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Kilgore RJ, Guerra T, Beck H, Villamizar Gomez A, Forstner MRJ, Hahn D. Prevalence and Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatomine Vectors and Their Blood Meal Sources from South Central Texas, USA. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:489. [PMID: 39056684 PMCID: PMC11274183 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi was assessed in 117 triatomine insects from central Texas. The qPCR-based results revealed T. cruzi in 59% of the insects (62 adults and eight nymphs), with overall prevalences of T. cruzi of 0% (0/9), 64% (11/17), 58% (10/17), 73% (30/41), and 57% (19/33) for the Bastrop, Caldwell, Gonzales, Guadalupe, and Hays counties, respectively. Analyses of 18S rRNA fragments confirmed T. cuzi in 81% of these samples. Vectors were identified as Triatoma gerstaeckeri (35% of which 65% were positive for T. cruzi), T. sanguisuga (21%, 43% positive), and Paratriatoma leticularia (0.3%, 100% positive). Food sources were recovered from 29% of the insects. Raccoons were 53% of the blood meals (83% positive for T. cruzi), while the remainder came from a variety of sources, including humans (33% positive), house geckos, Eastern woodrats, plain-bellied water snakes (50% positive), hispid cotton rats (0% positive), chickens (100% positive); Asian forest turtles, bison, and pigs (0% positive). The serendipitous detection of blood meal sources at known minimum distances from the collection of the vector insect enabled us to provide several instances where the insect foraging distance was greater than 400 m. These vector foraging distances are novel information that can assist in our understanding of the landscape dynamics for the spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Kilgore
- The Tick-Borne Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA;
| | - Trina Guerra
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (T.G.); (H.B.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Heather Beck
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (T.G.); (H.B.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Andrea Villamizar Gomez
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (T.G.); (H.B.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Michael R. J. Forstner
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (T.G.); (H.B.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Dittmar Hahn
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (T.G.); (H.B.); (A.V.G.)
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Reboreda-Hernández ÓA, Ortiz-Butron R, Nogueda-Torres B, González-Rodríguez N. Influence of sexual hormones on Chagas disease. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2024; 94:127-132. [PMID: 38377617 PMCID: PMC11160546 DOI: 10.24875/acm.23000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyze sex hormone's influence during Chagas´ Disease. METHODS Male and female BALB/c mice were divided into six groups, four experimental (sham, orchiectomized, orchiectomized and supplemented with estradiol, orchiectomized supplemented with testosterone, oophorectomized, oophorectomized and supplemented with estradiol, and oophorectomized and supplemented with testosterone), and two control (healthy and intraperitoneally with T. cruzi strain NINOA infected). Clinical data were recorded daily, parasitemia was evaluated using a Neubauer chamber during the infection, and heart histopathological analysis was performed using the paraffin embedding technique. To analyze parasitemia curves and the area under the parametric curves, two-way ANOVA test was performed to correlate groups´ data. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Higher mortality rates, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, higher parasitemia levels, more amastigote nests, and more severe inflammatory infiltrate were found in higher testosterone concentration mice, whereas in higher estradiol concentration groups, paresia, prostration, edema, and necrosis were found. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that testosterone increased infection severity, whereas estradiol had the opposite effect. This research improves the understanding of sex hormones´infuence upon this infection to contribute with the handling of Chagas´disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin Nogueda-Torres
- Helmints Laboratory, Departament of Parasitology. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zingales B, Macedo AM. Fifteen Years after the Definition of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs: What Have We Learned? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2339. [PMID: 38137940 PMCID: PMC10744745 DOI: 10.3390/life13122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan causative of Chagas disease (ChD), exhibits striking genetic and phenotypic intraspecific diversity, along with ecoepidemiological complexity. Human-pathogen interactions lead to distinct clinical presentations of ChD. In 2009, an international consensus classified T. cruzi strains into six discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI to TcVI, later including TcBat, and proposed reproducible genotyping schemes for DTU identification. This article aims to review the impact of classifying T. cruzi strains into DTUs on our understanding of biological, ecoepidemiological, and pathogenic aspects of T. cruzi. We will explore the likely origin of DTUs and the intrinsic characteristics of each group of strains concerning genome organization, genomics, and susceptibility to drugs used in ChD treatment. We will also provide an overview of the association of DTUs with mammalian reservoirs, and summarize the geographic distribution, and the clinical implications, of prevalent specific DTUs in ChD patients. Throughout this review, we will emphasize the crucial roles of both parasite and human genetics in defining ChD pathogenesis and chemotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa M. Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
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García-López C, Santos-Hernández NG, Gutiérrez-Jiménez J, Vidal-López DG, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, De Fuentes-Vicente JA. Identification of Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Isolated from Domestic Environments in Southeastern Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023. [PMID: 38052044 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Trypanosoma cruzi parasite is the causal agent of Chagas disease, recognized by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease. Currently there are seven discrete typing units (DTUs) of T. cruzi distributed in America, but there are still gaps about its distribution in some endemic regions. Materials and Methods: Seventeen units isolated from Chiapas and Oaxaca in Mexico were identified by amplification of the C-5 sterol desaturase gene. Results: Three DTUs of T. cruzi, TcI (6), TcII (10), and TcIV (1) were detected by comparing polymorphic sites in specific regions. Conclusions: New DTUs are reported for both states, where TcII was the most common DTU. The genetic characterization of the isolates can help to understand the epidemiology of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, México
