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Patil AD, Saxena NG, Thakare SB, Pajai AE, Bajpai D, Jamale TE. Diarrhea after kidney transplantation: A study of risk factors and outcomes. J Postgrad Med 2023; 69:205-214. [PMID: 37675667 PMCID: PMC10846809 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_601_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) can be associated with significant morbidity. Material and Methods We evaluated 198 KTRs for a history of diarrhea post-kidney transplant at a tertiary care center in western India over 1 year. A protocol-based evaluation of diarrhea was done with respect to clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, associated acute allograft dysfunction, and its impact on long-term allograft function. Primary outcomes of interest were: chronic allograft injury (CAI) and the need for mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) withdrawal. We also assessed the effect of MMF withdrawal on the risk of the development of CAI. Results Eighty-five of 198 (42.5%) recipients experienced diarrhea and a total of 140 diarrheal episodes were evaluated. The mean age of these 85 recipients was 38 ± 12 years and 72 (84.7%) were males. 73 of 85 recipients were on MMF at the time of diarrhea and in 35 (48%) of them MMF withdrawal was needed for chronic and persistent symptoms. Diarrhea was attributed to infective etiologies in 90 of 140 (64.2%) cases. Among the microbiologically confirmed infective diarrheal episodes, giardia and cryptosporidium were the common pathogens in 11/28 (39%) and 6/28 (21.4%) episodes respectively. One hundred and twenty-eight episodes out of 140 (91.4%) episodes were complicated by acute allograft dysfunction. Forty-one of 85 recipients (48.2%) developed chronic allograft injury and 12 (14.1%) developed allograft rejection (acute and/or chronic). Probability of chronic allograft injury was higher in those with MMF withdrawal. Conclusion Diarrhea post-kidney transplant adversely affects graft function, especially after MMF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- AD Patil
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - NG Saxena
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - SB Thakare
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - AE Pajai
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Bajpai
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - TE Jamale
- Department of Nephrology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Hailu AW, Degarege A, Adamu H, Costa D, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, Petros B. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from humans in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253186. [PMID: 34115820 PMCID: PMC8195372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the distribution and genotype of Cryptosporidium species is limited in Ethiopia. This study examined the presence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species circulating in Ethiopian human population. Stool samples collected from patients who visited rural (n = 94) and urban (n = 93) health centers in Wurgissa and Hawassa district, respectively, were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy, nested PCR and real-time PCR. To detect infection with PCR, analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA was performed. Subtyping was performed by sequencing a fragment of GP60 gene. The overall prevalence of infection was 46% (n = 86) by microscope and PCR. When 48 (out of 86) PCR positive samples were genotyped, two species were identified: C. parvum (n = 40) and C. hominis (n = 8). When 15 of the 40 C. parvum isolates were subtyped, zoonotic subtypes of IIaA14G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 (n = 1), IIaA16G1R1 (n = 2), IIaA16G3R1 (n = 2), IIaA17G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA19G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA20G1R1 (n = 3), IIaA22G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA22G2R1 (n = 1), IIdA23G1 (n = 1) and IIdA24G1 (n = 1) were identified. When 6 of the 8 C. hominis isolates were subtyped, subtypes IaA20 (n = 5), and IdA21(n = 1) were identified. This study suggests that C. parvum and C. hominis are causes of cryptosporidiosis in human in the Wurgissa district and Hawassa in Ethiopia. Zoonotic transmission might be the main route of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambachew W. Hailu
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Damien Costa
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Venceslas Villier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Abdelmounaim Mouhajir
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Alleyne L, Fitzhenry R, Mergen KA, Espina N, Amoroso E, Cimini D, Balter S, Fireteanu AM, Seeley A, Janus L, Gutelius B, Madison-Antenucci S, Thompson CN. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis, New York City, New York, USA, 1995-2018 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26. [PMID: 32096465 PMCID: PMC7045836 DOI: 10.3201/eid2603.190785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic diarrheal infection that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. We assessed trends in incidence and demographic characteristics for the 3,984 cases diagnosed during 1995-2018 in New York City, New York, USA, and reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Reported cryptosporidiosis incidence decreased with HIV/AIDS treatment rollout in the mid-1990s, but the introduction of syndromic multiplex diagnostic panels in 2015 led to a major increase in incidence and to a shift in the demographic profile of reported patients. Incidence was highest among men 20-59 years of age, who consistently represented most (54%) reported patients. In addition, 30% of interviewed patients reported recent international travel. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in New York City is probably highest among men who have sex with men. Prevention messaging is warranted for men who have sex with men and their healthcare providers, as well as for international travelers.
