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Slater D, Hutt Vater K, Sridhar S, Hwang W, Bielawski D, Turbett SE, LaRocque RC, Harris JB. Multiplexed real-time PCR for the detection and differentiation of Klebsiella pneumoniae O-antigen serotypes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0037524. [PMID: 39115309 PMCID: PMC11371267 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00375-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a global health threat due to its role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance and because it is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections and neonatal sepsis. Capsular and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen polysaccharide surface antigens are major immunogens that are useful for strain classification and are candidates for vaccine development. We have developed real-time PCR reagents for molecular serotyping, subtyping, and quantitation of the most prevalent LPS O-antigen types (i.e., O1, O2, O3, and O5) of Klebsiella pneumoniae. We describe two applications for this O-typing assay: for screening culture isolates and for direct typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae present in stool samples. We find 100% concordance between the results of the O-typing assay and whole-genome sequencing of 81 culture isolates, and >90% agreement in O-typing performed directly on specimens of human stool, with disagreement arising primarily from a lack of sensitivity of the culture-based comparator method. Additionally, we find evidence for mixed O-type populations at varying levels of abundance in direct tests of stool from a hospitalized patient population. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this novel O-typing assay can be a useful tool for K. pneumoniae epidemiologic and vaccine studies.IMPORTANCEKlebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the primary reservoir of K. pneumoniae in humans, and GI carriage is believed to be a prerequisite for invasive infection. Knowledge about the dynamics and duration of GI carriage has been hampered by the lack of tools suitable for detection and strain discrimination. Real-time PCR is particularly suited to the higher-throughput workflows used in population-based studies, which are needed to improve our understanding of carriage dynamics and the factors influencing K. pneumoniae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Slater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kian Hutt Vater
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wontae Hwang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Bielawski
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E Turbett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Muner JJ, de Oliveira PAA, Baboghlian J, Moura SC, de Andrade AG, de Oliveira MM, Campos YFD, Mançano ASF, Siqueira NMG, Pacheco T, Ferraz LFC. The transcriptional regulator Fur modulates the expression of uge, a gene essential for the core lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:279. [PMID: 39061004 PMCID: PMC11282780 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative pathogen that has become a threat to public health worldwide due to the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant strains. Cell-surface components, such as polysaccharide capsules, fimbriae, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are among the major virulence factors for K. pneumoniae. One of the genes involved in LPS biosynthesis is the uge gene, which encodes the uridine diphosphate galacturonate 4-epimerase enzyme. Although essential for the LPS formation in K. pneumoniae, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the expression of uge. Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is an iron-responsive transcription factor that modulates the expression of capsular and fimbrial genes, but its role in LPS expression has not yet been identified. This work aimed to investigate the role of the Fur regulator in the expression of the K. pneumoniae uge gene and to determine whether the production of LPS by K. pneumoniae is modulated by the iron levels available to the bacterium. RESULTS Using bioinformatic analyses, a Fur-binding site was identified on the promoter region of the uge gene; this binding site was validated experimentally through Fur Titration Assay (FURTA) and DNA Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) techniques. RT-qPCR analyses were used to evaluate the expression of uge according to the iron levels available to the bacterium. The iron-rich condition led to a down-regulation of uge, while the iron-restricted condition resulted in up-regulation. In addition, LPS was extracted and quantified on K. pneumoniae cells subjected to iron-replete and iron-limited conditions. The iron-limited condition increased the amount of LPS produced by K. pneumoniae. Finally, the expression levels of uge and the amount of the LPS were evaluated on a K. pneumoniae strain mutant for the fur gene. Compared to the wild-type, the strain with the fur gene knocked out presented a lower LPS amount and an unchanged expression of uge, regardless of the iron levels. CONCLUSIONS Here, we show that iron deprivation led the K. pneumoniae cells to produce higher amount of LPS and that the Fur regulator modulates the expression of uge, a gene essential for LPS biosynthesis. Thus, our results indicate that iron availability modulates the LPS biosynthesis in K. pneumoniae through a Fur-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Júlio Muner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Paloma Aparecida Alves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
- Central Multiusuária de Análises Genômica e Transcriptômica (CmAGT), Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Baboghlian
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Stefany Casarin Moura
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yasmin Ferreira de Campos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thaisy Pacheco
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Fábio Caldas Ferraz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular e Clínica, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
- Central Multiusuária de Análises Genômica e Transcriptômica (CmAGT), Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Kelly SD, Williams DM, Zhu S, Kim T, Jana M, Nothof J, Thota VN, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Klebsiella pneumoniae O-polysaccharide biosynthesis highlights the diverse organization of catalytic modules in ABC transporter-dependent glycan assembly. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107420. [PMID: 38815868 PMCID: PMC11231755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae provides influential prototypes for lipopolysaccharide O antigen (OPS) biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria. Sequences of OPS-biosynthesis gene clusters in serotypes O4 and O7 suggest fundamental differences in the organization of required enzyme modules compared to other serotypes. Furthermore, some required activities were not assigned by homology shared with characterized enzymes. The goal of this study was therefore to resolve the serotype O4 and O7 pathways to expand our broader understanding of glycan polymerization and chain termination processes. The O4 and O7 antigens were produced from cloned genetic loci in recombinant Escherichia coli. Systematic in vivo and in vitro approaches were then applied to assign each enzyme in each of the pathways, defining the necessary components for polymerization and chain termination. OPS assembly is accomplished by multiprotein complexes formed by interactions between polymerase components variably distributed in single and multimodule proteins. In each complex, a terminator function is present in a protein containing a characteristic coiled-coil molecular ruler, which determines glycan chain length. In serotype O4, we discovered a CMP-α-3-deoxy-ᴅ-manno-octulosonic acid-dependent chain-terminating glycosyltransferase that is the founding member of a new glycosyltransferase family (GT137) and potentially identifies a new glycosyltransferase fold. The O7 OPS is terminated by a methylphosphate moiety, like the K. pneumoniae O3 antigen, but the methyltransferase-kinase enzyme pairs responsible for termination in these serotypes differ in sequence and predicted structures. Together, the characterization of O4 and O7 has established unique enzyme activities and provided new insight into glycan-assembly strategies that are widely distributed in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M Williams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawna Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taeok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manas Jana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy Nothof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Artyszuk D, Jachymek W, Izdebski R, Gniadkowski M, Lukasiewicz J. The OL101 O antigen locus specifies a novel Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O13 structure. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121581. [PMID: 38142087 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the priority objects for the development of new therapies against infections. The species has been perceived as of limited variety of O antigens (11 O serotypes identified to date). That trait makes lipopolysaccharide an attractive target for protective antibodies. Nowadays, K. pneumoniae O antigens encoding genes are often analysed by bioinformatic tools, such as Kaptive, indicating higher actual diversity of the O antigen loci. One of the novel K. pneumoniae O loci for which the antigen structure has not been elucidated so far is OL101. In this study, four clinical isolates predicted as OL101 were characterized and found to have the O antigen structure composed of β-Kdop-[→3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→4)-α-d-Glcp-(1→]n, representing a novel serotype O13. Identification of the β-Kdop terminus was based on the analysis of the complete LPS molecule by the HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The bioinformatic analysis of 71,377 K. pneumoniae genomes from public databases (July 2023) revealed a notable OL101 prevalence of 6.55 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Artyszuk
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jachymek
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Izdebski
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Gniadkowski
- National Medicines Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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5
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Dong M, Ma X, Wang D, Ma X, Zhang J, Yu L, Yang Q, Hu D, Qiao D. Higher Virulence Renders K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae a Stable Share Among Those from Pyogenic Liver Abscess. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:283-291. [PMID: 38293315 PMCID: PMC10825582 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s442454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore why serotype K2 accounts for a stable share in Klebsiella pneumoniae from pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). Methods Totally 15 K2 K. pneumoniae strains from PLA, 21 K2 from non-PLA, and 31 K1 from PLA were collected from China. Sequence typing, molecular serotyping, regular PCR, and Galleria mellonella lethality were performed. A total of 12 virulence genes were detected: peg-344, allS, p-rmpA, p-rmpA2, c-rmpA, fimH, mrkD, iucA, iroN, irp2, entB, and wzi. The differences between K2 K. pneumoniae strains from PLA and non-PLA were investigated along with K1 ones. Results Significant differences were found between K2 strains from PLA and non-PLA for the rates of virulence genes peg-344 and iucA. The latter group also showed more diverse sequence types than the former. Significant differences were only found for virulence genes allS and irp2 between K1 and K2 strains from PLA. Based on the equal virulence factors backgrounds other than serotypes, K2 strain is more virulent than K1 as G. mellonella lethality confirmed. Gene p-rmpA only brings equal virulence to p-rmpA plus p-rmpA2 in K2 strain. Conclusion Based on the same virulence factors backgrounds except serotypes, K2 K. pneumoniae is more virulent than K1 from PLA, which provides a survival advantage to maintain a stable share.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donglian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University (Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing), Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianhua Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dakang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dengyan Qiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Wantuch PL, Rosen DA. Klebsiella pneumoniae: adaptive immune landscapes and vaccine horizons. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:826-844. [PMID: 37704549 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is among the most common antibiotic-resistant pathogens causing nosocomial infections. Additionally, it is a leading cause of neonatal sepsis and childhood mortality across the globe. Despite its clinical importance, we are only beginning to understand how the mammalian adaptive immune system responds to this pathogen. Further, many studies investigating potential K. pneumoniae vaccine candidates or alternative therapies have been launched in recent years. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the adaptive immune response to K. pneumoniae infections and progress towards developing vaccines and other therapies to combat these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paeton L Wantuch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David A Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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7
