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Mustafa Z, Ghaffari M. Diagnostic Methods, Clinical Guidelines, and Antibiotic Treatment for Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A Narrative Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:563627. [PMID: 33178623 PMCID: PMC7593338 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.563627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis is infection by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), commonly known as strep throat. 5-15% of adults and 15-35% of children in the United States with pharyngitis have a GABHS infection. The symptoms of GABHS overlap with non-GABHS and viral causes of acute pharyngitis, complicating the problem of diagnosis. A careful physical examination and patient history is the starting point for diagnosing GABHS. After a physical examination and patient history is completed, five types of diagnostic methods can be used to ascertain the presence of a GABHS infection: clinical scoring systems, rapid antigen detection tests, throat culture, nucleic acid amplification tests, and machine learning and artificial intelligence. Clinical guidelines developed by professional associations can help medical professionals choose among available techniques to diagnose strep throat. However, guidelines for diagnosing GABHS created by the American and European professional associations vary significantly, and there is substantial evidence that most physicians do not follow any published guidelines. Treatment for GABHS using analgesics, antipyretics, and antibiotics seeks to provide symptom relief, shorten the duration of illness, prevent nonsuppurative and suppurative complications, and decrease the risk of contagion, while minimizing the unnecessary use of antibiotics. There is broad agreement that antibiotics with narrow spectrums of activity are appropriate for treating strep throat. But whether and when patients should be treated with antibiotics for GABHS remains a controversial question. There is no clearly superior management strategy for strep throat, as significant controversy exists regarding the best methods to diagnose GABHS and under what conditions antibiotics should be prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Mustafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Masoumeh Ghaffari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Eryılmaz M, Acar Soykut E, Çetin D, Boyacı İH, Suludere Z, Tamer U. SERS-based rapid assay for sensitive detection of Group AStreptococcusby evaluation of the swab sampling technique. Analyst 2019; 144:3573-3580. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study combines the accuracy of the gold standard with the sensitivity of SERS for fast detection of Group AStreptococcus pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Eryılmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Gazi University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Esra Acar Soykut
- Division of Food Quality Control and Analysis
- Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational School
- Abant Izzet Baysal University
- Bolu
- Turkey
| | - Demet Çetin
- Department of Mathematics and Science Education
- Gazi Faculty of Education
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - İsmail Hakkı Boyacı
- Department of Food Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Hacettepe University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Zekiye Suludere
- Department of Biology
- Faculty of Science
- Gazi University
- Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Uğur Tamer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Gazi University
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ankara
- Turkey
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Kolukirik M, Yılmaz M, Ince O, Ketre C, Tosun AI, Ince BK. Development of a fast and low-cost qPCR assay for diagnosis of acute gas pharyngitis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2016; 15:46. [PMID: 27501688 PMCID: PMC4977885 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-016-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group A streptococci (GAS) are the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis and account for 15–30 % of cases of acute pharyngitis in children and 5–10 % of cases in adults. In this study, a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) based GAS detection assay in pharyngeal swab specimens was developed. Methods The qPCR assay was compared with the gold standard bacterial culture and a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) to evaluate its clinical performance in 687 patients. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was 240 cfu/swab. Forty-five different potential cross-reacting organisms did not react with the test. Four different laboratories for the reproducibility studies were in 100 % (60/60) agreement for the contrived GAS positive and negative swab samples. Results The relative sensitivities of the RADT and the qPCR test were 55.9 and 100 %; and the relative specificities were 100 and 96.3 %, respectively. Duration of the total assay for 24 samples including pre-analytical processing and analysis changed between 42 and 55 min depending on the type of qPCR instrument used. A simple DNA extraction method and a low qPCR volume made the developed assay an economical alternative for the GAS detection. Conclusion We showed that the developed qPCR test is rapid, cheap, sensitive and specific and therefore can be used to replace both antigen detection and culture for diagnosis of acute GAS pharyngitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kolukirik
- ENGY Environmental and Energy Technologies Biotechnology Research and Development Limited Company, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Yılmaz