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Lewnard JA, Rogawski McQuade ET, Platts-Mills JA, Kotloff KL, Laxminarayan R. Incidence and etiology of clinically-attended, antibiotic-treated diarrhea among children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008520. [PMID: 32776938 PMCID: PMC7444547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a leading cause of antibiotic consumption among children in low- and middle-income countries. While vaccines may prevent diarrhea infections for which children often receive antibiotics, the contribution of individual enteropathogens to antibiotic use is minimally understood. We used data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) to estimate pathogen-specific incidence of antibiotic-treated diarrhea among children under five years old residing in six countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia before rotavirus vaccine implementation. GEMS was an age-stratified, individually-matched case-control study. Stool specimens were obtained from children presenting to sentinel health clinics with newly-onset, acute diarrhea (including moderate-to-severe and less-severe diarrhea) as well as matched community controls without diarrhea. We used data from conventional and quantitative molecular diagnostic assays applied to stool specimens to estimate the proportion of antibiotic-treated diarrhea cases attributable to each pathogen. Antibiotics were administered or prescribed to 9,606 of 12,109 moderate-to-severe cases and 1,844 of 3,174 less-severe cases. Across all sites, incidence rates of clinically-attended, antibiotic-treated diarrhea were 12.2 (95% confidence interval: 9.0-17.8), 10.2 (7.4-13.9) and 1.9 (1.3-3.0) episodes per 100 child-years at risk at ages 6 weeks to 11 months, 12-23 months, and 24-59 months, respectively. Based on the recommendation for antibiotic treatment to be reserved for cases with dysentery, we estimated a ratio of 12.6 (8.6-20.8) inappropriately-treated diarrhea cases for each appropriately-treated case. Rotavirus, adenovirus serotypes 40/41, Shigella, sapovirus, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium were the leading antibiotic-treated diarrhea etiologies. Rotavirus caused 29.2% (24.5-35.2%) of antibiotic-treated cases, including the largest share in both the first and second years of life. Shigella caused 14.9% (11.4-18.9%) of antibiotic-treated cases, and was the leading etiology at ages 24-59 months. Our findings should inform the prioritization of vaccines with the greatest potential to reduce antibiotic exposure among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Rogawski McQuade
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, New Delhi, India
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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La Hoz RM, Morris MI. Intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides, Schistosomiasis, and Echinococcus: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13618. [PMID: 31145496 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of intestinal parasites in the pre- and post-transplant period. Intestinal parasites are prevalent in the developing regions of the world. With increasing travel to and from endemic regions, changing immigration patterns, and the expansion of transplant medicine in developing countries, they are increasingly recognized as a source of morbidity and mortality in solid-organ transplant recipients. Parasitic infections may be acquired from the donor allograft, from reactivation, or from de novo acquisition post-transplantation. Gastrointestinal multiplex assays have been developed; some of the panels include testing for Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia, and the performance is comparable to conventional methods. A polymerase chain reaction test, not yet widely available, has also been developed to detect Strongyloides in stool samples. New recommendations have been developed to minimize the risk of Strongyloides donor-derived events. Deceased donors with epidemiological risk factors should be screened for Strongyloides and recipients treated if positive as soon as the results are available. New therapeutic agents and studies addressing the optimal treatment regimen for solid-organ transplant recipients are unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M La Hoz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Michele I Morris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Bartelt LA, Bolick DT, Kolling GL, Stebbins E, Huston CD, Guerrant RL, Hoffman PS. Amixicile Reduces Severity of Cryptosporidiosis but Does Not Have In Vitro Activity against Cryptosporidium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e00718-18. [PMID: 30297368 PMCID: PMC6256802 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00718-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species cause significant morbidity in malnourished children. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is the only approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis, but NTZ has diminished effectiveness during malnutrition. Here, we show that amixicile, a highly selective water-soluble derivative of NTZ diminishes Cryptosporidium infection severity in a malnourished mouse model despite a lack of direct anticryptosporidial activity. We suggest that amixicile, by tamping down anaerobes associated with intestinal inflammation, reverses weight loss and indirectly mitigates infection-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther A Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Glynis L Kolling
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erin Stebbins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Christopher D Huston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul S Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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7
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Egorov AI, Griffin SM, Ward HD, Reilly K, Fout GS, Wade TJ. Application of a salivary immunoassay in a prospective community study of waterborne infections. Water Res 2018; 142:289-300. [PMID: 29890477 PMCID: PMC6781621 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying sporadic waterborne infections in community settings can be challenging. Salivary antibody immunoassays are a promising non-invasive tool that can be used in prospective studies of common infections, especially those involving children. This study was conducted in a Massachusetts city, which uses a microbiologically contaminated river as its water source, during summer-early winter periods before and after construction of a new drinking water treatment plant. Monthly saliva samples (7480 samples from 1170 children and 816 adults) were analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to recombinant proteins of Cryptosporidium, one genogroup I (GI) and two GII noroviruses. Immunoconversion was defined as at least four-fold increase in specific antibody responses between two monthly samples with a post-conversion response above a flexible age-dependent cut-off. Episodes of gastroenteritis (diarrhea or vomiting or cramps) were associated with 3.2 (95% confidence limits 1.1; 9.5) adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium; episodes of combined diarrhea and vomiting symptoms were associated with 3.5 (0.8; 15.0) and 4.6 (1.7; 12.6) aORs of an immunoconversion to GI and GII noroviruses, respectively. Swimming in natural water bodies or chlorinated pools was associated with 2.3 (0.4; 15.4) and 4.9 (1.6; 15.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium, respectively. In a subset of study participants who did not use home water filters, consumption of at least some amount of non-boiled tap water reported in a monthly recall survey was associated with 11.1 (1.2; 100.0) and 0.6 (0.1; 2.5) aORs of immunoconversion to Cryptosporidium before and after the new water treatment plant construction, respectively. Among individuals who used home water filters, associations between non-boiled tap water consumption and Cryptosporidium immunoconversion were not significant before and after new plant construction with aORs of 0.8 (0.2; 3.3) and 0.3 (0.1; 1.6), respectively. The interaction effect of study phase and non-boiled tap water consumption on Cryptosporidium immunoconversions was statistically significant in the entire study population with aOR of 5.4 (1.1; 25.6). This was the first study that has used a salivary antibody immunoassay to demonstrate significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and Cryptosporidium and norovirus infections, and between water-related exposures and Cryptosporidium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I Egorov
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA.
| | - Shannon M Griffin
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Honorine D Ward
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Reilly
- EPA Region 1 (New England), United States Environmental Protection Agency, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC, USA
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8
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Zheng H, He J, Wang L, Zhang R, Ding Z, Hu W. Risk Factors and Spatial Clusters of Cryptosporidium Infection among School-Age Children in a Rural Region of Eastern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15050924. [PMID: 29734766 PMCID: PMC5981963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological features of Cryptosporidium infection among school-age children in China still remain unclear. Hereby, a cross-sectional study of 1637 children aged 3–9 years was designed to investigate the risk factors and spatial clusters of Cryptosporidium infection in a rural region of Eastern China. Stool specimens collected from participants were examined using the auramine-phenol and modified acid-fast staining. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify the risk factors of Cryptospordium infection. The spatial clusters were analyzed by a discrete Poisson model using SaTScan software. Our results showed that the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 11‰ in the research region. At the age of 3–6 years (odds ratios (OR) = 3.072, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.001–9.427), not washing hands before eating and after defecation (OR = 3.003, 95% CI: 1.060–8.511) were recognized as risk factors. Furthermore, a high-risk spatial cluster (relative risk = 4.220, p = 0.025) was identified. These findings call for effective sustainable interventions including family and school-based hygienic education to reduce the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection. Therefore, an early warning system based spatiotemporal models with risk factors is required to further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of cryptosporidiosis control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Environmental Health, Jintan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changzhou 213200, China.