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Khalid K, Poh CL. The Promising Potential of Reverse Vaccinology-Based Next-Generation Vaccine Development over Conventional Vaccines against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1264. [PMID: 37515079 PMCID: PMC10385262 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, leading to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. To address this issue, next-generation vaccines are being developed to prevent antimicrobial resistance caused by MDR bacteria. Traditional vaccine platforms, such as inactivated vaccines (IVs) and live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), were effective in preventing bacterial infections. However, they have shown reduced efficacy against emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including MDR M. tuberculosis. Additionally, the large-scale production of LAVs and IVs requires the growth of live pathogenic microorganisms. A more promising approach for the accelerated development of vaccines against antibiotic-resistant bacteria involves the use of in silico immunoinformatics techniques and reverse vaccinology. The bioinformatics approach can identify highly conserved antigenic targets capable of providing broader protection against emerging drug-resistant bacteria. Multi-epitope vaccines, such as recombinant protein-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, which incorporate several antigenic targets, offer the potential for accelerated development timelines. This review evaluates the potential of next-generation vaccine development based on the reverse vaccinology approach and highlights the development of safe and immunogenic vaccines through relevant examples from successful preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Khalid
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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8
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Palusiak A. Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae as pathogens capable of causing co-infections and exhibiting similarities in their virulence factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991657. [PMID: 36339335 PMCID: PMC9630907 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genera Klebsiella and Proteus were independently described in 1885. These Gram-negative rods colonize the human intestinal tract regarded as the main reservoir of these opportunistic pathogens. In favorable conditions they cause infections, often hospital-acquired ones. The activity of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, the leading pathogens within each genus, results in infections of the urinary (UTIs) and respiratory tracts, wounds, bacteremia, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae cause polymicrobial UTIs, which are often persistent due to the catheter biofilm formation or increasing resistance of the bacteria to antibiotics. In this situation a need arises to find the antigens with features common to both species. Among many virulence factors produced by both pathogens urease shows some structural similarities but the biggest similarities have been observed in lipids A and the core regions of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Both species produce capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) but only in K. pneumoniae these antigens play a crucial role in the serological classification scheme, which in Proteus spp. is based on the structural and serological diversity of LPS O-polysaccharides (OPSs). Structural and serological similarities observed for Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. polysaccharides are important in the search for the cross-reacting vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Palusiak
- Laboratory of General Microbiology, Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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9
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Lam MMC, Wick RR, Judd LM, Holt KE, Wyres KL. Kaptive 2.0: updated capsule and lipopolysaccharide locus typing for the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex. Microb Genom 2022; 8:000800. [PMID: 35311639 PMCID: PMC9176290 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer polysaccharide capsule and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens are key targets for novel control strategies targeting Klebsiella pneumoniae and related taxa from the K. pneumoniae species complex (KpSC), including vaccines, phage and monoclonal antibody therapies. Given the importance and growing interest in these highly diverse surface antigens, we had previously developed Kaptive, a tool for rapidly identifying and typing capsule (K) and outer LPS (O) loci from whole genome sequence data. Here, we report two significant updates, now freely available in Kaptive 2.0 (https://github.com/katholt/kaptive): (i) the addition of 16 novel K locus sequences to the K locus reference database following an extensive search of >17 000 KpSC genomes; and (ii) enhanced O locus typing to enable prediction of the clinically relevant O2 antigen (sub)types, for which the genetic determinants have been recently described. We applied Kaptive 2.0 to a curated dataset of >12 000 public KpSC genomes to explore for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the distribution of predicted O (sub)types across species, sampling niches and clones, which highlighted key differences in the distributions that warrant further investigation. As the uptake of genomic surveillance approaches continues to expand globally, the application of Kaptive 2.0 will generate novel insights essential for the design of effective KpSC control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. C. Lam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Ryan R. Wick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kelly L. Wyres
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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10
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Verde A, Mangini M, Managò S, Tramontano C, Rea I, Boraschi D, Italiani P, De Luca AC. SERS Sensing of Bacterial Endotoxin on Gold Nanoparticles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758410. [PMID: 34691081 PMCID: PMC8530015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) find application in several fields related to human activities (i.e., food and cosmetic industry or water purification) including medicine, where they are employed for diagnosis, drug delivery and cancer therapy. As for any material/reagent for human use, the safety of AuNPs needs accurate evaluation. AuNPs are prone to contamination by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), a potent elicitor of inflammatory responses in mammals. It is therefore important, when assessing AuNP immunosafety and immune-related effects, to discriminate between inflammatory effects intrinsic to the NPs from those caused by an undeliberate and undetected LPS contamination. Detection of LPS contamination in AuNP preparations poses different problems when using the current LPS detection assays, given the general interference of NPs, similar to other particulate agents, with the assay reagents and endpoints. This leads to time-consuming search for optimal assay conditions for every NP batch, with unpredictable results, and to the use in parallel of different assays, each with its weaknesses and unpredictability. Thus, the development of highly sensitive, quantitative and accurate assays able to detect of LPS on AuNPs is very important, in view of their medical applications. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a label-free, sensitive, chemical-specific, nondestructive and fast technique that can be used to directly obtain molecular fingerprint information and a quantitative analysis of LPS adsorbed on AuNPs. Within this study, we describe the use of SERS for the label-free identification and quantitative evaluation - down to few attograms - of the LPS adsorbed on the surface of 50 nm AuNPs. We thus propose SERS as an efficient tool to detect LPS on the AuNP surface, and as the basis for the development of a new sensitive and specific LPS-detection sensor based on the use of AuNPs and SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Verde
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Second Unit, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Mangini
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Second Unit, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Managò
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Second Unit, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Tramontano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), Unit of Napoli, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rea
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), Unit of Napoli, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn", Napoli, Italy.,The Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), Second Unit, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli, Italy
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11
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Ali S, Alam M, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. Potential therapeutic targets of Klebsiella pneumoniae: a multi-omics review perspective. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:63-77. [PMID: 34448478 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance developed in many organisms due to the prolonged use of antibiotics has been an increasing global health crisis. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a causal organism for various infections, including respiratory, urinary tract and biliary diseases. Initially, immunocompromised individuals are primarily affected by K. pneumoniae. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains recently, both healthy and immunocompetent individuals are equally susceptible to K. pneumoniae infections. The infections caused by multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains are complicated to treat, illustrating an urgent need to develop novel and more practical approaches to combat the pathogen. We focused on the previously performed high-throughput analyses by other groups to discover several novel enzymes that may be considered attractive drug targets of K. pneumoniae. These targets qualify most of the selection criteria for drug targeting, including an absence of its homolog's gene in the host. The capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, siderophores and essential virulence factors facilitate the pathogen entry, infection and survival inside the host. This review discusses K. pneumoniae pathophysiology, including its virulence determinants and further the potential drug targets that might facilitate the discovery of novel drugs and effective treatment regimens shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeha Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025, India
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12
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Peng Z, Wu J, Wang K, Li X, Sun P, Zhang L, Huang J, Liu Y, Hua X, Yu Y, Pan C, Wang H, Zhu L. Production of a Promising Biosynthetic Self-Assembled Nanoconjugate Vaccine against Klebsiella Pneumoniae Serotype O2 in a General Escherichia Coli Host. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100549. [PMID: 34032027 PMCID: PMC8292882 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a severe opportunistic pathogen with multiple drug resistances. Finding effective vaccines against this pathogen is urgent. Although O-polysaccharides (OPS) of K. pneumoniae are suitable antigens for the preparation of vaccines given their low levels of diversity, the low immunogenicity (especially serotype O2) limit their application. In this study, a general Escherichia coli host system is developed to produce a nanoscale conjugate vaccine against K. pneumoniae using the Nano-B5 self-assembly platform. The experimental data illustrate that this nanoconjugate vaccine can induce an efficient humoral immune response in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and elicit high titers of the IgG antibody against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ideal prophylactic effects of these nanoconjugate vaccines are further demonstrated in mouse models of both systemic and pulmonary infection. These results demonstrate that OPS with low immunogenicity can be changed into an effective antigen, indicating that other haptens may be applicable to this strategy in the future. To the knowledge, this is the first study to produce biosynthetic nanoconjugate vaccines against K. pneumoniae in E. coli, and this strategy can be applied to the development of other vaccines against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Kangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RdHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RdHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyNo. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai DistrictBeijing100071P. R. China
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13
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Arato V, Raso MM, Gasperini G, Berlanda Scorza F, Micoli F. Prophylaxis and Treatment against Klebsiella pneumoniae: Current Insights on This Emerging Anti-Microbial Resistant Global Threat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4042. [PMID: 33919847 PMCID: PMC8070759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, mostly affecting subjects with compromised immune systems or suffering from concurrent bacterial infections. However, the dramatic increase in hypervirulent strains and the emergence of new multidrug-resistant clones resulted in Kp occurrence among previously healthy people and in increased morbidity and mortality, including neonatal sepsis and death across low- and middle-income countries. As a consequence, carbapenem-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Kp have been prioritized as a critical anti-microbial resistance threat by the World Health Organization and this has renewed the interest of the scientific community in developing a vaccine as well as treatments alternative to the now ineffective antibiotics. Capsule polysaccharide is the most important virulence factor of Kp and plays major roles in the pathogenesis but its high variability (more than 100 different types have been reported) makes the identification of a universal treatment or prevention strategy very challenging. However, less variable virulence factors such as the O-Antigen, outer membrane proteins as fimbriae and siderophores might also be key players in the fight against Kp infections. Here, we review elements of the current status of the epidemiology and the molecular pathogenesis of Kp and explore specific bacterial antigens as potential targets for both prophylactic and therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.A.); (M.M.R.); (G.G.); (F.B.S.)