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ince
- Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Ketre
- Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, Chalumeau M. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7:CD010502. [PMID: 27374000 PMCID: PMC6457926 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010502.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A streptococcus (GAS) accounts for 20% to 40% of cases of pharyngitis in children; the remaining cases are caused by viruses. Compared with throat culture, rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) offer diagnosis at the point of care (within five to 10 minutes). OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of RADTs for diagnosing GAS in children with pharyngitis. To assess the relative diagnostic accuracy of the two major types of RADTs (enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and optical immunoassays (OIA)) by indirect and direct comparison. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CDSR, DARE, MEDION and TRIP (January 1980 to July 2015). We also conducted related citations tracking via PubMed, handsearched reference lists of included studies and relevant review articles, and screened all articles citing included studies via Google Scholar. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that compared RADT for GAS pharyngitis with throat culture on a blood agar plate in a microbiology laboratory in children seen in ambulatory care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance, assessed full texts for inclusion, and carried out data extraction and quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool. We used bivariate meta-analysis to estimate summary sensitivity and specificity, and to investigate heterogeneity across studies. We compared the accuracy of EIA and OIA tests using indirect and direct evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 98 unique studies in the review (116 test evaluations; 101,121 participants). The overall methodological quality of included studies was poor, mainly because many studies were at high risk of bias regarding patient selection and the reference standard used (in 73% and 43% of test evaluations, respectively). In studies in which all participants underwent both RADT and throat culture (105 test evaluations; 58,244 participants; median prevalence of participants with GAS was 29.5%), RADT had a summary sensitivity of 85.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 83.3 to 87.6 and a summary specificity of 95.4%; 95% CI 94.5 to 96.2. There was substantial heterogeneity in sensitivity across studies; specificity was more stable. There was no evidence of a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity in accuracy was not explained by study-level characteristics such as whether an enrichment broth was used before plating, mean age and clinical severity of participants, and GAS prevalence. The sensitivity of EIA and OIA tests was comparable (summary sensitivity 85.4% versus 86.2%). Sensitivity analyses showed that summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were stable in low risk of bias studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In a population of 1000 children with a GAS prevalence of 30%, 43 patients with GAS will be missed. Whether or not RADT can be used as a stand-alone test to rule out GAS will depend mainly on the epidemiological context. The sensitivity of EIA and OIA tests seems comparable. RADT specificity is sufficiently high to ensure against unnecessary use of antibiotics. Based on these results, we would expect that amongst 100 children with strep throat, 86 would be correctly detected with the rapid test while 14 would be missed and not receive antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie F Cohen
- Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm UMR1153, Paris Descartes UniversityObstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)ParisFrance
- Necker Hospital, AP‐HP and Paris Descartes UniversityDepartment of PediatricsParisFrance
| | - Nathalie Bertille
- Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm UMR1153, Paris Descartes UniversityObstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)ParisFrance
| | - Robert Cohen
- Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val‐de‐Marne (ACTIV)27 Rue InkermannSaint‐Maur‐des‐FossésFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil (CHIC)Department of Microbiology40 avenue de VerdunCréteilFrance94010
| | - Martin Chalumeau
- Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Inserm UMR1153, Paris Descartes UniversityObstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team (EPOPé)ParisFrance
- Necker Hospital, AP‐HP and Paris Descartes UniversityDepartment of PediatricsParisFrance
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Lean WL, Arnup S, Danchin M, Steer AC. Rapid diagnostic tests for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2014; 134:771-81. [PMID: 25201792 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Effective management of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is hindered by impracticality of the gold standard diagnostic test: throat culture. Rapid antigen diagnostic tests (RADTs) are a promising alternative, although concerns about their sensitivity and specificity, and variation between test methodologies, have limited their clinical use. