 to 1.8% during 1994, was observed in Bangalore in stark contrast to the consistently high (about 34%) incidence of asymptomatic infections among neonates by I321-like G10P11 type strains during the same period. Moreover, I321-like asymptomatic strains were not detected in children with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aijaz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science. Bangalore, India
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Ward RL, Jin Q, Nakagomi O, Sander DS, Gentsch JR. Isolation of a human rotavirus containing a bovine rotavirus VP4 gene that suppresses replication of other rotaviruses in coinfected cells. Arch Virol 1996; 141:615-33. [PMID: 8645099 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine-human reassortant strains containing ten human rotavirus gene segments and segment 4, encoding VP4, of a bovine rotavirus were isolated from the stool of an infected Bangladeshi infant during cell culture adaptation. Two plaque purified variants of this reassortant, one making very large (429-L4) and the other tiny (429-S4) plaques, were further analyzed. The electropherotypes of these variants were identical except for slight mobility differences in segment 4. The predicted sequence of amino acids (aa) 16-280 in VP4 proteins revealed four differences between variants even in this limited region, so no single difference could be linked to plaque size. The small plaque variant S4 was phenotypically unstable and mutated to a large plaque-former within a single cell culture passage. The predicted sequence of aa 16-280 of a large plaque variant derived from S4 revealed six changes, only one of which was common to that of the L4 strain, thus suggesting that multiple amino acid changes in VP4 may affect plaque size. Although the large plaque variant L4 grew faster and was released from cells more rapidly than S4, its replication and that of other rotaviruses tested (i.e. RRV, NCDV and Wa) was suppressed by S4 in coinfected cells. Using an RRV x S4 reassortant containing only RRV segment 4, it was established that suppression was linked to the S4 VP4 protein. This suppression could not be associated with inhibition of viral adsorption and, therefore, appeared to occur following internalization. Thus, a new property of the rotavirus VP4 protein has been identified in a bovine-human rotavirus reas-sortant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ward
- Division of Clinical Virology, James N. Gamble Institute of Medical Research, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Nirdnoy W, Sethabutr O, Sakulkaipeara T, Harikul S, Hoge CW, Echeverria P. Typing of human group A rotavirus with alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probes or a monoclonal enzyme immunoassay in unfrozen stools of children with diarrhea in Bangkok. J Med Virol 1995; 45:117-20. [PMID: 7714487 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890450121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In developed countries, serotypes (or G types) have been identified in > 70% of group A rotavirus using monoclonal enzyme immunoassays (MEIAs); however, these assays have identified < 50% of rotavirus G types from developing countries presumably because the VP7 antigens were damaged by freezing and thawing during transportation of specimens. The VP7 (G) serotypes of rotavirus in unfrozen stool collected from children with acute diarrhea in Bangkok were determined using MEIA and compared to hybridization with alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probes. Reverse transcription of dsRNA coding for VP7 followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA was used as an additional step prior to hybridization for 98 specimens that did not hybridize with the oligonucleotide probes. Of 251 rotavirus specimens, 208 (83%; 99% Cl = 76-89%) hybridized with G type specific oligonucleotides compared to 146 (58%; 99% Cl = 50-66%) that were typeable by MEIA. Forty-five (82%) of 55 stools containing G type 1, 80 of 84 (95%) containing G type 2, 0 of 3 containing G type 3, and 2 of 4 (50%) containing G type 4 as identified by MEIA hybridized with G type specific oligonucleotides. Differences in nucleotide sequences coding for VP7, in addition to destruction of the VP7 antigen by freezing and thawing of the specimen, may explain why not all rotavirus hybridized with G type specific probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nirdnoy
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tabassum S, Shears P, Hart CA. Genomic characterization of rotavirus strains obtained from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in Bangladesh. J Med Virol 1994; 43:50-6. [PMID: 8083649 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890430110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Faecal samples were obtained from 111 children hospitalized with acute watery gastroenteritis in a children's hospital in Bangladesh from January to December, 1989. Rotavirus was detected as the aetiologic agent in 35 (32%) of these patients. The electrophoretic pattern of ds-RNA extracted from the rotaviruses showed 11 different migration patterns (six short and five long), as well as some short and long mixed profiles. All four major G serotypes were identified by amplification of a segment of the gene for VP7 using the polymerase chain reaction. A specific serotype could be assigned in 32 (91%) cases. Serotypes G1-G4 accounted for 11%, 37%, 11%, and 23% of isolates respectively. Three (9%) mixed serotypes were identified by this method and were found to be mixtures of serotypes G1 and G4, G2 and G4, and G3 and G4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tabassum
