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Liedig C, Neupane P, Lashnits E, Breitschwerdt EB, Maggi RG. Blood Supplementation Enhances Bartonella henselae Growth and Molecular Detection of Bacterial DNA in Liquid Culture. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0512622. [PMID: 37227273 PMCID: PMC10269525 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05126-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Bartonella, a member of the Alphaproteobacteria, are fastidious, Gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that comprise numerous species, subspecies, and genotypes. Bartonella henselae, with a worldwide distribution, infects cats, dogs, horses, humans, and other mammals. Diagnostically, direct detection of Bartonella henselae in patient blood specimens by culture or molecular methods is required to confirm infection with this bacterium. Enrichment blood culture combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR) or ddPCR enhances the sensitivity of direct detection. The addition of sheep blood to liquid culture media increased the Bartonella henselae DNA concentration compared to controls, additionally improving PCR direct detection sensitivity. IMPORTANCE This study aims to improve diagnostic detection of Bartonella henselae. Patient samples are combined with enriched bacterial cultures aimed at growing Bartonella henselae for the best possible chance at detection. However, current Bartonella growth methods could be improved. The DNA extraction method used by most laboratories should also be optimized. Sheep blood was added to increase the growth of Bartonella henselae and multiple DNA extraction methods were to be compared to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chance Liedig
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pradeep Neupane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin Lashnits
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ricardo G. Maggi
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, and the Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Limitations of Serological Diagnosis of Typical Cat Scratch Disease and Recommendations for the Diagnostic Procedure. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:4222511. [PMID: 36915870 PMCID: PMC10008113 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4222511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cat scratch disease (CSD) is the most common cause of bacterial infectious lymphadenopathy, especially in children, but its diagnosis still remains challenging. Serological assays are widely applied due to their simplicity and the non-invasive sampling. However, these techniques present several limitations, including not well-defined antigen preparation, assay conditions and cutoff titers, severe cross-reactions with other species and organisms, and the notably ranging seroprevalence in the normal population. The objective of this study is to review the literature in order to determine the best diagnostic procedure for the diagnosis of CSD. Methods Databases including PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Google were searched to determine the best diagnostic procedure for the diagnosis of CSD. A total of 437 papers were identified and screened, and after exclusion of papers that did not fulfill the including criteria, 63 papers were used. Results It was revealed that sensitivities of serological assays varied from 10% to 100%. Indeed, more than half of the studies reported a sensitivity lower than 70%, while 71% of them had a sensitivity lower than 80%. Moreover, specificities of serological assays ranged from 15% to 100%, with 25 assays reporting a specificity lower than 90%. Conclusion It is considered that molecular assays should be the gold standard technique for CSD confirmation, and physicians are reinforced to proceed to lymph node biopsy in suspicious CSD cases.
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Steed D, Collins J, Farris AB, Guarner J, Yarar D, Friedman-Moraco R, Doane T, Pouch S, Marshall Lyon G, Woodworth MH. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with bartonella peliosis hepatis following kidney transplantation in a patient with HIV. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e303-e309. [PMID: 35500593 PMCID: PMC9942922 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillary peliosis hepatis is a well recognised manifestation of disseminated Bartonella henselae infection that can occur in immunocompromised individuals. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an immune-mediated condition with features that can overlap with a severe primary infection such as disseminated Bartonella spp infection. We report a case of bacillary peliosis hepatis and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to disseminated Bartonella spp infection in a kidney-transplant recipient with well controlled HIV. The patient reported 2 weeks of fever and abdominal pain and was found to have hepatomegaly. He recalled exposure to a sick dog but reported no cat exposures. Laboratory evaluation was notable for pancytopenia and cholestatic injury. The patient met more than five of eight clinical criteria for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pathology review of a bone marrow core biopsy identified haemophagocytosis. A transjugular liver biopsy was done, and histopathology review identified peliosis hepatis. Warthin-Starry staining of the bone marrow showed pleiomorphic coccobacillary organisms. The B henselae IgG titre was 1:512, and Bartonella-specific DNA targets were detected by peripheral blood PCR. Treatment with doxycycline, increased prednisone, and pausing the mycophenolate component of his transplant immunosuppression regimen resulted in an excellent clinical response. Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can be difficult to distinguish from severe systemic infection. A high index of suspicion can support the diagnosis of systemic Bartonella spp infection in those who present with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, especially in patients with hepatomegaly, immunosuppression, and germane animal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Steed
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dilek Yarar
- Kidney Specialists of Kentucky, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | | | - Tristan Doane
