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Odiba AS, Durojaye OA, Ezeonu IM, Mgbeahuruike AC, Nwanguma BC. A New Variant of Mutational and Polymorphic Signatures in the ERG11 Gene of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3111-3133. [PMID: 35747333 PMCID: PMC9213107 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s360973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to antifungal drugs for treating Candida infections remains a major concern globally despite the range of medications available. Most of these drugs target key proteins essential to the life cycle of the organism. An enzyme essential for fungal cell membrane integrity, lanosterol 14–α demethylase (CYP51), is encoded by the ERG11 gene in Candida species. This enzyme is the target of azole–based drugs. The organism has, however, devised molecular adaptations to evade the activity of these drugs. Materials and Methods Classical methods were employed to characterize clinical isolates sampled from women and dogs of reproductive age. For fluconazole efficacy studies, CLSI guidelines on drug susceptibility testing were used. To understand the susceptibility pattern, various molecular and structural analytic approaches, including sequencing, in silico site-directed mutagenesis, and protein-ligand profiling, were applied to the ERG11 gene and CYP51 protein sequences. Several platforms, comprising Clustal Omega, Pymol plugin manager, Pymol molecular visualizer, Chimera–curated Dynameomics rotamer library, protein–ligand interaction profiler, Charmm36 force field, GROMACS, Geneious, and Mega7, were employed for this analysis. Results The following Candida species distribution was obtained: 37.84% C. albicans, 8.12% C. glabrata, 10.81% C. krusei, 5.41% C. tropicalis, and 37.84% of other unidentified Candida species. Two codons in the nucleotide sequence of the wild-type (CTC and CCA) coding for LEU–370 and PRO–375, respectively, were mutated to L370S and P375H in the resistant strain. The mutation stabilized the protein at the expense of the heme moiety. We found that the susceptible isolate from dogs (Can–iso–029/dog) is closely related to the most resistant isolate from humans. Conclusion Taken together, our results showed new mutations in the heme-binding pocket of caCYP51 that explain the resistance to fluconazole exhibited by the Candida isolates. So far, the L370S and P375H resistance-linked mutations have not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arome Solomon Odiba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju Ayodeji Durojaye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Coal City University, Emene, Enugu State, Nigeria.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People's Republic of China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Christian Mgbeahuruike
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Bennett Chima Nwanguma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
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Hashim Mohammed T, Hashim Risan M, Kadhom M, Yousif E. Role of Candida glabrata as nosocomial pathogen and its susceptibility to Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Caspofungin, Micafungin and Amphotericin B. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida has different types that could cause bloodstream infections. A total number of 150 samples were collected from candidemia patients and examined. The Candida spp. Species isolated from blood samples were analysed. These were identified by culturing the species using different media, namely the chromogenic agar test. Then, the virulence factors of all samples were tested. The Candida glabrata isolates were tested with six commercial antifungal drugs. C. glabrata 67 (44.6%), C. albicans 34 (22.6%), C. krusei 18 (12%), C. tropicalis 17 (11.3%), and C. parasilosis 14 (9.3%). the production of phospholipase ranged between 0.63-0.99 mm. It was found that 96% of the species showed phospholipase activity in aerobic conditions. The protease activities of Candida spp. Isolates were experimentally tested by area of inhibition around the colonies, where 59.3% had the double (++) protease activity, 31.4% with (+) grade, and 9.3% had (–) grade or clear zone around the colony. The hemolytic capacity ranged from 0.69-0.89 in the optimum aerobic environments. Finally, 38.33% of the isolated Candida spp. were positive and 61.67% negative for biofilm formation. Out of the total positive Candida spp. for biofilm formation, 21.73% were strong biofilm producers, and 78.27% were weak. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Fluconazole for C. glabrata isolates was not appropriate (NA) due to the occurrence of low inhibition tested for species. Micafungin exhibited the lowest fungicidal activity against C. glabrata ranging from 0.03 - 0.125, while Fluconazole showed the highest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Kadhom
- Department of Renewable Energy, College of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Alkarkh University of Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Emad Yousif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Performance of Two Novel Chromogenic Media for the Identification of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris Compared with Other Commercially Available Formulations. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03220-20. [PMID: 33536293 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03220-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida species are emerging in the nosocomial environment, with the multidrug-resistant (MDR) species Candida auris being the most notorious example. Consequently, rapid and accurate species identification has become essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate five commercially available chromogenic media for the presumptive identification of C. auris Two novel chromogenic formulations, CHROMagar Candida Plus (CHROMagar) and HiCrome C. auris MDR selective agar (HiMedia), and three reference media, CandiSelect (Bio-Rad), CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar), and Chromatic Candida (Liofilchem), were inoculated with a collection of 9 genetically diverse C. auris strains and 35 strains from closely related comparator species. After 48 h of incubation, the media were evaluated for their ability to detect and identify C. auris All media had the same limitations in the differentiation of the more common species Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata Only on CHROMagar Candida Plus did C. auris colonies develop a species-specific coloration. Nevertheless, the closely related pathogenic species Candida pseudohaemulonii and Candida vulturna developed a similar appearance as C. auris on this medium. CHROMagar Candida Plus was shown to be superior in the detection and identification of C. auris, with 100% inclusivity for C. auris compared to 0% and 33% for the reference media and HiCrome C. auris MDR selective agar, respectively. Although C. vulturna and C. pseudohaemulonii can cause false positives, CHROMagar Candida Plus was shown to be a valuable addition to the plethora of mostly molecular methods for C. auris detection and identification.
