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Abstract
Enteric pathogens have been related to child undernutrition. Whereas there are lots of data on enteric bacterial microbiota and infections, much less is known about the incidence of prevalence of intestinal colonisation with viruses or important parasitic species. This study assessed the presence of selected viruses and parasites in stools of 469, 354, 468 Malawian children at 6, 12 and 18 months. We also assessed environmental predictors of the presence of viruses and parasites among 6-month infants. Microbial presence was documented using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enteroviruses were identified in 68%, 80% and 81% of the stool samples at 6, 12 and 18 months children, rhinovirus in 28%, 18% and 31%, norovirus in 24%, 22% and 16%, parechovirus in 23%, 17% and 17%, rotavirus in 3%, 1% and 0.6%, Giardia lamblia in 9.6%, 23.5% and 26%, and Cryptosporidium (spp.) in 6%, 8% and 2% of the 6, 12 and 18 months stool samples. Dry season (May–October) was associated with a low infection rate of enterovirus, norovirus and Cryptosporidium (spp.). Higher father's education level, less number of person in the household and higher sanitation were associated with a low infection rate of enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus, respectively. The results suggest that the prevalence of asymptomatic viral and parasitic infections is high among Malawian children and that the family's living conditions and seasonality influence the rate of infections.
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Wang Y, Li N, Guo Y, Wang L, Wang R, Feng Y, Xiao L. Persistent Occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis Subtypes in a Welfare Institute. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2830. [PMID: 30524409 PMCID: PMC6256193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Few data are available on the transmission dynamics of intestinal protozoa in children in welfare institutes. In this study, fecal specimens were collected from 396 children in a welfare institute in Shanghai, China during December 2011 (207 specimens), June 2012 (78 specimens), and September 2013 (111 specimens), and examined for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by PCR analysis of the small subunit rRNA, triosephosphate isomerase, and internal transcribed spacer genes, respectively. The Cryptosporidium hominis and G. duodenalis assemblage A identified were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing. Altogether, Cryptosporidium was detected in 39 (9.8%) children, with infection rates of 11.6% (24/207), 9.0% (7/78), and 7.2% (8/111) in December 2011, June 2012, and September 2013, respectively. Infection rates were higher in children of 0-12 months (20.4% compared to 0-7.3% in other age groups, P = 0.0001) and those with diarrhea (17.9% compared to 7.7% in those with no diarrhea, P = 0.006). In contrast, G. duodenalis was detected in 161/396 (40.7%), with infection rates of 48.3% (100/207), 35.9% (28/78), and 29.7% (33/111) in December 2011, June 2012, and September 2013, respectively. There were no significant gender- or diarrhea-associated differences, but the G. duodenalis infection rate in children of 13-24 months (50%) was significantly higher than in the age groups of 0-12 months and > 48 months (29.8-36.5%, P = 0.021). Co-infection of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis was seen in 19 (4.8%) children, but no E. bieneusi infection was detected in this study. All Cryptosporidium-positive specimens belonged to the subtype IaA14R4 of C. hominis, while all G. duodenalis-positive specimens belonged to sub-assemblage AII. Both were the same subtypes in a previous outbreak of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in a hospital ward hosting children from the welfare institute. Results of the study indicate that there was a persistent occurrence of limited C. hominis and G. duodenalis subtypes in the small enclosed community, with differences in age distribution and association with diarrhea occurrence between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng H, He J, Wang L, Zhang R, Ding Z, Hu W. Risk Factors and Spatial Clusters of Cryptosporidium Infection among School-Age Children in a Rural Region of Eastern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050924. [PMID: 29734766 PMCID: PMC5981963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological features of Cryptosporidium infection among school-age children in China still remain unclear. Hereby, a cross-sectional study of 1637 children aged 3–9 years was designed to investigate the risk factors and spatial clusters of Cryptosporidium infection in a rural region of Eastern China. Stool specimens collected from participants were examined using the auramine-phenol and modified acid-fast staining. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the risk factors of Cryptospordium infection. The spatial clusters were analyzed by a discrete Poisson model using SaTScan software. Our results showed that the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 11‰ in the research region. At the age of 3–6 years (odds ratios (OR) = 3.072, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.001–9.427), not washing hands before eating and after defecation (OR = 3.003, 95% CI: 1.060–8.511) were recognized as risk factors. Furthermore, a high-risk spatial cluster (relative risk = 4.220, p = 0.025) was identified. These findings call for effective sustainable interventions including family and school-based hygienic education to reduce the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection. Therefore, an early warning system based spatiotemporal models with risk factors is required to further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cryptosporidiosis control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Environmental Health, Jintan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou 213200, China.
