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Abid SA, Ahmed Muneer A, Al-Kadmy IMS, Sattar AA, Beshbishy AM, Batiha GES, Hetta HF. Biosensors as a future diagnostic approach for COVID-19. Life Sci 2021; 273:119117. [PMID: 33508293 PMCID: PMC7834970 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are important devices in clinical diagnostics, food processing, and environmental monitoring for detecting various analytes, especially viruses. These biosensors provide rapid and effective instruments for qualitative and quantitative detection of infectious diseases in real-time. Here, we report the development of biosensors based on various techniques. Additionally, we will explain the mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common biosensors that are currently used for viral detection, which could be optical (e.g., surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)) and electrochemical biosensors. Based on that, this review recommends methods for efficient, simple, low-cost, and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) that employ the two types of biosensors depending on attaching hemoglobin β-chain and binding of specific antibodies with SARS-CoV-2 antigens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad Abbas Abid
- Branch of microbiology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, POX 10244, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Ahmed Muneer
- Wolfson Nanomaterials & Devices Laboratory, School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Plymouth University, Devon PL4 8AA, UK; Departmentt of physics, college of science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq..
| | - Israa M S Al-Kadmy
- Branch of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, POX 10244, Baghdad, Iraq; Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Anas A Sattar
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK.
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, 080-8555 Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Wang C, Wang C, Wang X, Wang K, Zhu Y, Rong Z, Wang W, Xiao R, Wang S. Magnetic SERS Strip for Sensitive and Simultaneous Detection of Respiratory Viruses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19495-19505. [PMID: 31058488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and early diagnosis of respiratory viruses is key to preventing infections from spreading and guiding treatments. Here, we developed a sensitive and quantitative surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based lateral flow immunoassay (SERS-based LFIA) strip for simultaneous detection of influenza A H1N1 virus and human adenovirus (HAdV) by using Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles as magnetic SERS nanotags. The new type of Fe3O4@Ag magnetic tags, which were conjugated with dual-layer Raman dye molecules and target virus-capture antibodies, performs the following functions: specific recognition and magnetic enrichment of target viruses in the solution and SERS detection of the viruses on the strip. Based on this strategy, the magnetic SERS strip can directly be used for real biological samples without any sample pretreatment steps. The limits of detection for H1N1 and HAdV were 50 and 10 pfu/mL, respectively, which were 2000 times more sensitive than those from the standard colloidal gold strip method. Moreover, the proposed strip is easy to operate, rapid, stable, and can achieve high throughput and is thus a potential tool for early detection of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Chaoguang Wang
- College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic research , Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan 250355 , P. R. China
| | - Keli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | | | - Rui Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Basic research , Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan 250355 , P. R. China
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Thanongsaksrikul J, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Glab-ampai K, Malik AA, Supasorn O, Chiawwit P, Poovorawan Y, Chaicumpa W. Identification and production of mouse scFv to specific epitope of enterovirus-71 virion protein-2 (VP2). Arch Virol 2018; 163:1141-1152. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Adenoviruses are a highly prevalent infection that can cause a range of clinical syndromes in immunocompromised patients, ranging from localized disease of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or urinary tract to disseminated disease. Adenovirus infections may develop in this unique population as the result of primary infection or reactivation of latent virus. Disease can be potentially progressive with high rates of mortality in patients with pneumonia and disseminated disease. Fortunately, cidofovir and its lipid ester, brincidofovir, appear to be effective for the treatment of adenovirus, although neither is specifically approved for this indication. Adenovirus should always be considered when immunocompromised patients present with any clinical syndrome that could be compatible with adenoviral infection. Once disease is suspected, cultures or molecular testing of appropriate specimens should be obtained and blood should be sent for adenovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) whenever adenovirus is suspected. Monitoring of quantitative viral loads in blood is helpful in predicting response to therapy with a significant drop (>1 log) associated with a higher probability of clinical response.
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Abstract
Infections with enteroviruses and human parechoviruses are highly prevalent, particularly in neonates, where they may cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Individuals with B-cell-related immunodeficiencies are at risk for severe enteroviral infections, usually a chronic and fatal meningoencephalitis. In transplant recipients and patients with malignancy, enterovirus infections typically involve the respiratory tract, but cases of severe, disseminated infection have been described. The mainstay of diagnosis for enterovirus and human parechovirus infections involves the use of molecular diagnostic techniques. However, routine nucleic acid-detection methods for enteroviruses will not detect human parechoviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of these viral infections is important in determining a patient's prognosis and guiding clinical management.