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A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:449-479. [PMID: 28122803 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, chromogenic culture media have found widespread application in diagnostic clinical microbiology. In the last decade, the range of media available to clinical laboratories has expanded greatly, allowing specific detection of additional pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococci, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. New media have also been developed to screen for pathogens with acquired antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. This review seeks to explore the utility of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology, with particular attention given to media that have been commercialized in the last decade. The impact of laboratory automation and complementary technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also assessed. Finally, the review also seeks to demarcate the role of chromogenic media in an era of molecular diagnostics.
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Pravin Charles MV, Kali A, Joseph NM. Performance of chromogenic media for Candida in rapid presumptive identification of Candida species from clinical materials. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:S69-73. [PMID: 26109791 PMCID: PMC4466772 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.150528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In perspective of the worldwide increase in a number of immunocompromised patients, the need for identification of Candida species has become a major concern. The development of chromogenic differential media, introduced recently, facilitate rapid speciation. However, it can be employed for routine mycology workup only after an exhaustive evaluation of its benefit and cost effectiveness. This study was undertaken to evaluate the benefit and cost effectiveness of chromogenic media for speciation of Candida clinical isolates. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples of 382 patients were screened for the presence of Candida spp. by Gram stain and culture on sabouraud dextrose agar. Candida species were identified using Gram stain morphology, germ tube formation, cornmeal agar with Tween-80, sugar fermentation tests and morphology on HiCrome Candida differential agar. All the Candida isolates were inoculated on HiCrome Candida agar (HiMedia, Mumbai, India). Results: The sensitivity and specificity of HiCrome agar for identification of Candida albicans were 90% and 96.42%, respectively whereas sensitivity and specificity of carbohydrate fermentation test were 86.67% and 74.07%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity values of HiCrome agar for detection of C. albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata were above 90%. Conclusions: We found HiCrome agar has high sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of the conventional method. In addition, use of this differential media could significantly cut down the turnaround time as well as cost of sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Pravin Charles
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Arunava Kali
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Noyal Mariya Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Albaina O, Sahand IH, Brusca MI, Sullivan DJ, Fernández de Larrinoa I, Moragues MD. Identification and characterization of nine atypical Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol 2014; 64:147-156. [PMID: 25480879 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.078832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a pathogenic yeast of the genus Candida closely related to Candida albicans. The phenotypic similarity of these two species often leads to misidentification of C. dubliniensis isolates in clinical samples. DNA-based methods continue to be the most effective means of discriminating accurately between the two species. Here, we report on the identification of nine unusual Candida isolates that showed ambiguous identification patterns on the basis of their phenotypic and immunological traits. The isolates were categorized into two groups. Group I isolates were unable to produce germ tubes and chlamydospores, and to agglutinate commercial latex particles coated with a mAb highly specific for C. dubliniensis. Group II isolates grew as pink and white colonies on CHROMagar Candida and ChromID Candida, respectively. Carbohydrate assimilation profiles obtained with API/ID32C together with PCR amplification with specific primers and DNA sequencing allowed reliable identification of the nine unusual clinical isolates as C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Albaina
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ismail H Sahand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Hawler, Kurdistan, Iraq
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María I Brusca
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Derek J Sullivan
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Division of Oral Biosciences, School of Dental Science and Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Iñigo Fernández de Larrinoa
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María D Moragues
- Departamento de Enfermería I, Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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Daef E, Moharram A, Eldin SS, Elsherbiny N, Mohammed M. Evaluation of chromogenic media and seminested PCR in the identification of Candida species. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:255-62. [PMID: 24948942 PMCID: PMC4059308 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of Candida cultured from various clinical specimens to the species level is increasingly necessary for clinical laboratories. Although sn PCR identifies the species within hours but its cost-effectiveness is to be considered. So there is always a need for media which help in the isolation and identification at the species level. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of different chromogenic media and to compare the effectiveness of the traditional phenotypic methods vs. seminested polymerase chain reaction (sn PCR) for identification of Candida species. One hundred and twenty seven Candida strains isolated from various clinical specimens were identified by conventional methods, four different chromogenic media and sn PCR. HiCrome Candida Differential and CHROMagar Candida media showed comparably high sensitivities and specificities in the identification of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. CHROMagar Candida had an extra advantage of identifying all C. parapsilosis isolates. CHROMagar-Pal’s medium identified C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei with high sensitivities and specificities, but couldn’t identify C. glabrata or C. parapsilosis. It was the only medium that identified C. dubliniensis with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Biggy agar showed the least sensitivities and specificities. The overall concordance of the snPCR compared to the conventional tests including CHROMAgar Candida in the identification of Candida species was 97.5%. The use of CHROMAgar Candida medium is an easy and accurate method for presumptive identification of the most commonly encountered Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Daef
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Ahmed Moharram
