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Santos HO, Santos EMS, de Oliveira HDS, dos Santos WS, Tupy AA, Souza EG, Ramires R, Luiz ACO, de Almeida AC. Screening for canine coronavirus, canine influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in dogs during the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. Vet World 2023; 16:1772-1780. [PMID: 37859971 PMCID: PMC10583864 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1772-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Although most cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are in humans, there is scientific evidence to suggest that the virus can also infect dogs and cats. This study investigated the circulation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), canine coronavirus (CCV), and canine influenza virus (CIV) in domiciled and/or stray dogs from different locations in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods In total, 86 dogs living in homes, on the streets, or in shelters in the cities of Taiobeiras, Salinas, Araçuaí, and Almenara were randomly selected for this study. The COVID Ag Detect® Self-Test was used to detect SARS-CoV-2. The ACCUVET CCV AG TEST - CANINE CORONAVIROSIS® was used to detect CCV, whereas canine influenza was detected using the ACCUVET CIV AG TEST - INFLUENZA CANINA®. All collected data were mapped using QGIS 3.28.1 for spatial data analysis and the identification of disease distribution patterns. Descriptive analysis of the collected data, prevalence calculations, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals, when possible, was performed. Results Of the 86 animals tested, only one dog tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using the rapid test for viral antigen detection. No animals tested positive for CIV. Canine coronavirus was detected in almost half of the animals tested in Almenara. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 had a low prevalence (1.16%), versus 15.62% for CCV. Although the results were not significant, the age and breed of animals appeared to be associated with the occurrence of CCV. The results indicated that younger animals were 2.375-fold more likely to be infected. Likewise, purebred animals were more likely to contract the disease (OR = 1.944). Conclusion The results indicate the need to maintain preventive measures against CCV, canine influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 in dogs. More studies are needed to better elucidate the panorama of these diseases in dogs, mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elber Gomes Souza
- Clínica Veterinária e Pet Shop Neres e Souza, Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rair Ramires
- Zecão pet shop clínica veterinária, Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Christina de Almeida
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Decaro N, Galgano M, Pratelli A. A One Health Perspective on Canine Coronavirus: A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040921. [PMID: 37110344 PMCID: PMC10143937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a positive-strand RNA virus generally responsible for mild-to-severe gastroenteritis in dogs. In recent years, new CCoVs with acquired pathogenic characteristics have emerged, turning the spotlight on the evolutionary potential of CCoVs. To date, two genotypes are known, CCoV type I and CCoV type II, sharing up to 96% nucleotide identity in the genome but highly divergent in the spike gene. In 2009, the detection of a novel CCoV type II, which likely originated from a double recombination event with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), led to the proposal of a new classification: CCoV type IIa, including classical CCoVs and CCoV type IIb, including TGEV-like CCoV. Recently, a virus strictly correlated to CCoV was isolated from children with pneumonia in Malaysia. The HuPn-2018 strain, classified as a novel canine–feline-like recombinant virus, is supposed to have jumped from dogs into people. A novel CoV of canine origin, HuCCoV_Z19Haiti, closely related to the Malaysian strain was also detected in a man with fever after travel to Haiti, suggesting that infection with Malaysian-like strains may occur. These data and the emergence of highly pathogenic CoVs in humans underscore the significant threat that CoV spillovers pose to humans and how we should mitigate this hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Yang H, Peng Q, Lang Y, Du S, Cao S, Wu R, Zhao Q, Huang X, Wen Y, Lin J, Zhao S, Yan Q. Phylogeny, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Canine and Feline Coronaviruses: A Retro-Prospective Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:850516. [PMID: 35558134 PMCID: PMC9087556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.850516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) and feline coronavirus (FCoV) are endemic in companion animals. Due to their high mutation rates and tendencies of genome recombination, they pose potential threats to public health. The molecular characteristics and genetic variation of both CCoV and FCoV have been thoroughly studied, but their origin and evolutionary dynamics still require further assessment. In the present study, we applied a comprehensive approach and analyzed the S, M, and N genes of different CCoV/FCoV isolates. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analysis showed that the FCoV sequences from Chinese isolates were closely related to the FCoV clusters in Netherlands, while recombination analysis indicated that of S N-terminal domain (NTD) was the most susceptible region of mutation, and recombination of this region is an important cause of the emergence of new lineages. Natural selection showed that CCoV and FCoV subgenotypes were in selection constraints, and CCoV-IIb was in strong positive selection. Phylodynamics showed that the mean evolution rate of S1 genes of CCoV and FCoV was 1.281 × 10–3 and 1.244 × 10–3 subs/site/year, respectively, and the tMRCA of CCoV and FCoV was about 1901 and 1822, respectively. Taken together, our study centered on tracing the origin of CCoV/FCoV and provided ample insights into the phylogeny and evolution of canine and feline coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianling Peng