| | - Nancy G Santos-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, México
| | - Javier Gutiérrez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, México
| | - Dolores G Vidal-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, México
| | | | - Ana E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - José A De Fuentes-Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutierrez, México
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Flores-López CA, Esquivias-Flores EA, Guevara-Carrizales A. Phylogenetic description of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Dipetalogaster maxima: Occurrence of TcI, TcIV, and TcIV-USA. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105465. [PMID: 37331498 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the parasite responsible for Chagas disease. The parasite has been classified into six taxonomic assemblages: TcI-TcVI and TcBat (aka Discrete Typing Units or Near-Clades). No studies have focused on describing the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in the northwestern region of Mexico. Within the Baja California peninsula lives Dipetalogaster maxima, the largest vector species for CD. The study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of T. cruzi within D. maxima. A total of three Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) were found (TcI, TcIV, and TcIV-USA). TcI was the predominant DTU found (∼75% of samples), in concordance with studies from the southern USA, one sample was described as TcIV while the other ∼20% pertained to TcIV-USA, which has recently been proposed to have enough genetic divergence from TcIV, to merit its own DTU. Potential phenotype differences between TcIV and TcIV-USA should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Flores-López
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Colonia Playitas C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Esteban A Esquivias-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Colonia Playitas C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Aldo Guevara-Carrizales
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Colonia Playitas C.P. 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Becker I, Miranda-Ortiz H, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Sánchez-Montes S, Colunga-Salas P, Grostieta E, Juárez-Gabriel J, Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Arce-Fonseca M, Rodríguez-Morales O, Meneses-Ruíz G, Pastén-Sánchez S, López Martínez I, González-Guzmán S, Paredes-Cervantes V, Moreira OC, Finamore-Araujo P, Canseco-Méndez JC, Coquis-Navarrete U, Rengifo-Correa L, González-Salazar C, Alfaro-Cortés MM, Falcón-Lezama JA, Tapia-Conyer R, Stephens CR. The Low Variability of Tc24 in Trypanosoma cruzi TcI as an Advantage for Chagas Disease Prophylaxis and Diagnosis in Mexico. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030368. [PMID: 36986290 PMCID: PMC10057631 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chagas disease is the main neglected tropical disease in America. It is estimated that around 6 million people are currently infected with the parasite in Latin America, and 25 million live in endemic areas with active transmission. The disease causes an estimated economic loss of USD 24 billion dollars annually, with a loss of 75,200 working years per year of life; it is responsible for around ~12,000 deaths annually. Although Mexico is an endemic country that recorded 10,186 new cases of Chagas disease during the period of 1990–2017, few studies have evaluated the genetic diversity of genes that could be involved in the prophylaxis and/or diagnosis of the parasite. One of the possible candidates proposed as a vaccine target is the 24 kDa trypomastigote excretory–secretory protein, Tc24, whose protection is linked to the stimulation of T. cruzi-specific CD8+ immune responses. (2) Methods: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fine-scale genetic diversity and structure of Tc24 in T. cruzi isolates from Mexico, and to compare them with other populations reported in the Americas with the aim to reconsider the potential role of Tc24 as a key candidate for the prophylaxis and improvement of the diagnosis of Chagas disease in Mexico. (3) Results: Of the 25 Mexican isolates analysed, 48% (12) were recovered from humans and 24% (6) recovered from Triatoma barberi and Triatoma dimidiata. Phylogenetic inferences revealed a polytomy in the T. cruzi clade with two defined subgroups, one formed by all sequences of the DTU I and the other formed by DTU II–VI; both subgroups had high branch support. Genetic population analysis detected a single (monomorphic) haplotype of TcI throughout the entire distribution across both Mexico and South America. This information was supported by Nei’s pairwise distances, where the sequences of TcI showed no genetic differences. (4) Conclusions: Given that both previous studies and the findings of the present work confirmed that TcI is the only genotype detected from human isolates obtained from various states of Mexico, and that there is no significant genetic variability in any of them, it is possible to propose the development of in silico strategies for the production of antigens that optimise the diagnosis of Chagas disease, such as quantitative ELISA methods that use this region of Tc24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Haydee Miranda-Ortiz
- Unidad de Secuenciación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | | | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano 92870, Mexico
| | - Pablo Colunga-Salas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa de Enríquez 91090, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Javier Juárez-Gabriel
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano 92870, Mexico
| | - Yokomi N. Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Minerva Arce-Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Olivia Rodríguez-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Meneses-Ruíz
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - Sergio Pastén-Sánchez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - Irma López Martínez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 01480, Mexico
| | - Saúl González-Guzmán
- Laboratorio del Banco Central de Sangre del Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 02990, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Zumpango, Zumpango 55600, Mexico
| | - Vladimir Paredes-Cervantes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 02990, Mexico
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Doencas Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz 21040900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Doencas Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz 21040900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Uriel Coquis-Navarrete
- Departamento de Genómica Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Laura Rengifo-Correa
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge A. Falcón-Lezama
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86100, Mexico
| | - Roberto Tapia-Conyer
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Christopher R. Stephens
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (C.R.S.)