- Botany Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Salwa Seif Eldin
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Nahla Elsherbiny
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Mona Mohammed
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department Faculty of Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt
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9
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Neppelenbroek KH, Seó RS, Urban VM, Silva S, Dovigo LN, Jorge JH, Campanha NH. Identification of
Candida
species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques. Oral Dis 2013; 20:329-44. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KH Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics Bauru Dental School University of São Paulo‐USP Bauru São PauloBrazil
| | - RS Seó
- Department of Prosthodontics Varzea Grande School of Dentistry Varzea Grande Mato GrossoBrazil
| | - VM Urban
- Department of Dentistry Ponta Grossa State University‐UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - S Silva
- Department of Biological Engineering Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - LN Dovigo
- Department of Social Dentistry Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - JH Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - NH Campanha
- Department of Dentistry Ponta Grossa State University‐UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
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Rank EL. Chromogenic Agar Media in the Clinical, Food, and Environmental Testing Arenas, Part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ilkit M, Guzel AB. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidosis: A mycological perspective. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 37:250-61. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.576332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guzel AB, Ilkit M, Burgut R, Urunsak IF, Ozgunen FT. An evaluation of risk factors in pregnant women with Candida vaginitis and the diagnostic value of simultaneous vaginal and rectal sampling. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:25-36. [PMID: 21293929 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics of VVC among pregnant women. We conducted a prospective survey among 372 pregnant women to investigate the prevalence, clinical forms, etiological agents, and predisposing factors of VVC. In addition, we determined the relationship between vaginal and rectal flora by simultaneously obtaining one high vaginal swab and one rectal swab from each patient using sterile cotton-tipped swabs. Furthermore, we compared the recovery and identification performances of chromID Candida agar to Sabouraud dextrose agar with gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Clinically and mycologically confirmed cases of VVC were detected in 139 (37.4%) and vaginal colonization described in 42 (11.3%) of 372 pregnant women. Rectal cultures were also positive in 98 of the 139 (70.5%) VVC cases. Candida albicans and C. glabrata were identified in vaginal samples in 58.0 versus 19.0% and from rectal samples in 49.0 versus 13.5%, respectively. Increases in gestational week and gravidae were identified to be statistically significant in patients with acute VVC (AVVC) and symptomatic recurrent VVC (RVVC), and asymptomatic RVVC (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively). In the laboratory diagnosis of VVC, specifically tailored chromogenic media are reliable tools for both the recovery and rapid identification of common Candida spp., particularly C. albicans, as well as for the detection of polyfungal populations in vaginal samples (P > 0.05). In addition, rectal colonization is a common finding in cases of AVVC and symptomatic-RVVC cases and corresponds well with the presence of the same yeast species in the vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Barış Guzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
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Guzel AB, Ilkit M, Akar T, Burgut R, Demir SC. Evaluation of risk factors in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and the value of chromID Candida agar versus CHROMagar Candida for recovery and presumptive identification of vaginal yeast species. Med Mycol 2011; 49:16-25. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.497972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pasligh J, Radecke C, Fleischhacker M, Ruhnke M. Comparison of phenotypic methods for the identification of Candida dubliniensis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2010; 43:147-54. [PMID: 20457432 DOI: 10.1016/s1684-1182(10)60023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Mixed infections caused by different Candida species are the rule rather than the exception. The discrimination between the two closely related species Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis is not trivial. Therefore, there is a need for fast, reliable, and inexpensive methods with high specificity for the identification and differentiation of these two Candida species, which are frequently detected in the oral cavities of patients with a human immunodeficiency virus infection. METHODS We applied several phenotypic identification methods (growth on Rice-agar, Bird-seed agar, CHROMagar Candida, API ID 32C; growth at 42 degrees C and 45 degrees C) and compared them with genotyping by arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A sensitivity of 44% for the identification of C. dubliniensis was achieved for growth on Rice-agar, 97% for discrimination on Bird-seed agar, 95% with the assimilation profile index API ID 32C, and 97% when grown at 45 degrees C. We found two API codes not described for C. dubliniensis so far. Additionally, 88% of our C. dubliniensis isolates assimilated palatinose, in contrast to the 1% described in the API reference manual. CONCLUSION According to our results, cultivation of Candida isolates on Bird-seed agar after screening on CHROMagar Candida is a very sensitive, simple, and cost-effective method for discriminating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pasligh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Willinger B. Speziesdiagnostik: Von der Agarplatte zur Molekularbiologie. Mycoses 2010; 53 Suppl 1:19-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Algorithm of clinical protocol lowering the risk of systemic Mycosis infections in allografts recipients. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:3264-6. [PMID: 19857727 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe a diagnostic protocol to lower the risk of a mycotic invasive infection among allotransplant recipients and to suggest the use of preoperative prophylaxis and/or empiric therapy. We chose a group of 268 allograft recipients with transient or constant yeast colonization or confirmed yeast infection. Among 7744 clinical samples, 475 were positive for fungi. We used conventional fungal laboratory diagnosis, enzymatic activity tests, serologic tests, molecular diagnosis of samples from sterile body sites, and histopathologic examinations. The following clinical samples were examined: blood samples; swabs from mouth lesions, throat, and rectum; and sputum, urine, and fecal samples from kidney transplant recipients and simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation recipients who are highly predisposed to mycotic infections. We established microbiologic criteria of a systemic mycosis and principles to distinguish colonization from infection.