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Krumbholz A, Egerer R, Braun H, Schmidtke M, Rimek D, Kroh C, Hennig B, Groth M, Sauerbrei A, Zell R. Analysis of an echovirus 18 outbreak in Thuringia, Germany: insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of several enterovirus species B members. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:471-83. [PMID: 27369854 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In October and November 2010, six children and one woman were presented with symptoms of aseptic meningitis in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. Enterovirus RNA was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of all patients by RT-PCR, and preliminary molecular typing revealed echovirus 18 (E-18) as causative agent. Virus isolates were obtained from stool samples of three patients and several contact persons. Again, most isolates were typed as E-18. In addition, coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) and echovirus 25 (E-25) were found to co-circulate. As only few complete E-18 sequences are available in GenBank, the entire genomes of these isolates were determined using direct RNA-sequencing technology. We did not find evidence for recombination between E-18, E-25 or CV-B5 during the outbreak. Viral protein 1 gene sequences and the cognate 3D polymerase gene sequences of each isolate and GenBank sequences were analysed in order to define type-specific recombination groups (recogroups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Krumbholz
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. .,Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Medical Laboratory Dr. Krause and colleagues MVZ GmbH, Steenbeker Weg 23, 24106, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Renate Egerer
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heike Braun
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Rimek
- Thuringian State Authority for Consumer Protection (TLV), Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - Claudia Kroh
- Public Health Authority, City Council of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bert Hennig
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Hematian A, Sadeghifard N, Mohebi R, Taherikalani M, Nasrolahi A, Amraei M, Ghafourian S. Traditional and Modern Cell Culture in Virus Diagnosis. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2016; 7:77-82. [PMID: 27169004 PMCID: PMC4850366 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are developed from tissue samples and then disaggregated by mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic methods to extract cells suitable for isolation of viruses. With the recent advances in technology, cell culture is considered a gold standard for virus isolation. This paper reviews the evolution of cell culture methods and demonstrates why cell culture is a preferred method for identification of viruses. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of both traditional and modern cell culture methods for diagnosis of each type of virus are discussed. Detection of viruses by the novel cell culture methods is considered more accurate and sensitive. However, there is a need to include some more accurate methods such as molecular methods in cell culture for precise identification of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hematian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nourkhoda Sadeghifard
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Morovat Taherikalani
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center and Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Nasrolahi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mansour Amraei
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ghafourian
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Shukla D, Kumar A, Srivastava S, Idris MZ, Dhole TN. Environmental surveillance of enterovirus in Northern India using an integrated shell vial culture with a semi-nested RT PCR and partial sequencing of the VP1 gene. J Med Virol 2013; 85:505-11. [PMID: 23341372 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses have been reported in epidemic form during last 10 years in northern India. Environmental surveillance of sewage is the method of choice in limited resources countries for detection of enterovirus serotypes circulating in the community. Twenty-four sewage samples collected between January, 2009 and December, 2010 were tested for enterovirus by using a new modified integrated shell vial culture (ISVC) with a semi-nested RT-PCR of a partial VP1 gene and virus isolation integrated with semi-nested RT-PCR of a partial VP1 gene. Twenty-one (87.5%) out of 24 samples were positive for enterovirus by the conventional method and all samples (100%) by the ISVC-RT-PCR. The additional positive samples detected by ISVC-RT-PCR was typed as six different enterovirus serotypes (Sabin poliovirus 3, Coxsackievirus B3, Coxsackievirus A13, Coxsackievirus A17, Echovirus 33, and Enterovirus 75). Phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene of Echovirus 19 showed that one genetic lineage clustered with isolates from Georgia suggesting their importation into northern India. Detection of wild poliovirus in the absence of clinical cases with 16 different co-circulating enterovirus serotypes supports the need of increased molecular surveillance of sewage. Rapid identification and characterization of enterovirus serotypes is necessary to study their transmission and evolution in different geographical regions to prevent future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Shukla
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vissers M, Remijn T, Oosting M, de Jong DJ, Diavatopoulos DA, Hermans PWM, Ferwerda G. Respiratory syncytial virus infection augments NOD2 signaling in an IFN-β-dependent manner in human primary cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2727-35. [PMID: 22730064 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, with remarkable variability in disease severity. An exaggerated proinflammatory response and influx of leukocytes is part of the pathogenesis of severe RSV disease. Here, we show an increase in proinflammatory cytokine production by human immune cells after stimulation with RSV and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is recognized by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2). PBMCs from Crohn's disease patients homozygous for the 3020insC mutation in the NOD2 gene did not show a synergistic response to stimulation with RSV and MDP, suggesting that NOD2 is essential for the observed synergy. Further experiments aimed at identifying the viral ligand indicated that viral RNA plays an essential role in the recognition of RSV. Stimulation with RSV or Poly(I:C) induced IFN-β expression, which resulted in an increased expression of the viral receptors TLR3 and RIG-I, as well as an increased NOD2 expression. Our data indicate that IFN-β induction by viral RNA is an essential first step in the increased proinflammatory response to MDP. We hypothesize that the enhanced proinflammatory response to MDP following RSV infection may be an important factor in determining the outcome of the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Vissers