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Role of a 49 kDa Trypanosoma cruzi Mucin-Associated Surface Protein (MASP49) during the Infection Process and Identification of a Mammalian Cell Surface Receptor. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010105. [PMID: 36678452 PMCID: PMC9865002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a parasitic disease of great medical importance on the American continent. Trypomastigote infection's initial step in a mammalian host is vital for the parasite's life cycle. A trypomastigote's surface presents many molecules, some of which have been proposed to be involved in the infection process, including a glycoprotein family called mucin-associated surface proteins (MASPs). This work describes a 49-kDa molecule (MASP49) that belongs to this family and is expressed mainly on the surfaces of amastigotes and trypomastigotes but can be found in extracts and the membrane-enriched fractions of epimastigotes. This protein is partially GPI-anchored to the surface and has a role during the internalization process, since its blockade with specific antibodies decreases parasite entry into Vero cells by 62%. This work shows that MASP49 binds to peritoneal macrophages and rat cardiomyocytes, undergoes glycosylation via galactose N-acetylgalactosamine, and can attach to the macrophage murine C-type lectin receptor (mMGL). These results suggest that MASP49 can be considered a virulence factor in T. cruzi, and a better understanding of its role in the infection process is necessary.
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Tavares de Oliveira M, Fuzo CA, da Silva MC, Donadi EA, da Silva JS, Moreira HT, Schmidt A, Marin-Neto JA. Correlation of TcII discrete typing units with severe chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy in patients from various Brazilian geographic regions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010713. [PMID: 36508471 PMCID: PMC9794067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (ChD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The genetic structure of the species is divided into seven distinct genetic groups, TcI to TcVI, and Tcbat, which have shown differences in terms of geographic distribution, biological properties, and susceptibility to drugs. However, the association between genetic variability and clinical forms of ChD has not yet been fully elucidated. The predominance of TcII and TcVI discrete typing units (DTUs) (genetic groups) is known to occur in several Brazilian regions and is associated with both the domestic and the wild cycles of ChD. Thus, this study aimed to verify the genotypes of the parasites present in 330 patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) from different Brazilian states attended at the Clinical Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School and to assess the existence of a correlation between the clinical forms with the main cardiovascular risk factors and the genetics of the parasite. METHODOLOGY PRINCIPAL FINDINGS All patients with CCC were clinically evaluated through anamnesis, physical examination, biochemical tests, 12-lead electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and chest X-ray. Peripheral blood (5 mL) was collected in guanidine/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid from each patient for DNA extraction and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chagas disease and genotyping of the parasite in the 7 DTUs. Parasite genotyping was performed using conventional multilocus PCR. Samples of only 175 patients were positive after amplification of the specific genes contained in the T. cruzi genotyping criteria. TcII (64/175), TcVI (9/175), and TcI (3/175) DTUs were predominant, followed by TcII/TcV/TcVI (74/175), and TcII/TcVI (23/175). The TcIII and TcIV DTU´s was detected in only one sample of CCC patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data corroborate previous findings, indicating the predominance of the TcII genotype in patients with CCC of Brazilian origin. Moreover, this study pioneered disclosing a direct correlation between the TcII DTU and severe CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Alessandro Fuzo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia da Silva
- Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Donadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Turin Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Marin-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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González-González A, Sánchez-Sánchez O, Krauth-Siegel RL, Bolognesi ML, Gớmez-Escobedo R, Nogueda-Torres B, Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Saavedra E, Encalada R, Espinoza-Hicks JC, Paz-González AD, Rivera G. In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of New n-Butyl and Isobutyl Quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di- N-oxide Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi as Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13315. [PMID: 36362102 PMCID: PMC9655728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is a worldwide health problem that requires attention due to ineffective treatment options. We evaluated n-butyl and isobutyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives against trypomastigotes of the Trypanosoma cruzi strains NINOA and INC-5. An in silico analysis of the interactions of 1,4-di-N-oxide on the active site of trypanothione reductase (TR) and an enzyme inhibition study was carried out. The n-butyl series compound identified as T-150 had the best trypanocidal activity against T. cruzi trypomastigotes, with a 13% TR inhibition at 44 μM. The derivative T-147 behaved as a mixed inhibitor with Ki and Ki' inhibition constants of 11.4 and 60.8 µM, respectively. This finding is comparable to the TR inhibitor mepacrine (Ki = 19 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Oscar Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - R. Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Center of Biochemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rogelio Gớmez-Escobedo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Lenci K. Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | - Rusely Encalada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Alma D. Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Parasitemia and Differential Tissue Tropism in Mice Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Isolates Obtained from Meccus phyllosoma in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101141. [PMID: 36297198 PMCID: PMC9607563 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a parasite transmitted by the feces of triatomines. Many triatomine species are found in Mexico, and various T. cruzi variants have been isolated from these species, each showing very different virulence and cell tropism. The isolates were obtained from Meccus phyllosoma specimens in three localities in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico: Tehuantitla, Vixhana, and Guichivere. The virulence of each isolate was assessed by quantifying parasitemia, survival, and histopathologic findings. The lineage of each isolate was identified using the mini-exon gene. The expression of the tssa gene during infection was detected in the heart, esophagus, gastrocnemius, and brain. Our results show that the maximum post-infection parasitemia was higher for the Tehuantitla isolate. On genotyping, all isolates were identified as T. cruzi I. The amastigotes in the heart and gastrocnemius were verified for all isolates, but in the brain only for Tehuantitla and Vixhana. The tssa expression allowed us to detect T. cruzi isolates, for Tehuantitla, predominantly in the heart. For Vixhana, a higher tssa expression was detected in gastrocnemius, and for Guichivere, it was higher in the esophagus. Results show that virulence, tropism, and tssa expression can vary, even when the isolates are derived from the same vector species, in the same region, and at similar altitudes.