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - SenYan Du
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - SanJie Cao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Pratelli A, Tempesta M, Elia G, Martella V, Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. The knotty biology of canine coronavirus: A worrying model of coronaviruses' danger. Res Vet Sci 2021; 144:190-195. [PMID: 34838321 PMCID: PMC8605815 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe clinical diseases associated to αCoronavirus (αCoV) infections were recently demonstrated for the first time in humans and a closely related but distinct canine CoV (CCoV) variant was identified in the nasopharyngeal swabs of children with pneumonia hospitalized in Malaysia, in 2017-2018. The complete genome sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain, CCoV-HuPn-2018, was a novel canine-feline-like recombinant virus with a unique nucleoprotein. The occurrence of three human epidemics/pandemic caused by CoVs in the recent years and the detection of CCoV-HuPn-2018, raises questions about the ability of these viruses to overcome species barriers from their reservoirs jumping to humans. Interestingly, in this perspective, it is interesting to consider the report concerning new CCoV strains with a potential dual recombinant origin through partial S-gene exchange with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) identified in pups died with acute gastroenteritis in 2009. The significance of the ability of CCoVs to evolve is still unclear, but several questions arisen on the biology of these viruses, focusing important epidemiological outcomes in the field, in terms of both virus evolution and prophylaxis. The new CCoV-Hupn-2018 should lead researchers to pay more attention to the mechanisms of recombination among CoVs, rather than to the onset of variants as a result of mutations, suggesting a continuous monitoring of these viruses and in particular of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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5
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Smith CS, Lenz MF, Caldwell K, Oakey J. Identification of a canine coronavirus in Australian racing Greyhounds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:77-81. [PMID: 34697969 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211054819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection can cause a range of syndromes, which in dogs can include mild-to-severe enteritis that generally resolves rapidly. Fatalities can occur from coinfection with other pathogens, including canine parvovirus. Between late December 2019 and April 2020, canine coronavirus (CCoV) was detected in Australian racing Greyhounds that displayed signs of gastrointestinal disease. The CCoV was genotyped using high-throughput sequencing, recovering 98.3% of a type IIb CCoV, generally thought to cause a mild but highly contagious enteric disease. The Australian CCoV was almost identical (99.9%, whole-genome sequence) to another CCoV associated with an outbreak of severe vomiting in dogs in the United Kingdom at the same time (December 2019-March 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Smith
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin F Lenz
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Oakey
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Biosecurity Queensland, Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Awad R, Ali Hassan S, Attallah A, Khalil W. Epidemiology and molecular diagnosis of canine coronavirus in Egypt: evaluation of different tests used for its diagnosis. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to study the epidemiology and molecular detection of existing canine coronavirus (CCoV) strain circulating in Egypt. A total number of 86 dogs with clinical signs suggestive for CCoV infection was subjected to clinical examination and quick immunochromatography (IC) on faecal swabs to detect viral antigen. To identify CCoV viral RNA and S protein gene in blood and faeces, conventional PCR and quantitative RT-PCR were used. All examined dogs showed clinical signs suggestive of CCoV infection. Only 32 out of 86 dogs were positive for IC. Of all samples, 36 showed positive results in PCR and the amplification products from these 36 samples were confirmed as CCoV-S protein partial gene by the analysis of nucleotide sequence. However, the qRT-PCR analysis detected 45 positive samples e.g. more than those of IC or conventional polymerase chain reaction. Statistical evaluation of IC and conventional PCR to the results of qRT-PCR performance showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of 71%, 100%, 84.9%, 100%, 75.9% for IC and 80%, 100%, 89.5%, 100%, 82% for PCR, respectively. Sex and age had no effects on IC and PCR results. The prevalence of CCoV infection among the population of this study was 52.3%. Sequence analysis results proved that CCoV strain 59/08 was the strain, circulating in Egypt among dog populations. PCR products of the CCoV cDNA were closely identical to published CCoV-S partial gene. The NCBI Genbank accession number of sequence of the studied gene (CCoV-S partial gene) in this study was KY655745.