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Gasparoto TH, Dionísio TJ, de Oliveira CE, Porto VC, Gelani V, Santos CF, Campanelli AP, Lara VS. Isolation of Candida dubliniensis from denture wearers. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:959-962. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.008391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is considered the most important Candida species able to cause oral infections in denture wearers. In recent years, Candida dubliniensis has emerged as a pathogenic yeast in humans. The close phenotypic similarities of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis have led to the misidentification of these species. In this work, our aim was to verify through PCR the presence of C. dubliniensis in palate and maxillary denture samples from 112 denture wearers presenting with or without denture-related stomatitis (DRS). C. dubliniensis was isolated at low rates from both palate (5.3 % and 10.7 %) and maxillary denture (5.3 % and 8.9 %) samples from wearers regardless of the presence of the disease. However, when C. dubliniensis was detected in individuals with DRS, it was always associated with C. albicans. In addition, our results showed that C. albicans was the most commonly identified candidal species in maxillary denture and hard palate samples from DRS patients (78.5 % and 89.2 %, respectively) as well as from controls (31.2 % and 28.5 %, respectively). In conclusion, C. dubliniensis was detected in the oral environment of denture wearers. The association of C. dubliniensis with C. albicans occurred in approximately 10 % of the DRS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carine Ervolino de Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology (Pathology), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carvalho Porto
- Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria Gelani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Stomatology (Pathology), Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Khlif M, Sellami A, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. [Candida dubliniensis: Identification methods and epidemiologic implication]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:166-72. [PMID: 19046828 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis was recently described (1995) associated with oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. This organism is very closely related to the pathogenic human yeast, Candida albicans, and share a great number of phenotypic and genotypic characters. This great similarity limits the discrimination between these two species. Several phenotypic and molecular methods were developed. The phenotypic methods are simply used in routine discrimination between these two species and depend on the growth at high temperature, sugar assimilation, growth on special mediums and chlamydospore production…; but these methods are insensitive in discrimination between these two species. The molecular biology methods are highly reliable and able to confirm rapidly the identification of this species. In this article, we will review the various studies run out concerning the methods deployed for the identification of C. dubliniensis as well as the epidemiological implication of this new pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khlif
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, parasitaire et fongique, faculté de médecine de Sfax, avenue Magida-Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisie
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In vitro evaluation of putative virulence attributes of oral isolates of Candida spp. obtained from elderly healthy individuals. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:209-17. [PMID: 18597183 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Candida isolates obtained from oral cavity of elderly healthy individuals revealed the predominance of non-albicans Candida species (88.9%) compared to Candida albicans (11%). CHROMagar Candida differential medium and PCR revealed the presence of Candida tropicalis (33.3%), Candida glabrata (27.8%), and Candida krusei (16.7%). We investigated the presence of virulence attributes in a total of 18 isolates, including acid protease and phospholipase production, hemolytic activity, and biofilm production. Extracellular protease was found in five isolates (27.8%) whereas extracellular phospholipase was found in three isolates (17%). All isolates showed hemolytic activity. About 56% of the isolates were weakly positive for biofilm formation (score +) whereas a minority (5.6%) of them showed strong biofilm formation (score 4+). Susceptibility in vitro of the isolates to fluconazole was carried out by microdilution method. Fluconazole showed a strong inhibition against most buccal isolates. The resistant isolates were 2 C. tropicalis, 2 C. glabrata, and 1 C. krusei.