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14
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Zhu J, Wang T, Chen L, Du H. Virulence Factors in Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:642484. [PMID: 33897652 PMCID: PMC8060575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) has spread globally since first described in the Asian Pacific Rim. It is an invasive variant that differs from the classical K. pneumoniae (cKP), with hypermucoviscosity and hypervirulence, causing community-acquired infections, including pyogenic liver abscess, pneumonia, meningitis, and endophthalmitis. It utilizes a battery of virulence factors for survival and pathogenesis, such as capsule, siderophores, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, outer membrane proteins, and type 6 secretion system, of which the former two are dominant. This review summarizes these hvKP-associated virulence factors in order to understand its molecular pathogenesis and shed light on new strategies to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hvKP-causing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Wareth G, Neubauer H. The Animal-foods-environment interface of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Germany: an observational study on pathogenicity, resistance development and the current situation. Vet Res 2021; 52:16. [PMID: 33557913 PMCID: PMC7871605 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae as a multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen is an emerging challenge for clinicians worldwide. Virulence factors are capsular antigens, adherence factors, the O-lipopolysaccharide, and siderophores promoting infectivity. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are inactivation of compounds via enzymes, change of membrane permeability, and alteration of the target site of the antimicrobial compound. In addition to environmental resistance, K. pneumoniae can survive increasing concentrations of disinfectants, if exposed. This review describes the temporal and spatial distribution of K. pneumoniae in the past decades in Germany, with emphases on the development of resistance in the non-human columns of the One-Health concept. In general, K. pneumoniae is a neglected pathogen in veterinary and environmental health, and the risk of human infection concerning animal contact and food consumption is barely investigated. Few reports exist (n = 26) on antibiotic resistance of isolates from non-human origin. Multi-drug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (MDR-ESBL) strains also resistant to carbapenems and antibiotics of the ß-lactam group harbor blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCMY, and PMQR have been found in animals, foods, and the environment. Colistin resistant strains carrying the mcr-1 gene were detected in wastewater. The blaCTX-M-15 and blaOXA-48 genes are the most frequently identified AMR genes in isolates of humans and were also the most predominant ESBL-genes in samples collected from animal hosts. Several aspects of the molecular epidemiology and resistance development of K. pneumoniae in farm animal populations, wildlife, and foods need intensive research. Environmental health has to be integrated into national research plans, as a lack of data is apparent. Increasing awareness of the fact that non-human sources can act as a reservoir for this pathogen has to be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Street 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Street 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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16
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Microbiota-mediated protection against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Genes Immun 2021; 22:255-267. [PMID: 33947987 PMCID: PMC8497270 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Colonization by the microbiota provides one of our most effective barriers against infection by pathogenic microbes. The microbiota protects against infection by priming immune defenses, by metabolic exclusion of pathogens from their preferred niches, and through direct antimicrobial antagonism. Disruption of the microbiota, especially by antibiotics, is a major risk factor for bacterial pathogen colonization. Restoration of the microbiota through microbiota transplantation has been shown to be an effective way to reduce pathogen burden in the intestine but comes with a number of drawbacks, including the possibility of transferring other pathogens into the host, lack of standardization, and potential disruption to host metabolism. More refined methods to exploit the power of the microbiota would allow us to utilize its protective power without the drawbacks of fecal microbiota transplantation. To achieve this requires detailed understanding of which members of the microbiota protect against specific pathogens and the mechanistic basis for their effects. In this review, we will discuss the clinical and experimental evidence that has begun to reveal which members of the microbiota protect against some of the most troublesome antibiotic-resistant pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Clostridioides difficile.
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17
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The Impact of Insertion Sequences on O-Serotype Phenotype and Its O-Locus-Based Prediction in Klebsiella pneumoniae O2 and O1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186572. [PMID: 32911792 PMCID: PMC7556023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen, pointed out by the World Helth Organisation (WHO) as “critical” regarding the highly limited options of treatment. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, O-antigen) and capsular polysaccharide (K-antigen) are its virulence factors and surface antigens, determining O- and K-serotypes and encoded by O- or K-loci. They are promising targets for antibody-based therapies (vaccines and passive immunization) as an alternative to antibiotics. To make such immunotherapy effective, knowledge about O/K-antigen structures, drift, and distribution among clinical isolates is needed. At present, the structural analysis of O-antigens is efficiently supported by bioinformatics. O- and K-loci-based genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or whole genome sequencing WGS has been proposed as a diagnostic tool, including the Kaptive tool available in the public domain. We analyzed discrepancies for O2 serotyping between Kaptive-based predictions (O2 variant 2 serotype) and the actual phenotype (O2 variant 1) for two K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Identified length discrepancies from the reference O-locus resulted from insertion sequences (ISs) within rfb regions of the O-loci. In silico analysis of 8130 O1 and O2 genomes available in public databases indicated a broader distribution of ISs in rfbs that may influence the actual O-antigen structure. Our results show that current high-throughput genotyping algorithms need to be further refined to consider the effects of ISs on the LPS O-serotype.