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7
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Jeoung SY, Ann SY, Kim HT, Kim D. M gene analysis of canine coronavirus strains detected in Korea. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:495-502. [PMID: 25234323 PMCID: PMC4269591 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic features of canine coronavirus (CCV) strains detected in Korea. M gene sequences obtained for isolates from 22 dogs with enteritis over a 5-year period were evaluated. Sequence comparison revealed that the 22 Korean CCV strains had an 87.2 to 100% nucleotide homology. Comparing to the typical reference CCV strains (type II), the nucleotide sequence of Korean strains had homology ranged from 86.3% to 98.3% (89.1% to 99.2% for the amino acid sequence) and 87.7% to 97.8% (92.4% to 100% for the amino acid sequence) when compared to FCoV-like CCV strains (type I). Three amino acid variations in the M gene were characteristic for the Korean CCV strains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 22 Korean CCV strains belonged to four typical CCV clusters (i.e., a unique Korean CCV cluster, a type II and transmissible gastroenteritis virus cluster, an intermediate cluster between type I and II, and a type I cluster). This study was the first to identify genetic differences of the M gene from Korean CCV strains and provided a platform for molecular identification of different Korean CCV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Young Jeoung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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8
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Canine enteric coronaviruses: emerging viral pathogens with distinct recombinant spike proteins. Viruses 2014; 6:3363-76. [PMID: 25153347 PMCID: PMC4147700 DOI: 10.3390/v6083363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) is an alphacoronavirus infecting dogs that is closely related to enteric coronaviruses of cats and pigs. While CCoV has traditionally caused mild gastro-intestinal clinical signs, there are increasing reports of lethal CCoV infections in dogs, with evidence of both gastrointestinal and systemic viral dissemination. Consequently, CCoV is now considered to be an emerging infectious disease of dogs. In addition to the two known serotypes of CCoV, novel recombinant variants of CCoV have been found containing spike protein N-terminal domains (NTDs) that are closely related to those of feline and porcine strains. The increase in disease severity in dogs and the emergence of novel CCoVs can be attributed to the high level of recombination within the spike gene that can occur during infection by more than one CCoV type in the same host.
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9
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Grellet A, Chastant-Maillard S, Robin C, Feugier A, Boogaerts C, Boucraut-Baralon C, Grandjean D, Polack B. Risk factors of weaning diarrhea in puppies housed in breeding kennels. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:260-5. [PMID: 25175676 PMCID: PMC7114196 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea represents one of the most frequent disorders in dogs. In puppies, degradation of feces quality is associated with a reduced daily weight gain and an increased risk of death. Prevention of diarrhea in puppies requires a global approach encompassing enteropathogens, environment and management practices especially when housed in groups. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of enteropathogens in puppies in breeding kennels and to identify risk factors of diarrhea. Two hundred and sixty six puppies (between 5 and 14 weeks of age) from 29 French breeding kennels were included. For each kennel, data about environment, management of the kennel and puppies’ characteristics (age, sex and breed) were collected. For each puppy, fecal consistency and fecal excretion of enteropathogens (viruses and parasites) was evaluated. At least one enteropathogen was identified in 77.1% of puppies and 24.8% of puppies presented abnormal feces. The main risk factor of weaning diarrhea was fecal excretion of canine parvovirus type 2 (odds ratio = 5; confidence interval 95%: 1.7–14.7). A targeted sanitary and medical prophylaxis against canine parvovirus type 2 should be implemented to decrease risk of weaning diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Grellet
- Royal Canin Research Center (Grellet, Feugier), 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France.