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Gaschet A, L’Ollivier C, Laplanche A, Vagner O, Dalle F, Cuisenier B, Valot S, Bonnin A. Evaluation of CandiSelect4, a new chromogenic medium for isolation and presumptive identification of Candida species from clinical specimens. J Mycol Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Ghelardi E, Pichierri G, Castagna B, Barnini S, Tavanti A, Campa M. Efficacy of Chromogenic Candida Agar for isolation and presumptive identification of pathogenic yeast species. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:141-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Willinger B. Trends und neue Entwicklungen in der Diagnostik von Pilzinfektionen. Wien Med Wochenschr 2007; 157:476-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-007-0462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolution of biochemical phenotypic yeast identification methods with emphasis on conventional approaches, rapid screening tests, chromogenic agars, comprehensive commercial methods, and the eventual migration to genotypic methods. As systemic yeast infections can be devastating and resistance is common in certain species, accurate identification to the species level is paramount for successful therapy and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pincus
- bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, USA.
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24
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Anane S, Khalfallah F. Diagnostic biologique des candidoses systémiques : difficultés et perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:262-72. [PMID: 16698196 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis is difficult to establish and biologic diagnosis raises problems. Blood culture which is the gold standard for the diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis lacks sensitivity and usually takes several days to become positive. Early diagnostic approach is imperative to avoid delays in the initiation for treatment. Therefore, nonculture methods like test for Candida antigen detection, metabolite detection or Candida DNA detection by PCR are being developed for the laboratory diagnosis. Candida derived metabolites and antigens detection lacks sensitivity. A new strategy consisting of the combined detection of mannanemia and an antibody response was developed. The combined detection has a high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The results of tests for the detection of yeast DNA by PCR obtained recently are promising in terms of sensitivity, specificity and identification of species of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anane
- Département de parasitologie, faculté de médecine de Tunis, 15, rue Djebel-Lakhdar, 1007 La-Rabta, Tunisie.
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25
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Eraso E, Moragues MD, Villar-Vidal M, Sahand IH, González-Gómez N, Pontón J, Quindós G. Evaluation of the new chromogenic medium Candida ID 2 for isolation and identification of Candida albicans and other medically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3340-5. [PMID: 16954270 PMCID: PMC1594741 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00213-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of Candida ID 2 (CAID2) reformulated medium (bioMérieux, France) has been compared with that of the former Candida ID (CAID; bioMérieux), Albicans ID 2 (ALB2; bioMérieux), and CHROMagar Candida (CAC; Chromagar, France) chromogenic media for the isolation and presumptive identification of clinically relevant yeasts. Three hundred forty-five stock strains from culture collections, and 103 fresh isolates from different clinical specimens were evaluated. CAID2 permitted differentiation based on colony color between Candida albicans (cobalt blue; sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 97.2%) and Candida dubliniensis (turquoise blue; sensitivity, 97.9%; specificity, 96.6%). Candida tropicalis gave distinguishable pink-bluish colonies in 97.4% of the strains in CAID2 (sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 100%); the same proportion was reached in CAC, where colonies were blue-gray (sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 98.7%). CAC and CAID2 showed 100% sensitivity values for the identification of Candida krusei. However, with CAID2, experience is required to differentiate the downy aspect of the white colonies of C. krusei from other white-colony-forming species. The new CAID2 medium is a good candidate to replace CAID and ALB2, and it compares well to CAC for culture and presumptive identification of clinically relevant Candida species. CAID2 showed better results than CAC in some aspects, such as quicker growth and color development of colonies from clinical specimens, detection of mixed cultures, and presumptive differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eraso
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología, y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Campanha NH, Neppelenbroek KH, Spolidorio DMP, Spolidorio LC, Pavarina AC. Phenotypic methods and commercial systems for the discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. Oral Dis 2006; 11:392-8. [PMID: 16269032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a recently described Candida species associated with oral candidosis that exhibits a high degree of phenotypic similarity to Candida albicans. However, these species show differences in levels of resistance to antimycotic agents and ability to cause infections. Therefore, accurate clinical identification of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans species is important in order to treat oral candidal infections. Phenotypic identification methods are easy-to-use procedures for routine discrimination of oral isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. However, C. dubliniensis may be so far underreported in clinical samples because most currently used identification methods fail to recognize this yeast. Phenotypic methods depend on growth temperature, carbon source assimilation, chlamydospore and hyphal growth production, positive or negative growth on special media and intracellular enzyme production, among others. In this review, some phenotypic methods are presented with a special emphasis on the discrimination of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Campanha