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Development and evaluation of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of enterovirus 71. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:197. [PMID: 21767352 PMCID: PMC3154872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) is very common in China. It is difficult to distinguish between EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) infections in clinical HFMD patients. Routine laboratory diagnosis of EV71 infection is time-consuming and requires expensive instruments. In this study, we have developed a one-step, single tube, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of EV71. Methods Six primers that can recognize 6 distinct regions on the VP2 gene of EV71 were designed for RT-LAMP assay. The amplification was completed by incubating all reagents in a single tube with reverse transcriptase and Bst DNA polymerase under the isothermal condition (60°C) for 60 min, and could be evaluated by using GoldView staining under a handheld ultraviolet torch lamp or electrophoresis analysis. Results A total of 123 specimens collected from suspicious patients with HFMD were simultaneously detected by RT-LAMP and PCR fluorescence probing assay. The RT-LAMP amplified products containing EV71 were digested by HinfI and TaqI restriction endonucleases; in contrast, non-specific products with CVA16, coxsackievirus A4 and coxsackievirus B3 could not be detected in RT-LAMP assay. Meanwhile, RT-LAMP assay could amplify EV71 virus with a detection limit of 1 PFU/ml within 60 min. Compared with PCR fluorescence probing assay, RT-LAMP assay exhibited 98.4% identity during the detection of EV71 viral RNA without the missing of positive samples. Conclusion Our results indicated that RT-LAMP is a rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate method for the detection of EV71 in clinical specimens. Therefore, this developed method has potential application for rapid and comprehensive surveillance for EV71 infection, especially in developing country.
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Enhancement of enteric adenovirus cultivation by viral transactivator proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2509-16. [PMID: 20139315 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02224-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteric adenoviruses (HAdVs; serotypes 40 and 41) are important waterborne and food-borne pathogens. However, HAdVs are fastidious, are difficult to cultivate, and do not produce a clear cytopathic effect during cell culture within a reasonable time. Thus, we examined whether the viral transactivator proteins cytomegalovirus (CMV) IE1 and hepatitis B virus (HBV) X promoted the multiplication of HAdVs. Additionally, we constructed a new 293 cell line expressing CMV IE1 protein for cultivation assays. We analyzed the nucleic acid sequences of the promoter regions of both E1A and hexon genes, which are considered to be the most important regions for HAdV replication. Expression of either HBV X or CMV IE1 protein significantly increased the promoter activities of E1A and hexon genes of HAdVs by as much as 14-fold during cell cultivation. The promotion of HAdV expression was confirmed by increased levels of both adenoviral DNA and mRNA expression. Finally, the newly developed 293 cell line expressing CMV IE1 protein showed an increase in viral DNA ranging from 574% to 619% compared with the conventional 293 cell line. These results suggest that the newly constructed cell line could be useful for efficient cultivation and research of fastidious HAdVs.
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Gharbi-Khelifi H, de Rougemont A, Hassine M, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Pothier P, Guédiche MN, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus and adenovirus serotypes 40/41 strains related to acute diarrhea in Tunisian children. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1895-902. [PMID: 19774695 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (AstV) and adenovirus types 40 and 41 (AdV 40/41) are responsible for epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children in Tunisia. A total of 788 fecal samples were collected during a 4-year period in the region of Monastir, from children under 12 years old, hospitalized or presenting in dispensaries with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. AstV and AdV40/41 were detected by immunoenzymatic methods and confirmed by PCR/RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for nucleotide homology with reference strains. AstV and AdV40/41 were characterized as a causative agent in 28 (3.6%) and 18 (2.3%) of the fecal samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AstVs belonged to the serotypes 3 (n = 4; 14.3%) and 1 (n = 24; 85.7%), and the enteric AdVs to the serotypes 40 (n = 1; 5.6%) and 41 (n = 17; 94.4%). This is the first report that describes the molecular epidemiology of AstV and AdV40/41 in Tunisian children. Their respective detection rate was very low, far below that of rotavirus and norovirus. The genetic diversity among these two viruses is relatively limited and varies depending on the area.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Clinical laboratories historically diagnose seven or eight respiratory virus infections using a combination of techniques including enzyme immunoassay, direct fluorescent antibody staining, cell culture, and nucleic acid amplification tests. With the discovery of six new respiratory viruses since 2000, laboratories are faced with the challenge of detecting up to 19 different viruses that cause acute respiratory disease of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The application of nucleic acid amplification technology, particularly multiplex PCR coupled with fluidic or fixed microarrays, provides an important new approach for the detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single test. These multiplex amplification tests provide a sensitive and comprehensive approach for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in individual hospitalized patients and the identification of the etiological agent in outbreaks of respiratory tract infection in the community. This review describes the molecular methods used to detect respiratory viruses and discusses the contribution that molecular testing, especially multiplex PCR, has made to our ability to detect respiratory viruses and to increase our understanding of the roles of various viral agents in acute respiratory disease.