| | - Sylvie Chastant-Maillard
- Unité Toulousaine d'Elevage et Reproduction (UTER) (Chastant-Maillard), UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, IHAP Interactions Hôte-Pathogènes INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076, Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Coralie Robin
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Feugier
- Royal Canin Research Center (Grellet, Feugier), 650 avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470 Aimargues, France
| | - Cassandre Boogaerts
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (Robin, Boogaerts, Grandjean, Polack), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Castanheira P, Duarte A, Gil S, Cartaxeiro C, Malta M, Vieira S, Tavares L. Molecular and serological surveillance of canine enteric viruses in stray dogs from Vila do Maio, Cape Verde. BMC Vet Res 2014. [PMID: 24755118 DOI: 10.1186/1746–6148–10–91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in dogs worldwide. Prior to this study, no information was available concerning the incidence and prevalence of these viruses in Cape Verde archipelago. RESULTS To provide information regarding the health status of the canine population in Vila do Maio, Maio Island, Cape Verde, 53 rectal swabs were collected from 53 stray dogs during 2010 and 93 rectal swabs and 88 blood samples were collected from 125 stray dogs in 2011. All rectal swabs (2010 n = 53; 2011 n = 93) were analysed for the presence of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus nucleic acids by quantitative PCR methods. Specific antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus were also assessed (2011 n = 88).From the 2010 sampling, 43.3% (23/53) were positive for canine parvovirus DNA, 11.3% (6/53) for canine distemper virus RNA and 1.9% (1/53) for canine coronavirus RNA. In 2011, the prevalence values for canine parvovirus and canine coronavirus were quite similar to those from the previous year, respectively 44.1% (41/93), and 1.1% (1/93), but canine distemper virus was not detected in any of the samples analysed (0%, 0/93). Antibodies against canine parvovirus were detected in 71.6% (63/88) blood samples and the seroprevalence found for canine distemper virus was 51.1% (45/88). CONCLUSIONS This study discloses the data obtained in a molecular and serological epidemiological surveillance carried out in urban populations of stray and domestic animals. Virus transmission and spreading occurs easily in large dog populations leading to high mortality rates particularly in unvaccinated susceptible animals. In addition, these animals can act as disease reservoirs for wild animal populations by occasional contact. Identification of susceptible wildlife of Maio Island is of upmost importance to evaluate the risk of pathogen spill over from domestic to wild animals in Cape Verde and to evaluate the associated threat to the wild susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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11
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Castanheira P, Duarte A, Gil S, Cartaxeiro C, Malta M, Vieira S, Tavares L. Molecular and serological surveillance of canine enteric viruses in stray dogs from Vila do Maio, Cape Verde. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:91. [PMID: 24755118 PMCID: PMC4005843 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections caused by canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in dogs worldwide. Prior to this study, no information was available concerning the incidence and prevalence of these viruses in Cape Verde archipelago. RESULTS To provide information regarding the health status of the canine population in Vila do Maio, Maio Island, Cape Verde, 53 rectal swabs were collected from 53 stray dogs during 2010 and 93 rectal swabs and 88 blood samples were collected from 125 stray dogs in 2011. All rectal swabs (2010 n = 53; 2011 n = 93) were analysed for the presence of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus nucleic acids by quantitative PCR methods. Specific antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus were also assessed (2011 n = 88).From the 2010 sampling, 43.3% (23/53) were positive for canine parvovirus DNA, 11.3% (6/53) for canine distemper virus RNA and 1.9% (1/53) for canine coronavirus RNA. In 2011, the prevalence values for canine parvovirus and canine coronavirus were quite similar to those from the previous year, respectively 44.1% (41/93), and 1.1% (1/93), but canine distemper virus was not detected in any of the samples analysed (0%, 0/93). Antibodies against canine parvovirus were detected in 71.6% (63/88) blood samples and the seroprevalence found for canine distemper virus was 51.1% (45/88). CONCLUSIONS This study discloses the data obtained in a molecular and serological epidemiological surveillance carried out in urban populations of stray and domestic animals. Virus transmission and spreading occurs easily in large dog populations leading to high mortality rates particularly in unvaccinated susceptible animals. In addition, these animals can act as disease reservoirs for wild animal populations by occasional contact. Identification of susceptible wildlife of Maio Island is of upmost importance to evaluate the risk of pathogen spill over from domestic to wild animals in Cape Verde and to evaluate the associated threat to the wild susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Guirao M, Souza S, Jerez J, Richtzenhain L, Brandão P. Phylogeny of canine coronavirus (CCoV) from Brazilian dogs based on membrane protein partial sequences. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352013000600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Costa EM, de Castro TX, Bottino FDO, Garcia RDCNC. Molecular characterization of canine coronavirus strains circulating in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:8-15. [PMID: 24216489 PMCID: PMC7117457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To characterize canine coronavirus (CCoV) circulating in diarrheic puppies in Brazil, 250 fecal samples collected between 2006 and 2012 were tested. By using RT-PCR to partially amplify the M gene, CCoV RNA was detected in 30 samples. Sequence analysis of the M protein grouped eight strains with CCoV-I and another 19 with CCoV-II prototypes. To genotype/subtype the CCoV strains and assess the occurrence of single or multiple CCoV infections, RT-PCR of the S gene was performed, and 25/30 CCoV-positive strains amplified with one or two primer pairs. For 17/25 samples, single infections were detected as follows: six CCoV-I, nine CCoV-IIa and two CCoV-IIb. Eight samples were positive for more than one genotype/subtype as follows: seven CCoV-I/IIa and one CCoV-I/IIb. Sequence analysis revealed that the CCoV-I and IIa strains shared high genetic similarity to each other and to the prototypes. The Brazilian strains of CCoV-IIb displayed an aminoacid insertion that was also described in CCoV-IIb-UCD-1 and TGEV strains. Among the 25 CCoV-positive puppies, five had a fatal outcome, all but one of which were cases of mixed infection. The current study is the first reported molecular characterization of CCoV-I, IIa and IIb strains in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moutinho Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier de Castro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Oliveira Bottino
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Nasser Cubel Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Prof. Hernani Melo, 101, CEP 24210-130 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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15
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The evolutionary processes of canine coronaviruses. Adv Virol 2011; 2011:562831. [PMID: 22315601 PMCID: PMC3265307 DOI: 10.1155/2011/562831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first identification of the virus in 1971, the disease caused by canine coronavirus (CCoV) has not been adequately investigated, and the role that the virus plays in canine enteric illness has not been well established. Only after the emergence in 2002 of SARS in human has new attention been focused on coronaviruses. As a consequence of the relatively high mutation frequency of RNA-positive stranded viruses, CCoV has evolved and, with the biomolecular techniques developed over the last two decades, new virus strains, serotypes, and subtypes have been identified in infected dogs. Considering the widespread nature of CCoV infections among dog populations, several studies have been carried out, focusing upon the epidemiological relevance of these viruses and underlining the need for further investigation into the biology of CCoVs and into the pathogenetic role of the infections. This paper reports the evolutionary processes of CCoVs with a note onto recent diagnostic methods.
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16
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Gao FS, Hu GX, Xia XZ, Gao YW, Bai YD, Zou XH. Isolation and identification of a canine coronavirus strain from giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J Vet Sci 2009; 10:261-3. [PMID: 19687628 PMCID: PMC2801125 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) died of unknown causes in a Chinese zoo. The clinical disease profile suggested that the pandas may have suffered a viral infection. Therefore, a series of detection including virus isolation, electron microscopy, cytobiological assay, serum neutralization and RT-PCR were used to identify the virus. It was determined that the isolated virus was a canine coronavirus (CCV), on the basis of coronavirus, neutralization by canine anti-CCV serum, and 84.3% to 100% amino acid sequence similarity with CCV. The results suggest that the affected pandas had been infected with CCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Bioengineering, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
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17
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Takiuchi E, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Molecular analysis of the bovine coronavirus S1 gene by direct sequencing of diarrheic fecal specimens. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:277-82. [PMID: 18392449 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes severe diarrhea in newborn calves, is associated with winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory infections in calves and feedlot cattle. The BCoV S protein plays a fundamental role in viral attachment and entry into the host cell, and is cleaved into two subunits termed S1 (amino terminal) and S2 (carboxy terminal). The present study describes a strategy for the sequencing of the BCoV S1 gene directly from fecal diarrheic specimens that were previously identified as BCoV positive by RT-PCR assay for N gene detection. A consensus sequence of 2681 nucleotides was obtained through direct sequencing of seven overlapping PCR fragments of the S gene. The samples did not undergo cell culture passage prior to PCR amplification and sequencing. The structural analysis was based on the genomic differences between Brazilian strains and other known BCoV from different geographical regions. The phylogenetic analysis of the entire S1 gene showed that the BCoV Brazilian strains were more distant from the Mebus strain (97.8% identity for nucleotides and 96.8% identity for amino acids) and more similar to the BCoV-ENT strain (98.7% for nucleotides and 98.7% for amino acids). Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit, these strains clustered with the American (BCoV-ENT, 182NS) and Canadian (BCQ20, BCQ2070, BCQ9, BCQ571, BCQ1523) calf diarrhea and the Canadian winter dysentery (BCQ7373, BCQ2590) strains, but clustered on a separate branch of the Korean and respiratory BCoV strains. The BCoV strains of the present study were not clustered in the same branch of previously published Brazilian strains (AY606193, AY606194). These data agree with the genealogical construction and suggest that at least two different BCoV strains are circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Takiuchi
