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Ahmed HA, Awad NFS, Abd El-Hamid MI, Shaker A, Mohamed RE, Elsohaby I. Pet birds as potential reservoirs of virulent and antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 75:101606. [PMID: 33373939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens carried by pet birds are considered a risk for birds, workers, and pet owners. This study investigated the potential of pet birds as reservoirs for virulent multidrug-resistant (MDR) zoonotic bacteria and assessed the genetic relatedness and diversity of bacterial isolates from pet birds and human contacts. Cloacal and tracheal swabs from 125 pet birds and 70 hand swabs from human contacts were collected. The results revealed that the pet birds were reservoirs for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.6 %, each), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.2 %). These isolates were also identified in their human contacts, at percentages of 14.3 %, 12.9 %, and 24.3 %, respectively. Virulence associated genes were identified from E. coli (stx2, stx2f, eaeA, and hlyA), K. pneumoniae (fimH, TraT, and magA), and S. aureus (PVL, hly, sea, sed genes) isolates. Multidrug-resistant E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus were highly prevalent (81.3 %, 90.3 %, and 61.1 %, respectively). The genetic relationship between the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from the pet birds and human contacts were determined by ERIC-PCR, while, RAPD-PCR was used for the S. aureus isolates. ERIC-PCR was found to have the highest discriminatory power. The clustering of the isolates from the pet birds and human contacts indicated potential transmission between the birds and workers. In conclusion, pet birds could act as potential reservoirs for zoonotic bacterial pathogens; thus, posing a risk to their human contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rehab E Mohamed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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2
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Aljahani A, Alarjani K, Hassan Z, Elkhadragy M, Ismail E, Al-Masoud A, Yehia H. Molecular detection of methicillin heat-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in pasteurized camel milk in Saudi Arabia. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193470. [PMID: 32202302 PMCID: PMC7167254 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic- and heat-resistant bacteria in camel milk is a potential public health problem. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an opportunistic pathogen in humans, dairy cattle and camels. We characterized the phenotype and genotype of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains recovered from pasteurized and raw camel milk (as control) distributed in the retail markets of Saudi Arabia. Of the 100 samples assessed between March and May 2016, 20 S. aureus isolates were recovered from pasteurized milk, 10 of which were resistant to cefoxitin, and as such, were methicillin-resistant. However, raw camel milk did not contain methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the resistance ratio for other antibiotics was 60%. We performed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers for the methicillin-resistant gene mecA and nucleotide sequencing to detect and verify the methicillin-resistant strains. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of the gene sequences showed a 96-100% similarity between the resistant isolates and the S. aureus CS100 strain's mecA gene. Ten of the methicillin-resistant isolates were heat-resistant and were stable at temperatures up to 85°C for 60 s, and three of these were resistant at 90°C for 60 or 90 s. The mean decimal reduction time (D85-value) was 111 s for the ten isolates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that there was no difference in the total protein profiles for the ten methicillin heat-resistant S. aureus (MHRSA) isolates and for S. aureus ATCC 29737. In conclusion, a relatively high percentage of the tested pasteurized camel milk samples contained S. aureus (20%) and MHRSA (10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani H. Aljahani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, Nutrition and Food Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud M. Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab K. Hassan
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunolgy Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Manal F. Elkhadragy
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Ismail
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman H. Al-Masoud
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Yehia HM, Al-Masoud AH, Alarjani KM, Alamri MS. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant (mecA gene) and heat-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in pasteurized camel milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5947-5963. [PMID: 32359985 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant opportunistic pathogen in humans, dairy cattle, and camels. The presence of antibiotic-resistant and heat-resistant bacteria in camel milk has become a potential public health issue. The phenotypic and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains recovered from pasteurized camel milk distributed in retail markets of Saudi Arabia was assessed. A total of 100 samples were collected between March and May 2017. Out of the 20 S. aureus isolates that were recovered from the pasteurized camel milk, 10 were found to be resistant to cefoxitin (30 µg) and, thus, were designated as methicillin-resistant strains. The resistance ratio of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates for a different class of antibiotics was determined by performing the antimicrobial susceptibility test and was estimated to be approximately 60%. Polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to amplify the methicillin-resistant gene mecA, and furthermore, nucleotide sequencing was performed to detect and verify the presence of methicillin-resistant strains. Upon sequencing the putative S. aureus methicillin-resistant strains, we obtained 96 to 100% similarity to the penicillin-binding protein 2a gene (mecA) of the S. aureus strain CS100. Moreover, the 