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Saunte DM, Klingspor L, Jalal S, Arnau J, Arendrup MC. Four cases of Candida albicans infections with isolates developing pink colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates. Mycoses 2005; 48:378-81. [PMID: 16262872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2005.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, the most commonly isolated yeast species, is typically identified by its green colony-colour on CHROMagar Candida plates. We here report four cases of Candida albicans infections, in which the initial identification was non-albicans isolates due to a clear pink colour of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates. However, classical phenotypic criteria, biochemical assimilation pattern and molecular characterisation identified all four isolates as C. albicans isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Saunte
- Unit of Mycology and Parasitology, Department for Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Hospenthal DR. Use of chromogenic medium in the isolation of yeasts from clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:981-985. [PMID: 16157554 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 1 year period 3296 specimens submitted for fungal culture were plated onto routine mycological media (RM) and CHROMagar Candida (CaC) to evaluate the capability of CaC to improve on RM. With RM, cultures producing single yeast isolates were identified from 802 specimens. CaC produced similar results, with 76 % agreement. Of 761 specimens that yielded a single Candida species by RM, 615 (81 %) produced one or more yeast isolates using CaC. Of concern, 132 negative CaC cultures corresponded to specimens that yielded C. albicans alone on RM. When yeasts were recovered, CaC correctly identified 98 % of C. albicans, 93 % of Candida tropicalis, 96 % of Candida glabrata and 100 % of Candida krusei based on typical colours. CaC did potentially improve on RM by detecting yeasts in 91 specimens that yielded none by routine methods. CaC was noted to recover more yeast isolates than RM when mixed cultures were detected. Overall, the role of CaC in improving RM appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Murray
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - M L Beckius
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - J A Green
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - D R Hospenthal
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Eloy O, Blanc V, Mallié M, Decousser J, Pina P, Allouch P. Identification et sensibilité aux antifongiques de deux souches de Candida dans 95 hôpitaux français. J Mycol Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Foulet F, Nicolas N, Eloy O, Botterel F, Gantier JC, Costa JM, Bretagne S. Microsatellite marker analysis as a typing system for Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4574-9. [PMID: 16145109 PMCID: PMC1234074 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4574-4579.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is one of the most important causes of nosocomial fungal infection. We investigated, using a multiplex PCR, three polymorphic microsatellite markers, RPM2, MTI, and ERG3, in order to obtain a rapid genotyping method for C. glabrata. One set of primers was designed for each locus, and one primer of each set was dye labeled to read PCR signals using an automatic sequencer. Eight reference strains including other Candida species and 138 independent C. glabrata clinical isolates were tested. The clinical isolates were collected from different anatomical sites of adult patients either hospitalized in different wards of two different hospitals or not hospitalized. Since C. glabrata is haploid, one single PCR product for each PCR set was obtained and assigned to an allele. The numbers of different alleles were 5, 7, and 15 for the RPM2, MTI, and ERG3 loci, respectively. The number of allelic associations was 21, leading to a discriminatory power of 0.84. The markers were stable after 25 subcultures, and the amplifications were specific for C. glabrata. A factorial correspondence analysis did not indicate any correlation between the 21 multilocus genotypes and the clinical data (source, sex, ward, anatomical sites). Microsatellite marker analysis is a rapid and reliable technique to investigate clinical issues concerning C. glabrata. However, its discriminatory power should be improved by testing other polymorphic microsatellite loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foulet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
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31
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Yucesoy M, Ozbek OA, Oztek AO, Marol S. Comparison of three differential media for the presumptive identification of yeasts. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11:245-7. [PMID: 15715727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated three differential media, CHROMagar Candida, BiGGY agar and Albicans ID2 agar, for the presumptive identification of yeast species. In total, 215 yeast isolates were included in the study. The sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar Candida, BiGGY agar and Albicans ID2 agar for the detection of Candida albicans were 100% and 100%, 91% and 92.7%, and 99.2% and 92.7%, respectively. CHROMagar Candida was a reliable tool for the presumptive identification of C. albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. Albicans ID2 agar was useful for the detection of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yucesoy
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
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Freydiere AM, Perry JD, Faure O, Willinger B, Tortorano AM, Nicholson A, Peman J, Verweij PE. Routine use of a commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, for rapid identification of Candida glabrata in six laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4870-2. [PMID: 15472367 PMCID: PMC522330 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4870-4872.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When evaluated in six clinical laboratories from six countries with 1,174 fresh isolates, including 715 Candida glabrata and 459 non-C. glabrata strains, GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) yielded an overall sensitivity and an overall specificity of 95.8 and 98.9%, respectively. The results were consistent from one laboratory to another. The five false-positive results corresponded to C. parapsilosis (n = 2), C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT allows a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable presumptive identification of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Freydiere