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Pouch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - G Marshall Lyon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael H Woodworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Okaro U, George S, Anderson B. What Is in a Cat Scratch? Growth of Bartonella henselae in a Biofilm. Microorganisms 2021; 9:835. [PMID: 33919891 PMCID: PMC8070961 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae (B. henselae) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes cat scratch disease, bacteremia, and endocarditis, as well as other clinical presentations. B. henselae has been shown to form a biofilm in vitro that likely plays a role in the establishment and persistence of the bacterium in the host. Biofilms are also known to form in the cat flea vector; hence, the ability of this bacterium to form a biofilm has broad biological significance. The release of B. henselae from a biofilm niche appears to be important in disease persistence and relapse in the vertebrate host but also in transmission by the cat flea vector. It has been shown that the BadA adhesin of B. henselae is critical for adherence and biofilm formation. Thus, the upregulation of badA is important in initiating biofilm formation, and down-regulation is important in the release of the bacterium from the biofilm. We summarize the current knowledge of biofilm formation in Bartonella species and the role of BadA in biofilm formation. We discuss the evidence that defines possible mechanisms for the regulation of the genes required for biofilm formation. We further describe the regulation of those genes in the conditions that mimic both the arthropod vector and the mammalian host for B. henselae. The treatment for persistent B. henselae infection remains a challenge; hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which this bacterium persists in its host is critical to inform future efforts to develop drugs to treat such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udoka Okaro
- Foundational Sciences Directorate, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Sierra George
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MDC7, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Burt Anderson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MDC7, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Tay SY, Freeman K, Baird R. Clinical Manifestations Associated with Bartonella henselae Infection in a Tropical Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:198-206. [PMID: 33021197 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic Gram-negative Bacillus associated with self-limited regional lymphadenopathy. In recent decades, an expanding spectrum of clinical manifestations has been described, in part, due to improved diagnostics. However, updated epidemiological data are sparse. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of 31 patients with B. henselae infection over 15 years from 2005 to 2019, in the tropical Top End of Australia. Our annual disease incidence of 1.3 cases per 100,000 population is lower than that in the national database surveillances in the United States, but the hospitalization incidence of 0.9 per 100,000 population in our region is higher than those reported in the literature, with an average length of stay of 9 days. Patients were more commonly male, aboriginal, and aged less than 14 years (median age: 7 years), living in a rural setting with presentation during our monsoon season. The disease spectrum included lymph node disease (74%), organ peliosis, endocarditis, cutaneous lesions, parapharyngeal abscess, parotitis, and neurologic and ocular syndromes. Lymph node disease was far commoner in children than the more serious systemic B. henselae infections associated with adults (P = 0.074). Although no deaths were reported, significant morbidities were observed. Two endocarditis cases presented with glomerulonephritis, and hematological and neurological features mimicking vasculitis, and consequently received immunosuppressants. One case was only diagnosed after representation with serial embolic strokes. Given the heterogeneity of disease manifestations with nonspecific symptoms and significant consequences, a timely and accurate diagnosis is needed to avoid unnecessary treatments or interventions.
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Chalada MJ, Stenos J, Bradbury RS. Is there a Lyme-like disease in Australia? Summary of the findings to date. One Health 2016; 2:42-54. [PMID: 28616477 PMCID: PMC5441348 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme Borreliosis is a common tick-borne disease of the northern hemisphere caused by the spirochaetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi s. l.) complex. It results in multi-organ disease with arthritic, cardiac, neurological and dermatological manifestations. In the last twenty-five years there have been over 500 reports of an Australian Lyme-like syndrome in the scientific literature. However, the diagnoses of Lyme Borreliosis made in these cases have been primarily by clinical presentation and laboratory results of tentative reliability and the true cause of these illnesses remains unknown. A number of animals have been introduced to Australia that may act as B. burgdorferi s. l. reservoirs in Lyme-endemic countries, and there are some Australian Ixodes spp. and Haemaphysalis spp. ticks whose geographical distribution matches that of the Australian Lyme-like cases. Four published studies have searched for Borrelia in Australian ticks, with contradicting results. The cause of the potential Lyme-like disease in Australia remains to be defined. The evidence to date as to whether these illnesses are caused by a Borrelia species, another tick borne pathogen or are due to a novel or unrelated aetiology is summarised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Judith Chalada
- School of Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Stewart Bradbury
- School of Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Dybing NA, Jacobson C, Irwin P, Algar D, Adams PJ. BartonellaSpecies Identified in Rodent and Feline Hosts from Island and Mainland Western Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:238-44. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Narelle A. Dybing
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Jacobson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dave Algar
- Department of Parks and Wildlife, Woodvale, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J. Adams
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Angelakis E, Raoult D. Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gundi VAKB, Kosoy MY, Makundi RH, Laudisoit A. Identification of diverse Bartonella genotypes among small mammals from Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:319-26. [PMID: 22855765 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Small mammals from the Democratic Republic (DR) of the Congo and Tanzania were tested to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Bartonella species. The presence of Bartonella DNA was assessed in spleen samples of the animals by rpoB- and gltA-polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). By rpoB-PCR, Bartonella was detected in 8 of 59 animals of DR Congo and in 16 of 39 Tanzanian animals. By gltA-PCR, Bartonella was detected in 5 and 15 animals of DR Congo and Tanzania, respectively. The gene sequences from Arvicanthis neumanni were closely related to Bartonella elizabethae. The genotypes from Lophuromys spp. and from Praomys delectorum were close to Bartonella tribocorum. Five genogroups were not genetically related to any known Bartonella species. These results suggest the need to conduct further studies to establish the zoonotic risks linked with those Bartonella species and, in particular, to verify whether these agents might be responsible for human cases of febrile illness of unknown etiology in Africa.