| | - Li Wang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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Sulżyc-Bielicka V, Kołodziejczyk L, Jaczewska S, Bielicki D, Safranow K, Bielicki P, Kładny J, Rogowski W. Colorectal cancer and Cryptosporidium spp. infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195834. [PMID: 29672572 PMCID: PMC5908144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient or constant impaired immunity is often associated with neoplastic disease or oncological treatment. Among the most common pathogens found in patients with HIV or patients undergoing chemotherapy are protozoans of the Cryptosporidium genus, which cause diarrhea in humans and animals. The present study determined the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in patients with colorectal cancer (N = 108; 42 women; 66 men; median age, 65 years), before beginning oncological treatment, compared to a control group (N = 125; 56 women, 69 men; median age, 63 years) without colorectal cancer or a history of oncological disease. We also assessed whether Cryptosporidium spp. infections were associated with age, gender, cancer stage (based on Astler-Coller or TNM classification), histological grade, or cancer location. Patients were treated at the Pomeranian Medical University, in 2009-2014. The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. antigen was determined in stool samples, analyzed with a commercial immunoenzymatic test. Cryptosporidium spp. infections occurred significantly more often (p = 0.015) in patients (13%) compared to controls (4%). The patient group showed no significant relationship between Cryptosporidium spp. infection and sex, age, tumor location, cancer grade, or stage. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex that included all subjects (patient + control groups, n = 233) showed that the odds of a Cryptosporidium spp. infection were more than three-fold higher in patients than in controls, and more than six-fold higher among men than among women. CONCLUSIONS 1) Cryptosporidium spp. infections occurred significantly more frequently in patients with colorectal cancer (before oncological treatment) compared to controls, independent of age and sex. 2) Cryptosporidium spp. infections were not associated with the colorectal cancer stage, grade, or location or with patient age. 3) Male gender was significantly related to the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. infections, independent of age and the presence of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Kołodziejczyk
- Chair and Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaczewska
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Public Hospital, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bielicki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Józef Kładny
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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10
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Ghafari R, Rafiei A, Tavalla M, Moradi Choghakabodi P, Nashibi R, Rafiei R. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV/AIDS patients in southwest of Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 56:39-44. [PMID: 29406282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium among HIV/AIDS patients in southwest of Iran. Two hundred fifty faecal samples from HIV patients were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts using a conventional coproscopic approach. Such oocysts were detected in 18 (7.2%) out of 250 faecal samples. Genomic DNAs from 250 samples were then subjected to a nested-PCR-RFLP technique targeting different loci of 18S rRNA gene for species identification. Out of 250 samples, 27 (10.8%) were positive for different Cryptosporidium spp; Restriction patterns resulting from the digestion of the nested amplicon with restriction endonucleases VspI and SspI showed that C. parvum (70.38%) was the most prevalent species, followed by C. hominis (25.92%) and C. meleagridis (3.7%), respectively. The mean CD4+ T-cell count was 215 cells/μL. There was a strong association between cryptosporidiosis and CD4+ T-cell count (P = 0.000) with the highest prevalence recorded among patients with CD4+ T-cell count < 200 cells/μL. This confirms that there is a low opportunity for this parasite to get established as the patients CD4+ T-cell count increases. Also HIV infection increased the risk of having Cryptosporidium. Our epidemiological findings are useful for any preventive intervention to control disease diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghafari
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Rafiei
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tavalla
- Department of Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Rohangez Nashibi
- Department of infectious Diseases, Razi Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Rafiei
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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11
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Fill MMA, Lloyd J, Chakraverty T, Sweat D, Manners J, Garman K, Hlavsa MC, Roellig DM, Dunn JR, Schaffner W, Jones TF. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak Associated With a Single Hotel. J Environ Health 2017; 79:16-22. [PMID: 29154521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a gastrointestinal illness cluster among persons who attended a baseball tournament (>200 teams) during July 2015. We interviewed representatives of 19 teams; illness was reported among only the 9 (47%) teams that stayed at Hotel A (p < .01). We identified 55 primary cases. A case-control study demonstrated that pool exposure at Hotel A was significantly associated with illness (odds ratio: 7.3; 95% confidence interval: 3.6, 15.2). Eight out of nine (89%) stool specimens tested were positive for Cryptosporidium, with C. hominis IfA12G1 subtype identified in two specimens. The environmental health assessment detected a low free available chlorine level, and pool water tested positive for E. coli and total coliforms. A possible diarrheal contamination event, substantial hotel pool use, and use of cyanuric acid might have contributed to this outbreak and magnitude. Aquatic facilities practicing proper operation and maintenance (e.g., following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Model Aquatic Health Code) can protect the public’s health.