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18
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Choi M, Hegerle N, Nkeze J, Sen S, Jamindar S, Nasrin S, Sen S, Permala-Booth J, Sinclair J, Tapia MD, Johnson JK, Mamadou S, Thaden JT, Fowler VG, Aguilar A, Terán E, Decre D, Morel F, Krogfelt KA, Brauner A, Protonotariou E, Christaki E, Shindo Y, Lin YT, Kwa AL, Shakoor S, Singh-Moodley A, Perovic O, Jacobs J, Lunguya O, Simon R, Cross AS, Tennant SM. The Diversity of Lipopolysaccharide (O) and Capsular Polysaccharide (K) Antigens of Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Multi-Country Collection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1249. [PMID: 32595624 PMCID: PMC7303279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of sepsis and is particularly associated with healthcare-associated infections. New strategies are needed to prevent or treat infections due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae. The goal of this study was to determine the diversity and distribution of O (lipopolysaccharide) and K (capsular polysaccharide) antigens on a large (>500) global collection of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from blood to inform vaccine development efforts. A total of 645 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from the blood of patients in 13 countries during 2005-2017. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. O antigen types including the presence of modified O galactan types were determined by PCR. K types were determined by multiplex PCR and wzi capsular typing. Sequence types of isolates were determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) targeting seven housekeeping genes. Among 591 isolates tested for antimicrobial resistance, we observed that 19.3% of isolates were non-susceptible to carbapenems and 62.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant (from as low as 16% in Sweden to 94% in Pakistan). Among 645 isolates, four serotypes, O1, O2, O3, and O5, accounted for 90.1% of K. pneumoniae strains. Serotype O1 was associated with multidrug resistance. Fifty percent of 199 tested O1 and O2 strains were gmlABC-positive, indicating the presence of the modified polysaccharide subunit D-galactan III. The most common K type was K2 by both multiplex PCR and wzi capsular typing. Of 39 strains tested by MLST, 36 strains were assigned to 26 known sequence types of which ST14, ST25, and ST258 were the most common. Given the limited number of O antigen types, diverse K antigen types and the high multidrug resistance, we believe that an O antigen-based vaccine would offer an excellent prophylactic strategy to prevent K. pneumoniae invasive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjin Choi
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicolas Hegerle
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Nkeze
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shaichi Sen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sanchita Jamindar
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shamima Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sunil Sen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jasnehta Permala-Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James Sinclair
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sylla Mamadou
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
| | - Joshua T Thaden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ana Aguilar
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud e Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Enrique Terán
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud e Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dominique Decre
- Département de Bactériologie, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Cimi-Paris, INSERM U1135, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Paris, France
| | - Florence Morel
- Département de Bactériologie, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Cimi-Paris, INSERM U1135, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Paris, France
| | | | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eirini Christaki
- Department of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yuichiro Shindo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yi-Tsung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrea L Kwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sadia Shakoor
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ashika Singh-Moodley
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olga Perovic
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbiology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alan S Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Patro LPP, Rathinavelan T. Targeting the Sugary Armor of Klebsiella Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:367. [PMID: 31781512 PMCID: PMC6856556 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative Klebsiella species is an urgent global threat. The World Health Organization has listed Klebsiella pneumoniae as one of the global priority pathogens in critical need of next-generation antibiotics. Compared to other Gram-negative pathogens, K. pneumoniae accumulates a greater diversity of antimicrobial-resistant genes at a higher frequency. The evolution of a hypervirulent phenotype of K. pneumoniae is yet another concern. It has a broad ecological distribution affecting humans, agricultural animals, plants, and aquatic animals. Extracellular polysaccharides of Klebsiella, such as lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides, play crucial roles in conferring resistance against the host immune response, as well as in colonization, surface adhesion, and for protection against antibiotics and bacteriophages. These extracellular polysaccharides are major virulent determinants and are highly divergent with respect to their antigenic properties. Wzx/Wzy-, ABC-, and synthase-dependent proteinaceous nano-machineries are involved in the biosynthesis, transport, and cell surface expression of these sugar molecules. Although the proteins involved in the biosynthesis and surface expression of these sugar molecules represent potential drug targets, variation in the amino acid sequences of some of these proteins, in combination with diversity in their sugar composition, poses a major challenge to the design of a universal drug for Klebsiella infections. This review discusses the challenges in universal Klebsiella vaccine and drug development from the perspective of antigen sugar compositions and the proteins involved in extracellular antigen transport.
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20
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Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide as a target for therapeutics and vaccines. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1360-1366. [PMID: 31762959 PMCID: PMC6861629 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant (CR) Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as an urgent public health threat in many industrialized countries worldwide, including the United States. Infections caused by CR K. pneumoniae are difficult to treat because these organisms are typically resistant to multiple antibiotics, and the patients have significant comorbidities. Notably, there is high (∼50%) mortality among individuals with bacteremia caused by CR K. pneumoniae. Given the dearth of new antibiotics, and the recent convergence of multidrug resistance and hypervirulence, there is a critical need for alternative strategies for the treatment of CR K. pneumoniae infections. The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) of K. pneumoniae has long been viewed as an important virulence factor that promotes resistance to phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity. Thus, the CPS has been targeted previously for the development of therapeutics and vaccines, although there is no licensed CPS-based vaccine or therapy for the treatment of CR K. pneumoniae infections. Here, we discuss immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic approaches that have been tested previously for the treatment of Klebsiella infections. We also suggest potential strategies to promote development of CPS-based vaccines and therapies for prevention and treatment of CR K. pneumoniae infections.
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21
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Choi M, Tennant SM, Simon R, Cross AS. Progress towards the development of Klebsiella vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:681-691. [PMID: 31250679 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1635460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) are a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. The dramatic increase in microbial resistance to third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenem 'front line' antimicrobial agents and the paucity of new antimicrobials have left clinicians with few therapeutic options and resulted in increased morbidity and mortality. Vaccines may reduce the incidence of infections thereby reducing the necessity for antimicrobials and are not subject to antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Areas covered: We review whole cell, subunit, capsular polysaccharide (CPS), O polysaccharide (OPS) and conjugate vaccines against KP infection, as well as alternative KP vaccine platforms. Expert opinion: Vaccine-induced antibodies to KP CPS have been protective in preclinical studies, but the number of CPS types (>77) makes vaccines against this virulence factor less feasible. Since four OPS serotypes account of ~80% of invasive KP infections and anti-OPS antibodies are also protective in preclinical studies, both OPS-based conjugate and multiple antigen presenting system (MAPS) vaccines are in active development. Vaccines based on other KP virulence factors, such as outer membrane proteins, type 3 fimbriae (MrkA) and siderophores are at earlier stages of development. Novel strategies for the clinical testing of KP vaccines need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjin Choi
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sharon M Tennant
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Raphael Simon
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Alan S Cross
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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22
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Kelly SD, Clarke BR, Ovchinnikova OG, Sweeney RP, Williamson ML, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 and O2ac antigens provide prototypes for an unusual strategy for polysaccharide antigen diversification. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10863-10876. [PMID: 31138653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited range of different structures is observed in O-antigenic polysaccharides (OPSs) from Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharides. Among these, several are based on modifications of a conserved core element of serotype O2a OPS, which has a disaccharide repeat structure [→3)-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galf-(1→]. Here, we describe the enzymatic pathways for a highly unusual modification strategy involving the attachment of a second glycan repeat-unit structure to the nonreducing terminus of O2a. This occurs by the addition of the O1 [→3)-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galp-(1→] or O2c [→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→5)-β-d-Galf-(1→] antigens. The organization of the enzyme activities performing these modifications differs, with the enzyme WbbY possessing two glycosyltransferase catalytic sites solely responsible for O1 antigen polymerization and forming a complex with the O2a glycosyltransferase WbbM. In contrast, O2c polymerization requires glycosyltransferases WbmV and WbmW, which interact with one another but apparently not with WbbM. Using defined synthetic acceptors and site-directed mutants to assign the activities of the WbbY catalytic sites, we found that the C-terminal WbbY domain is a UDP-Galp-dependent GT-A galactosyltransferase adding β-(1→3)-linked d-Galp, whereas the WbbY N terminus includes a GT-B enzyme adding α-(1→3)-linked d-Galp These activities build the O1 antigen on a terminal Galp in the O2a domain. Using similar approaches, we identified WbmV as the UDP-GlcNAc transferase and noted that WbmW represents a UDP-Galf-dependent enzyme and that both are GT-A members. WbmVW polymerizes the O2c antigen on a terminal Galf. Our results provide mechanistic and conceptual insights into an important strategy for polysaccharide antigen diversification in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 and
| | - Bradley R Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 and
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 and
| | - Ryan P Sweeney
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Monica L Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 and
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 and.
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23
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Argunov DA, Trostianetskaia AS, Krylov VB, Kurbatova EA, Nifantiev NE. Convergent Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Structurally Related to Galactan I and Galactan II ofKlebsiella Pneumoniaeand their Use in Screening of Antibody Specificity. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Argunov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiia S. Trostianetskaia
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Higher Chemical College; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Vadim B. Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Immunology; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera; Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky prospect 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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24
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Brunson DN, Maldosevic E, Velez A, Figgins E, Ellis TN. Porin loss in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates impacts production of virulence factors and survival within macrophages. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:213-224. [PMID: 31010630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae are often resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics via the acquisition of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) enzymes paired with loss of one or both major outer membrane porins. It has been well established that loss of OmpK35 and/or OmpK36 correlates with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics that target the peptidoglycan. However, little is known concerning the downstream effects porin loss might have on other major virulence factors such as the polysaccharide capsule or LPS. Furthermore, it is unknown whether these cumulative changes impact pathogenesis. Therefore, the focus of this study was to identify alterations in production of the major virulence factors due to porin loss; and to investigate the effect these changes have on host pathogen interactions. Our data demonstrates that loss of a single porin is paired with reductions in capsule, increased LPS content, and up-regulated transcription of compensatory porin genes. In contrast, loss of both porins resulted in a significant increase in capsule production. Loss of OmpK35 alone or dual porin loss was further associated with reduced oxidative burst by macrophages and increased ability of the bacteria to survive phagocytic killing. These data indicate that porin loss is accompanied by a suite of changes in other virulence-associated factors. These cumulative changes act to nullify any negative fitness effect due to lack of the nonspecific porin proteins, allowing the bacteria to grow and survive phagocytic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra N Brunson
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Building 59, Room 3312, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Emir Maldosevic
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Building 59, Room 3312, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Amanda Velez
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Building 59, Room 3312, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Erika Figgins
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Building 59, Room 3312, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States
| | - Terri N Ellis
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Building 59, Room 3312, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States.