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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18
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Decaro N, Buonavoglia C. An update on canine coronaviruses: viral evolution and pathobiology. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:221-34. [PMID: 18635322 PMCID: PMC7117484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of human severe acute respiratory syndrome incited renewed interest in animal coronaviruses (CoVs) as potential agents of direct and indirect zoonoses. The reinforced epidemiological surveillance on CoVs has led to the identification of new viruses, genotypes, pathotypes and host variants in animals and humans. In dogs, a CoV associated with mild enteritis, canine coronavirus (CCoV), has been known since 1970s. CoV strains with different biological and genetic properties with respect to classical CCoV strains have been identified in dogs in the last few years, leading to a full reconsideration of the CoV-induced canine diseases. The genetic evolution of dog CoVs is paradigmatic of how CoVs evolve through accumulation of point mutations, insertions or deletions in the viral genome, that led to the emergence of new genotypes (CCoV type I), biotypes (pantropic CCoV) and host variants (canine respiratory coronavirus). This paper is a review of the current literature on the recent genetic evolution of CCoV and emergence of new CoVs in the dog. The significances of the newly acquired information for the canine health status and prophylaxis programmes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Public Health and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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19
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Schulz BS, Strauch C, Mueller RS, Eichhorn W, Hartmann K. Comparison of the prevalence of enteric viruses in healthy dogs and those with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea by electron microscopy. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 49:84-8. [PMID: 18086157 PMCID: PMC7166461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate prevalence of enteric viruses in healthy dogs and to compare it with prevalences in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Methods: Faecal samples were collected from 200 healthy dogs and examined by electron microscopy for presence of viral particles. Data were compared with viral prevalences that had been determined retrospectively by electron microscopy for 936 dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Results: There were significantly more negative faecal samples among the healthy dogs (82·0 per cent) compared with 55·8 per cent in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). With a prevalence of 17·5 per cent, significantly more healthy dogs were shedding coronavirus compared with 11·6 per cent in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P=0·034). Parvovirus was only detected in one healthy dog (0·5 per cent), thus with a prevalence that was significantly lower than 16·0 per cent detected in the dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). Paramyxovirus was not found in any of the healthy dogs but was found in 9·3 per cent of dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea (P<0·001). Clinical Significance: Results suggest that shedding of parvovirus and paramyxovirus is strongly associated with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. However, coronavirus seems to be even more prevalent among healthy dogs, raising the need for further studies to investigate the strain‐associated pathogenicity of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Germany
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20
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Escutenaire S, Isaksson M, Renström LHM, Klingeborn B, Buonavoglia C, Berg M, Belák S, Thorén P. Characterization of divergent and atypical canine coronaviruses from Sweden. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1507-14. [PMID: 17533554 PMCID: PMC7087124 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Field canine coronaviruses (CCVs) identified during a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Swedish dogs were subjected to genetic analysis involving the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) and the membrane (M) and spike (S) protein genes. Four field viruses originating from the Stockholm region presented identical sequences and segregated separately from other CCVs characterized so far and from GOT/05, the variant recovered in Western Sweden. A recombinant origin of the fifth virus identified in the Stockholm region is suggested. In addition, the five viruses originating from the same geographical area displayed atypical 5′ S gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Escutenaire