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Del Pilar-Morales EA, Cardona-Rodríguez Z, Bertrán-Pasarell J, Soto-Malave R, De León-Borras R. Multiple Simultaneous Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. P R Health Sci J 2016; 35:97-99. [PMID: 27232872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are at high risk for gastrointestinal infections causing diarrhea, particularly when those infections are parasitic in nature. This propensity is more pronounced in AIDS, where opportunistic parasitic infections may cause severe diarrhea, marked absorptive dysfunction, and significant risk of mortality. There are scant data regarding parasitic infections among HIV patients in the developed world; most studies and research come from povertystricken areas of South Africa, India, Iran, and the South Pacific. Although multiple infections with the same or different parasites have been reported, simultaneous infections are rare. We present the case of a 35-year-old man who developed a co-infection with Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Strongyloides, simultaneously, the diagnosis being made after the judicious evaluation of a stool sample. Given the associated morbidity, prompt diagnosis and treatment are needed to avoid further complications in patients with HIV. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of triple parasitic infection in a patient with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Del Pilar-Morales
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Zaydalee Cardona-Rodríguez
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Jorge Bertrán-Pasarell
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Ruth Soto-Malave
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
| | - Rafeal De León-Borras
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
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Varughese EA, Kasper S, Anneken EM, Yadav JS. SHP-2 Mediates Cryptosporidium parvum Infectivity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142219. [PMID: 26556238 PMCID: PMC4640876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, induces human gastroenteritis through infection of host epithelial cells in the small intestine. During the initial stage of infection, C. parvum is reported to engage host mechanisms at the host cell-parasite interface to form a parasitophorous vacuole. We determined that upon infection, the larger molecular weight proteins in human small intestinal epithelial host cells (FHs 74 Int) appeared to globally undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation. In parallel, expression of the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) increased in a time-dependent manner. SHP-2 co-localized with the C. parvum sporozoite and this interaction increased the rate of C. parvum infectivity through SH2-mediated SHP-2 activity. Furthermore, we show that one potential target that SHP-2 acts upon is the focal adhesion protein, paxillin, which undergoes moderate dephosphorylation following infection, with inhibition of SHP-2 rescuing paxillin phosphorylation. Importantly, treatment with an inhibitor to SHP-2 and with an inhibitor to paxillin and Src family kinases, effectively decreased the multiplicity of C. parvum infection in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our study reveals an important role for SHP-2 in the pathogenesis of C. parvum. Furthermore, while host proteins can be recruited to participate in the development of the electron dense band at the host cell-parasite interface, our study implies for the first time that SHP-2 appears to be recruited by the C. parvum sporozoite to regulate infectivity. Taken together, these findings suggest that SHP-2 and its down-stream target paxillin could serve as targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A. Varughese
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAV); (JSY)
| | - Susan Kasper
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Anneken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagjit S. Yadav
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAV); (JSY)
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Pedersen SH, Wilkinson AL, Andreasen A, Warhurst DC, Kinung'hi SM, Urassa M, Mkwashapi DM, Todd J, Changalucha J, McDermid JM. Cryptosporidium prevalence and risk factors among mothers and infants 0 to 6 months in rural and semi-rural Northwest Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3072. [PMID: 25275519 PMCID: PMC4183438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium epidemiology is poorly understood, but infection is suspected of contributing to childhood malnutrition and diarrhea-related mortality worldwide. Methods/Findings A prospective cohort of 108 women and their infants in rural/semi-rural Tanzania were followed from delivery through six months. Cryptosporidium infection was determined in feces using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Breastfeeding/infant feeding practices were queried and anthropometry measured. Maternal Cryptosporidium infection remained high throughout the study (monthly proportion = 44 to 63%). Infection did not differ during lactation or by HIV-serostatus, except that a greater proportion of HIV-positive mothers were infected at Month 1. Infant Cryptosporidium infection remained undetected until Month 2 and uncommon through Month 3 however, by Month 6, 33% of infants were infected. There were no differences in infant infection by HIV-exposure. Overall, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was limited, but as the proportion of infants exclusively breastfed declined from 32% at Month 1 to 4% at Month 6, infant infection increased from 0% at Month 1 to 33% at Month 6. Maternal Cryptosporidium infection was associated with increased odds of infant infection (unadjusted OR = 3.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.99), while maternal hand washing prior to infant feeding was counterintuitively also associated with increased odds of infant infection (adjusted OR = 5.02, 95% CI = 1.11 to 22.78). Conclusions Both mothers and infants living in this setting suffer a high burden of Cryptosporidium infection, and the timing of first infant infection coincides with changes in breastfeeding practices. It is unknown whether this is due to breastfeeding practices reducing pathogen exposure through avoidance of contaminated food/water consumption; and/or breast milk providing important protective immune factors. Without a Cryptosporidium vaccine, and facing considerable diagnostic challenges and ineffective treatment in young infants, minimizing the overall environmental burden (e.g. contaminated water) and particularly, maternal Cryptosporidium infection burden as a means to protect against early infant infection needs prioritization. Early infancy and childhood Cryptosporidium infection is associated with poor nutritional status, stunted growth, and cognitive deficits, yet minimal research is available regarding the burden and risk factors worldwide. Since there is no vaccine available, and because diagnostic challenges exist and treatment for children younger than one year is ineffective, prevention of early infancy infection through a better understanding of basic epidemiology is critical. This study was designed to investigate symptomatic and clinically silent infection amongst HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative mothers and their infants in a longitudinal cohort, and to indentify potential risk factors. Findings indicate that infants are living in a Cryptosporidium environment as demonstrated by the chronically high level of maternal infection throughout the 6-month post-partum period. Despite this, infant infection prevalence remains low until six months of age when it dramatically rises. The increase in infant infection corresponds to a reduction in exclusive breastfeeding. As expected, maternal infection is associated with increased infant infection, but unexpectedly, so is maternal hand washing prior to infant feeding. Since prevention may indeed be the “best medicine” for infants, investigation of beneficial breastfeeding practices, protective correlates in breast milk, and ways to reduce the maternal and environmental Cryptosporidium burden are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Pedersen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Wilkinson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Aura Andreasen
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - David C. Warhurst
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Urassa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Jim Todd
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joann M. McDermid