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Terletskaia-Ladwig E, Meier S, Hahn R, Leinmüller M, Schneider F, Enders M. A convenient rapid culture assay for the detection of enteroviruses in clinical samples: comparison with conventional cell culture and RT-PCR. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1000-1006. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Terletskaia-Ladwig
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Silvia Meier
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralph Hahn
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Leinmüller
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franz Schneider
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Enders
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders & Partner und Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie and Epidemiologie, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
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van Doornum GJJ, Schutten M, Voermans J, Guldemeester GJJ, Niesters HGM. Development and implementation of real-time nucleic acid amplification for the detection of enterovirus infections in comparison to rapid culture of various clinical specimens. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1868-76. [PMID: 17935176 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several real-time PCR and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) primer pairs and a modified real-time PCR primer pair for the detection of enteroviruses were compared. The modified real-time PCR primer pair was evaluated on clinical samples in comparison with cell culture using the MagnaPure LC Isolation instrument for nucleic acid extraction. Six hundred forty samples could be examined both by cell culture and real-time PCR. Faecal specimens (n = 285), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 210), throat swabs (n = 113), biopsies (n = 1--, vesicular fluid (n = 11), and pleural fluid specimens (n = 9) were included. By culture, 26/640 (4%) samples were positive for enterovirus. By real-time PCR, the number of positive specimens was 50 (7.8%). Of the 210 cerebrospinal fluid samples, three were positive by culture and nine by real-time PCR. Seventeen and 33 of a total of 285 faecal specimens were positive by culture and real-time PCR, respectively. In case of discrepant results, the clinical symptoms were in accordance with an infection due to enteroviruses. Genotyping using the VP1 gene correlated with serotyping by neutralization. In contrast, six of the 19 specimens that could be typed both by neutralization and by sequencing using the VP4 domain yielded a different genotype, yet within the same species. Real-time PCR turned out to be suitable for the detection of enteroviruses in the daily routine setting. In comparison to rapid culture, it offers a rapid, more sensitive, and reliable assay; especially in cerebrospinal fluid, the yield of enteroviruses is much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J J van Doornum
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pyrc K, Berkhout B, van der Hoek L. Identification of new human coronaviruses. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:245-53. [PMID: 17402839 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To date, there are still a variety of human infections with unknown etiology. Identification of previously unrecognized viral agents in patient samples is of great medical interest but remains a major technical challenge. Acute respiratory tract infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. A variety of viruses, bacteria and fungi are associated with respiratory tract illness. Most of the respiratory viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae and Coronaviridae families. No pathogens can be detected in a relatively large proportion of patients with respiratory disease, partially owing to limitations of current diagnostic assays but also since some infections are caused by as yet unknown pathogens. This review will focus on human coronaviruses. In the mid 1960s, two human coronaviruses were identified that cause the common cold: human coronaviruses (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-OC43. The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV and subsequent identification of two additional human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1) has drawn attention to this virus family. This review summarizes the knowledge of current methodologies for identifying novel human coronavirus species. Furthermore, information on the discovery of known human coronaviruses will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pyrc
- University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Leland DS, Ginocchio CC. Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:49-78. [PMID: 17223623 PMCID: PMC1797634 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00002-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral disease diagnosis has traditionally relied on the isolation of viral pathogens in cell cultures. Although this approach is often slow and requires considerable technical expertise, it has been regarded for decades as the "gold standard" for the laboratory diagnosis of viral disease. With the development of nonculture methods for the rapid detection of viral antigens and/or nucleic acids, the usefulness of viral culture has been questioned. This review describes advances in cell culture-based viral diagnostic products and techniques, including the use of newer cell culture formats, cryopreserved cell cultures, centrifugation-enhanced inoculation, precytopathogenic effect detection, cocultivated cell cultures, and transgenic cell lines. All of these contribute to more efficient and less technically demanding viral detection in cell culture. Although most laboratories combine various culture and nonculture approaches to optimize viral disease diagnosis, virus isolation in cell culture remains a useful approach, especially when a viable isolate is needed, if viable and nonviable virus must be differentiated, when infection is not characteristic of any single virus (i.e., when testing for only one virus is not sufficient), and when available culture-based methods can provide a result in a more timely fashion than molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Leland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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She RC, Crist G, Billetdeaux E, Langer J, Petti CA. Comparison of multiple shell vial cell lines for isolation of enteroviruses: a national perspective. J Clin Virol 2006; 37:151-5. [PMID: 16884950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolation of enterovirus in cell culture is still utilized by clinical laboratories, for vaccine research, and for identifying serotypes for disease surveillance. Use of a combination of cell lines is recommended yet this practice has not been rigorously examined for shell vials. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the growth predilection of enterovirus serotypes for certain shell vial cell lines in clinical samples received at a national reference laboratory. STUDY DESIGN We retrospectively reviewed results of samples submitted for viral culture over a 3-year period. PMK, BGM, RD, A549, and MRC-5 cell lines grown in shell vials were inoculated and serotyped. RESULTS Of 55,816 cultures, 1047 (1.9%) yielded enterovirus representing 18 serotypes. Echovirus 7, echovirus 9, and echovirus 30 were the most common serotypes recovered in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. PMK and MRC-5 recovered the majority of enterovirus isolates; the addition of BGM and RD cells increased our recovery rate by 13%. For 52.6% of enteroviral isolates, cytopathic effect was found in only a single cell line. PMK and BGM cells were effective in isolating coxsackieviruses, and RD and MRC-5 were useful particularly in isolating echoviruses. CONCLUSIONS A combination of shell vial cell lines is still recommended for recovery of enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C She
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 N. Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States.
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Evaluation of TV cell line viral susceptibility using conventional cell culture techniques. Open Med (Wars) 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-006-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite the fact that a lot of methods have been developed for rapid virus detection, classic cell culture is still “the golden standard”. The range of viruses that can be isolated and cultured in cell line systems is often limited by the susceptibility of cells to support viral replication. Since the primary cell culture, the best cellular system available to support replication of a large number of viruses, is very expensive and diffcult to obtain, cell lines, which are easier to manipulate, are commonly used for virus growth and isolation.In two previous papers we described the TV cell line initiated by our team from a laryngeal tumor, which harbors human papillomavirus (HPV) gene sequences. In this paper we analyze its capacity to support virus replication. Depending on the virus, different cytopathic effects were produced. Comparison of viral effect observed on this cell line with the effect obtained on other cell lines has been performed. This cell line might be used in the clinical virology laboratory for virus isolation.
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20
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Lee SH, Lee C, Lee KW, Cho HB, Kim SJ. The simultaneous detection of both enteroviruses and adenoviruses in environmental water samples including tap water with an integrated cell culture-multiplex-nested PCR procedure. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:1020-9. [PMID: 15836470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate an integrated cell culture (ICC)-multiplex-nested PCR using the buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells for the simultaneous detection of both enteroviruses and adenoviruses in surface water and tap water samples and optimize the procedure for more sensitive detection of virus showing no apparent cytopathic effect (CPE). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 69 surface water and 50 tap water samples were analysed by the ICC-multiplex-nested PCR. All the PCRs were performed five times with a cell lysate from each flask after at least 2 weeks incubation. Forty-six surface water samples (66.7%) and 23 tap water samples (46.0%) exhibited CPE by the cell culture method. By using an ICC-multiplex-nested PCR, 53 surface water samples (76.8%) and 29 tap water samples (58.0%) were determined as containing infectious enteric viral particles. CONCLUSIONS An ICC-PCR method with a long incubation time using BGMK cells enables the simultaneous detection of enteroviruses and adenoviruses from environmental water samples, including tap water, even with low numbers of viruses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY A method capable of detecting small numbers of viral particles is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Gruteke P, Glas AS, Dierdorp M, Vreede WB, Pilon JW, Bruisten SM. Practical implementation of a multiplex PCR for acute respiratory tract infections in children. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5596-603. [PMID: 15583287 PMCID: PMC535307 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5596-5603.