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Psarros G, Riddell J, Gandhi T, Kauffman CA, Cinti SK. Bartonella henselae infections in solid organ transplant recipients: report of 5 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2012; 91:111-121. [PMID: 22391473 DOI: 10.1097/md.0b013e31824dc07a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. The spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and management of B. henselae infection in solid organ transplant recipients has not been well characterized. We identified 29 cases of solid organ transplant recipients who had Bartonella infection, 24 by a review of the English-language literature and 5 from our institution. Localized cat scratch disease was found in 8 patients (28%), and disseminated infection was found in 21 patients (72%). The mean time after transplantation to development of Bartonella infection among those with cat scratch disease was 5.6 ± 5.3 years, and among those with disseminated infection was 2.7 ± 2.4 years. Prominent clinical features included cat exposure in 26 patients (90%), fever in 27 patients (93%), lymphadenopathy in 12 patients (41%), and skin lesions in 7 patients (24%). Methods used in establishing the diagnosis of Bartonella infection included culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, serologic assays, and histopathologic examination. Culture was positive in 2 of only 4 patients in whom this was performed, and PCR was positive in 12 of 14 patients (86%) in whom this test was performed. Serologic assays were positive in all 23 patients who were tested. Histopathologic examination of tissues in all 8 patients who had cat scratch disease revealed granulomatous inflammation in 4 (50%) and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis in 2 (25%). Among the 15 patients who had disseminated infection and who had tissue examined, 8 (53%) had only granulomatous inflammation, 4 had only bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis (27%), and 2 had both granulomas and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis (13%). A positive Warthin-Starry or Steiner stain was noted in 12 of 19 patients (63%) who had 1 of these stains performed. All 8 patients with cat scratch disease and 19 of 21 patients with disseminated bartonellosis were cured with antimicrobial therapy. Two patients, both of whom had endocarditis, died. Among solid organ transplant recipients, infection with B. henselae is uncommon and has diverse disease manifestations including disseminated disease. Persistent fevers or lymphadenopathy in a transplant recipient who has been exposed to cats should prompt clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for B. henselae infection. Identifying B. henselae as the causative organism often requires multiple diagnostic studies. Once the diagnosis is established, most solid organ transplant recipients respond appropriately to antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Psarros
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Minadakis G, Angelakis E, Chochlakis D, Tselentis Y, Psaroulaki A. Cat-scratch disease in Crete: an update. Infect Dis Rep 2011; 3:e15. [PMID: 24470912 PMCID: PMC3892593 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2011.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few epidemiological and clinical studies about the presence of cat scratch disease (CSD) on the island of Crete. The objective of this study was to analyze a large number of patients with suspected CSD to define the frequency of Bartonella infections in Crete. From January 2005 to October 2008, we studied patients with suspected CSD from hospitals in Crete. Sera of the referred patients were tested by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). For some patients, we also received lymph nodes and blood samples that we tested for the presence of Bartonella henselae by molecular assays. Overall, we tested 507 serum samples and we found 56 (11%) cases of CSD. PCR assay was positive for 2 patients; one had a B. henselae positive lymph node and the other a positive whole blood sample. Significantly more CSD cases (62.5%, 35 of 56) were reported in children than in infants and adults (P<0.05). Moreover, we identified that most cases of CSD occurred between May and September (P=0.002) and December and January. CSD is prevalent in Crete and is mostly associated with an increase in outdoor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Minadakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Staurakia-Voutes, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Staurakia-Voutes, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Chochlakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Staurakia-Voutes, Crete, Greece