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Avdiukhina TI, Dovgalev AS, Imamkuliev KD, Konstantinova TN. [Parasitic diseases in organ or tissue recipients]. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2013:47-54. [PMID: 23805494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Le XH, Wang H, Gou JZ, Chen XC, Yang GL, Yang QT, Li XH, Zhou BP, Li HQ, Cai WP. [Detection of cryptosporidium infection among AIDS patients in Guangdong and Yunnan]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2008; 22:339-341. [PMID: 19469168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection of Cryptosporidium and its epidemiological characteristics in AIDS patients of Southern China. METHODS Stool samples colleted from AIDS confirmed patients. The samples were detected for oocyst of Cryptosporidium by acid fast bacteria stain and indirect fluorescent antibody stain respectively, CD4 count was detected by Flow Cytometry. RESULTS 212 samples of fresh stool obtained from the AIDS patients who live in Guangdong and Yunnan province. The total infection rate of Cryptosporidium in AIDS patients was 4.25% (9/212), the infectious rate of oocyst in the group of 50- 59-years-old was significantly higher than those in 30-39 (P < 0.01); the infectious rate of oocyst in patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART) was also significantly lower (P = 0.0000); we found the patients coinfected with Cryptosporidium with CD4 count all below 100 cells/microl. However, there were no any difference between the infectious rate to the patient's gender, areas and stool shape. CONCLUSION AIDS patients infected by Cryptosporidium are not rare in southern China, and the infectious rate was lower than western country. Patients received ART could decrease the infectious rate of Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium always happen in patient whose CD4 count was very low (< 100 cells/microl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-hua Le
- Shenzhen Donghu Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
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Cohen SA, Egorov AI, Jagai JS, Matyas BT, DeMaria A, Chui KKH, Griffiths JK, Naumova EN. The SEEDs of two gastrointestinal diseases: socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors related to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Massachusetts. Environ Res 2008; 108:185-91. [PMID: 18706542 PMCID: PMC2730214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed associations between community-level socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental characteristics, and the presence of two potentially waterborne infectious diseases, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, as reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. METHODS We created a series of maps showing the spatial distribution of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Massachusetts (1993-2002) overall and by age, using logistic regression to analyze associations between community-level characteristics and the presence of at least one reported case of each disease. This analysis was repeated for communities with predominantly private water supplies. RESULT After adjusting for population size, higher population density and larger than average household sizes were associated with increased odds of reported cases of cryptosporidiosis. Giardiasis was also associated with high population density, but was not associated with household size. In the elderly, income was positively associated with the presence of giardiasis. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that greater population density and larger household sizes may increase the likelihood of protozoan gastrointestinal infection. The results emphasize the necessity to account for distal factors, such as demographic characteristics, that may ultimately play a role in the transmission or reporting of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Cohen
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, MD, USA
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Lazensky R, Hammond RM, Van Zile K, Geib K. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in a Nassau County, Florida, return travel group from Ireland, May 24, 2006-June 4, 2006. J Environ Health 2008; 71:20-45. [PMID: 18807820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Nassau County Health Department (NCHD) in Florida investigated an outbreak of gastrointestinal (GI) illness in a returning choral group who toured Ireland from May 24 to June 4, 2006. The travel group, consisting predominantly of retirees, had performed at several churches and at a dinner theater in Ireland. The NCHD administered a telephone questionnaire to 40 of the 41 group members to examine possible water exposures; common meals; and food, travel, and clinical histories. The results of the questionnaire showed that 29 people met the case definition for the outbreak. Five stool samples from travel group members tested positive for Cryptosporidium parvum, a species that is animal in origin and often spread through an environmental contamination with animal feces. All five positive samples were subtyped 11aA16G1R1b, a strain that scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Parasitic Diseases detected twice in 2006 in other human specimens from Northern Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lazensky
- Florida Epidemic Intelligence Service, Nassau County Health Department, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034, USA.
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Corti M, Villafañe MF, Muzzio E, Bava J, Abuín JC, Palmieri OJ. [Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2008; 40:106-108. [PMID: 18705491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis is a rare complication of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. We report the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, microbiological and immunological findings in 5 AIDS patients with pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Diagnosis was based on the detection of acid-fast oocysts in sputum or aspirated bronchial material using the Kinyoun technique. Microbiology laboratories should be alert to the possibility of Cryptosporidium spp oocysts presence in respiratory specimens from patients with advanced HIV/AIDS disease and pulmonary involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Corti
- Hospital de Enfermedades Infecciosas Francisco J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rao Ajjampur SS, Asirvatham JR, Muthusamy D, Gladstone BP, Abraham OCM, Mathai D, Ward H, Wanke C, Kang G. Clinical features & risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected adults in India. Indian J Med Res 2007; 126:553-557. [PMID: 18219083 PMCID: PMC2673507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of protracted, life threatening diarrhoea in HIV infected patients. Although data on prevalence are available for Indian patients, no information on risk factors for transmission exists. We therefore undertook this study to identify risk factors for transmission of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected adults. METHODS Both symptomatic (diarrhoeal) and asymptomatic HIV infected patients were screened for cryptosporidiosis. All Cryptosporidium spp. positive cases were enrolled in the study and interviewed to record socio-demographic information, water supply and animal contact. Data were analysed to study clinical features and potential association with species and genotype. RESULTS Of the 28 cryptosporidial infections identified on screening 111 HIV positive patients with diarrhoea, 10 (35.7%) had chronic diarrhoea, 14 (50%) had associated fever and 8 (28.6%) had nausea. Symptomatic patients had a significantly higher number of co-infections with other enteric parasites (P=0.04) than 20 asymptomatics of 423 HIV positive individuals screened. Eleven of 17 (64%) patients with potentially zoonotic infections had diarrhoea. Patients with zoonotic species (64%) also tended to have fever more frequently than those infected with C. hominis (58%). Association between area of residence, rural or urban, water source and contact with animals and acquisition of cryptosporidiosis was not statistically significant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Cryptosporidiosis is an important cause of morbidity in HIV infected individuals in India, resulting in chronic diarrhoea. Risk factors for potentially zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis were described in this study, but larger studies need to be done for a clearer understanding of the transmission dynamics of different cryptosporidial species in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Rao Ajjampur
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College Vellore,India
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Lake IR, Harrison FCD, Chalmers RM, Bentham G, Nichols G, Hunter PR, Kovats RS, Grundy C. Case-control study of environmental and social factors influencing cryptosporidiosis. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22:805-11. [PMID: 17891460 PMCID: PMC2071968 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-007-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report on the first case-control study to investigate the role of wider environmental and socioeconomic factors upon human cryptosporidiosis. Using GIS the detailed locations of 3368 laboratory-confirmed cases were compared to the locations of an equal number of controls. All cases were genotyped enabling Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum to be examined separately. When all cryptosporidiosis cases were analyzed, several location variables were strongly associated with illness: areas with many higher socioeconomic status individuals, many individuals aged less than 4 years, areas with a high estimate of Cryptosporidium applied to land from manure, and areas with poorer water treatment. For C. hominis cases, the strongly significant risk factors were areas with many higher socioeconomic status individuals, areas with many young children and urban areas. Socioeconomic status and areas with many individuals aged less then 4 years had a greater impact for infection with C. hominis than for C. parvum. Policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium oocysts, observed in a natural sputum sample of a patient with HIV, were further studied by using DNA markers to determine the species of the parasite. C. hominis was identified as the species infecting the patient’s respiratory tract, a finding that strengthens evidence regarding this pathogen’s role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Mercado