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular testing for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has documented value but limited implementation due to questions that typically slow the acceptance of new tests. This study sought to address these questions and achieve implementation. Rhinovirus was added to a nested multiplex PCR (M-PCR), increasing its diagnostic yield. Over one winter, three hospital pediatric departments used the M-PCR to complement their direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clinicians recorded "pretest probability estimates" (using continuous scales for various pathogen groups) for comparison with test results; treatments and test turnaround times were also recorded. Transnasal and throat swabs, with or without nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), were M-PCR tested. NPA-containing sample sets found to be RSV positive by DFA were not further tested. Single PCR for human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was performed retrospectively. Of 178 ARI episodes representing 172 patients, NPA was included in 97 sample sets; 54 (56%) were determined to be RSV positive. The other NPA-containing sample sets (n = 43) yielded 27 findings (63%), and the swab-only sets (n = 81) yielded 47 findings (58%); rhinovirus was found most often. Testing for hMPV yielded seven positive results. M-PCR median turnaround times were 4 days in swab-only samples and 5 days with NPA. Antibiotics were prescribed in 50 episodes, at rates similar for RSV and rhinovirus. Pretest probability estimates of a viral cause were lower in episodes caused by rhinovirus than in episodes caused by RSV. The hospitals continued to use M-PCR for NPA-containing samples found to be RSV negative by DFA. Test implementation is more likely with higher diagnostic yield and a protocol that reflects day-to-day clinical and laboratory operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gruteke
- Municipal Public Health Laboratory, Municipal Health Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Abstract
The development of techniques for the amplification of DNA and RNA opened the way for the creation of extremely specific, sensitive, and rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of viral infections of the central nervous system. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR diagnostic assays have revolutionized the approach to the diagnosis of important viral pathogens--in particular, enteroviruses (EVs), herpes viruses, and JC virus (JCV). These molecular approaches to diagnosis have led to improvements in clinical outcome and patient care. Additionally, their use has permitted a better understanding of the natural history and clinical spectrum of the syndromes caused by these important human pathogens. This article summarizes the current understanding with regard to the available, molecularly based, diagnostic assays for the detection of EVs, herpes viruses, and JCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Romero
- Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Creighton University, 982165 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Pérez-Ruiz M, Navarro-Marí JM, Palacios Del Valle E, Rosa-Fraile M. Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells for rapid detection of enteroviruses by shell-vial assay. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:789-791. [PMID: 12909656 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the RD (rhabdomyosarcoma) and MRC-5 cell-lines to detect enteroviruses in 33 clinical samples (cerebrospinal fluid, stools and throat swabs) was evaluated. The samples had previously tested enterovirus-positive by traditional tube-culture and had been frozen after their initial processing. By traditional tube-culture, 100 and 85 % of samples were positive for enterovirus in RD and MRC-5 cells, respectively. By rapid shell-vial assay, 94 and 45.5 % were positive after 48 h incubation in RD and MRC-5 cells, respectively. RD cells supported growth of all enterovirus serotypes, whereas MRC-5 cells were not able to detect any of the three coxsackieviruses that were found (one coxsackievirus A9 and two coxsackievirus B5). The shell-vial assay with RD cell-lines may be a useful tool for rapid diagnosis of enteroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - J M Navarro-Marí
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - E Palacios Del Valle
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - M Rosa-Fraile
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 18014 Granada, Spain
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24
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Romero JR. Diagnosis and Management of Enteroviral Infections of the Central Nervous System. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2002; 4:309-316. [PMID: 12126607 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-002-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Even with the approaching worldwide eradication of the polioviruses, the nonpolio enteroviruses remain major pathogens of the central nervous system. Our understanding of this important group of viral pathogens has increased dramatically in the past decade. The advent of molecular virology has yielded information that has been vital to the development of molecular diagnostic techniques for the detection of the enteroviruses and for the design of novel antienteroviral drugs. Advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed for a better definition of the diseases they cause and have impacted on patient care. This review discusses recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of enterovirus infections of the central nervous system, including an overview of the molecular virology of the enteroviruses as it pertains to taxonomy, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Romero
- Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Criss II, Room 409, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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25