| | - Yannis Tselentis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Staurakia-Voutes, Crete, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center for Mediterranean Zoonoses, University of Crete, Staurakia-Voutes, Crete, Greece
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Berrich M, Kieda C, Grillon C, Monteil M, Lamerant N, Gavard J, Boulouis HJ, Haddad N. Differential effects of Bartonella henselae on human and feline macro- and micro-vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20204. [PMID: 21637717 PMCID: PMC3103534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae, a zoonotic agent, induces tumors of endothelial cells (ECs), namely bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis in immunosuppressed humans but not in cats. In vitro studies on ECs represent to date the only way to explore the interactions between Bartonella henselae and vascular endothelium. However, no comparative study of the interactions between Bartonella henselae and human (incidental host) ECs vs feline (reservoir host) ECs has been carried out because of the absence of any available feline endothelial cell lines.To this purpose, we have developed nine feline EC lines which allowed comparing the effects of Bartonella strains on human and feline micro-vascular ECs representative of the infection development sites such as skin, versus macro-vascular ECs, such as umbilical vein.Our model revealed intrinsic differences between human (Human Skin Microvascular ECs -HSkMEC and Human Umbilical Vein ECs - iHUVEC) and feline ECs susceptibility to Bartonella henselae infection.While no effect was observed on the feline ECs upon Bartonella henselae infection, the human ones displayed accelerated angiogenesis and wound healing.Noticeable differences were demonstrated between human micro- and macro-vasculature derived ECs both in terms of pseudo-tube formation and healing. Interestingly, Bartonella henselae effects on human ECs were also elicited by soluble factors.Neither Bartonella henselae-infected Human Skin Microvascular ECs clinically involved in bacillary angiomatosis, nor feline ECs increased cAMP production, as opposed to HUVEC.Bartonella henselae could stimulate the activation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in homologous cellular systems and trigger VEGF production by HSkMECs only, but not iHUVEC or any feline ECs tested.These results may explain the decreased pathogenic potential of Bartonella henselae infection for cats as compared to humans and strongly suggest that an autocrine secretion of VEGF by human skin endothelial cells might induce their growth and ultimately lead to bacillary angiomatosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Berrich
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Unité Propre de Recherche 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Grillon
- Unité Propre de Recherche 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Martine Monteil
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nathalie Lamerant
- Unité Propre de Recherche 4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- Unité 1016 Inserm, Institut Cochin, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Henri Jean Boulouis
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Angelakis E, Edouard S, La Scola B, Raoult D. Bartonella henselae in skin biopsy specimens of patients with cat-scratch disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1963-5. [PMID: 21122232 PMCID: PMC3294597 DOI: 10.3201/eid1612.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 2 years, we identified live Bartonella henselae in the primary inoculation sites of 3 patients after a cat scratch. Although our data are preliminary, we report that a cutaneous swab of the skin lesion from a patient in the early stage of cat-scratch disease can be useful for diagnosis of the infection.
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Scott C, Azwa A, Cohen C, McIntyre M, Desmond N. Cat scratch disease: a diagnostic conundrum. Int J STD AIDS 2009; 20:585-6. [PMID: 19625597 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2008.008350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient who presented to a clinic for evaluation of inguinal lymphadenopathy. Histology of the lymph nodes revealed micoabscess formation suggesting infection with Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) or Bartonella henselae--the causative agent in cat scratch disease (CSD). The patient recalled no preceding animal exposure. Clinical and serological findings initially suggested early LGV but convalescent serology supported CSD. This serves as an important reminder that B. henselae infection should be considered a cause of regional lymphadenopathy in individuals suspected of having LGV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scott
- Department of Sexual Health & HIV Medicine, St Stephens Centre, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, UK.