10 methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were also identified to be heat resistant and were stable at temperatures up to 85°C for 60 s, with 3 isolates being heat resistant even at 90°C for 60 or 90 s. The mean decimal reduction time (D85 value) was 111 s for all the 10 isolates. No difference was observed in the profile of total protein between the 10 methicillin- and heat-resistant S. aureus isolates and the S. aureus strain ATCC 29737, which was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE analyses. Therefore, we could conclude that a relatively high percentage of the tested pasteurized camel milk samples were contaminated with S. aureus (20%) and methicillin- and heat-resistant S. aureus (10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Yehia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Food Science and Nutrition Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11611, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdulrahman H Al-Masoud
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud M Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Alamri
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Zhang L, Xi L, Ruan J, Huang Y. Kocuria oceani sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal plume. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:164-169. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Lijun Xi
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Jisheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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5
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Pieri FA, Vargas TF, Galvão NN, Nogueira PA, Orlandi PP. Phenotypic and Molecular Aspects of Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Hospitalized Patients and Beef in the Brazilian Amazon. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:128-34. [PMID: 26824600 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and compare Staphylococcus spp. isolated from hospitalized patients and beef marketed in the city of Porto Velho-RO, Brazil. The isolates were subjected to antibiogram tests, adherence capacity tests, detection of the mecA gene, and epidemiological investigation by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, using the primers M13 and H12. Among the 123 Staphylococcus spp. isolates, 50 were identified as S. aureus and 73 as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus; among the latter, 7 species were identified. It was observed that the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates showed greater adhesion ability than S. aureus. The profile of antimicrobial susceptibility was different among isolates, all of which were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid, and had high penicillin resistance rates, varying according to the bacterial class and the source. In this study, all strains were negative for mecA gene detection; however, 36% of S. aureus and 17% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were resistant to oxacillin. The genetic relationship of these bacteria, analyzed by RAPD, was able to discriminate the species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains of S. aureus along its origin. It was concluded that the isolates of Staphylococcus spp. derived from beef and human infections differ genetically. Thus, it is suggested that isolates from beef, which were grouped within hospital isolates, were probably carried via contact with beef in hospital professionals or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Pieri
- 1 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora , Campus Avançado Governador Valadares, UFJF-GV, Governador Valadares-MG, Brasil
| | - Taise F Vargas
- 2 Universidade Federal de Rondônia , UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brasil
| | - Newton N Galvão
- 3 Universidade Federal de Uberlândia , UFU, Uberlândia-MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo A Nogueira
- 4 Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus-AM, Brasil
| | - Patrícia P Orlandi
- 4 Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Manaus-AM, Brasil
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Beltrame CO, Côrtes MF, Bonelli RR, Côrrea ABDA, Botelho AMN, Américo MA, Fracalanzza SEL, Figueiredo AMS. Inactivation of the Autolysis-Related Genes lrgB and yycI in Staphylococcus aureus Increases Cell Lysis-Dependent eDNA Release and Enhances Biofilm Development In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138924. [PMID: 26406329 PMCID: PMC4583396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus ica-independent biofilms are multifactorial in nature, and various bacterial proteins have been associated with biofilm development, including fibronectin-binding proteins A and B, protein A, surface protein SasG, proteases, and some autolysins. The role of extracellular DNA (eDNA) has also been demonstrated in some S. aureus biofilms. Here, we constructed a Tn551 library, and the screening identified two genes that affected biofilm formation, lrgB and yycI. The repressive effect of both genes on the development of biofilm was also confirmed in knockout strains constructed by allelic recombination. In contrast, the superexpression of either lrgB or yycI by a cadmium-inducible promoter led to a decrease in biofilm accumulation. Indeed, a significant increase in the cell-lysis dependent eDNA release was detected when lrgB or yycI were inactivated, explaining the enhanced biofilm formed by these mutants. In fact, lrgB and yycI genes belong to distinct operons that repress bacterial autolysis through very different mechanisms. LrgB is associated with the synthesis of phage holin/anti-holin analogues, while YycI participates in the activation/repression of the two-component system YycGF (WalKR). Our in vivo data suggest that autolysins activation lead to increased bacterial virulence in the foreign body animal model since a higher number of attached cells was recovered from the implanted catheters inoculated with lrgB or yycI knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Ossaille Beltrame
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina Farrel Côrtes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Regina Bonelli
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz de Almeida Côrrea