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25
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26
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Typing and Species Identification of Clinical Klebsiella Isolates by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00843-18. [PMID: 30135233 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00843-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae and related species are frequent causes of nosocomial infections and outbreaks. Therefore, quick and reliable strain typing is crucial for the detection of transmission routes in the hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as rapid methods for typing clinical Klebsiella isolates in comparison to whole-genome sequencing (WGS), which was considered the gold standard for typing and identification. Here, 68 clinical Klebsiella strains were analyzed by WGS, FTIR, and MALDI-TOF MS. FTIR showed high discriminatory power in comparison to the WGS reference, whereas MALDI-TOF MS exhibited a low ability to type the isolates. MALDI-TOF mass spectra were further analyzed for peaks that showed high specificity for different Klebsiella species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Klebsiella isolates comprised three different species: K. pneumoniae, K. variicola, and K. quasipneumoniae Genome analysis showed that MALDI-TOF MS can be used to distinguish K. pneumoniae from K. variicola due to shifts of certain mass peaks. The peaks were tentatively identified as three ribosomal proteins (S15p, L28p, L31p) and one stress response protein (YjbJ), which exhibit amino acid differences between the two species. Overall, FTIR has high discriminatory power to recognize the clonal relationship of isolates, thus representing a valuable tool for rapid outbreak analysis and for the detection of transmission events due to fast turnaround times and low costs per sample. Furthermore, specific amino acid substitutions allow the discrimination of K. pneumoniae and K. variicola by MALDI-TOF MS.
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27
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Rollenske T, Szijarto V, Lukasiewicz J, Guachalla LM, Stojkovic K, Hartl K, Stulik L, Kocher S, Lasitschka F, Al-Saeedi M, Schröder-Braunstein J, von Frankenberg M, Gaebelein G, Hoffmann P, Klein S, Heeg K, Nagy E, Nagy G, Wardemann H. Cross-specificity of protective human antibodies against Klebsiella pneumoniae LPS O-antigen. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:617-624. [PMID: 29760533 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses to microbial polysaccharide surface antigens can prevent bacterial infection but are typically strain specific and fail to mediate broad protection against different serotypes. Here we describe a panel of affinity-matured monoclonal human antibodies from peripheral blood immunoglobulin M-positive (IgM+) and IgA+ memory B cells and clonally related intestinal plasmablasts, directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen of Klebsiella pneumoniae, an opportunistic pathogen and major cause of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections. The antibodies showed distinct patterns of in vivo cross-specificity and protection against different clinically relevant K. pneumoniae serotypes. However, cross-specificity was not limited to K. pneumoniae, as K. pneumoniae-specific antibodies recognized diverse intestinal microbes and neutralized not only K. pneumoniae LPS but also non-K. pneumoniae LPS. Our data suggest that the recognition of minimal glycan epitopes abundantly expressed on microbial surfaces might serve as an efficient humoral immunological mechanism to control invading pathogens and the large diversity of the human microbiota with a limited set of cross-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Rollenske
- Max Planck Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarina Stojkovic
- Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Simone Kocher
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Moritz von Frankenberg
- Department of General, Abdominal and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Hospital Salem, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gereon Gaebelein
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hedda Wardemann
- Max Planck Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany. .,Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Clarke BR, Ovchinnikova OG, Kelly SD, Williamson ML, Butler JE, Liu B, Wang L, Gou X, Follador R, Lowary TL, Whitfield C. Molecular basis for the structural diversity in serogroup O2-antigen polysaccharides in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4666-4679. [PMID: 29602878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major health threat. Vaccination and passive immunization are considered as alternative therapeutic strategies for managing Klebsiella infections. Lipopolysaccharide O antigens are attractive candidates because of the relatively small range of known O-antigen polysaccharide structures, but immunotherapeutic applications require a complete understanding of the structures found in clinical settings. Currently, the precise number of Klebsiella O antigens is unknown because available serological tests have limited resolution, and their association with defined chemical structures is sometimes uncertain. Molecular serotyping methods can evaluate clinical prevalence of O serotypes but require a full understanding of the genetic determinants for each O-antigen structure. This is problematic with Klebsiella pneumoniae because genes outside the main rfb (O-antigen biosynthesis) locus can have profound effects on the final structure. Here, we report two new loci encoding enzymes that modify a conserved polysaccharide backbone comprising disaccharide repeat units [→3)-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galf-(1→] (O2a antigen). We identified in serotype O2aeh a three-component system that modifies completed O2a glycan in the periplasm by adding 1,2-linked α-Galp side-group residues. In serotype O2ac, a polysaccharide comprising disaccharide repeat units [→5)-β-d-Galf-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNAc-(1→] (O2c antigen) is attached to the non-reducing termini of O2a-antigen chains. O2c-polysaccharide synthesis is dependent on a locus encoding three glycosyltransferase enzymes. The authentic O2aeh and O2c antigens were recapitulated in recombinant Escherichia coli hosts to establish the essential gene set for their synthesis. These findings now provide a complete understanding of the molecular genetic basis for the known variations in Klebsiella O-antigen carbohydrate structures based on the O2a backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Olga G Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Steven D Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Monica L Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jennifer E Butler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda St. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lu Wang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda St. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xi Gou
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda St. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | | | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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29
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Martin RM, Bachman MA. Colonization, Infection, and the Accessory Genome of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:4. [PMID: 29404282 PMCID: PMC5786545 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative pathogen that has a large accessory genome of plasmids and chromosomal gene loci. This accessory genome divides K. pneumoniae strains into opportunistic, hypervirulent, and multidrug-resistant groups and separates K. pneumoniae from two closely related species, Klebsiella variicola and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. Some strains of K. pneumoniae act as opportunistic pathogens, infecting critically ill and immunocompromised patients. These K. pneumoniae are a common cause of health-care associated infections including pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bloodstream infections. K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae are often clinically indistinguishable from opportunistic K. pneumoniae. Other strains of K. pneumoniae are hypervirulent, infecting healthy people in community settings and causing severe infections including pyogenic liver abscess, endophthalmitis, and meningitis. A third group of K. pneumoniae encode carbapenemases, making them highly antibiotic-resistant. These strains act as opportunists but are exceedingly difficult to treat. All of these groups of K. pneumoniae and related species can colonize the gastrointestinal tract, and the accessory genome may determine if a colonizing strain remains asymptomatic or progresses to cause disease. This review will explore the associations between colonization and infection with opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant, and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains and the role of the accessory genome in distinguishing these groups and related species. As K. pneumoniae infections become progressively more difficult to treat in the face of antibiotic resistance and hypervirulent strains, an increased understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these bacteria is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Bachman
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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30
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Immune stealth-driven O2 serotype prevalence and potential for therapeutic antibodies against multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1991. [PMID: 29222409 PMCID: PMC5722860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria are a challenge for modern medicine, but how these pathogens are so successful is not fully understood. Robust antibacterial vaccines have prevented and reduced resistance suggesting a pivotal role for immunity in deterring antibiotic resistance. Here, we show the increased prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide O2 serotype strains in all major drug resistance groups correlating with a paucity of anti-O2 antibodies in human B cell repertoires. We identify human monoclonal antibodies to O-antigens that are highly protective in mouse models of infection, even against heavily encapsulated strains. These antibodies, including a rare anti-O2 specific antibody, synergistically protect against drug-resistant strains in adjunctive therapy with meropenem, a standard-of-care antibiotic, confirming the importance of immune assistance in antibiotic therapy. These findings support an antibody-based immunotherapeutic strategy even for highly resistant K. pneumoniae infections, and underscore the effect humoral immunity has on evolving drug resistance. Therapeutics to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae are needed. Here the authors show immune evasion drives lipopolysaccharide O2 serotype expansion in multidrug-resistant isolates, and anti-O-antigen human monoclonal antibodies synergize with antibiotics to protect mice from infection.