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Vilcins IME, Kosoy M, Old JM, Deane EM. Bartonella-Like DNA Detected inIxodes tasmaniTicks (Acari: Ixodida) Infesting Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Victoria, Australia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9:499-503. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inger-Marie E. Vilcins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kosoy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Julie M. Old
- School of Natural Science, Hawkesbury Campus, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Deane
- The Chancellery, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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16
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Vermeulen MJ, Diederen BMW, Verbakel H, Peeters MF. Low sensitivity of Bartonella henselae PCR in serum samples of patients with cat-scratch disease lymphadenitis. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:1049-1050. [PMID: 18628513 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/001024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn J Vermeulen
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram M W Diederen
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health, Boerhaavelaan 26, 2035 RC Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Verbakel
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Peeters
- Regional Laboratory of Public Health, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands
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17
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Harms CA, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB, Clemons-Chevis CL, Solangi M, Rotstein DS, Fair PA, Hansen LJ, Hohn AA, Lovewell GN, McLellan WA, Pabst DA, Rowles TK, Schwacke LH, Townsend FI, Wells RS. Bartonellaspecies detection in captive, stranded and free-ranging cetaceans. Vet Res 2008; 39:59. [DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Florin TA, Zaoutis TE, Zaoutis LB. Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1413-25. [PMID: 18443019 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae was discovered a quarter of a century ago as the causative agent of cat scratch disease, a clinical entity described in the literature for more than half a century. As diagnostic techniques improve, our knowledge of the spectrum of clinical disease resulting from infection with Bartonella is expanding. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, and treatment of B. henselae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Florin
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Fournier PE, Taylor C, Rolain JM, Barrassi L, Smith G, Raoult D. Bartonella australis sp. nov. from kangaroos, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 13:1961-2. [PMID: 18258063 PMCID: PMC2876737 DOI: 10.3201/eid1312.060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmel Taylor
- Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Greg Smith
- Queensland Health Scientific Services, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Kunz S, Oberle K, Sander A, Bogdan C, Schleicher U. Lymphadenopathy in a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced cat scratch disease results from lymphocyte immigration and proliferation and is regulated by interferon-alpha/beta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1005-18. [PMID: 18292236 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In immunocompetent humans, cat scratch disease (CSD) is elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium Bartonella henselae and is characterized by a benign regional lymphadenopathy, the pathogenesis of which is poorly understood. Here, we describe a novel mouse model of Bartonella-induced CSD-like disease that allowed us to investigate the mechanisms leading to lymphadenopathy in vivo. In wild-type mice, a subcutaneous inoculation of either viable or inactivated B. henselae led to a strong swelling of the draining lymph node, which was long-lasting despite the rapid elimination of the bacteria. Carboxyfluorescein- and bromodesoxyuridine-labeling experiments showed that lymph node enlargement resulted from modified immigration and enhanced proliferation of lymphocytes, preferentially of B cells. A comparative analysis of B. henselae and the rodent pathogen B. grahamii in wild-type versus interferon-alpha/beta-receptor I chain-deficient mice revealed that interferon-alpha/beta is not only differentially induced by these two Bartonella species but also exerts an inhibitory effect on the development of lymphadenopathy both in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate that the lymphadenopathy of human CSD can be reproduced and studied in a mouse model and provide the first insights into the underlying immunological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kunz
- Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Duncan AW, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. A combined approach for the enhanced detection and isolation of Bartonella species in dog blood samples: pre-enrichment liquid culture followed by PCR and subculture onto agar plates. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 69:273-81. [PMID: 17346836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Historically, direct plating, lysis centrifugation, or freeze-thaw approaches have proven to be highly insensitive methods for confirming Bartonella species infection in dogs. A prospective study was designed to compare diagnostic methods for the detection of Bartonella using samples submitted to the Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at North Carolina State University. Methods included indirect immunofluorescence assay, PCR, direct inoculation of a blood agar plate (trypticase soy agar with 5% rabbit blood), and inoculation into a novel pre-enrichment liquid medium, Bartonella/alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM). Sequential research efforts resulted in the development of a combinational approach consisting of pre-enrichment culture of Bartonella species in BAPGM, sub-inoculation of the liquid culture onto agar plates, followed by DNA amplification using PCR. The multi-faceted approach resulted in substantial improvement in the microbiological detection and isolation of Bartonella when compared to direct inoculation of a blood agar plate. Importantly, this approach facilitated the detection and subsequent isolation of both single and co-infections with two Bartonella species in the blood of naturally infected dogs. The use of a combinational approach of pre-enrichment culture and PCR may assist in the diagnostic confirmation of bartonellosis in dogs and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee W Duncan
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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22