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11
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Allen KE, Lineberry MW. Detection of Trypansoma cruzi in Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) Collected Across Oklahoma. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:675-680. [PMID: 34993549 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease in humans and dogs in the Americas. Transmission predominantly occurs via the feces of infected kissing bugs (Hemiptera: family Reduviidae; subfamily Triatominae) contaminating bite site wounds or mucous membranes. To better understand Chagas disease entomologic risk in Oklahoma, kissing bugs collected from within the state were tested for T. cruzi DNA. Data including county of insect collection, species and instar, and specific locations where specimens were found were collated. Triatomines were also tested by PCR to potentially identify DNA of vertebrate species on which specimens had recently fed. In total, 110 kissing bugs from 22 counties were tested. All triatomines were identified as Triatoma sanguisuga nymphs or adults, with the exception of one possible T. lecticularia adult. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was detected in 22 (20%) triatomines from 12 counties spanning the state. The majority of T. cruzi PCR positive kissing bugs were found inside homes or associated structures (i.e., garages, porches). Vertebrate DNA was identified in 27 (24.5%) triatomines, with human DNA detected in 25 (92.6%) of these specimens, and canine and raccoon DNA detected in one specimen each (3.7%). Two specimens tested positive for both T. cruzi and human DNA and one specimen tested positive for both T. cruzi and raccoon DNA. Results from this study indicate that kissing bugs carrying T. cruzi are widespread in Oklahoma, that positive kissing bugs infest homes and associated structures, and that human-vector, canine-vector, and wildlife-vector contact all occur within the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Megan W Lineberry
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, Stillwater, OK, USA
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12
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Gómez-Sánchez EF, Ochoa-Díaz-López H, Espinoza-Medinilla EE, Velázquez-Ramírez DD, Santos-Hernandez NG, Ruiz-Castillejos C, Vidal-López DG, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Flores-Villegas AL, López-Argueta E, De Fuentes-Vicente JA. Mini-exon gene reveals circulation of TcI Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in bats and small mammals in an ecological reserve in southeastern Mexico. Zookeys 2022; 1084:139-150. [PMID: 35177949 PMCID: PMC8816842 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1084.78664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of mammals are involved in the sylvatic cycle of Trypanosomacruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In many areas in Latin America where T.cruzi is endemic, this cycle is poorly known, and its main reservoirs have not been identified. In this study we analyzed T.cruzi infection in bats and other small mammals from an Ecological Reserve in southeastern Mexico. From January through March 2021, we captured wild individuals to extract cardiac and peripheral blood, and infection was detected by PCR of the mini-exon gene. In bats, the prevalence of infection was 16.36%, while in small mammals the prevalence was 28.57%. All of the samples that were positive for T.cruzi were identified as the TCI genotype. Our findings suggest that this zone, situated at the periphery of urban zones might have epidemiological relevance in the sylvatic cycle of T.cruzi and needs to be monitored. The infection of bats in this area is particularly concerning since the flight pattern of this populations overlaps with human settlements. Despite being subject to conservation protections, there continue to be anthropogenic actions that disturb the study area, which could exacerbate risks to public health.
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Austen JM, Barbosa AD. Diversity and Epidemiology of Bat Trypanosomes: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091148. [PMID: 34578180 PMCID: PMC8465530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera) have been increasingly recognised as important reservoir hosts for human and animal pathogens worldwide. In this context, molecular and microscopy-based investigations to date have revealed remarkably high diversity of Trypanosoma spp. harboured by bats, including species of recognised medical and veterinary importance such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi (aetiological agents of Chagas disease and Surra, respectively). This review synthesises current knowledge on the diversity, taxonomy, evolution and epidemiology of bat trypanosomes based on both molecular studies and morphological records. In addition, we use a One Health approach to discuss the significance of bats as reservoirs (and putative vectors) of T. cruzi, with a focus on the complex associations between intra-specific genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of T. cruzi in sylvatic and domestic ecosystems. This article also highlights current knowledge gaps on the biological implications of trypanosome co-infections in a single host, as well as the prevalence, vectors, life-cycle, host-range and clinical impact of most bat trypanosomes recorded to date. Continuous research efforts involving molecular surveillance of bat trypanosomes are required for improved disease prevention and control, mitigation of biosecurity risks and potential spill-over events, ultimately ensuring the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Austen
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Amanda D. Barbosa
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
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14
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Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites infecting Triatoma dimidiata in Central Veracruz, Mexico, and their One Health ecological interactions. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105050. [PMID: 34450293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma dimidiata is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites in Veracruz, Mexico, and its association with human housing appears variable. Also, in spite of a high seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in humans, parasite transmission remains poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify T. dimidiata blood feeding sources and its parasite and microbial diversity to reconstruct T. cruzi parasite transmission ecology in central Veracruz, Mexico, within a One Health/Ecohealth framework. We used a metabarcoding and deep sequencing approach of specific markers for the simultaneous identification of T. dimidiata haplogroup (ITS-2), vertebrate blood meals (12 s gene), T. cruzi parasites (mini-exon gene), and gut microbiota (bacterial 16 s). Twelve species of domestic/synanthropic animals and humans were identified as blood sources, with multiple feeding on 4.2 ± 0.4 hosts per bug. The feeding/parasite transmission network was strongly centered on humans, emphasizing a significant risk of infection. We also unambiguously confirmed the presence of TcI, TcII, TcV and TcVI DTUs in T. dimidiata, and sequences from Veracruz tended to cluster apart from parasites from other regions, suggesting some level of local differentiation. Analysis of T. dimidiata microbiota suggested that several bacterial families may be associated with the presence/absence of T. cruzi, and some of these associations may also be parasite DTU-specific. Such integrative approaches within the EcoHealth/One Health framework provide key insights on T. cruzi transmission and potential novel strategies for disease control.