- Unidad Docente de Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Karanth NV, Karanth PN, Gupta S, Nair R, Parikh PM. Cryptosporidiosis in a relapsed case of Hodgkin's disease. Indian J Med Sci 2007; 61:419-21. [PMID: 17611349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Meamar AR, Rezaian M, Mohraz M, Hadighi R, Kia EB. Concomitant severe infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Hymenolepis nana in an AIDS patient. Indian J Med Sci 2007; 61:418-9. [PMID: 17611348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Doria MF, Abubakar I, Syed Q, Hughes S, Hunter PR. Perceived causes of sporadic cryptosporidiosis and their relation to sources of information. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 60:745-50. [PMID: 16905716 PMCID: PMC2566020 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.041731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of a person's perceptions about the causes of their disease has been emphasised by research on various diseases. Several studies have found perception may be linked to protective behaviours. OBJECTIVE This study intends to identify the main perceived causes of sporadic cryptosporidiosis, and to analyse some of the factors that may influence respondent's perception. The role of respondents' attributions, the scientific plausibility of perceptions, and the importance of specific information sources are also explored. DESIGN Quantitative and qualitative analyses of data from a case-control study. SETTING General population in Wales and north west England. PARTICIPANTS The study is based on a sample of 411 respondents from Wales and north west of England, whose cryptosporidiosis diagnosis was confirmed by a laboratory. RESULTS The results show that the most frequent perceived causes are water (by drinking it or swimming), contagion (mostly from children), and contaminated food. Perceived causes are qualitatively similar to the ones described in scientific literature, but some quantitative differences are evident. Respondents' certainty in relation to the cause of illness is directly related with plausibility. The most frequent information sources used by respondents were test stool results, environmental health officers, and doctors or nurses. Results suggest that information sources may influence the perception of the causes of cryptosporidiosis. Qualitative data provided a few clues about situations where sporadic and outbreak cases may be confused. CONCLUSION In contrast with outbreaks, various information sources in addition to the media are used by people with sporadic cryptosporidiosis that in turn affects the perception of aetiology. This has implications for the dissemination of information about control measures for cryptosporidiosis and surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Doria
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ
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Vaiphei K, Bhalla A, Kohli HS. Ischemic colitis with superadded infection by unusual organisms. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007; 25:298-301. [PMID: 17264430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Vaiphei
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India.
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Why are river recreationalists most at risk for development of waterborne infectious diseases: how can clinicians improve surveillance? A national problem. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:104-5. [PMID: 17215719 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000251627.04268.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Manz M, Steuerwald M. Cryptosporidiosis in a patient on PEG-interferon and ribavirin for recurrent hepatitis C after living donor liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2007; 9:60-1. [PMID: 17313476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 48-year-old male who developed cryptosporidial enterocolitis while on pegylated-interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin for recurrent hepatitis C 2 years after living donor liver transplantation. He recovered after discontinuation of interferon and ribavirin and intermittent lowering of the immunosuppressant. We postulate that the myelodepressant effect of interferon and ribavirin in addition to an established immunosuppressive regimen permitted this opportunistic infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cryptosporidiosis in a patient treated with interferon and ribavirin for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Liestal, Liestal, Switzerland
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in the world, which can be severe and prolonged in immunocompromised patients. We compared the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection in hemodialysis patients and 2 control groups (i.e., their healthy family members and normal population). Stool specimens of 104 adult outpatient chronic hemodialysis patients, their 91 healthy family members, and 140 healthy individuals were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by using a modified acid-fast staining method. Twelve (11.5%) dialysis patients were infected with Cryptosporidium. This was significantly higher than 4 (4.4%), and 5 (3.6%) cases in the 2 control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the 2 control groups. The prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection did not correlate with patients' sex, age, duration of dialysis, history of kidney transplantation, or history of taking immunosuppressive drugs. However, it was significantly higher in diabetics vs. nondiabetics (19.4% vs. 8.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). Our results indicate that the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection is considerably higher in dialysis patients than in the general population. Moreover, dialyzed diabetic patients had the highest rate of infection. As hemodialysis patients are candidates for renal transplantation, general preventive measures against acquiring Cryptosporidium infection must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Seyrafian
- Division of Nephrology, Isfahan Univesity of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ramé A. [Opportunistic infections]. Rev Infirm 2006:19-20. [PMID: 17269297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Gasink LB, Seymour C, Blumberg EA, Goldberg LR, Fishman NO. An Uncommon Presentation of an Uncommon Disease: Leprosy in a Heart Transplant Recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25:854-6. [PMID: 16818130 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of solid-organ transplantation on the acquisition, presentation and course of leprosy is unknown. We present a case of leprosy in a heart transplant recipient with multiple unique features possibly attributed to altered immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne B Gasink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Englehardt JD, Swartout J. Predictive Bayesian microbial dose-response assessment based on suggested self-organization in primary illness response: Cryptosporidium parvum. Risk Anal 2006; 26:543-54. [PMID: 16573639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The probability of illness caused by very low doses of pathogens cannot generally be tested due to the numbers of subjects that would be needed, though such assessments of illness dose response are needed to evaluate drinking water standards. A predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment method was proposed previously to assess the unconditional probability of illness from available information and avoid the inconsistencies of confidence-based approaches. However, the method uses knowledge of the conditional dose-response form, and this form is not well established for the illness endpoint. A conditional parametric dose-response function for gastroenteric illness is proposed here based on simple numerical models of self-organized host-pathogen systems and probabilistic arguments. In the models, illnesses terminate when the host evolves by processes of natural selection to a self-organized critical value of wellness. A generalized beta-Poisson illness dose-response form emerges for the population as a whole. Use of this form is demonstrated in a predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment for cryptosporidiosis. Results suggest that a maximum allowable dose of 5.0 x 10(-7) oocysts/exposure (e.g., 2.5 x 10(-7) oocysts/L water) would correspond with the original goals of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Treatment Rule, considering only primary illnesses resulting from Poisson-distributed pathogen counts. This estimate should be revised to account for non-Poisson distributions of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water and total response, considering secondary illness propagation in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Englehardt
- University of Miami, Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0630, USA.