| | - Li Wang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Latif B, Rossle NF. Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries: A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jiang Y, Ren J, Yuan Z, Liu A, Zhao H, Liu H, Chu L, Pan W, Cao J, Lin Y, Shen Y. Cryptosporidium andersoni as a novel predominant Cryptosporidium species in outpatients with diarrhea in Jiangsu Province, China. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:555. [PMID: 25344387 PMCID: PMC4225042 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum are usually considered to be the major pathogens responsible for human cryptosporidiosis. However, there have been few studies regarding the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in human infections in China. Here we investigated Cryptosporidium infection in patients with diarrhea, in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, at the genotype level. Methods A total of 232 stool specimens were collected from outpatients with diarrhea in Danyang Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China, from February 2012 to January 2013. Each specimen was stained from direct fecal smears and examined for Cryptosporidium using modified acid fast staining and microscopy. Moreover, genomic DNA of each fecal sample was screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium with nested PCR, which was genotyped by analyzing the DNA sequences of small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA). Results The average infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 1.3% (3/232) by microscopy and subjected to PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium, with 9.91% (23/232) being positive for Cryptosporidium with a significant peak in autumn. Based on the SSU rRNA gene, two Cryptosporidium spp. were identified, including C. andersoni (n =21) and C. hominis (n =2). Two types of C. andersoni, designated as A370+ and A370- , were found in the SSU rRNA gene in our present study, which was 100% homologous to C. andersoni infections derived from dairy calves and goats, respectively. The clinical questionnaires showed no significant difference in age, gender and frequency of diarrhea, but duration of diarrhea was shorter for C. andersoni than that of C. hominis (mean, 2 vs. 4 days; p <0.01). Conclusions C. andersoni is the dominant species in Danyang City of Jiangsu Province. The fact that SSU rRNA sequences of C. andersoni obtained from human stools exhibited 100% homologous to those derived from dairy calves and goats supported that C. andersoni infection might be attributable to animal origin. The difference in the duration of diarrhea of C. andersoni and C. hominis indicated that different Cryptosporidium species might cause different clinical manifestations.
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K.S. R, Kumar K.L. R. Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis and the Profile of the CD4 Counts in a Cohort of HIV Infected Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:1016-20. [PMID: 23905093 PMCID: PMC3708188 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5339.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is an infectious enteric pathogen which is capable of causing life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised patients. AIMS This prospective study was planned to know the frequency of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients and its correlation with their immune status. Also, the conventional diagnostic methods were compared with the copro-antigen detection test by using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS AND MATERIAL Three consecutive stool samples which were collected from 90 HIV seropositive patients and 50 seronegative controls were screened for cryptosporidiosis by wet mount, direct modified ZN (Ziehl Neelsen) staining, modified ZN staining with formol ether concentration and copro-antigen detection by ELISA. Their immune statuses were measured by CD4 + cell counting. Statistical Analytical Tests which were Used: Odds ratio, Chi square test, Fisher extract test. RESULTS Cryptosporidiosis was detected in 15 HIV seropositive cases. 13 cases had CD4 cell counts of < 100 cells/ μL. The formol ether concentration technique resulted in an increased number of oocysts/oil immersion field in 8 cases. ELISA was positive in 2 cases which were shown to be negative by modified ZN staining. All the controls were negative for cryptosporidium. CONCLUSIONS Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic infection in HIV infected people who present with diarrhoea. The wet mount technique, though it is simple and inexpensive, is insensitive for the detection of cryptosporidium. The conventional modified ZN staining and the modified ZN staining with concentration have a sensitivity and a specificity of 85.71% and 98.84% respectively. The copro antigen detection by ELISA which has a greater sensitivity and specificity, is a useful tool in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi K.S.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, KIMSH & RC, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kumar K.L.