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Rolain JM, Lepidi H, Zanaret M, Triglia JM, Michel G, Thomas PA, Texereau M, Stein A, Romaru A, Eb F, Raoult D. Lymph node biopsy specimens and diagnosis of cat-scratch disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1338-44. [PMID: 17073081 PMCID: PMC3294744 DOI: 10.3201/eid1209.060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histologic analysis of lymph node biopsy specimens may verify diagnosis of this disease. We report microbiologic analysis of 786 lymph node biopsy specimens from patients with suspected cat-scratch disease (CSD). The specimens were examined by standard, cell culture, and molecular methods. Infectious agents were found in samples from 391 (49.7%) of 786 patients. The most commonly identified infectious agent was Bartonella henselae (245 patients, 31.2%), the agent of CSD. Mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in 54 patients (6.9%) by culture and retrospectively confirmed by using a specific real-time PCR assay. Neoplasm was diagnosed in 181 specimens suitable for histologic analysis (26.0%) from 47 patients. Moreover, 13 patients with confirmed Bartonella infections had concurrent mycobacteriosis (10 cases) or neoplasm (3 cases). A diagnosis of CSD does not eliminate a diagnosis of mycobacteriosis or neoplasm. Histologic analysis of lymph node biopsy specimens should be routinely performed because some patients might have a concurrent malignant disease or mycobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Stein
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
- Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | | | - François Eb
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France
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23
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Maggi RG, Harms CA, Hohn AA, Pabst DA, McLellan WA, Walton WJ, Rotstein DS, Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonella henselae in porpoise blood. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1894-8. [PMID: 16485476 PMCID: PMC3367652 DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in blood samples from 2 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). By using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we directly amplified Bartonella species DNA from blood of a harbor porpoise stranded along the northern North Carolina coast and from a pre-enrichment blood culture from a second harbor porpoise. The second porpoise was captured out of habitat (in a low-salinity canal along the northern North Carolina coast) and relocated back into the ocean. Subsequently, DNA was amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction for DNA sequencing. The 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer region obtained from each porpoise was 99.8% similar to that of B. henselae strain San Antonio 2 (SA2), whereas both heme-binding phage-associated pap31 gene sequences were 100% homologous to that of B. henselae SA2. Currently, the geographic distribution, mode of transmission, reservoir potential, and pathogenicity of bloodborne Bartonella species in porpoises have not been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig A. Harms
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Marine Sciences and Technology, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aleta A. Hohn
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA
| | - D. Ann Pabst
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Wendy J. Walton
- Virginia Aquarium and Marine Science Center, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - David S. Rotstein
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Maggi RG, Duncan AW, Breitschwerdt EB. Novel chemically modified liquid medium that will support the growth of seven bartonella species. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2651-5. [PMID: 15956379 PMCID: PMC1151927 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2651-2655.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Bartonella, a member of the Alphaproteobacteria, are fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that comprise numerous species, subspecies, and subtypes. In human and veterinary medicine, species isolation remains a vital component of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of Bartonella infection. We describe a novel, chemically modified, insect-based liquid culture medium that supports the growth of at least seven Bartonella species. This medium will also support cocultures consisting of different Bartonella species, and it facilitated the primary isolation of Bartonella henselae from blood and aqueous fluid of naturally infected cats. This liquid growth medium may provide an advantage over conventional direct blood agar plating for the diagnostic confirmation of bartonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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25
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Abstract
The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, is the recognised vector of Bartonella henselae, B. clarridgeiae and Rickettsia felis. Although these Gram-negative bacteria were only described in the last decade, they are already known to cause a variety of diseases in people, particularly children and the immunosuppressed. Such diseases include cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, endocarditis, bacteraemia, encephalopathy, neuroretinitis, osteomyelitis and peliosis hepatis. Although most infections in cats and dogs appear to be subclinical, recent studies have provided growing evidence that the bartonellas can also cause serious problems in pets, including hepatitis, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) signs, lymphadenopathy, uveitis, cataracts and reproductive failure. In 2004, DNA of B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae and R. felis was demonstrated in cat fleas from New Zealand and pets and their owners in the country are thus at risk of infection. While flea control programmes have traditionally been advocated by veterinarians to prevent pruritus and tapeworms in pets, they should now also be recommended to prevent infections with the new flea-borne bacterial pathogens. To raise awareness of the organisms amongst veterinarians and animal health workers, this review describes: the biology of the organisms; clinical and laboratory features of infections in cats, dogs and people; diagnosis; and possible treatments and control of infections with these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Kelly
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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26