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31
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Structural Masquerade of Plesiomonas shigelloides Strain CNCTC 78/89 O-Antigen-High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR Reveals the Modified d-galactan I of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122572. [PMID: 29186063 PMCID: PMC5751175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HR-MAS NMR) analysis of Plesiomonas shigelloides 78/89 lipopolysaccharide directly on bacteria revealed the characteristic structural features of the O-acetylated polysaccharide in the NMR spectra. The O-antigen profiles were unique, yet the pattern of signals in the, spectra along with their 1H,13C chemical shift values, resembled these of d-galactan I of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolated O-specific polysaccharide (O-PS) of P. shigelloides strain CNCTC 78/89 was investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods. The analyses demonstrated that the P. shigelloides 78/89 O-PS is composed of →3)-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Galf2OAc-(1→ disaccharide repeating units. The O-acetylation was incomplete and resulted in a microheterogeneity of the O-antigen. This O-acetylation generates additional antigenic determinants within the O-antigen, forms a new chemotype, and contributes to the epitopes recognized by the O-serotype specific antibodies. The serological cross-reactivities further confirmed the inter-specific structural similarity of these O-antigens.
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32
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Discovery of monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive to novel subserotypes of K. pneumoniae O3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6635. [PMID: 28747785 PMCID: PMC5529442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for nosocomial infections causing significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment of newly emerging multi-drug resistant strains is hampered due to severely limited antibiotic choices. Passive immunization targeting LPS O-antigens has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic option, given the limited variability of Klebsiella O-antigens. Here we report that the O3 serogroup, previously considered to have uniform O-antigen built of mannan, represents three different subtypes differing in the number of mannose residues within the O-antigen repeating units. Genetic analysis of the genes encoding mannose polymerization revealed differences that underline the observed structural alterations. The O3 variants represent antigenically different types based on the different reactivity pattern of murine monoclonal antibodies raised against a K. pneumoniae O3 strain. Typing of a collection of K. pneumoniae O3 clinical isolates showed that strains expressing the novel O3b antigen, the tri-mannose form, were more prevalent than those having the penta-mannose form, traditionally called O3, while the tetra-mannose variant, termed here O3a, seems to be rare. A monoclonal antibody cross-reacting with all three O3 sub-serogroups was also selected and shown to bind to the surface of various K. pneumoniae strains expressing different O3 subtypes and capsular antigens.
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33
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Kim S, Patel DS, Park S, Slusky J, Klauda JB, Widmalm G, Im W. Bilayer Properties of Lipid A from Various Gram-Negative Bacteria. Biophys J 2017; 111:1750-1760. [PMID: 27760361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid A is the lipid anchor of a lipopolysaccharide in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In general, lipid A consists of two phosphorylated N-acetyl glucosamine and several acyl chains that are directly linked to the two sugars. Depending on the bacterial species and environments, the acyl chain number and length vary, and lipid A can be chemically modified with phosphoethanolamine, aminoarabinose, or glycine residues, which are key to bacterial pathogenesis. In this work, homogeneous lipid bilayers of 21 distinct lipid A types from 12 bacterial species are modeled and simulated to investigate the differences and similarities of their membrane properties. In addition, different neutralizing ion types (Ca2+, K+, and Na+) are considered to examine the ion's influence on the membrane properties. The trajectory analysis shows that (1) the area per lipid is mostly correlated to the acyl chain number, and the area per lipid increases as a function of the acyl chain number; (2) the hydrophobic thickness is mainly determined by the average acyl chain length with slight dependence on the acyl chain number, and the hydrophobic thickness generally increases with the average acyl chain length; (3) a good correlation is observed among the area per lipid, hydrophobic thickness, and acyl chain order; and (4) although the influence of neutralizing ion types on the area per lipid and hydrophobic thickness is minimal, Ca2+ stays longer on the membrane surface than K+ or Na+, consequently leading to lower lateral diffusion and a higher compressibility modulus, which agrees well with available experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhilon S Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Soohyung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Joanna Slusky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Jeffery B Klauda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and the Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
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34
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Stojkovic K, Szijártó V, Kaszowska M, Niedziela T, Hartl K, Nagy G, Lukasiewicz J. Identification of d-Galactan-III As Part of the Lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae Serotype O1. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:684. [PMID: 28487676 PMCID: PMC5403891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, ubiquitous bacterium capable of causing severe nosocomial infections in individuals with impaired immune system. Emerging multi-drug resistant strains of this species and particularly carbapenem-resistant strains pose an urgent threat to public health. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen is the main surface antigen. It contributes to the virulence of this species and determines the O-serotype of K. pneumoniae isolates. Among the nine main O-serotypes of K. pneumoniae, O1-and O2-type pathogens are causative agents of over 50% of all infections. Serotype O1, the most common O-serotype, expresses complex LPS consisting of d-galactan-I (a polymer built of → 3)-β-d-Galf-(1 → 3)-α-d-Galp-(1 → repeating units) capped by d-galactan-II (built of [ → 3)-α-d-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Galp-(1 →] repeating units). Galactan-I is present as the sole polymer in O2 serotype. Recently, in case of serotype O2, conversion of galactan-I to galactan-III (→ 3)-β-d-Galf-(1 → 3)-[α-d-Galp-(1 → 4)]-α-d-Galp-(1 →) was reported. Substitution of → 3)-α-d-Galp by a branching terminal α-d-Galp was dependent on the presence of the gmlABC operon and had a major impact on the antigenicity of the galactan polymer. Genetic analysis indicated that 40% of the O1 clinical isolates also carry the gmlABC locus; therefore we aimed to characterize the corresponding phenotype of LPS O-antigens. The presence of galactan-III among O1 strains was proven using galactan-III-specific monoclonal antibodies and confirmed by structural analyses performed using sugar and methylation analysis as well as classical and high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. By using an isogenic mutant pair, we demonstrated that galactan-III expression was dependent on the presence of glycosyltransferases encoded by gmlABC, as was shown previously for the O2 serotype. Furthermore, the galactan-II structures in O1gml+ strains remained unaffected corroborating no functional interactions between the biosynthesis of galactan-III and galactan-II polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Stojkovic
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kaszowska
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Niedziela
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jolanta Lukasiewicz
- Laboratory of Microbial Immunochemistry and Vaccines, Department of Immunochemistry, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
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35
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Cvitkovic R, Pennini ME, Chang CS, Pelletier M, Bonnell J, Koksal AC, Wu H, Dall’Acqua WF, Stover CK, Xiao X. Anti-MrkA Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Distinct Structural and Antigenic Features of MrkA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170529. [PMID: 28107434 PMCID: PMC5249199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody therapy against antibiotics resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections represents a promising strategy, the success of which depends critically on the ability to identify appropriate antibody targets. Using a target-agnostic strategy, we recently discovered MrkA as a potential antibody target and vaccine antigen. Interestingly, the anti-MrkA monoclonal antibodies isolated through phage display and hybridoma platforms all recognize an overlapping epitope, which opens up important questions including whether monoclonal antibodies targeting different MrkA epitopes can be generated and if they possess different protective profiles. In this study we generated four anti-MrkA antibodies targeting different epitopes through phage library panning against recombinant MrkA protein. These anti-MrkA antibodies elicited strong in vitro and in vivo protections against a multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. Furthermore, mutational and epitope analysis suggest that the two cysteine residues may play essential roles in maintaining a MrkA structure that is highly compacted and exposes limited antibody binding/neutralizing epitopes. These results suggest the need for further in-depth understandings of the structure of MrkA, the role of MrkA in the pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the protective mechanism adopted by anti-MrkA antibodies to fully explore the potential of MrkA as an efficient therapeutic target and vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Yan Chen
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Romana Cvitkovic
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Pennini
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Chew shun Chang
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Pelletier
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessica Bonnell
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Adem C. Koksal
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Herren Wu
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - William F. Dall’Acqua
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - C. Kendall Stover
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- Dept. of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Xiao X, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF. Immunotherapies against antibiotics-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3097-3098. [PMID: 27431874 PMCID: PMC5215587 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1210746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xiao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Herren Wu
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - William F. Dall'Acqua
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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37