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Joselín DV, Ignacio M, Ángel RM, Gabriel GG, Rodrigo Isaias LV, Víctor SC, Jorge FN, Jose ÁC, Bertha E. Multiple Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Infect Sylvatic Triatoma dimidiata and Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus in Southeast Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1042-1049. [PMID: 34398820 PMCID: PMC8592174 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is an infection caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. According to its genetic characteristics, this parasite is divided into six groups (TcI-TcVI) called discrete typing units (DTUs). Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted to humans by insects of the Triatominae family. In Mexico, despite having a great variety of triatomine species, little is known about vector sylvatic populations and the DTUs associated with them. In this work, molecular markers such as minicircle, miniexon, 18S, and 24S ribosomal genes and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the hsp70 gene were used to determine the DTUs present in vectors from rural communities and sylvatic areas inside the Biosphere Reserve Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, in southeast Mexico. One hundred triatomines were collected and two species were identified: Triatoma dimidiata and Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus. The infection with T. cruzi was determined in 29% of analyzed vectors from the domestic area and TcI was the predominant DTU. Furthermore, 71% of vectors from the sylvatic environment were infected and TcI, TcII, TcIV, and TcVI were identified. One female and one male of P. rufotuberculatus were infected only with TcI. This is the first report of TcVI in T. dimidiata from the sylvatic area in México and the first report of P. rufotuberculatus infected with T. cruzi in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Díaz-Valdez Joselín
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martínez Ignacio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rodríguez-Moreno Ángel
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Sánchez-Cordero Víctor
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fraga-Nodarse Jorge
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ángeles-Chimal Jose
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Espinoza Bertha
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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16
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Polonio R, López-Domínguez J, Herrera C, Dumonteil E. Molecular ecology of Triatoma dimidiata in southern Belize reveals risk for human infection and the local differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi parasites. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:320-329. [PMID: 34098097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Belize, the main vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is Triatoma dimidiata, but transmission cycles and the risk for human infection are unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify T. dimidiata blood feeding sources and its parasite and microbial diversity, in order to reconstruct T. cruzi parasite transmission ecology in southern Belize. METHODS A metabarcoding approach based on deep sequencing of markers was used for bug taxonomy, blood meal sources, T. cruzi genotypes, and microbiota composition. Bugs were collected in 13 villages of Toledo district. RESULTS Bugs fed on at least 13 species, from domestic hosts such as humans, dogs, cows, and pigs, to synanthropic species such as mice, rats, and opossums, and sylvatic species such as deer, peccary, and kinkajou, in agreement with an opportunistic feeding behavior. Nonetheless, most feeding focused on a few species, including humans. Infection with T. cruzi was detected in 24 of 39 bugs (62%), and the analysis of 242 T. cruzi mini-exon sequences (average 10 ± 5 haplotypes per bug) indicated the presence of TcI and TcIV parasite discrete typing units (DTUs). However, for both DTUs, sequences from Belize mostly clustered apart from sequences from North and South America, suggesting the local differentiation of parasites. T. dimidiata also harbored a diverse bacterial microbiota, with ontogenic changes suggesting microbiota maturation during nymphal development. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate a significant risk for T. cruzi infection in humans. They also highlight the need to better characterize the diversity of T. cruzi strains in the region and its impact on disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Polonio
- University of Belize, Punta Gorda, Toledo, Belize
| | - Jaime López-Domínguez
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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17
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Ledezma AP, Blandon R, Schijman AG, Benatar A, Saldaña A, Osuna A. Mixed infections by different Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units among Chagas disease patients in an endemic community in Panama. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241921. [PMID: 33180799 PMCID: PMC7660484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi, the hemoparasite that causes Chagas disease, is divided into six Discrete Typing Units or DTUs: TcI-TcVI plus Tcbat. This genetic diversity is based on ecobiological and clinical characteristics associated with particular populations of the parasite. The main objective of this study was the identification of DTUs in patients with chronic chagasic infections from a mountainous rural community in the eastern region of Panama. Methods A total of 106 patients were tested for Chagas disease with three serological tests (ELISA, rapid test, and Western blot). Molecular diagnosis and DTU typing were carried out by conventional PCRs and qPCR targeting different genomic markers, respectively. As a control sample for the typing, 28 patients suspected to be chagasic from the metropolitan area of Panama City were included. Results Results showed a positivity in the evaluated patients of 42.3% (33/78); high compared to other endemic regions in the country. In the control group, 20/28 (71.43%) patients presented positive serology. The typing of samples from rural patients showed that 78.78% (26/33) corresponded to TcI, while 9.09% (3/33) were mixed infections (TcI plus TcII/V/VI). Seventy-five percent (15/20) of the patients in the control group presented TcI, and in five samples it was not possible to typify the T. cruzi genotype involved. Conclusions These results confirm that TcI is the main DTU of T. cruzi present in chronic chagasic patients from Panama. However, the circulation of other genotypes (TcII/V/VI) in this country is described for the first time. The eco-epidemiological characteristics that condition the circulation of TcII/V/VI, as well as the immune and clinical impact of mixed infections in this remote mountainous region should be investigated, which will help local action programs in the surveillance, prevention, and management of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Prescilla Ledezma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (CIDEP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama
| | | | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease, Institute of Research in Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Benatar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chagas Disease, Institute of Research in Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology "Dr Héctor Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Center for Research and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (CIDEP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Panama, Panama, Panama.,Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies (ICGES), Panama, Panama
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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18
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REBOREDA-HERNANDEZ OA, JUAREZ-SERRANO AL, GARCIA-LUNA I, RIVERO-RAMIREZ NL, ORTIZ-BUTRON R, NOGUEDA-TORRES B, GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ N. Arthrospira maxima Paradoxical Effect on Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:223-232. [PMID: 32595712 PMCID: PMC7311822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are only two anti-trypanocidal drugs available, both have a lot of side effects. This is the pioneer study designed to evaluate the Arthrospira maxima effect in Trypanosoma cruzi -infected mice and macrophages. METHODS A. maxima was administered in vivo, and in vitro (120μL/mL; 200 μL/mL; 500 μL/mL; 852 μL/mL) as prophylaxis, and treatment. In vitro, phagocytosis and viability were measured in macrophages cultures supplemented with A. maxima, and T. cruzi-infected. In vivo A. maxima was supplemented to T. cruzi-infected mice in order to obtain the parasitemia curves, parasite amount, and histopathologic changes. This assay was performed in Biological Sciences National School of National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, in 2019. RESULTS In vivo, A. maxima administration exacerbates the immune innate host's response, followed by mice early death. In vitro, A. maxima supplementation promote T. cruzi- macrophage phagocytosis, but also a sooner T. cruzi- infected macrophage death. CONCLUSION A. maxima administration overactive the immune system, decreasing the parasitemia, but causing a severe tissue damage. Then, this nutraceutical has a paradoxical effect on intracellular parasitic infections such as Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A REBOREDA-HERNANDEZ
- Pathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana L. JUAREZ-SERRANO
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivan GARCIA-LUNA
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora L RIVERO-RAMIREZ
- Pathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio ORTIZ-BUTRON
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín NOGUEDA-TORRES
- Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayeli GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ
- Pathology Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences National School, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico,Correspondence
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Medina-Buelvas DM, Estrada-Muñiz E, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Shibayama M, Vega L. Increased heart fibrosis and acute infection in a murine Chagas disease model associated with organophosphorus pesticide metabolite exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17539. [PMID: 31772338 PMCID: PMC6879754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some reports suggest that exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides increases the incidence of infections. Ethylated dialkylphosphates (EtDAPs) are metabolites of OP pesticides widely distributed with immunomodulatory potential. Chagas disease is produced by Trypanosoma cruzi parasites, and resolution of this infection requires the activation of inflammatory macrophages (MΦ), which results in cardiac fibrosis. Some reports indicate that EtDAPs increase the amount of the anti-inflammatory alternatively activated MΦ (M2; CD206+F4/80+). Therefore, we analyzed the course of T. cruzi infection, MΦ profiles from peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis in the heart of BALB/c mice exposed to diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP), diethylthiophosphate (DETP) or diethylphosphate (DEP, 0.01 g/kg), common DAPs produced by OP pesticides, 24 h before infection with T. cruzi. We found that DEDTP increased the parasite burden in blood by 99% at the peak of the infection and enhanced the myocardial damage due to an increase in infiltrated inflammatory cells (induced by DEDTP or DETP) and fibrosis (induced by EtDAPs). In the PECs, exposure to EtDAPs increased the proportion of the MΦ subpopulations of M2a, M2b and M2d, which are associated with tissue repair. These results indicate that exposure to EtDAPs can exacerbate the acute phase of a parasitic infection and increase the long-term damage to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Margarita Medina-Buelvas
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabet Estrada-Muñiz
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, CP 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México.
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20
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Rangel-Gamboa L, López-García L, Moreno-Sánchez F, Hoyo-Ulloa I, Vega-Mémije ME, Mendoza-Bazán N, Romero-Valdovinos M, Olivo-Díaz A, Villalobos G, Martínez-Hernández F. Trypanosoma cruzi infection associated with atypical clinical manifestation during the acute phase of the Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:506. [PMID: 31666114 PMCID: PMC6822409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted by triatomine insects. Clinical manifestations vary according to the phase of the disease. Cutaneous manifestations are usually observed in the acute phase (chagoma and Romaña’s sign) or after reactivation of the chronic phase by immunosuppression; however, a disseminated infection in the acute phase without immunosuppression has not been reported for CD. Here, we report an unusual case of disseminated cutaneous infection during the acute phase of CD in a Mexican woman. Methods Evaluation of the patient included a complete clinical history, a physical exam, and an exhaustive evaluation by laboratory tests, including ELISA, Western blot and PCR. Results Skin biopsies of a 50-year-old female revealed intracellular parasites affecting the lower extremities with lymphangitic spread in both legs. The PCR tests evaluated biopsy samples obtained from the lesions and blood samples, which showed a positive diagnosis for T. cruzi. Partial sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal DNA correlated with the genetic variant DTU II; however, serological tests were negative. Conclusions We present a case of CD with disseminated skin lesions that was detected by PCR and showed negative serological results. In Mexico, an endemic CD area, there are no records of this type of manifestation, which demonstrates the ability of the parasite to initiate and maintain infections in atypical tissues .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lirio López-García
- Private Practice, Dermatología clínica, Lomas Altas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Irma Hoyo-Ulloa
- Departamento de Infectología, Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elisa Vega-Mémije
- Departamento de Dermatopatología, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mendoza-Bazán
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirza Romero-Valdovinos
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Olivo-Díaz
- Departamento de Genética e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, CP 14080, Mexico City, Mexico.