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36
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Franco A, Rocamora N, Merino E, Paya A. [Cryptosporidiosis. A rare infection in renal transplantation]. Nefrologia 2006; 26:753-4. [PMID: 17227259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
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Aksoy U. [Bioterrorism, parasites as potential bioterrorism agents and biosecurity studies]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2006; 40:129-39. [PMID: 16775968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A variety of agents have a potential risk for being use as weapons of biological terrorism. However, the use of parasites as bioterrorism agents has not received so much attention. Parasites could contribute to the installation of fear in human population upon intentional addition to their food and water supplies. On the other hand, vector-borne parasites can also constitute risk of bioterrorism. Biosecurity issues are gaining importance as a consequence of globalization. Surveillance is critical in maintaining biosecurity and early detection of infectious disease agents is essential. In this review article, bioterrorism, the role of parasites as potential bioterrorism agents, studies on biosecurity and laboratory design for biosafety have been discussed under the light of recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Aksoy
- Dokuz Eylül Universitesi Tip Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dali, Izmir
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Houpt ER, Bushen OY, Sam NE, Kohli A, Asgharpour A, Ng CT, Calfee DP, Guerrant RL, Maro V, Ole-Nguyaine S, Shao JF. Short report: asymptomatic Cryptosporidium hominis infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73:520-2. [PMID: 16172475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Few data exist on the relative importance of individual Cryptosporidium species in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cryptosporidiosis. We characterized 127 inpatients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Tanzania for their CD4 cell count and by stool analysis, including Cryptosporidium immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Cryptosporidium was detected in patients both with and without diarrheal symptoms (defined as > or = 3 liquid stools/day, 11 of 61 versus 11 of 66; P = not significant) and was a marker for low CD4 cell count (median = 124/microL versus 212/microL in Cryptosporidium-negative patients; P < 0.04). Cryptosporidium hominis was the predominant species in this region and was associated with a longer duration of symptoms, a higher rate of asymptomatic infection, and a lower CD4 cell count versus C. parvum-infected patients (P < 0.05). This study suggests there may be important differences in the natural history of Cryptosporidium infection in HIV-infected persons depending on parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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40
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Robertson LJ, Greig JD, Gjerde B, Fazil A. The potential for acquiring cryptosporidiosis or giardiosis from consumption of mung bean sprouts in Norway: a preliminary step-wise risk assessment. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 98:291-300. [PMID: 15698690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current work evolved from a microbial survey of fruits and vegetables conducted in Norway between 1999 and 2001. This survey found that mung bean sprouts were more likely to be contaminated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia than the other produce included in the survey. To support this observation and to demonstrate to public health officials that this might be a risk warranting further attention, a simple risk assessment was initiated. Assuming that 60,000 people in Norway consume a single serving of bean sprouts per week, and contamination levels are similar to those found in the survey, it was calculated that there could be in the order of 20 cases of Giardia or Cryptosporidium infection per 100,000 population attributable to consumption of mung bean sprouts. A number of assumptions were made for the calculations, including parasite factors (e.g. viability, genotype), product factors (e.g. extent of product contamination) and host factors (e.g. composition and extent of consumer group). These assumptions and areas of uncertainty, where further data would improve the risk assessment, are highlighted throughout. Not only does the risk assessment identify new areas of research, but it also demonstrates how risk assessment can be used as a tool to try to influence public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Robertson
- Parasitology Laboratory, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO boks 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The genus Cryptosporidium consists of different species and genotypes which infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. The parasite is ubiquitous and lack of differentiation between the species and strains has made it difficult to track down sources of human and animal infections. Genetic analysis of strains and isolates has led to the redescription of Cryptosporidium with special consideration of the host specificity and possible ways of transmission to humans. Infection with the small oocysts usually occurs directly by faecal-oral transmission, water- or food-borne. In Europe water from different sources is frequently contaminated with oocysts. Generally, humans are most frequently infected with C. hominis in an anthroponotic cycle (especially in cases of infections imported from highly endemic (sub-) tropical regions) and the animal genotype (type II) of C. parvum in a zoonotic cycle which seems to play a major role in autochthonous infections in Switzerland, the UK and probably other European countries. Other species (such as C. felis or the avian species C. meleagridis and C. baileyi) and genotypes are rare in humans and mostly restricted to immunocompromised individuals who are highly susceptible to serious opportunistic cryptosporidial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joachim
- Department für Pathobiologie, Institut für Parasitologie und Zoologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Mathieu E, Levy DA, Veverka F, Parrish MK, Sarisky J, Shapiro N, Johnston S, Handzel T, Hightower A, Xiao L, Lee YM, York S, Arrowood M, Lee R, Jones JL. Epidemiologic and environmental investigation of a recreational water outbreak caused by two genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ohio in 2000. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004; 71:582-9. [PMID: 15569788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2000, the Ohio Department of Health requested assistance to investigate a cryptosporidiosis outbreak with more than 700 clinical case-patients. An epidemiologic and environmental investigation was conducted. Stool specimens, pool water, and sand filter samples were analyzed. A community-based case-control study showed that the main risk factor was swimming in pool A (odds ratio [OR] = 42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.3-144.9). This was supported by results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, which showed the presence of both the human and bovine genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in case-patients and samples from the filter of pool A. A pool-based case-control study indicated that the highest risk was related to exposure to pool water via the mouth (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.1-12.5) or to pool sprinklers (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3-4.7). Fecal accidents at the pool were documented. Records indicated that the pool met local health regulations. The outbreak, caused by co-infection with two C. parvum genotypes (human and bovine), underscores the need for concerted action to improve public health policies for recreational water facilities and enhanced education regarding the potential for disease transmission through pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Mathieu
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA.