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kaga E, Iizuka M, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. The distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) serotypes among human rotaviruses recovered from Japanese children with diarrhea. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:317-20. [PMID: 7935053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Both the G (VP7) and P (VP4) serotypes of human rotaviruses collected over a 10-year period from Japanese children with diarrhea were determined by recently-developed polymerase chain reaction-based typing assays. The combination of G1 and P8 was found in 65.2% and the combination of G2 and P4 was found in 15.2%. For the rest of the specimens, only a few other combinations occurred and their relative frequencies were less than 10%. The viruses carrying P9 were always associated with G3 as is the prototype strain AU-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaga
- Department of Microbiology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kaga E, Nakagomi O. Recurrent circulation of single nonstructural gene substitution reassortants among human rotaviruses with a short RNA pattern. Arch Virol 1994; 136:63-71. [PMID: 8002791 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To determine the relative frequency of intergenogroup reassortants of rotavirus in nature, we analyzed the genetic composition of 22 electrophoretically distinct stool isolates which accounted for 95.2% of stool rotaviruses with a short RNA pattern collected during 10 rotavirus seasons. These strains all showed subgroup I and G2 specificities, but two distinct hybridization patterns were observed when the probes prepared from Wa (a member of the Wa genogroup) and KUN (a member of the DS-1 genogroup) were used. Genomic RNAs from 10 strains (accounting for 64% of the field rotaviruses with short RNA pattern) hybridized exclusively to the KUN probe, and thus belonged to the DS-1 genogroup. On the other hand, genomic RNAs of the remaining 12 strains (accounting for 36% of the field rotaviruses with short RNA pattern) formed one hybrid band with the Wa probe and 10 hybrid bands with the KUN probe. Thus, they were single gene substitution intergenogroup reassortants between members of the Wa and DS-1 genogroups. They had a similar genetic constellation in that a gene segment encoding either NS35 or NS34 from a Wa-like strain was introduced into a DS-1-like genome background.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaga
- Department of Microbiology, Akita University School of Medicine, Japan
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Sethabutr O, Hanchalay S, Lexomboon U, Bishop RF, Holmes IH, Echeverria P. Typing of human group A rotavirus with alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probes. J Med Virol 1992; 37:192-6. [PMID: 1331307 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890370308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) in stools of children less than 1 year of age with diarrhea in Bangkok in 1989 were serotyped by monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). RNA extracted from these specimens was tested for hybridization with alkaline phosphatase (AP) and 32P-labeled oligonucleotides constructed from the nucleotide sequences of VP7 of human G types 1 (HuG1Ac), 2 (HuG2Ac), 3 (HuG3Ac), and 4 (HuG4Ac). Of 148 specimens that contained RV, 72% (106/148) hybridized with RV G type specific AP-labeled oligonucleotides compared to 47% (70/148) that were serotyped by MEIA (P less than 0.001). Of 68 specimens that contained only one VP7 serotype (G-type), as identified by MEIA, 94% (16/17) of G1, 90% (27/30) of G2, 57% (4/7) of G3, and 36% (5/14) of G4 RV hybridized with the AP-labeled HuG1Ac, HuG2Ac, HuG3Ac, and HuG4Ac oligonucleotides, respectively. The probes for G1, 2, 3, and 4 RV were specific for each G type. The results of hybridizing specimens with 32P- and AP-labeled oligonucleotides were similar. After transcription and amplification of cDNA of gene 9, AP-labeled RV G type specific oligonucleotides hybridized with 90% (134/148) of RV specimens. The high sensitivity of these nonimmunological techniques could be of value in identifying G types of RV during vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sethabutr
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Children's Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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