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21
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Herrera C, Truyens C, Dumonteil E, Alger J, Sosa-Estani S, Cafferata ML, Gibbons L, Ciganda A, Matute ML, Zuniga C, Carlier Y, Buekens P. Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi from Pregnant Women and Newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico Suggests an Association of Parasite Haplotypes with Congenital Transmission of the Parasite. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:1095-1105. [PMID: 31450011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high genetic variability and has been classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs) named TcI through TcVI. This genetic diversity is believed to be associated with clinical characteristics and outcomes, but evidence supporting such associations has been limited. Herein, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of T. cruzi sequences of the mini-exon intergenic region obtained from a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico, to assess parasite genetic diversity and possible associations with congenital transmission. Analysis of 105 samples (including five paired samples) from maternal and umbilical cord blood indicated that T. cruzi DTU distribution was similar among pregnant women and newborns from these three countries, with a high frequency of TcII-TcV-TcVI DTUs, including mixed infections with TcI. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that although the same parasite haplotypes circulated in these three countries, they were present at different frequencies, leading to significant geographic differences. Of importance, a strong association was observed between parasite haplotypes and congenital infection of newborns. Thus, the identification of parasite haplotypes in pregnant women, but not of parasite DTUs, may help predict congenital transmission of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Herrera
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | | | - Eric Dumonteil
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Jackeline Alger
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben,", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria L Cafferata
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Ciganda
- Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maria L Matute
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud, Secretaria de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepcion Zuniga
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yves Carlier
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Buekens
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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22
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De Fuentes-Vicente JA, Vidal-López DG, Flores-Villegas AL, Moreno-Rodríguez A, De Alba-Alvarado MC, Salazar-Schettino PM, Rodríguez-López MH, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE. Trypanosoma cruzi: A review of biological and methodological factors in Mexican strains. Acta Trop 2019; 195:51-57. [PMID: 31022383 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, responsible for Chagas disease, is a serious public health problem in Latin America with eight million people infected in the world. Clinical manifestations observed in humans due to T. cruzi infection are largely associated with the wide biological and genetic heterogeneity of the parasite. This review presents an overview of the parasitological aspects of various strains of T. cruzi isolated mainly in Mexico, as well as an analysis of the methodological processes used to determine their virulence that could be influencing their biological characterization. We emphasize the importance of using uniform protocols to study T. cruzi virulence, taking into account factors related to: strain (i.e. developmental stage, lineage, biological origin, genetic variability), animal model used (i.e. role of hormones, host immune response, age) and methodology (i.e. inoculum size, inoculation route, and laboratory conditions used during strain maintenance). These uniform protocols will then allow proposing elements for understanding clinical evolution and management of the disease, for providing adequate treatment, and for developing tools for future vaccines against Chagas disease.
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23
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Barbosa CG, Gómez-Hernández C, Rezende-Oliveira K, Da Silva MV, Rodrigues JPF, Tiburcio MGS, Ferreira TB, Rodrigues V, Yoshida N, Ramirez LE. Oral infection of mice and host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi strains from Mexico. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1493-1500. [PMID: 30847614 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral infection by Trypanosoma cruzi has been responsible for frequent outbreaks of acute Chagas disease in the north of South America and in the Amazon region, where T. cruzi genetic group TcI predominates. TcI strains from different geographical regions have been used in oral infection in mice, but there is no information about strains from Mexico where TcI is prevalent. Here, we analyzed four Mexican strains as concerns the course of oral infection, the ability to invade host cells in vitro, and the profile of metacyclic trypomastigote surface molecules gp82 and gp90 that are implicated in parasite internalization. Oral infection of mice with metacyclic forms of all strains resulted in reduced blood and tissue parasitism, and mild to moderate inflammatory process in the heart/skeletal muscle. They expressed pepsin-resistant gp82 and gp90 molecules at high levels and invaded host cells poorly in full nutrient medium and efficiently under nutrient-deprived condition. The properties exhibited by Mexican strains were similar to those displayed by TcI strains from other geographical regions, reinforcing the notion that these features are common to the genetic group TcI as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia G Barbosa
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - César Gómez-Hernández
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcos Vinicius Da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | | | - Monique G S Tiburcio
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Thatiane Bragini Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
| | | | - Luis E Ramirez
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Getúlio Guaritá S/N, Bairro Abadia, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 38025-180, Brazil
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24
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Sepúlveda-Robles O, Espinoza-Gutiérrez B, Gomez-Verjan JC, Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, De Ita M, Silva-Miranda M, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Fernández-Ramírez F, Herrera-Salazar A, Mata-Rocha M, Ortega-Hernández A, Reyes-Chilpa R. Trypanocidal and toxicological assessment in vitro and in silico of three sesquiterpene lactones from Asteraceae plant species. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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López-Vivas FI, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Acosta-Dibarrat JP, Medina-Torres I, Diaz-Albiter HM, Fernández-Rosas P, de Oca-Jiménez RM. Molecular Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi in Infected Meccus pallidipennis in the Southern Region of the State of Mexico, Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:683-689. [PMID: 30183555 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PCR amplification and sequencing of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) spliced-leader intergenic region of the mini-exon gene intergenic region (SL-IR) fragment was performed on intestinal tissue and fecal content DNA extracted from 19 Meccus pallidipennis (M. pallidipennis) specimens collected in the southern region of the State of Mexico. DNA sequence analysis from 49 bp T. cruzi SL-IR showed that all 19 samples corresponded to haplotype TcIa, and all of them were identical to GenBank sequence JQ028863. When extending the analysis to the whole 256 bp amplified sequence of the SL-IR, we found six sequences with a C insertion at position 10, one of which also presented a mutation (T/C) at position 54. One more sequence had an insertion (T) at position 223. Our findings suggest that two dominating TcIa clones are present in M. pallidipennis in the southern region of the State of Mexico. Interestingly, the SL-IR region of the dominating genotype was 100% identical to a circulating clone from Costa Rica present in humans, dogs, Triatoma dimidiata, and Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus. Future regional studies should explore the presence of this haplotype in humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ingrid López-Vivas