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Charron D, Thomas M, Waltner-Toews D, Aramini J, Edge T, Kent R, Maarouf A, Wilson J. Vulnerability of waterborne diseases to climate change in Canada: a review. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004; 67:1667-1677. [PMID: 15371208 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490492313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This project addresses two important issues relevant to the health of Canadians: the risk of waterborne illness and the health impacts of global climate change. The Canadian health burden from waterborne illness is unknown, although it presumably accounts for a significant proportion of enteric illness. Recently, large outbreaks with severe consequences produced by E. coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium have alarmed Canadians and brought demands for political action. A concurrent need to understand the health impacts of global climate changes and to develop strategies to prevent or prepare for these has also been recognized. There is mounting evidence that weather is often a factor in triggering waterborne disease outbreaks. A recent study of precipitation and waterborne illness in the United States found that more than half the waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States during the last half century followed a period of extreme rainfall. Projections of international global climate change scenarios suggest that, under conditions of global warming most of Canada may expect longer summers, milder winters, increased summer drought, and more extreme precipitation. Excess precipitation, floods, high temperatures, and drought could affect the risk of waterborne illness in Canada. The existing scientific information regarding most weather-related adverse health impacts and on the impacts of global climate change on health in Canada is insufficient for informed decision making. The results of this project address this need through the investigation of the complex systemic interrelationships between disease incidence, weather parameters, and water quality and quantity, and by projecting the potential impact of global climate change on those relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Charron
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Zoonotic Diseases, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Adjei AA, Armah H, Rodrigues O, Renner L, Borketey P, Ayeh-Kumi P, Adiku T, Sifah E, Lartey M. Cryptosporidium Spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea among children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. Jpn J Infect Dis 2004; 57:216-9. [PMID: 15507781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This report presents the results of a study conducted at the Child Health Department, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana, between the months of October 2001 and June 2002. Stool samples from 227 children with diarrhea and 77 children without diarrhea, aged less than 5 years, were tested for Cryptosporidium spp. Prevalence rates were 27.8 and 15.6% in children with and without diarrhea, respectively. Cryptosporidium infection was found to be high in children between the ages of 6 and 24 months. Cryptosporidium spp. was more common in malnourished children, but was not isolated in children under 6 months of age who were exclusively breastfed. Neither the presence of domestic animals, abdominal pain, blood in stool, nausea, vomiting, nor the consumption of untreated water was associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Shigella, Salmonella, and yeast-like organisms were the most frequently identified enteropathogenic bacteria. In summary, this study demonstrates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among Ghanaian children.
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Roy SL, DeLong SM, Stenzel SA, Shiferaw B, Roberts JM, Khalakdina A, Marcus R, Segler SD, Shah DD, Thomas S, Vugia DJ, Zansky SM, Dietz V, Beach MJ. Risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons in the United States from 1999 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2944-51. [PMID: 15243043 PMCID: PMC446318 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.2944-2951.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have evaluated the role of Cryptosporidium spp. in outbreaks of enteric illness, but few studies have evaluated sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the United States. To assess the risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis among immunocompetent persons, a matched case-control study was conducted in seven sites of the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) involving 282 persons with laboratory-identified cryptosporidiosis and 490 age-matched and geographically matched controls. Risk factors included international travel (odds ratio [OR] = 7.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.7 to 22.0), contact with cattle (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.8 to 6.8), contact with persons >2 to 11 years of age with diarrhea (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.5 to 6.2), and freshwater swimming (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.049 to 3.5). Eating raw vegetables was protective (OR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3 to 0.7). This study underscores the need for ongoing public health education to prevent cryptosporidiosis, particularly among travelers, animal handlers, child caregivers, and swimmers, and the need for further assessment of the role of raw vegetables in cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Roy
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Mailstop E52, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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48
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Kemper N, Aschfalk A, Arnemo JM, Höller C. Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria and Cryptosporidium
species in moose (Alces alces) in Norway. Vet Rec 2004; 154:827-8. [PMID: 15260447 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.26.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kemper
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Chen XM, Huang BQ, Splinter PL, Orth JD, Billadeau DD, McNiven MA, LaRusso NF. Cdc42 and the actin-related protein/neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein network mediate cellular invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3011-21. [PMID: 15102814 PMCID: PMC387898 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.3011-3021.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum invasion of epithelial cells involves host cell membrane alterations which require a remodeling of the host cell actin cytoskeleton. In addition, an actin plaque, possibly associated with the dense-band region, forms within the host cytoplasm at the host-parasite interface. Here we show that Cdc42 and RhoA, but not Rac1, members of the Rho family of GTPases, are recruited to the host-parasite interface in an in vitro model of human biliary cryptosporidiosis. Interestingly, activation of Cdc42, but not RhoA, was detected in the infected cells. Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and p34-Arc, actin-regulating downstream effectors of Cdc42, were also recruited to the host-parasite interface. Whereas cellular expression of a constitutively active mutant of Cdc42 promoted C. parvum invasion, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Cdc42, or depletion of Cdc42 mRNA by short interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing, inhibited C. parvum invasion. Expression of the WA fragment of N-WASP to block associated actin polymerization also inhibited C. parvum invasion. Moreover, inhibition of host cell Cdc42 activation by dominant negative mutation inhibited C. parvum-associated actin remodeling, membrane protrusion, and dense-band formation. In contrast, treatment of cells with a Rho inhibitor, exoenzyme C3, or cellular overexpression of dominant negative mutants of RhoA and Rac1 had no effect on C. parvum invasion. These data suggest that C. parvum invasion of target epithelia results from the organism's ability to activate a host cell Cdc42 GTPase signaling pathway to induce host cell actin remodeling at the attachment site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Chen
- The Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Medical School, Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Englehardt JD, Swartout J. Predictive population dose-response assessment for Cryptosporidium parvum: infection endpoint. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004; 67:651-666. [PMID: 15192860 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490428080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Data validation of safe doses of pathogens in drinking water consistent with public health goals is not possible due to the number of subjects that would be needed at each dose. Because of this problem, together with the difficulty in extrapolating pathogenic response between species, and the ability of microbes to adapt rapidly, confidence-level-dependent assessments of Cryptosporidium parvum dose-response have been developed. However, these results, even on a relative basis, are dependent on confidence level, and the lack of scientific basis for this choice hampers efforts to set water quality standards. Therefore, a predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment method was proposed previously. In this article, a hierarchical predictive population dose-response Bayesian assessment for C. parvum is presented for the infection endpoint. Available data on the infectivity of three isolates of C. parvum, genotype C, were adjusted for sensitive and antibody-positive subpopulations not proportionately represented in the data, by bootstrap analysis. The diverse mean infectivities of the isolates were used to obtain a predictive distribution for population infectivity, used in turn to obtain the predictive population dose-response function. The predictive result is a distribution of unconditional probability of infection, based on available dose-response information. Information includes theoretical and empirical evidence for the conditional beta-Poisson parametric dose-response function. Results indicate that a dose of 6 x 10(-6) oocysts per exposure corresponds to 10(-4) infections per capita year. An allowable dose corresponding to goals of the SWTR should be increased over this value to reflect the illness endpoint, while potentially being reduced to account for secondary transmission among hosts if important for gastroenteritis in developed countries.
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