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Nunes Botelho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Américo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Eduardo Longo Fracalanzza
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Kwan BW, Chowdhury N, Wood TK. Combatting bacterial infections by killing persister cells with mitomycin C. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4406-14. [PMID: 25858802 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persister cells are a multi-drug tolerant subpopulation of bacteria that contribute to chronic and recalcitrant clinical infections such as cystic fibrosis and tuberculosis. Persisters are metabolically dormant, so they are highly tolerant to all traditional antibiotics which are mainly effective against actively growing cells. Here, we show that the FDA-approved anti-cancer drug mitomycin C (MMC) eradicates persister cells through a growth-independent mechanism. MMC is passively transported and bioreductively activated, leading to spontaneous cross-linking of DNA, which we verify in both active and dormant cells. We find MMC effectively eradicates cells grown in numerous different growth states (e.g. planktonic cultures and highly robust biofilm cultures) in both rich and minimal media. Additionally, MMC is a potent bactericide for a broad range of bacterial persisters, including commensal Escherichia coli K-12 as well as pathogenic species of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We also demonstrate the efficacy of MMC in an animal model and a wound model, substantiating the clinical applicability of MMC against bacterial infections. Therefore, MMC is the first broad-spectrum compound capable of eliminating persister cells, meriting investigation as a new approach for the treatment of recalcitrant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Kwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Thomas K Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
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Lai C, Wang J, Lin S, Tan C, Wang C, Liao C, Chou C, Huang Y, Lin H, Hsueh P. Catheter-related bacteraemia and infective endocarditis caused by Kocuria species. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:190-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Lee JH. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O26 and O111 isolates from cattle and their characteristics. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:401-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Kim MN, Paik YH, Park YH, Joo YS, Koo HC. Phenotypic and genetic antibiogram of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis in Korea. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1176-85. [PMID: 17297092 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus belongs to the group of major contagious mastitis pathogens, whereas the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are also capable of causing opportunistic bovine mastitis. Many of these strains are resistant to penicillin or ampicillin because of the long-term use of beta-lactam antibiotics in agricultural and healthcare settings. Based on the simple and highly specific coagulase genotyping by PCR-RFLP used for discriminating among Staph. aureus strains, the relationship between phenotypic antibiogram and the polymorphism of coagulase gene was determined in this study. The staphylococci strains (835 Staph. aureus and 763 CNS) were isolated from 3,047 bovine mastitic milk samples from 153 dairy farms in 8 provinces from 1997 to 2004 in the Republic of Korea. Twenty-one (2.5%) Staph. aureus and 19 (2.4%) CNS strains were resistant to methicillin [oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > or = 4 microg/mL]. The mecA gene was also found in 13 methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) and 12 methicillin-resistant CNS (MRCNS) isolates with a significantly higher detection rate of the mecA gene in MRSA with high MIC (> or = 16 microg/mL) compared with those with MIC < or = 8 microg/mL. Methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus and MRCNS were also more resistant to other antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, kanamycin, and gentamicin) than methicillin-susceptible staphylococci. Among 10 different coa PCR-RFLP patterns (A to J) in 706 Staph. aureus strains, the main types were A (26.9%), B (17.0%), G (10.5%), and H (15.4%), with the frequent observation of the A and H types (6 and 10 isolates) in MRSA. This study indicates that major epidemic Staph. aureus clones may be spread between different dairy farms, and the profile of coa genotype can be applied for epidemiological investigations and control of bovine mastitis, particularly one caused by MRSA with specific prevalent coa types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Moon
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bokaeian M, Qureshi M. Study of Betalactamase Production in Coagulase Positive Staphylococci by Iodometric and Acidometric Methods and Their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2007.150.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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You JY, Moon BM, Oh IG, Baek BK, Li LG, Kim BS, Stein BD, Lee JH. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 from cattle in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 106:74-8. [PMID: 16300850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Of 45 Escherichia coli O157 isolates from cattle feces, which were collected between May 2000 and September 2003 in Korea, 32 were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic and 28 were resistant to 4 or more antibiotics, with 32, 30 and 30 of the isolates being resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline and sulfisoxazole, respectively. Two isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones and to 10 or more of the 22 other antimicrobial agents that were tested. Thirteen antimicrobial resistant patterns were observed. The most frequent resistance type, which was found for 11 isolates, was streptomycin-tetracycline-kanamycin-ampicillin-piperacillin-cephalothin-sulfisoxazole-ticarcillin. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the isolates for E. coli O157 virulence markers revealed that 25 of the resistant E. coli O157 isolates tested positive for stx2 or both stx1 and stx2 genes. These findings suggest that many of the resistant E. coli O157 isolates might cause disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon You
- Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lee JH. Methicillin (Oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from major food animals and their potential transmission to humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6489-94. [PMID: 14602604 PMCID: PMC262320 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.11.6489-6494.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From May 2001 to April 2003, various types of specimens from cattle, pigs, and chickens were collected and examined for the presence of methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). S. aureus was isolated and positively identified by using Gram staining, colony morphology, tests for coagulase and urease activities, and an API Staph Ident system. Among 1,913 specimens collected from the animals, 421 contained S. aureus; of these, 28 contained S. aureus resistant to concentrations of oxacillin higher than 2 micro g/ml. Isolates from 15 of the 28 specimens were positive by PCR for the mecA gene. Of the 15 mecA-positive MRSA isolates, 12 were from dairy cows and 3 were from chickens. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of mecA-positive MRSA strains were performed by the disk diffusion method. All isolates were resistant to members of the penicillin family, such as ampicillin, oxacillin, and penicillin. All isolates were also susceptible to amikacin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. To determine molecular epidemiological relatedness of these 15 animal MRSA isolates to isolates from humans, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns were generated by arbitrarily primed PCR. The RAPD patterns of six of the isolates from animals were identical to the patterns of certain isolates from humans. The antibiotypes of the six animal isolates revealed types similar to those of the human isolates. These data suggested that the genomes of the six animal MRSA isolates were very closely related to those of some human MRSA isolates and were a possible source of human infections caused by consuming contaminated food products made from these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hwa Lee
- Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Blake JE, Metcalfe MA. A Shared noncapsular antigen is responsible for false-positive reactions by Staphylococcus epidermidis in commercial agglutination tests for Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:544-50. [PMID: 11158104 PMCID: PMC87773 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.2.544-550.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the commercial slide agglutination tests for Staphylococcus aureus incorporate antibodies against cell surface antigens associated with methicillin resistance, including capsular polysaccharides and an uncharacterized antigen, serotype 18. These tests are more sensitive than the first-generation agglutination procedures that detected only bound coagulase and protein A, but they suffer from false-positive reactions with some coagulase-negative staphylococci. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism for false-positive agglutination by S. epidermidis in these tests. A group of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, including a serotype 18 strain, that were not detectable in the first-generation tests were found to be of capsular polysaccharide type 8. All of these isolates were deficient in bound coagulase and/or protein A, and they possessed a heat-stable, proteinaceous antigen that was absent from a prototype capsule type 8 strain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agarose gel immunodiffusion experiments demonstrated that this proteinaceous antigen was also present on both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis clinical isolates. S. epidermidis strains that gave false-positive agglutination test results had a considerably higher level of this antigen than strains that gave the correct negative result. These findings reveal the importance of the careful selection of MRSA strains for raising anti-capsular type 8 antibodies for use in agglutination tests. Strains devoid of the antigen shared with S. epidermidis should be used to eliminate potential cross-reactions with this coagulase-negative coccus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Blake
- Immunology Research and Development Section, Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, United Kingdom.
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15
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Teng LJ, Hsueh PR, Tsai JC, Chiang FL, Chen CY, Ho SW, Luh KT. PCR assay for species-specific identification of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1672-5. [PMID: 10747167 PMCID: PMC86522 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.4.1672-1675.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is the second most frequently encountered species of the anaerobes isolated from clinical specimens. We developed a PCR-based assay for the rapid identification of B. thetaiotaomicron. Specific primers were based on shared amplicons of about 1.2 kb generated from B. thetaiotaomicron by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. This 1.2-kb fragment was sequenced and then used to design a set of PCR amplification primers. This PCR generated an amplification product of 721 bp, which was unique to all 65 isolates of B. thetaiotaomicron tested. There was no amplification with isolates of other bacterial species. Restriction enzyme digestion of the amplification product and dot blot hybridization further verified the specificity of the assay. These results suggest that this PCR assay targets a nucleotide sequence that is strongly conserved in B. thetaiotaomicron. This simple and rapid PCR assay provides a rapid and accurate method for identification of B. thetaiotaomicron and shows promise for the detection of B. thetaiotaomicron in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Teng
- School of Medical Technology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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