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Debrousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Yücesoy M, Marol S. Performance of CHROMAGAR candida and BIGGY agar for identification of yeast species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2003; 2:8. [PMID: 14613587 PMCID: PMC280667 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of identifying the pathogenic fungi rapidly has encouraged the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of yeasts. In this study two differential media, CHROMagar Candida and bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast agar, were evaluated for the presumptive identification of yeast species. METHODS A total number of 270 yeast strains including 169 Candida albicans, 33 C. tropicalis, 24 C. glabrata, 18 C. parapsilosis, 12 C. krusei, 5 Trichosporon spp., 4 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae, 1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1 Geotrichum candidum were included. The strains were first identified by germ tube test, morphological characteristics on cornmeal tween 80 agar and Vitek 32 and API 20 C AUX systems. In parallel, they were also streaked onto CHROMagar Candida and bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast agar plates. The results were read according to the color, morphology of the colonies and the existance of halo around them after 48 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity values for C. albicans strains were found to be 99.4, 100% for CHROMagar Candida and 87.0, 75.2% for BiGGY agar, respectively. The sensitivity of CHROMagar Candida to identify C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei ranged between 90.9 and 100% while the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity rates for BiGGY agar were 66.6 and 100% while the specificity values were found to be 95.4 and 100% for C. tropicalis and C. krusei, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the use of CHROMagar Candida is an easy and reliable method for the presumptive identification of most commonly isolated Candida species especially C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. The lower sensitivity and specificity of BiGGY agar to identify commonly isolated Candida species potentially limits the clinical usefulness of this agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Yücesoy
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Marol
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
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Piens MA, Perry JD, Raberin H, Parant F, Freydière AM. Routine use of a one minute trehalase and maltase test for the identification of Candida glabrata in four laboratories. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:687-9. [PMID: 12944553 PMCID: PMC1770057 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.9.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the rapid identification of Candida glabrata using a one minute trehalase and maltase test in four clinical laboratories. METHOD The test was evaluated with 944 freshly isolated yeasts comprising 572 C glabrata and 372 non-C glabrata strains. These strains were isolated on one of three differential media-Candida ID, CHROMagar Candida, or Albicans ID2 medium-and all strains were fully identified using standard methods. RESULTS The trehalase and maltase test allowed the overall identification of 550 of 572 C glabrata strains (sensitivity, 96.2%) and only 11 of 372 isolates of other yeast species yielded a false positive result (specificity, 96.8 %). Sensitivity and specificity were consistent from one laboratory to another. Using Candida ID medium, the rapid trehalase and maltase test showed a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 96.2%. Using CHROMagar Candida, sensitivity and specificity were 95.6% and 98.1%, respectively. Using Albicans ID2 medium (tested by two laboratories), the sensitivity was 100% and 98.5% and specificity was 98.1% and 98.2%. In 60% of cases, the test could be performed directly from the primary isolation medium, thus reducing the time for identification. CONCLUSION The rapid trehalase and maltase test was highly reliable for the presumptive identification of C glabrata on primary isolation using three different chromogenic media. Direct recognition of C albicans by means of their characteristic colour on chromogenic media coupled with one minute trehalase maltase testing performed only on suspect colonies of C glabrata allowed for rapid presumptive identification of the two yeast species most commonly encountered in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Piens
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie Médicale, 69373 Lyon, France
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Freydiere AM, Robert R, Ploton C, Marot-Leblond A, Monerau F, Vandenesch F. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata with a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3861-3. [PMID: 12904403 PMCID: PMC179766 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3861-3863.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLABRATA RTT test (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) is based on the ability of Candida glabrata to hydrolyze trehalose but not maltose. It requires an inoculum of only four to six colonies, and the results are available within 20 min. We tested GLABRATA RTT with 330 stock isolates grown in subcultures on four different primary fungal isolation media and obtained a sensitivity of 94 to 98% (depending on the medium used) and a specificity of 97.3 to 98.6%. The false-positive results corresponded to C. tropicalis, C. famata, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT thus offers rapid and reliable identification of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Freydiere
- Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France.