- Professor & HOD, Department of Microbiology, KIMSH & RC, Bangalore, India
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Zhu H, Zhao J, Wang R, Zhang L. Molecular identification of a rare subtype of Cryptosporidium hominis in infants in China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43682. [PMID: 22937078 PMCID: PMC3427244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Cryptosporidium isolates from separate infants suffering from diarrhea were obtained from a hospital in Zhengzhou, China and were genotyped by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (SSU rRNA), 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), and actin genes. Further subtyping was performed by PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Both the isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IdA21, a rare subtype previously found only in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected child in South Africa and another child in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Zhu
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- The College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Feng Y, Wang L, Duan L, Gomez-Puerta LA, Zhang L, Zhao X, Hu J, Zhang N, Xiao L. Extended outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a pediatric hospital, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:312-4. [PMID: 22305484 PMCID: PMC3310446 DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Cryptosporidium spp. and 6 C. hominis subtypes were isolated from 102 of 6,284 patients in 3 pediatric hospitals in People's Republic of China. A cryptosporidiosis outbreak was identified retrospectively. The outbreak lasted >1 year and affected 51.4% of patients in 1 hospital ward, where 2 C. hominis subtypes with different virulence were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Feng
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.
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Masarat S, Ahmad F, Chisti M, Hamid S, Sofi BA. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species among HIV positive asymptomatic and symptomatic immigrant population in Kashmir, India. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 4:35-9. [PMID: 22783459 PMCID: PMC3391559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cryptosporidiosis has not been reported as an endemic disease in Kashmir, but high prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. has been found among asymptomatic (non-diarrheic) HIV positive immigrants in present study. Due to increasing number of HIV positive immigrants in Kashmir, Cryptosporidium may become a public health problem in Kashmir. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 45 stool samples were obtained from symptomatic (diarrheic n = 9) and asymptomatic (non-diarrheic n = 36) patients infected with HIV. The stool samples were concentrated using formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique, stained with modified Kinyoun's cold stain and oocysts were identified by microscopy under 1000 x magnification. It was confirmed by detection of antigens in stool samples by ELISA. RESULTS It was established that all the patients studied were carriers of Cryptosporidium. In present study though 80% of patients were asymptomatic (non-diarrheic) and HIV positive which involved non-Kashmiri army personals and travelers (immigrants) but were carriers of Cryptosporidium and 20% of HIV positive patients were emigrants (local Kashmiri traders) who travelled different states of India were having diarrhea (symptomatic) as well as carrier of Cryptosporidium. CONCLUSION Though Cryptosporidium infection causes chronic diarrhea but in present study all HIV positive patients screened whether diarrheic or non-diarrheic were positive for Cryptosporidium. To prevent the transmission of Cryptosporidium oocyst in environment and endemic spread of cryptosporidiosis as non-diarrheic HIV positive population may be potential source of infection, obligatory laboratory testing for Cryptosporidium in HIV positive immigrant population like traders and travelers is highly recommended in order to have a better understanding of the cause of spread Cryptosporidium infection in Kashmir.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Masarat
- Department of Zoology, S.P. College, M.A. Road, Srinagar
| | - F Ahmad
- P.G. Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir
| | - M Chisti
- ART centre SKIMS, Hospital, Srinagar
| | - S Hamid
- ART centre SKIMS, Hospital, Srinagar
| | - B Ahmad Sofi
- Department of Microbiology, SKIMS, Hospital, Srinagar
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Abstract