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of RADTs for GAS pharyngitis. METHODS Medline and Embase from 1996 to 2013 were used as data sources. Of 159 identified studies, 48 studies of diagnostic accuracy of GAS RADTs using throat culture on blood agar as a reference standard were selected. Bivariate random-effects regression was used to estimate sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additional meta-analyses were performed for pediatric data. RESULTS A total of 60 pairs of sensitivity and specificity from 48 studies were included. Overall summary estimates for sensitivity and specificity of RADTs were 0.86 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.88) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.97), respectively, and estimates for pediatric data were similar. Molecular-based RADTs had the best diagnostic accuracy. Considerable variability exists in methodology between studies. There were insufficient studies to allow meta-regression/subgroup analysis within each test type. CONCLUSIONS RADTs can be used for accurate diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis to streamline management of sore throat in primary care. RADTs may not require culture backup for negative tests in most low-incidence rheumatic fever settings. Newer molecular tests have the highest sensitivity, but are not true point-of-care tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ling Lean
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Arnup
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit
| | - Margie Danchin
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Group A Streptococcal Research Group, and Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Group A Streptococcal Research Group, and Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Cardoso DM, Gilio AE, Hsin SH, Machado BM, de Paulis M, Lotufo JPB, Martinez MB, Grisi SJE. Impact of the rapid antigen detection test in diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis in a pediatric emergency room. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2014; 31:4-9. [PMID: 23703037 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822013000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the routine use of rapid antigen detection test in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis in children. METHODS This is a prospective and observational study, with a protocol compliance design established at the Emergency Unit of the University Hospital of Universidade de São Paulo for the care of children and adolescents diagnosed with acute pharyngitis. RESULTS 650 children and adolescents were enrolled. Based on clinical findings, antibiotics would be prescribed for 389 patients (59.8%); using the rapid antigen detection test, they were prescribed for 286 patients (44.0%). Among the 261 children who would not have received antibiotics based on the clinical evaluation, 111 (42.5%) had positive rapid antigen detection test. The diagnosis based only on clinical evaluation showed 61.1% sensitivity, 47.7% specificity, 44.9% positive predictive value, and 57.5% negative predictive value. CONCLUSIONS The clinical diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis had low sensitivity and specificity. The routine use of rapid antigen detection test led to the reduction of antibiotic use and the identification of a risk group for complications of streptococcal infection, since 42.5% positive rapid antigen detection test patients would not have received antibiotics based only on clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Morais Cardoso
- Pronto-Socorro de Pediatria, Enfermaria de Pediatria, Hospital Universitário, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chiappini E, Regoli M, Bonsignori F, Sollai S, Parretti A, Galli L, de Martino M. Analysis of different recommendations from international guidelines for the management of acute pharyngitis in adults and children. Clin Ther 2011; 33:48-58. [PMID: 21397773 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcal pharyngitis is a frequently observed condition, but its optimal management continues to be debated. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the available guidelines, developed at the national level, for the management of streptococcal pharyngitis in Western countries, with a focus on their differences. METHODS A literature search was conducted of the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, TRIP, and MEDLINE databases from their inception (1993 for the Cochrane Library, 1980 for EMBASE, 1997 for TRIP, and 1966 for MEDLINE) through April 25, 2010. The following search terms were used: pharyngitis, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngotonsillitis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A β-haemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes, and streptococcal pharyngitis. Searches were limited to type of article or document (practice guideline or guideline) with no language restrictions or language limits. RESULTS Twelve national guidelines were identified: 6 from European countries (France, United Kingdom, Finland, Holland, Scotland, and Belgium), 5 from the United States, and 1 from Canada. Recommendations differ substantially with regard to the use of a rapid antigen diagnostic test or throat culture and the indications for antibiotic treatment. The North American, Finnish, and French guidelines recommend performing one timely microbiologic investigation in suspected cases, and prescribing antibiotics in confirmed cases to prevent suppurative complications and acute rheumatic fever. According to the remaining European guidelines, however, acute sore throat is considered a benign, self-limiting disease. Microbiologic tests are not routinely recommended by these latter guidelines, and antibiotic treatment is reserved for well-selected cases. The use of the Centor score, for evaluation of the risk of streptococcal infection, is recommended by several guidelines, but subsequent decisions on the basis of the results differ in terms of which subjects should undergo microbiologic investigation. All guidelines agree that narrow-spectrum penicillin is the first choice of antibiotic for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and that treatment should last for 10 days to eradicate the microorganism. Once-daily amoxicillin was recommended by 2 US guidelines as equally effective. CONCLUSION The present review found substantial discrepancies in the recommendations for the management of pharyngitis among national guidelines in Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiappini
- Department of Sciences for Woman and Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Sarikaya S, Aktaş C, Ay D, Çetin A, Celikmen F. Sensitivity and Specificity of Rapid Antigen Detection Testing for Diagnosing Pharyngitis in the Emergency Department. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/014556131008900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pharyngitis in adults is primarily a viral infection; only about 10% of cases are of bacterial etiology. Most cases of bacterial pharyngitis are caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). One laboratory method for the diagnosis of GABHS is rapid antigen diagnostic testing (RADT), which can be processed during an emergency department visit and which has become a popular alternative to throat swab cultures. We conducted a study to define the sensitivity and specificity of RADT, using throat culture results as the gold standard, in 100 emergency department patients who presented with symptoms consistent with streptococcal pharyngitis. We found that RADT had a sensitivity of 68.2% (15 of 22), a specificity of 89.7% (70 of 78), a positive predictive value of 65.2% (15 of 23), and a negative predictive value of 90.9% (70 of 77). We conclude that RADT is useful in the emergency department when the clinical suspicion is GABHS, but results should be confirmed with a throat culture in patients whose RADT results are negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can Aktaş
- Department, Yeditepe University Hospital,
Istanbul
| | - Didem Ay
- Department, Yeditepe University Hospital,
Istanbul
| | - Asli Çetin
- Department, Yeditepe University Hospital,
Istanbul
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A Comparison Between a Rapid Antigen Test and Culture in Diagnosis of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e31818cd683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee SE, Eick A, Bloom MS, Brundage JF. Influenza immunization and subsequent diagnoses of group A streptococcus-illnesses among U.S. Army trainees, 2002-2006. Vaccine 2008; 26:3383-6. [PMID: 18501484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the association between influenza immunization and subsequent diagnosis of group A streptococcus (GAS)-illness in Army recruits during influenza seasons 2002-2006. A case-control study was employed with cases as trainees with outpatient GAS diagnosis (ICD-9-CM codes: 034.0, 035, 038.0, 041.01, 320.2, 390-392, 482.31) during the influenza season, and controls as trainees with no outpatient GAS diagnosis during the influenza season. Primary exposure was influenza immunization during 1st September to 30th April of each season. Estimated protective effects of influenza immunization against GAS-illness ranged from 50% to 77%. A strong protective effect was suggested for Army trainee influenza immunization on the diagnosis of GAS-illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-eun Lee
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center-provisional, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 2900 Linden Lane, Suite 200, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States.
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Ferreira JB, Rapoport PB, Sakano E, Kós AODÁ, Piltcher OB, Pignatari SSN, Pinheiro SD, Mocellin M. Eficácia e segurança de Sultamicilina (Ampicilina/Sulbactam) e Amoxacilina/Clavulanato no tratamento das infecções de via aéreas superiores em adultos: um estudo multicêntrico, aberto e randomizado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-72992006000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As IVAS em crianças e adultos são os motivos mais freqüentes de consulta médica e os que mais demandam o uso de antibióticos. A crescente resistência bacteriana causada pela produção das beta-lactamases constitui um dos mais sérios problemas atuais. A Sultamicilina é uma pró-droga dupla da ampicilina e do sulbactam, um potente inibidor de beta-lactamases que pode fazer frente a estas dificuldades. OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia, segurança e tolerabilidade da Ampicilina/Sulbactan comparada à Amoxacilina/Ácido Clavulânico no tratamento de IVAS, em adultos. METODOLOGIA: 102 pacientes com diagnóstico de IVAS foram randomizados em dois grupos recebendo Ampicilina/Sulbactan ou Amoxacilina/Clavulanato por 10 dias. Foram avaliados 10 e 30 dias após para análise da resposta terapêutica. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos com relação à proporção de pacientes curados ao final do tratamento (visita 2) ou do estudo (visita 3). No grupo que recebeu Amoxacilina/Clavulanato, as proporções de cura foram de 61.7% e 93.2% nas visitas 2 e 3, comparadas a 64.4% e 97.4%, respectivamente, no grupo que recebeu Ampicilina/Sulbactan. A proporção de pacientes que experimentou pelo menos um evento adverso foi semelhante nos dois grupos (p = 0.940). A diarréia foi significativamente mais freqüente no grupo Amoxacilina-Clavulanato (70.6%) do que no grupo Ampicilina/Sulbactan (29.4%), (p=0.0164). CONCLUSÕES: A Ampicilina/Sulbactan é tão segura e eficaz quanto a Amoxacilina/Clavulanato no tratamento empírico de IVAS em adultos. A ocorrência significativamente menor de quadros de diarréia no grupo recebendo Ampicilina/Sulbactan necessita confirmação em estudos posteriores.