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36
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Borst A, Theelen B, Reinders E, Boekhout T, Fluit AC, Savelkoul PHM. Use of amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis to identify medically important Candida spp., including C. dubliniensis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1357-62. [PMID: 12682114 PMCID: PMC153876 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1357-1362.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Candida albicans Candida species are increasingly being isolated. These species show differences in levels of resistance to antimycotic agents and mortality. Therefore, it is important to be able to correctly identify the causative organism to the species level. Identification of C. dubliniensis in particular remains problematic due to the high degree of phenotypic similarity between this species and C. albicans. The use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis as an identification method for medically important Candida species was investigated. Our results show very clear differences among medically important Candida species. Furthermore, when screening a large collection of clinical isolates previously identified on CHROMagar as C. albicans, we found a misidentification rate of 6%. AFLP analysis is universally applicable, and the patterns can easily be stored in a general, accessible database. Therefore, AFLP might prove to be a reliable method for the identification of medically important Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borst
- Eijkman-Winkler Center for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Stéphan F, Bah MS, Desterke C, Rézaiguia-Delclaux S, Foulet F, Duvaldestin P, Bretagne S. Molecular diversity and routes of colonization of Candida albicans in a surgical intensive care unit, as studied using microsatellite markers. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:1477-83. [PMID: 12471566 DOI: 10.1086/344648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the colonization of Candida species and the importance of cross-contamination with Candida albicans, we prospectively screened clinical specimens obtained from surgical patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) who had a high risk of yeast colonization. Genotyping of C. albicans was performed using microsatellite markers. Thirty-six of 94 patients acquired nosocomial yeast colonization and/or infection. A total of 1126 specimens were cultured, 167 (15%) of which yielded yeasts. All 122 isolates of C. albicans recovered from the 30 C. albicans-positive patients were genotyped. Twenty-four different genotypes were identified. No genotype was systematically associated with a specific room or time. Isolates recovered from different body sites of patients at different times had identical genotypes. Acquisition of C. albicans in the surgical ICU seems to be mainly endogenous. Microsatellite markers should also be developed for typing non-albicans Candida species to learn whether their epidemiology differs from that of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Stéphan
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, and Université Paris XII, Créteil, France
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Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Dooley DP. Persistence of pigment production by yeast isolates grown on CHROMagar Candida medium. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4768-70. [PMID: 12454192 PMCID: PMC154593 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4768-4770.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the persistence of pigmentation in yeast isolates grown on the chromogenic medium CHROMagar Candida over 7 days. Candida, Cryptococcus, and Trichosporon isolates were inoculated alone or mixed onto duplicate sets of plates and incubated at 30 and 35 degrees C. Candida albicans and Candida krusei were readily identified throughout the reading period, but Candida glabrata was difficult to differentiate from other species until the 3- or 4-day time point. Candida tropicalis produced colonies similar to those of rare Cryptococcus and Trichosporon species, and mixed cultures were often difficult to identify as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Hospenthal
- Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA.
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Freydière AM, Parant F, Noel-Baron F, Crepy M, Treny A, Raberin H, Davidson A, Odds FC. Identification of Candida glabrata by a 30-second trehalase test. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3602-5. [PMID: 12354852 PMCID: PMC130844 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.10.3602-3605.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2002] [Revised: 04/07/2002] [Accepted: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid (30-s) trehalase tests done with material from colonies of 482 yeasts suspended in a drop of trehalose solution on a commercially supplied glucose test strip were positive for 225 (99.1%) of 227 Candida glabrata isolates grown on either of two differential media, Candida ID medium or CandiSelect medium. The test was positive for only 3 (1.2%) and 12 (4.7%) of 255 isolates of other medically important yeast species grown on the same two media, respectively. A rapid maltase test done with a subset of 255 yeast isolates was negative for all but 1 of 64 trehalase-positive C. glabrata isolates, raising the specificity of the rapid testing for C. glabrata to 98.4 to 100%, depending on the isolation medium used. Rapid trehalase and maltase tests done independently in two laboratories with 217 yeast isolates showed sensitivities of 96.0 to 98.0% and specificities of 98.2 to 99.4% for identification of C. glabrata from colonies grown on Candida ID medium. The specificity was much lower because of frequent false-positive trehalose test results when the source of colonies was Sabouraud agar formulated with 4% glucose. We conclude that direct recognition of C. albicans as blue colonies on Candida ID isolation medium coupled with the performance of the 30-s trehalase and maltase tests for C. glabrata among the white colonies on this medium will allow the rapid presumptive identification of the two yeast species most commonly encountered in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Freydière
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hopital Debrousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 29 Rue Soeur Bouvier, 69322 Lyon cedex 05, France.
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Letscher-Bru V, Meyer MH, Galoisy AC, Waller J, Candolfi E. Prospective evaluation of the new chromogenic medium Candida ID, in comparison with Candiselect, for isolation of molds and isolation and presumptive identification of yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1508-10. [PMID: 11923383 PMCID: PMC140398 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.4.1508-1510.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective evaluation of Candida ID chromogenic medium (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) with 786 clinical specimens in comparison with Candiselect medium (Bio-Rad, Marnes la Coquette, France). Candida ID chromogenic medium identified 97.7% of Candida albicans strains; enabled presumptive identification of C. tropicalis, C. lusitaniae, C. guillermondii, and C. kefyr and better detection of yeast combinations (11.4% more often); and was more sensitive for the isolation of filamentous fungi (17.7% more often). However, Candida ID chromogenic medium appeared to be less selective vis-à-vis bacteria, with bacterial colonies sometimes pigmented blue.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:185-92. [PMID: 11788972 DOI: 10.1002/yea.820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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