Apicomplexan protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium infect the gastrointestinal tract and lungs of a wide variety of animals, including humans. The majority of human infections are due to either Cryptosporidium hominis (C. hominis) and/or Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The parasite has a complex life cycle that includes both asexual and sexual stages. While there are invasive free living stages, proliferation and differentiation take place within a unique parasitrophorous vacuole under the host cell brush border but outside the host cell cytoplasm. Infection is spread by environmentally resistant spores that primarily contaminate drinking water and occasionally food sources, which may cause significant outbreaks of diarrhea that generally lasts less than 2 w in immunocompetent individuals. In immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals, diarrhea may be copious and can result in significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in AIDS patients. Although diagnosis is relatively simple, effective drug treatment, particulary for infections in immunodeficient patients, has not been uniformly successful. This overview summarizes the species known to infect humans, aspects of the parasite life cycle, sources of infection, the pathophysiology of cryptosporidiosis, the immune response to infection, diagnosis, treatment and some aspects of cryptosporidiosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing He
- Department Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA
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Yu Z, Li F, Zeng Z, Huang Z, Fan Z, Jin Y, Luo W, Xiang X, Deng Q. Prevalence and clinical significance of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e845-8. [PMID: 21992928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are often highly susceptible to microbial infection due to a depressed immune system. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and clinical significance of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated ACLF in Hunan Province, China. METHODS Fecal samples from 218 patients with HBV-associated ACLF, 122 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 140 children with diarrhea were collected; Cryptosporidium infection was detected by auramine-phenol staining, modified acid-fast staining, and the polymerase chain reaction. The clinical characteristics of this parasitic infection in Cryptosporidium-positive ACLF patients were further evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in the HBV-associated ACLF patients was 6.0% (13/218), which was markedly higher than that found in CHB patients (0.8%, 1/122) and in children with diarrhea (1.4%, 2/140). Although watery diarrhea was not seen in the 13 Cryptosporidium-positive ACLF patients, eight (61.5%) of them had diarrhea. Moreover, our investigation showed that Cryptosporidium infection was not associated with the severity of the disease in ACLF patients. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection is high among patients with HBV-associated ACLF and might be a significant cause of diarrhea in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, No. 89, Taoyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518052, China
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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs in Shanghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2011; 181:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cryptosporidium genotype and subtype distribution in raw wastewater in Shanghai, China: evidence for possible unique Cryptosporidium hominis transmission. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:153-7. [PMID: 19005143 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01777-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the genotype and subtype distributions of Cryptosporidium oocysts in domestic wastewater in Shanghai, China, and to facilitate the characterization of the endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis, raw domestic wastewater samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai, China, from December 2006 to April 2007. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium species were detected based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analyses of the small-subunit rRNA gene. Samples that contained Cryptosporidium hominis were further subtyped by DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene. Among a total of 90 samples analyzed, 63 were PCR positive, 10 of which had mixed genotypes. Fifty-nine (93.7%) of the PCR-positive samples had C. hominis, and 7 (11.1%) had C. meleagridis. The other seven Cryptosporidium species/genotypes identified included C. baileyi, C. parvum, C. suis, C. muris, rat genotype, avian genotype III, and a novel genotype. Forty-seven of the 59 C. hominis-positive samples were successfully subtyped, with 29 having subtype family Ib and the remaining belonging to subtype families Ia, Id, Ie, and If. The three Ib subtypes identified, IbA19G2, IbA20G2, and IbA21G2, were very different from the two common Ib subtypes (IbA9G3 and IbA10G2) found in other areas of the world. Likewise, the Ie subtype IeA12G3T3 was also different from the common IeA11G3T3 subtype. Thus, the presence of multiple subtype families and unique Ib, Ie, and If subtypes indicates that there might be endemic transmission of cryptosporidiosis in the study area and that C. hominis populations there might be very different from those in other areas.