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Ferreira JB, Rapoport PB, Sakano E, Kós AODA, Piltcher OB, Pignatari SSN, Pinheiro SD, Mocellin M. Efficacy and safety of Sultamicillin (Ampicillin/Sulbactan) and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in adults - an open-label, multicentric, randomized trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 72:104-11. [PMID: 16917560 PMCID: PMC9445655 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)30041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common causes of medical visits in children and adults, demanding massive use of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance caused by beta-lactamase is one of the most serious problems in this matter. Sultamicillin, a double pro-drug of Ampicillin/Sulbactan, is a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor which can face this challenge. Aim evaluate efficacy, safety and tolerability of Ampicillin/Sulbactan compared to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in upper respiratory tract infections in adults. Methods 102 patients were enrolled and randomized to receive Ampicillin/Sulbactan or Amoxicillin/Clavulanate during 10 days. They were evaluated 10 and 30 days after treatment to learn about the therapeutic response. Results There were no differences between the two groups respecting cure at the end of treatment (visit 2) or at the end of the study (visit 3). Cure ratio was 61.7% and 93.2% (visits 2 and 3) in the Amoxicillin/Clavulanate group compared to 64.4% and 97.4%, respectively, in Ampicillin/Sulbactan group. The adverse events ratio for the two groups was the same (p=0.940). The number of patients with diarrhea was greater in the group of patients receiving Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (70.6%) than in the group receiving Ampicillin/Sulbactan (29.4%) (p=0.0164). Conclusions Ampicillin/Sulbactan is as safe and efficient as Amoxicillin/Clavulanate in the empiric treatment of upper respiratory infections in adults. The low occurrence of diarrhea in the group receiving Ampicillin/Sulbactan needs confirmation in other studies.
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Gonzales R, Corbett KK, Leeman-Castillo BA, Glazner J, Erbacher K, Darr CA, Wong S, Maselli JH, Sauaia A, Kafadar K. The "minimizing antibiotic resistance in Colorado" project: impact of patient education in improving antibiotic use in private office practices. Health Serv Res 2005; 40:101-16. [PMID: 15663704 PMCID: PMC1361128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the marginal impact of patient education on antibiotic prescribing to children with pharyngitis and adults with acute bronchitis in private office practices. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Antibiotic prescription rates based on claims data from four managed care organizations in Colorado during baseline (winter 2000) and study (winter 2001) periods. STUDY DESIGN A nonrandomized controlled trial of a household and office-based patient educational intervention was performed. During both periods, Colorado physicians were mailed antibiotic prescribing profiles and practices guidelines as part of an ongoing quality improvement program. Intervention practices (n=7) were compared with local and distant control practices. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Office visits were extracted by managed care organizations using International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification codes for acute respiratory tract infections, and merged with pharmacy claims data based on visit and dispensing dates coinciding within 2 days. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Adjusted antibiotic prescription rates during baseline and study periods increased from 38 to 39 percent for pediatric pharyngitis at the distant control practices, and decreased from 39 to 37 percent at the local control practices, and from 34 to 30 percent at the intervention practices (p=.18 compared with distant control practices). Adjusted antibiotic prescription rates decreased from 50 to 44 percent for adult bronchitis at the distant control practices, from 55 to 45 percent at the local control practices, and from 60 to 36 percent at the intervention practices (p<.002 and p=.006 compared with distant and local control practices, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In office practices, there appears to be little room for improvement in antibiotic prescription rates for children with pharyngitis. In contrast, patient education helps reduce antibiotic use for adults with acute bronchitis beyond that achieved by physician-directed efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Gonzales