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Rodrigues C, Novais Â, Sousa C, Ramos H, Coque TM, Cantón R, Lopes JA, Peixe L. Elucidating constraints for differentiation of major human Klebsiella pneumoniae clones using MALDI-TOF MS. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:379-386. [PMID: 27812805 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in routine microbial identification boosted many developments towards high-throughput applications, including bacterial typing. However, results are still controversial for different bacterial species. We aim to evaluate the suitability of MALDI-TOF MS for typing clinically relevant multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae clones using routine conditions and a previously validated chemometric analysis workflow. Mass spectra of 83 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates representing major human MDR clones [11 sequence types (STs), 22 PFGE-types] recovered in Portugal and Spain during outbreaks and non-outbreak situations (2003-2012) were obtained from cell extracts (CE) and intact cells (IC), and analysed with different chemometric tools. We observed a highly consistent peak pattern among isolates from different clones either with CE or IC, suggesting a high degree of conservation of biomolecules analysed (a large part corresponding to ribosomal proteins). Moreover, the low degree of agreement between MALDI-TOF MS and other methods (from 34.9 % to 43.4 % of correct assignments for CE and from 40.8 % to 70.1 % for IC) corroborates the low discriminatory potential of the technique at infraspecies level. Our results suggest a low discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF MS for clinically relevant MDR K. pneumoniae clones and highlight the need of developing tools for high-resolution typing in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodrigues
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, n. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Â Novais
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, n. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Ramos
- Serviço de Microbiologia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - T M Coque
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Peixe
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, n. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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38
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Follador R, Heinz E, Wyres KL, Ellington MJ, Kowarik M, Holt KE, Thomson NR. The diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae surface polysaccharides. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000073. [PMID: 28348868 PMCID: PMC5320592 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered an urgent health concern due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains for which vaccination offers a potential remedy. Vaccines based on surface polysaccharides are highly promising but need to address the high diversity of surface-exposed polysaccharides, synthesized as O-antigens (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and K-antigens (capsule polysaccharide, CPS), present in K. pneumoniae. We present a comprehensive and clinically relevant study of the diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis gene clusters across a global collection of over 500 K. pneumoniae whole-genome sequences and the seroepidemiology of human isolates from different infection types. Our study defines the genetic diversity of O- and K-antigen biosynthesis cluster sequences across this collection, identifying sequences for known serotypes as well as identifying novel LPS and CPS gene clusters found in circulating contemporary isolates. Serotypes O1, O2 and O3 were most prevalent in our sample set, accounting for approximately 80 % of all infections. In contrast, K serotypes showed an order of magnitude higher diversity and differ among infection types. In addition we investigated a potential association of O or K serotypes with phylogenetic lineage, infection type and the presence of known virulence genes. K1 and K2 serotypes, which are associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae, were associated with a higher abundance of virulence genes and more diverse O serotypes compared to other common K serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Heinz
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelly L. Wyres
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Centre for Systems Genomics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Doorduijn DJ, Rooijakkers SHM, van Schaik W, Bardoel BW. Complement resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1102-9. [PMID: 27364766 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria causes major problems in hospitals worldwide. To survive within the host, bacterial pathogens exploit several escape mechanisms to prevent detection and killing by the immune system. As a major player in immune defense, the complement system recognizes and destroys bacteria via different effector mechanisms. The complement system can label bacteria for phagocytosis or directly kill Gram-negative bacteria via insertion of a pore-forming complex in the bacterial membrane. The multi-drug resistant pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae exploits several mechanisms to resist complement. In this review, we present an overview of strategies used by K. pneumoniae to prevent recognition and killing by the complement system. Understanding these complement evasion strategies is crucial for the development of innovative strategies to combat K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Doorduijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 HP G04.614, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 HP G04.614, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 HP G04.614, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Bardoel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 HP G04.614, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae causes a wide range of infections, including pneumonias, urinary tract infections, bacteremias, and liver abscesses. Historically, K. pneumoniae has caused serious infection primarily in immunocompromised individuals, but the recent emergence and spread of hypervirulent strains have broadened the number of people susceptible to infections to include those who are healthy and immunosufficient. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae strains have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, rendering infection by these strains very challenging to treat. The emergence of hypervirulent and antibiotic-resistant strains has driven a number of recent studies. Work has described the worldwide spread of one drug-resistant strain and a host defense axis, interleukin-17 (IL-17), that is important for controlling infection. Four factors, capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, and siderophores, have been well studied and are important for virulence in at least one infection model. Several other factors have been less well characterized but are also important in at least one infection model. However, there is a significant amount of heterogeneity in K. pneumoniae strains, and not every factor plays the same critical role in all virulent Klebsiella strains. Recent studies have identified additional K. pneumoniae virulence factors and led to more insights about factors important for the growth of this pathogen at a variety of tissue sites. Many of these genes encode proteins that function in metabolism and the regulation of transcription. However, much work is left to be done in characterizing these newly discovered factors, understanding how infections differ between healthy and immunocompromised patients, and identifying attractive bacterial or host targets for treating these infections.
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41
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Rees CA, Smolinska A, Hill JE. The volatile metabolome of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
in human blood. J Breath Res 2016; 10:027101. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/2/027101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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42
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Yeh KM, Chiu SK, Lin CL, Huang LY, Tsai YK, Chang JC, Lin JC, Chang FY, Siu LK. Surface antigens contribute differently to the pathophysiological features in serotype K1 and K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from liver abscesses. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:4. [PMID: 26893615 PMCID: PMC4758166 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virulence role of surface antigens in a single serotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain have been studied, but little is known about whether their contribution will vary with serotype. Method To investigate the role of K and O antigen in hyper-virulent strains, we constructed O and K antigen deficient mutants from serotype K1 STL43 and K2 TSGH strains from patients with liver abscess, and characterized their virulence in according to the abscess formation and resistance to neutrophil phagocytosis, serum, and bacterial clearance in liver. Results Both of K1 and K2-antigen mutants lost their wildtype resistance to neutrophil phagocytosis and hepatic clearance, and failed to cause abscess formation. K2-antigen mutant became serum susceptible while K1-antigen mutant maintained its resistance to serum killing. The amount of glucuronic acid, indicating the amount of capsular polysaccharide (CPS, K antigen), was inversed proportional to the rate of phagocytosis. O-antigen mutant of serotype K1 strains had significantly more amount of CPS, and more resistant to neutrophil phagocytosis than its wildtype counterpart. O-antigen mutants of serotype K1 and K2 strains lost their wildtype serum resistance, and kept resistant to neutrophil phagocytosis. While both mutants lacked the same O1 antigen, O-antigen mutant of serotype K1 became susceptible to liver clearance and cause mild abscess formation, but its serotype K2 counterpart maintained these wildtype virulence. Conclusion We conclude that the contribution of surface antigens to virulence of K. pneumoniae strains varies with serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ming Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan ; Infection Control Office, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kung Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Chii-Lan Lin
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yueh Huang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuo Tsai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chang Chang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yee Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Leung-Kei Siu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu, 114 Taipei City Taiwan ; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053 Miaoli, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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43
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Szijártó V, Guachalla LM, Hartl K, Varga C, Banerjee P, Stojkovic K, Kaszowska M, Nagy E, Lukasiewicz J, Nagy G. Both clades of the epidemic KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clone ST258 share a modified galactan O-antigen type. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rapid and Accurate Determination of Lipopolysaccharide O-Antigen Types in Klebsiella pneumoniae with a Novel PCR-Based O-Genotyping Method. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 54:666-75. [PMID: 26719438 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02494-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacillus that causes life-threatening infections in both hospitalized patients and ambulatory persons, can be classified into nine lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen serotypes. The O-antigen type has important clinical and epidemiological significance. However, K. pneumoniae O serotyping is cumbersome, and the reagents are not commercially available. To overcome the limitations of conventional serotyping methods, we aimed to create a rapid and accurate PCR method for K. pneumoniae O genotyping. We sequenced the genetic determinants of LPS O antigen from serotypes O1, O2a, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O8, O9, and O12. We established a two-step genotyping scheme, based on the two genomic regions associated with O-antigen biosynthesis. The first set of PCR primers, which detects alleles at the wzm-wzt loci of the wb gene cluster, distinguishes between O1/O2, O3, O4, O5, O8, O9, and O12. The second set of PCR primers, which detects alleles at the wbbY region, further differentiates between O1, O2a, and O2ac. We verified the specificity of O genotyping against the O-serotype reference strains. We then tested the sensitivity and specificity of O genotyping in K. pneumoniae, using the 56 K-serotype reference strains with known O serotypes determined by an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). There is a very good correlation between the O genotypes and classical O serotypes. Three discrepancies were observed and resolved by nucleotide sequencing--all in favor of O genotyping. The PCR-based O genotyping, which can be easily performed in clinical and research microbiology laboratories, is a rapid and accurate method for determining the LPS O-antigen types of K. pneumoniae isolates.