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Chacín-Bonilla L, Barrios F, Sanchez Y. Environmental risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in an island from Western Venezuela. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:45-9. [PMID: 18345459 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Few investigations have been conducted on risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in communities from developing countries. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in San Carlos island, Venezuela. A sample of 515 subjects (mean age +/- SD: 21.4 +/- 17.8 years) was surveyed. Single fecal specimens were collected and modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalin-ether concentrate stools were examined for identification of the parasite. Infections with Cryptosporidium (67 of 515, 13%) were common. Prevalence of the parasite varied among sectors of the community; 34 of 67(50.7%) cases of cryptosporidiosis clustered in two sectors with extreme poverty. Variables strongly associated with a higher risk for the infection (p < 0.01) were residing in these sectors versus the remainder, living in a hut or small residence versus a brick or larger house, using an area of backyard rather than a toilet or latrine for defecation, and having contact with soil contaminated with human feces. Crowding was also a risk (p < 0.05). Contact with human feces contaminated-soil may be an important mode of transmission and poverty a predisposing factor for the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Chacín-Bonilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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Chen F, Huang K. Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Cryptosporidium in Pigs in Eastern China. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:393-400. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Robin G, Fraser D, Orr N, Sela T, Slepon R, Ambar R, Dagan R, Le Blancq S, Deckelbaum RJ, Cohen D. Cryptosporidium infection in Bedouin infants assessed by prospective evaluation of anticryptosporidial antibodies and stool examination. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:194-201. [PMID: 11159166 DOI: 10.1093/aje/153.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system using oocyst lysate as antigen was used to detect serum- specific antibody responses to Cryptosporidium parvum between 1989 and 1994 in consecutive sera obtained at birth, and at the age of 6, 12, and 23 months, from 52 infants living in a Bedouin town located in the south of Israel. The serologic tests revealed high levels of immunoglobulin G anti-Cryptosporidium at birth that dropped significantly by the age of 6 months and then rose continuously to a geometric mean titer of 481 at age 23 months. The serum immunoglobulin M Cryptosporidium antibodies rose continuously from nearly undetectable levels at birth to a geometric mean titer of 471 (157-fold increase) at age 23 months. All the subjects already showed at 6 months a significant rise in immunoglobulin M. A significant rise in immunoglobulin A titers was detected in 48% and 91% of subjects at 6 and 23 months, respectively. By monthly surveillance, microscopy using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method and confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay detected Cryptosporidium antigens in only 11% at age 6 months and 48% at age 23 months. The extent of exposure to Cryptosporidium immediately after birth as detected by serology is much higher than that predicted by frequent prospective assessment of stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Robin
- Army Health Branch Research Unit, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Force
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Xiao L, Morgan UM, Limor J, Escalante A, Arrowood M, Shulaw W, Thompson RC, Fayer R, Lal AA. Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3386-91. [PMID: 10427023 PMCID: PMC91508 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3386-3391.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the genetic diversity in Cryptosporidium parvum, we have sequenced the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of seven Cryptosporidium spp., various isolates of C. parvum from eight hosts, and a Cryptosporidium isolate from a desert monitor. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA sequences confirmed the multispecies nature of the genus Cryptosporidium, with at least four distinct species (C. parvum, C. baileyi, C. muris, and C. serpentis). Other species previously defined by biologic characteristics, including C. wrairi, C. meleagridis, and C. felis, and the desert monitor isolate, clustered together or within C. parvum. Extensive genetic diversities were present among C. parvum isolates from humans, calves, pigs, dogs, mice, ferrets, marsupials, and a monkey. In general, specific genotypes were associated with specific host species. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique previously developed by us could differentiate most Cryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum genotypes, but sequence analysis of the PCR product was needed to differentiate C. wrairi and C. meleagridis from some of the C. parvum genotypes. These results indicate a need for revision in the taxonomy and assessment of the zoonotic potential of some animal C. parvum isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xiao
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Li SY, Goodrich JA, Owens JH, Willeke GE, Schaefer FW, Clark RM. Reliability of surrogates for determining Cryptosporidium removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Stazzone AM, Slaats S, Mortagy A, Kleinosky M, Diab A, Mourad A, Hebert A, Merrell BR, Watson RR, Murphy JR. Frequency of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in Egyptian children as determined by conventional and immunofluorescence methods. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:1044-6. [PMID: 8933557 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199611000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Stazzone
- Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona Tucson, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Zu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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