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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Gerber MA, Shulman ST. Rapid diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:571-80, table of contents. [PMID: 15258094 PMCID: PMC452552 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.3.571-580.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although commercial rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) are more expensive than blood agar plate (BAP) cultures, the advantage they offer is the speed with which they provide results. Rapid identification and consequent prompt treatment of patients with pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) can reduce the risk of spread of GABHS, can allow patients to return to school or work sooner, and may reduce the acute morbidity of this illness. In most studies, RADTs have been compared with BAP cultures as the criterion standard. However, these comparisons are complicated by the fact that there is no universally accepted procedure for performing a BAP culture. The great majority of the RADTs that are currently available have a high specificity (i.e., 95% or greater) and a sensitivity of between 70 and 90% compared with BAP cultures. Few published studies have compared the performance of various RADTs to each other or examined the performance of various RADTs in the office setting. There is also relatively little published information about how physicians in practice actually use RADTs, but the available information suggests that many physicians do not follow recommended guidelines. While the development of easy-to-perform RADTs for the diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis has altered clinical practice substantially, only limited data about cost-effectiveness are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MC5019, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Chapin KC, Blake P, Wilson CD. Performance characteristics and utilization of rapid antigen test, DNA probe, and culture for detection of group a streptococci in an acute care clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4207-10. [PMID: 12409399 PMCID: PMC139657 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.11.4207-4210.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) antigen testing has become a routine point-of-care (POC) test in acute care settings. Concern about performance parameters (PP) of these tests as well as inappropriate antibiotic use has resulted in various recommendations regarding diagnosis of GAS. There were two objectives in this study. The first was to evaluate the rapid GAS antigen test presently in use (Thermo BioStar, Boulder, Colo.) and the GAS Direct probe test (Gen-Probe, San Diego, Calif.) compared to culture. The second was to define the optimal use of these technologies in a large acute care pediatric clinic. A total of 520 consecutive pediatric patients presenting with symptoms of pharyngitis at any of three Lahey Clinic acute care facilities were evaluated. Pharyngeal specimens were collected using a double-swab collection device (Copan, Corona, Calif.). One swab was used for the antigen test, the second was used for the probe test, and the pledget was placed in the collection device for culture on 5% sheep blood agar, incubated for 48 h anaerobically, and subsequently placed in Todd-Hewitt broth. After discrepant analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were as follows: 94.8, 100, 100, and 96.9% for the probe test and 86.1, 97.1, 93.7, and 93.4% for the antigen test, respectively. Sensitivity using an enhanced culture technique was 99.4% (163 of 164). False-positive (FP) antigen results were often seen from patients previously diagnosed and/or treated for GAS. No FP results were seen with the probe test. Colony counts for the false-negative (FN) antigen tests were higher than those for the FN probe tests. Compared to culture and DNA probe, the rapid antigen test (RAT) offered a result at the time of the patient's visit, with acceptable PP when prevalence of disease is high. Follow-up testing with the RAT of GAS patients who previously tested as positive should be avoided due to increased FP results. The probe test was comparable to culture in performance. Results indicate the probe test can be used as the primary test or as a backup to negative antigen tests. The probe test offers the advantage over culture of same-day reporting of a final result but, in contrast to a POC test, necessitates follow-up communication to the patient. Preliminary data show the specificity of the probe test to be greater than that of the RAT for patients previously diagnosed with GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberle C Chapin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine. Department of Pediatrics, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Massachusetts 01805, USA.
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Borriello SP. Science, medicine, and the future. Near patient microbiological tests. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:298-301. [PMID: 10426746 PMCID: PMC1126935 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7205.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Borriello
- PHLS Central Public Health Laboratory, London NW9 5HT.
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Kellogg JA. Treatment strategies for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2118-9. [PMID: 10383261 PMCID: PMC85060 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.6.2118-2119.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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