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Di Lonardo A, Buttinelli G, Amato C, Novello F, Ridolfi B, Fiore L. Rapid methods for identification of poliovirus isolates and determination of polio neutralizing antibody titers in human sera. J Virol Methods 2002; 101:189-96. [PMID: 11849697 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new rapid method for identification and determination of the titer of polioviruses and other enteroviruses in cell monolayers grown in microtiter plates is described. The method is based on immunoperoxidase staining of infected cells with commercial monoclonal antibodies (MAb) and biotin-labeled secondary antibody. The presence of poliovirus or other enteroviruses was established as the appearance of at least one focus of cells with stained cytoplasm 6 h post-infection. Viral titers determined by this method were expressed as focus forming unit (FFU) per ml which was found to correspond approximately to 10 TCID(50)/ml. The suitability of this technique to determine poliovirus antibody titers in human sera was also tested comparing the immunocytochemical neutralization assay with a conventional neutralization in microtiter plates. The test was standardized using reference human sera in order to produce antibody titers expressed in international units (IU). In addition to high reproducibility, the new neutralization test appears to be sensitive, specific and rapid, and might thus represent a useful tool for the diagnosis of polio and other enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Lonardo
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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26
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Huang YT, Yam P, Yan H, Sun Y. Engineered BGMK cells for sensitive and rapid detection of enteroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:366-71. [PMID: 11825943 PMCID: PMC153414 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.2.366-371.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) has been reported to be a cellular receptor for several enteroviruses. Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells expressing human DAF (BGMK-hDAF cells) showed increased susceptibility and sensitivity to several types of enteroviruses compared to wild-type BGMK cells. When 17 frozen positive clinical samples were tested, BGMK cells detected 8 and BGMK-hDAF cells detected 16. Since the CaCo-2 cell line has been documented to support the replication of most enteroviruses, CaCo-2 cells were mixed with BGMK-hDAF cells in order to increase the number of viruses detected. Thirty-four frozen clinical samples that previously had tested positive for enteroviruses were tested, and the following numbers were detected: 33 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK-hDAF cells, 29 of 34 by CaCo-2/BGMK cells, 28 of 34 by H292/RD (E-mix A) and A-549/BGMK (E-mix B) cells, and 26 of 34 by MRC-5 and pRhMK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung T Huang
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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27
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Siafakas N, Markoulatos P, Stanway G. Variability in molecular typing of Coxsackie A viruses by RFLP analysis and sequencing. J Clin Lab Anal 2002; 16:59-69. [PMID: 11835534 PMCID: PMC6807804 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop an assay capable of classifying the Coxsackie A virus (CAV) prototype strains on the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 5'-UTR-derived reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplicons, and to determine how these data could be used for typing wild-type CAV isolates. Moreover, sequencing of the amplified genomic fragments of the clinical isolates, and comparison with all the published sequences of the respective genomic region of enterovirus reference and wild-type strains were attempted for typing of the isolates. Twenty-four prototype CAV strains from the 23 currently recognized serotypes were studied; most of them were successfully differentiated with the aid of four restriction endonucleases: HaeIII, HpaII, DdeI, and StyI. It was not possible to differentiate between CAV5, 7, and 16, or between CAV15 and 18 in this way, but the members of each of these two groups were satisfactorily differentiated with the aid of single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of their RT-PCR amplicons. Fifteen clinical isolates, 13 of them of known CAV serotype, were also studied with the same four endonucleases and the results were compared with the data obtained from the RFLP analysis of the reference strains. The experimental results showed that only two clinical samples of previously known identity had an identical restriction pattern with the respective prototype strains. The sequences of the amplicons of the clinical isolates had the greatest percentage of alignment with enterovirus strains of a different serotype, indicating variability in the 5'-UTR and the inability to use the whole sequence of the amplicons for typing CAVs. The significance of the findings in relation to the possible usefulness of the RFLP-based method is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Siafakas
- Enterovirus Reference Center for South Greece, Department of Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, England
| | - Panayotis Markoulatos
- Enterovirus Reference Center for South Greece, Department of Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Glyn Stanway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, England
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28
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Soares CC, Volotão EM, Albuquerque MCM, da Silva FM, de Carvalho TRB, Nozawa CM, Linhares RE, Santos N. Prevalence of enteric adenoviruses among children with diarrhea in four Brazilian cities. J Clin Virol 2002; 23:171-7. [PMID: 11595596 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(01)00220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric adenoviruses are related to child diarrhea and appear to be spread worldwide. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of enteric adenovirus infection among children in four Brazilian cities. STUDY DESIGN stool specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Enteric adenoviruses were detected in 1.55% (n=1420) of the samples analyzed indicating the circulation of these viruses among Brazilian children in association to diarrheal disease. These agents were isolated throughout the year demonstrating no specific seasonal distribution. Also, no pattern of serotype distribution between the cities was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Soares