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Brandão PE, Gregori F, Richtzenhain LJ, Rosales CAR, Villarreal LYB, Jerez JA. Molecular analysis of Brazilian strains of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) reveals a deletion within the hypervariable region of the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein also found in human coronavirus OC43. Arch Virol 2006; 151:1735-48. [PMID: 16583154 PMCID: PMC7086848 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) causes enteric and respiratory dis- orders in calves and dysentery in cows. In this study, 51 stool samples of calves from 10 Brazilian dairy farms were analysed by an RT-PCR that amplifies a 488-bp fragment of the hypervariable region of the spike glycoprotein gene. Maximum parsimony genealogy with a heuristic algorithm using sequences from 15 field strains studied here and 10 sequences from GenBank and bredavirus as an outgroup virus showed the existence of two major clusters (1 and 2) in this viral species, the Brazilian strains segregating in both of them. The mean nucleotide identity between the 15 Brazilian strains was 98.34%, with a mean amino acid similarity of 98%. Strains from cluster 2 showed a deletion of 6 amino acids inside domain II of the spike protein that was also found in human coronavirus strain OC43, supporting the recent proposal of a zoonotic spill- over of BCoV. These results contribute to the molecular characterization of BCoV, to the prediction of the efficiency of immunogens, and to the definition of molecular markers useful for epidemiologic surveys on coronavirus-caused diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Brazil
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/virology
- Cluster Analysis
- Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus, Bovine/classification
- Coronavirus, Bovine/genetics
- Coronavirus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Feces/virology
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Deletion
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Brandão
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Evermann JF, Abbott JR, Han S. Canine coronavirus-associated puppy mortality without evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:610-4. [PMID: 16475526 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This report presents 2 cases in which puppy fatalities were associated with canine coronavirus (CCV), but no evidence of concurrent canine parvovirus (CPV-2) disease was observed. Case 1 involved a 7-week-old, male short-haired Chihuahua, which had become lethargic 24 hours after purchase from a pet store. Within 72 hours, the puppy began to vomit, had diarrhea, and was admitted to the veterinary clinic, where it was placed on IV fluids. The parvovirus Cite test was negative. The puppy died within 12 hours of admission and was submitted for diagnostic workup. Gross pathology revealed an enteritis suggestive of CPV-2. Histopathology on intestines showed scattered dilated crypts with necrotic cellular debris and neutrophils. There was moderate depletion and necrosis of lymphoid follicles. Electron microscopy (EM) on intestinal contents was positive for coronavirus and negative for parvovirus. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on gut sections was positive for CCV and negative for CPV-2. Case 2 was an 8-week-old, male Shih Tzu, which was admitted to the veterinary clinic exhibiting symptoms of severe gastroenteritis with abdominal pain. The referring veterinarian euthanized the puppy, and the entire body was submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Necropsy revealed a severe ileo-cecal intussusception and segmental necrotic enteritis of the small intestine. Electron microscopy of the intestinal contents was positive for coronavirus and negative for parvovirus. Immunohistochemistry on sections of affected gut were positive for CCV and negative for CPV-2. These cases emphasize the importance of pursuing a diagnosis of CCV in young puppies when CPV-2 disease has been ruled out by IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
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23
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Decaro N, Pratelli A, Campolo M, Elia G, Martella V, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Quantitation of canine coronavirus RNA in the faeces of dogs by TaqMan RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2004; 119:145-50. [PMID: 15158596 PMCID: PMC7119844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A TaqMan® fluorogenic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for the detection and quantitation of canine coronavirus (CCoV) RNA in the faeces of naturally or experimentally infected dogs. The CCoV fluorogenic RT-PCR assay, which targeted the ORF5 (M gene), was more sensitive than a conventional RT-PCR assay targeting the same gene, showing a detection limit of 10 copies of CCoV standard RNA, and was linear from 10 to 108 copies, allowing quantitation of samples with a wide range of CCoV RNA loads. A total of 78 faecal samples of diarrhoeic dogs were tested simultaneously by conventional and fluorogenic RT-PCR: 29 were negative by both techniques, whereas 27 tested positive by conventional RT-PCR and 48 by the established CCoV fluorogenic assay. One sample, which was positive by conventional RT-PCR, gave no signal in the fluorogenic assay. In addition, by the fluorogenic assay CCoV shedding in the faecal samples of an experimentally infected dog was monitored for 28 days. The high sensitivity, simplicity and reproducibility of the CCoV fluorogenic RT-PCR assay, combined with its wide dynamic range and high throughput, make this method especially suitable for efficacy trials on CCoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy.