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La VD, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Aboudharam G, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Molecular Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in the Dental Pulp of 800-Year-Old French Cats. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1391-4. [PMID: 15494918 DOI: 10.1086/424884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella species are responsible for chronic bacteremia in domestic cats, which raises a question about the antiquity of the relationship between Bartonella species and cats that act as reservoirs for the organism. The sequencing of Bartonella pap31 and groEL genes from the dental pulp of cats dating from the 13th to 16th centuries identified the presence of B. henselae genotype Houston; the observation of a unique mutation in the results of PCR assays for Bartonella species ruled out modern DNA contamination of the dental pulp samples. We conclude that cats had bacteremia due to B. henselae 800 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Dang La
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Medecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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27
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Maruyama S, Izumikawa K, Miyashita M, Kabeya H, Mikami T, Yamanouchi H, Sasaki E, Yoshida H, Izumikawa K. First isolation of Bartonella henselae type I from a cat-scratch disease patient in Japan and its molecular analysis. Microbiol Immunol 2004; 48:103-9. [PMID: 14978335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We isolated Bartonella henselae from an inguinal lymph node of a 36-year-old male patient with cat-scratch disease. The patient had many areas of erythema on his body, swelling of the left inguinal lymph nodes with pain and slight fever. The diagnosis was made on the basis of polymerase chain reaction for B. henselae DNA from the lymph node biopsies and blood sample, and isolation of the organism, histology of the lymph node and serology with an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. We also analyzed the genome profiles for five strains of 90 isolates from the lymph node by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after Not I endonuclease digestion. We found two different genomic profiles. These results suggest that the patient had been either co-infected or re-infected with two genetically different strains of B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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28
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Rodrick D, Dillon B, Dexter M, Nicholson I, Marcel S, Dickeson D, Iredell J. Culture-negative endocarditis due to Houston Complex Bartonella henselae acquired in Noumea, New Caledonia. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1846-8. [PMID: 15071067 PMCID: PMC387567 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1846-1848.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 44-year-old man with a bioprosthetic aortic valve suffered destructive endocarditis with severe embolic disease due to Bartonella henselae infection. Multilocus sequence typing was successfully performed with crude preparations of operative tissue as templates, and the infecting organism was determined to be typical of the Houston clonal group, although it was never cultured from blood or tissue. This is the first report of B. henselae infection in the South Pacific, and it reminds one that B. henselae is a cause of potentially lethal culture-negative endocarditis which may respond poorly to conventional empirical therapy. Nothing is known of the epidemiology of the infection in this region, but it is likely to be common and to contain representatives of both major clonal complexes. This study emphasizes the ease with which multilocus sequence typing can be used directly with tissue, which is important because of suggestions of strain-dependent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Rodrick
- Westmead Private Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Chenoweth MR, Somerville GA, Krause DC, O'Reilly KL, Gherardini FC. Growth characteristics of Bartonella henselae in a novel liquid medium: primary isolation, growth-phase-dependent phage induction, and metabolic studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:656-63. [PMID: 14766538 PMCID: PMC348914 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.656-663.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic pathogen that usually causes a self-limiting infection in immunocompetent individuals but often causes potentially life-threatening infections, such as bacillary angiomatosis, in immunocompromised patients. Both diagnosis of infection and research into the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis have been hindered by the absence of a suitable liquid growth medium. It has been difficult to isolate B. henselae directly from the blood of infected humans or animals or to grow the bacteria in liquid culture media under laboratory conditions. Therefore, we have developed a liquid growth medium that supports reproducible in vitro growth (3-h doubling time and a growth yield of approximately 5 x 10(8) CFU/ml) and permits the isolation of B. henselae from the blood of infected cats. During the development of this medium, we observed that B. henselae did not derive carbon and energy from the catabolism of glucose, which is consistent with genome nucleotide sequence data suggesting an incomplete glycolytic pathway. Of interest, B. henselae depleted amino acids from the culture medium and accumulated ammonia in the medium, an indicator of amino acid catabolism. Analysis of the culture medium throughout the growth cycle revealed that oxygen was consumed and carbon dioxide was generated, suggesting that amino acids were catabolized in a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-dependent mechanism. Additionally, phage particles were detected in the culture supernatants of stationary-phase B. henselae, but not in mid-logarithmic-phase culture supernatants. Enzymatic assays of whole-cell lysates revealed that B. henselae has a complete TCA cycle. Taken together, these data suggest B. henselae may catabolize amino acids but not glucose to derive carbon and energy from its host. Furthermore, the newly developed culture medium should improve isolation of B. henselae and basic research into the pathogenesis of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chenoweth
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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30