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CCS-Bl. I, IIha do Fundão, RJ, 21.941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lipson SM, David K, Shaikh F, Qian L. Detection of precytopathic effect of enteroviruses in clinical specimens by centrifugation-enhanced antigen detection. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2755-9. [PMID: 11473988 PMCID: PMC88235 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.8.2755-2759.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid enterovirus detection is important for decisions about antibiotic administration and length of hospital stay. The efficacy of rapid antigen detection-cell culture amplification (Ag-CCA) was evaluated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 5-D8/1 (DAKO) and Pan-Enterovirus clone 2E11 (Chemicon) with 10 poliovirus, echovirus, and coxsackievirus type A and B stock isolates and College of American Pathologists check samples. By using Ag-CCA technology, MAb 2E11 was more sensitive than 5-D8/1 at detecting a greater number of stock isolates at or past tube (cytopathic effect [CPE]) culture (TC) end points. The efficacy of Ag-CCA in the clinical setting was subsequently confirmed with 273 consecutively freshly collected nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab specimens, rectal swab, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens during the 1999 enterovirus season. All specimens were tested by Ag-CCA in parallel with rhesus monkey kidney (RhMk), MRC-5, and A549 conventional TCs. Approximately 60% of field specimens were additionally tested with Hep-2 and HNK conventional TCs. Sixty-two percent of the clinical specimens tested were Ag-CCA positive after 48 h. Among 51 isolates, the mean time to CPE or culture confirmation was 5.5 days (range, 2 to 18 days). After 48 h, Ag-CCA achieved sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 62, 100, 100, and 93%, respectively. During the same period, TC-CPE displayed test parameters of 12, 100, 100, and 85%, respectively. After 5 days, the sensitivity and specificity of Ag-CCA increased to 92 and 98%, respectively. Within the same period, isolation attained sensitivity and specificity of 52 and 100%, respectively. Although Ag-CCA displayed slightly reduced sensitivity and reduced specificity compared with conventional cell culture after 14 days, the markedly superior 48-h enterovirus Ag-CCA detection rate supports incorporation of this assay into the routine clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lipson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, USA.
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30
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Rodríguez Roche R, Alvarez M, Guzmán MG, Morier L, Kourí G. Comparison of rapid centrifugation assay with conventional tissue culture method for isolation of dengue 2 virus in C6/36-HT cells. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3508-10. [PMID: 10970418 PMCID: PMC87421 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3508-3510.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid centrifugation assay was compared with conventional tube cell culture for dengue virus isolation in both sera and autopsy samples from dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome fatal cases. The rapid centrifugation assay allowed isolation of virus from 16.6% more samples than the conventional method, and it shortened the time for dengue virus detection. Finally, it allowed the isolation of dengue 2 virus in 42.8% of tissue samples from five fatal cases. Our results suggest that the rapid centrifugation assay may be useful for detection of dengue virus in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodríguez Roche
- Department of Virology, PAHO/WHO Collaborator Center for Viral Diseases, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana, Cuba
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Terletskaia-Ladwig E, Metzger C, Schalasta G, Enders G. Evaluation of enterovirus serological tests IgM-EIA and complement fixation in patients with meningitis, confirmed by detection of enteroviral RNA by RT-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid. J Med Virol 2000; 61:221-7. [PMID: 10797378 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200006)61:2<221::aid-jmv8>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detection of anti-enterovirus IgM antibodies was compared with complement fixation test in 43 patients with confirmed enterovirus meningitis by RT-PCR of cerebrospinal fluids (CSF). In 34% of patients with enterovirus meningitis, IgM antibodies could be found, whereas complement fixation tests were positive in only 20%. The specificity was determined with sera of 105 patients with non-enterovirus meningitis. Specificity of IgM EIA and of complement fixation was 94% and 85%, respectively. In four patients with meningitis but without enterovirus detection in CSF, RT-PCR and virus isolation from stools were positive. In three of these patients, IgM antibodies were detected, giving a strong indication of an enterovirus-associated disease. Because of the high specificity of IgM EIA, diagnosis of enterovirus-associated diseases can be carried out in a single serum sample, whereas by complement fixation tests, only fourfold increases in antibody titres in paired sera indicate an acute infection. The application of IgM EIA is especially important in cases of meningitis when CSF samples are not available and for diagnosis of enterovirus diseases with other clinical symptoms such as fever, enteritis, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Terletskaia-Ladwig
- Med.-diagn. Gemeinschaftslabor Prof. Enders & Partner and Institut für Virologie, Infektiologie und Epidemiologie e. V., Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Terletskaia-Ladwig E, Metzger C, Schalasta G, Enders G. A new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of enteroviruses in faecal specimens. J Med Virol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200004)60:4<439::aid-jmv12>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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