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24
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Pratelli A, Martella V, Pistello M, Elia G, Decaro N, Buonavoglia D, Camero M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Identification of coronaviruses in dogs that segregate separately from the canine coronavirus genotype. J Virol Methods 2003; 107:213-22. [PMID: 12505636 PMCID: PMC7119488 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Revised: 10/12/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of 16 canine coronavirus (CCoV) samples is described. Samples were obtained from pups infected naturally living in different areas. Sequence data were obtained from the M gene and pol1a and pol1b regions. The phylogenetic relationships among these sequences and sequences published previously were determined. The canine samples segregated in two separate clusters. Samples of the first cluster were intermingled with reference strains of CCoV genotype and therefore could be assigned to this genotype. The second cluster segregated separately from CCoV and feline coronavirus genotypes and therefore these samples may represent genetic outliers. The reliability of the classification results was confirmed by repeating the phylogenetic analysis with nucleotide and amino acid sequences from multiple genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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25
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Pratelli A, Tinelli A, Decaro N, Camero M, Elia G, Gentile A, Buonavoglia C. PCR assay for the detection and the identification of atypical canine coronavirus in dogs. J Virol Methods 2002; 106:209-13. [PMID: 12393151 PMCID: PMC7119860 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Revised: 08/01/2002] [Accepted: 08/01/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Comparative sequence analysis of the PCR products of the M gene and fragments of the pol1a and pol1b genes of canine coronavirus (CCoV) have demonstrated that two separate clusters of CCoV are present in dogs. This note describes a PCR assay to identify atypical CCoV strains with nucleotide substitutions in the M gene. A total of 177 faecal samples from dogs CCoV positive previously with the PCR assay were analysed. Sixty-two of the 177 samples were amplified with the PCR described in the present study and were thus considered atypical CCoVs. The specificity of the PCR typing assay was confirmed by sequence analysis of the PCR products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Sp per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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26
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Naylor MJ, Walia CS, McOrist S, Lehrbach PR, Deane EM, Harrison GA. Molecular characterization confirms the presence of a divergent strain of canine coronavirus (UWSMN-1) in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3518-22. [PMID: 12202609 PMCID: PMC130832 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.9.3518-3522.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2001] [Revised: 04/21/2002] [Accepted: 06/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCV) UWSMN-1 was originally identified from an outbreak of fatal gastroenteritis in breeding colonies. In this report, we examined whether UWSMN-1 represents a novel divergent strain or is the result of recombination events between canine and feline coronavirus strains. Sequencing of various regions of the spike and polymerase genes confirms that UWSMN-1 is widely divergent from other CCV and feline coronavirus strains. These data raise the possibility that this strain is the first member of a novel third subtype of CCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Naylor
- School of Science, Food and Horticulture, University of Western Sydney, Penrith South DC, New South Wales, Australia.
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27
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Pratelli A, Elia G, Martella V, Palmieri A, Cirone F, Tinelli A, Corrente M, Buonavoglia C. Prevalence of canine coronavirus antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in dogs in the south of Italy. J Virol Methods 2002; 102:67-71. [PMID: 11879694 PMCID: PMC7119839 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), using as antigen canine coronavirus-infected CrFK cell supernatant, was developed to detect antibodies against canine coronavirus (CCoV). Out of a total of 109 dog serum samples, 80 which were positive by routine virus neutralisation test were also Elisa positive. Seventeen samples which were negative by the virus neutralisation test, were positive by Elisa and by the confirmatory Western blotting test. The Elisa was substantially more sensitive than the virus neutralisation test in detecting antibodies to CCoV and may be used as an alternative technique to virus neutralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, S.p. per Casamassima km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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