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45
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Cahill BK, Seeley KW, Gutel D, Ellis TN. Klebsiella pneumoniae O antigen loss alters the outer membrane protein composition and the selective packaging of proteins into secreted outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol Res 2015; 180:1-10. [PMID: 26505306 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen which naturally secretes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cell envelope associated proteins into the environment through the production of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). The loss of the LPS O antigen has been demonstrated in other bacterial species to significantly alter the composition of OMVs. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively analyze the impact of O antigen loss on the sub-proteomes of both the outer membrane and secreted OMVs from K. pneumoniae. As determined by LC-MS/MS, OMVs were highly enriched with outer membrane proteins involved in cell wall, membrane, and envelope biogenesis as compared to the source cellular outer membrane. Deletion of wbbO, the enzyme responsible for O antigen attachment to LPS, decreased but did not eliminate this enrichment effect. Additionally, loss of O antigen resulted in OMVs with increased numbers of proteins involved in post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones as compared to secreted vesicles from the wild type. This alteration of OMV composition may be a compensatory mechanism to deal with envelope stress. This comprehensive analysis confirms the highly distinct protein composition of OMVs as compared to their source membrane, and provides evidence for a selective sorting mechanism that involves LPS polysaccharides. These data support the hypothesis that modifications to LPS alters both the mechanics of protein sorting and the contents of secreted OMVs and significantly impacts the protein composition of the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethaney K Cahill
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Kent W Seeley
- Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Dedra Gutel
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Terri N Ellis
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
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46
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Li B, Zhao Y, Liu C, Chen Z, Zhou D. Molecular pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1071-81. [PMID: 25340836 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen, which mostly affects those with weakened immune systems and tends to cause nosocomial infections. A subset of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae serotypes with elevated production of capsule polysaccharide can affect previously healthy persons and cause life-threatening community-acquired infections, such as pyogenic liver abscess, meningitis, necrotizing fasciitis, endophthalmitis and severe pneumonia. K. pneumoniae utilizes a variety of virulence factors, especially capsule polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, outer membrane proteins and determinants for iron acquisition and nitrogen source utilization, for survival and immune evasion during infection. This article aims to present the state-of-the-art understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
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47
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Tomás A, Lery L, Regueiro V, Pérez-Gutiérrez C, Martínez V, Moranta D, Llobet E, González-Nicolau M, Insua JL, Tomas JM, Sansonetti PJ, Tournebize R, Bengoechea JA. Functional Genomic Screen Identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae Factors Implicated in Blocking Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16678-97. [PMID: 25971969 PMCID: PMC4505419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an etiologic agent of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. It has been shown that K. pneumoniae infections are characterized by reduced early inflammatory response. Recently our group has shown that K. pneumoniae dampens the activation of inflammatory responses by antagonizing the activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway. Our results revealed that K. pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide (CPS) was necessary but not sufficient to attenuate inflammation. To identify additional Klebsiella factors required to dampen inflammation, we standardized and applied a high-throughput gain-of-function screen to examine a Klebsiella transposon mutant library. We identified 114 mutants that triggered the activation of NF-κB. Two gene ontology categories accounted for half of the loci identified in the screening: metabolism and transport genes (32% of the mutants) and envelope-related genes (17%). Characterization of the mutants revealed that the lack of the enterobactin siderophore was linked to a reduced CPS expression, which in turn underlined the NF-κB activation induced by the mutant. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-polysaccharide and the pullulanase (PulA) type 2 secretion system (T2SS) are required for full effectiveness of the immune evasion. Importantly, these factors do not play a redundant role. The fact that LPS O-polysaccharide and T2SS mutant-induced responses were dependent on TLR2-TLR4-MyD88 activation suggested that LPS O-polysaccharide and PulA perturbed Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent recognition of K. pneumoniae. Finally, we demonstrate that LPS O-polysaccharide and pulA mutants are attenuated in the pneumonia mouse model. We propose that LPS O-polysaccharide and PulA T2SS could be new targets for the design of new antimicrobials. Increasing TLR-governed defense responses might provide also selective alternatives for the management of K. pneumoniae pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tomás
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Lery
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Camino Pérez-Gutiérrez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martínez
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Llobet
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar González-Nicolau
- From the Infection and Immunity Program, Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (FISIB), 07110 Mallorca, Spain, the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdisPa), 07120 Mallorca, Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Insua
- the Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Juan M Tomas
- the Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France, Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Régis Tournebize
- the Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, INSERM U786, 75724 Paris, France, Imagopole, Plateforme d'Imagerie Dynamique, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France, and
| | - José A Bengoechea
- the Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom, the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28008 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Hsieh PF, Wu MC, Yang FL, Chen CT, Lou TC, Chen YY, Wu SH, Sheu JC, Wang JT. D-galactan II is an immunodominant antigen in O1 lipopolysaccharide and affects virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae: implication in vaccine design. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:608. [PMID: 25477867 PMCID: PMC4237132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the O1 strain of Klebsiella, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen is composed of D-galactan I and D-galactan II. Although the composition of the O1 antigen of Klebsiella was resolved more than two decades, the genetic locus involved in the biosynthesis of D-galactan II and the role of D-galactan II in bacterial pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we report the identification of the D-galactan II-synthesizing genes by screening a transposon mutant library of an acapsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae O1 strain with bacteriophage. K. pneumoniae strain deleted for wbbY exhibited abrogated D-galactan II production; altered serum resistance and attenuation of virulence. Serologic analysis of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates demonstrated that D-galactan II was more prevalent in community-acquired pyogenic liver abscess (PLA)—causing strains than in non-tissue-invasive strains. WbbY homologs, WbbZ homologs, and lipopolysaccharide structures based on D-galactan II also were present in several Gram-negative bacteria. Immunization of mice with the magA-mutant (K−1 O1) (that is, with a LPS D-galactan II-producing strain) provided protection against infection with an O1:K2 PLA strain. Our findings indicate that both WbbY and WbbZ homologs are sufficient for the synthesis of D-galactan II. D-galactan II represents an immunodominant antigen; is conserved among multiple species of Gram-negative bacteria and could be a useful vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chi Lou
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chuan Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Town Wang
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E, Ng WI, Maczynska B, Junka A, Bartoszewicz M, Zelazny A, Bennett J, Schneerson R. The capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide structures of two carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak isolates. Carbohydr Res 2013; 369:6-9. [PMID: 23360863 PMCID: PMC3594109 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are isolated with increasing frequency, especially from immunocompromized patients. The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) types of CPKP were not determined. Investigation of two CRKP isolates from a 2011 outbreak at the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health, identified a new capsular type shared by the two isolates, similar to K. pneumonia K19 and K34 but structurally different than any published K. pneumoniae CPS repeating unit: The LPS of the two isolates was found to have no O-specific polysaccharide and the chemical structure of the core oligosaccharides agreed with the published data. If this structure type will be prevalent among CPKP isolates, our findings could facilitate rapid diagnosis and help to develop new therapeutic solutions to this antibiotic resistant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- Program on Developmental and Molecular Immunity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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50
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Role of bacterial surface structures on the interaction of Klebsiella pneumoniae with phagocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56847. [PMID: 23457627 PMCID: PMC3574025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key process of the immune system. The human pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well known example of a pathogen highly resistant to phagocytosis. A wealth of evidence demonstrates that the capsule polysaccharide (CPS) plays a crucial role in resistance to phagocytosis. The amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum shares with mammalian macrophages the ability to phagocytose and kill bacteria. The fact that K. pneumoniae is ubiquitous in nature and, therefore, should avoid predation by amoebae, poses the question whether K. pneumoniae employs similar means to counteract amoebae and mammalian phagocytes. Here we developed an assay to evaluate K. pneumoniae-D. discoideum interaction. The richness of the growth medium affected the threshold at which the cps mutant was permissive for Dictyostelium and only at lower nutrient concentrations the cps mutant was susceptible to predation by amoebae. Given the critical role of bacterial surface elements on host-pathogen interactions, we explored the possible contribution of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) to combat phagoyctosis by D. discoideum. We uncover that, in addition to the CPS, the LPS O-polysaccharide and the first core sugar participate in Klebsiella resistance to predation by D. discoideum. K. pneumoniae LPS lipid A decorations are also necessary to avoid predation by amoebae although PagP-dependent palmitoylation plays a more important role than the lipid A modification with aminoarabinose. Mutants lacking OMPs OmpA or OmpK36 were also permissive for D. discoideium growth. Except the LPS O-polysaccharide mutants, all mutants were more susceptible to phagocytosis by mouse alveolar macrophages. Finally, we found a correlation between virulence, using the pneumonia mouse model, and resistance to phagocytosis. Altogether, this work reveals novel K. pneumoniae determinants involved in resistance to phagocytosis and supports the notion that Dictyostelium amoebae might be useful as host model to measure K. pneumoniae virulence and not only phagocytosis.
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