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Iredell J, Blanckenberg D, Arvand M, Grauling S, Feil EJ, Birtles RJ. Characterization of the natural population of Bartonella henselae by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:5071-9. [PMID: 14605141 PMCID: PMC262510 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5071-5079.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 08/10/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the population genetics of Bartonella henselae have demonstrated a high level of diversity among strains, and the delineation of isolates into one of two subtypes, type I (Houston) and type II (Marseille), represented by specific 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, has long been considered the most significant genotypic division within the species. This belief is challenged by recent work suggesting a role for horizontal gene exchange in generating intraspecies diversity. We attempted to resolve this issue and extend exploration of the population structure of B. henselae by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to examine the distribution of polymorphisms within nine different genes in a sample of 37 human and feline isolates. MLST distinguished seven sequence types (STs) that resolved into three distinct lineages, suggesting a clonal population structure for the species, and support for these divisions was obtained by macrorestriction analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The distribution of STs among isolates recovered from human infections was not random, and such isolates were significantly more often associated with one particular ST, lending further support to the suggestion that specific genotypes contribute disproportionately to the disease burden in humans. All but one isolate lay on lineages that bore the representative strain of either the Houston or Marseille subtype. However, the distribution of the two 16S rDNA alleles among the isolates was not entirely congruent with their lineage allocations, indicating that this is not a sensitive marker of the clonal divisions within the species. The inheritances of several of the genes studied could not be reconciled with one another, providing further evidence of horizontal gene transfer among B. henselae strains and suggesting that recombination has a role in shaping the genetic character of bartonellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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31
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Rolain JM, Gouriet F, Enea M, Aboud M, Raoult D. Detection by immunofluorescence assay of Bartonella henselae in lymph nodes from patients with cat scratch disease. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:686-91. [PMID: 12853405 PMCID: PMC164252 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.686-691.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infections can be accomplished by serology or PCR assay on biopsy samples. The purpose of our work was to assess immunofluorescence detection (IFD) in lymph node smears using a specific monoclonal antibody directed against B. henselae and a commercial serology assay (IFA) compared with PCR detection. Among 200 lymph nodes examined from immunocompetent patients, 54 were positive for B. henselae by PCR, of which 43 were also positive by IFD. Among the 146 PCR-negative lymph nodes, 11 were positive by IFD. Based on PCR results, the specificity of this new technique was 92.5%, the sensitivity was 79.6%, and the positive predictive value was 79.6%. At a cutoff titer of 64, the sensitivity of the IFA was 86.8% and the specificity was 74.1%. Diagnosis of cat scratch disease (CSD) may be improved, with a specificity of 100%, when the two tests (IFD and IFA) were negative; the sensitivity was 97.4% if one of the two tests was positive. Since PCR-based detection with biopsy samples is available only in reference laboratories, we suggest using IFD coupled with the commercial serology test for the diagnosis of CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rolain
- Unité des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020A, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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32
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Dillon B, Valenzuela J, Don R, Blanckenberg D, Wigney DI, Malik R, Morris AJ, Robson JM, Iredell J. Limited diversity among human isolates of Bartonella henselae. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4691-9. [PMID: 12454174 PMCID: PMC154592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4691-4699.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of 59 isolates of Bartonella henselae reveals relatively limited diversity among those of human origin (n = 28). Either of two distinct alleles of both gltA and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was found in all isolates, with a high level of congruity between 16S and gltA inheritance among proven human pathogens. Human isolates from all over Eastern Australia were most commonly 16S rDNA (Bergmans) type I, with the same gltA allele as the type strain (Houston-1). Comparable feline isolates were more commonly 16S type II, with less congruity of inheritance between 16S and gltA alleles. Previously described arbitrarily primed PCR and EagI-HhaI infrequent restriction site PCR fingerprinting techniques separated Bartonella species effectively but lacked discriminating power within B. henselae. Examination of the 16-23S intergenic spacer region revealed for several strains several point mutations as well as a repeat sequence of unknown significance which is readily detected by HaeIII restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The bacteriophage-associated papA gene was present in all isolates. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR proved to be a useful and robust typing tool and clearly separated human isolates (including imported strains) from the majority of feline isolates. Our data are consistent with published evidence and with previous suggestions of intragenomic rearrangements in the type strain and suggest that human isolates come from a limited subset of B. henselae strains. They strengthen arguments for careful exploration of genotype-phenotype relationships and for the development of a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing-based approach to the phylogeny of B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dillon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. Valenzuela
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - R. Don
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - D. Blanckenberg
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - D. I. Wigney
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - A. J. Morris
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. M. Robson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
| | - J. Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Queensland 4068, Australia, Department of Microbiology, Green Lane Hospital, Auckland 1003, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. Phone: 61 2 9845 6255. Fax: 61 2 9891 5317. E-mail:
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