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
| | - Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
| | - Jorge Pablo Acosta-Dibarrat
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
| | - Imelda Medina-Torres
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
| | - Héctor M Diaz-Albiter
- 2 Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pomposo Fernández-Rosas
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Jiménez
- 1 Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) , Toluca, México
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26
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Volpato FCZ, Sousa GR, D'Ávila DA, Galvão LMDC, Chiari E. Combined parasitological and molecular-based diagnostic tools improve the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in single peripheral blood samples from patients with Chagas disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:506-515. [PMID: 28954072 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0046-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to detect Trypanosoma cruzi and determine the genetic profiles of the parasite during the chronic phase of Chagas disease (ChD), parasitological and molecular diagnostic methods were used to assess the blood of 91 patients without specific prior treatment. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 68 patients with cardiac ChD and 23 patients with an indeterminate form of ChD, followed by evaluation using blood culture and polymerase chain reaction. T . cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different genetic markers. RESULTS: Blood culture was positive in 54.9% of all patients, among which 60.3% had the cardiac form of ChD, and 39.1% the indeterminate form of ChD. There were no significant differences in blood culture positivity among patients with cardiac and indeterminate forms. Additionally, patient age and clinical forms did not influence blood culture results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in 98.9% of patients, although comparisons between blood culture and PCR results showed that the two techniques did not agree. Forty-two T . cruzi stocks were isolated, and TcII was detected in 95.2% of isolates. Additionally, one isolate corresponded to TcIII or TcIV, and another corresponded to TcV or TcVI. CONCLUSIONS Blood culture and PCR were both effective for identifying T. cruzi using a single blood sample, and their association did not improve parasite detection. However, we were not able to establish an association between the clinical form of ChD and the genetic profile of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Caroline Zempulski Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giovane Rodrigo Sousa
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniella Alchaar D'Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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27
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Dorn PL, McClure AG, Gallaspy MD, Waleckx E, Woods AS, Monroy MC, Stevens L. The diversity of the Chagas parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, infecting the main Central American vector, Triatoma dimidiata, from Mexico to Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005878. [PMID: 28957315 PMCID: PMC5619707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the strains of Trypanosoma cruzi circulating in Central America and specifically in the most important vector in this region, Triatoma dimidiata. Approximately six million people are infected with T. cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, which has the greatest negative economic impact and is responsible for ~12,000 deaths annually in Latin America. By international consensus, strains of T. cruzi are divided into six monophyletic clades called discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-VI) and a seventh DTU first identified in bats called TcBat. TcI shows the greatest geographic range and diversity. Identifying strains present and diversity within these strains is important as different strains and their genotypes may cause different pathologies and may circulate in different localities and transmission cycles, thus impacting control efforts, treatment and vaccine development. To determine parasite strains present in T. dimidiata across its geographic range from Mexico to Colombia, we isolated abdominal DNA from T. dimidiata and determined which specimens were infected with T. cruzi by PCR. Strains from infected insects were determined by comparing the sequence of the 18S rDNA and the spliced-leader intergenic region to typed strains in GenBank. Two DTUs were found: 94% of infected T. dimidiata contained TcI and 6% contained TcIV. TcI exhibited high genetic diversity. Geographic structure of TcI haplotypes was evident by Principal Component and Median-Joining Network analyses as well as a significant result in the Mantel test, indicating isolation by distance. There was little evidence of association with TcI haplotypes and host/vector or ecotope. This study provides new information about the strains circulating in the most important Chagas vector in Central America and reveals considerable variability within TcI as well as geographic structuring at this large geographic scale. The lack of association with particular vectors/hosts or ecotopes suggests the parasites are moving among vectors/hosts and ecotopes therefore a comprehensive approach, such as the Ecohealth approach that makes houses refractory to the vectors will be needed to successfully halt transmission of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Dorn
- Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Annie G. McClure
- Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Meghan D. Gallaspy
- Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Adrienne S. Woods
- Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Lori Stevens
- University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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28
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PANTI-MAY JA, DE ANDRADE RRC, GURUBEL-GONZÁLEZ Y, PALOMO-ARJONA E, SODÁ-TAMAYO L, MEZA-SULÚ J, RAMÍREZ-SIERRA M, DUMONTEIL E, VIDAL-MARTÍNEZ VM, MACHAÍN-WILLIAMS C, DE OLIVEIRA D, REIS MG, TORRES-CASTRO MA, ROBLES MR, HERNÁNDEZ-BETANCOURT SF, COSTA F. A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by house mouse and black rat populations in Yucatan, Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2287-2295. [PMID: 28689507 PMCID: PMC6231242 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The house mouse (Mus musculus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens, several of which cause neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Studies of the prevalence of these NTD-causing zoonotic pathogens, in house mice and black rats from tropical residential areas are scarce. Three hundred and two house mice and 161 black rats were trapped in 2013 from two urban neighbourhoods and a rural village in Yucatan, Mexico, and subsequently tested for Trypanosoma cruzi, Hymenolepis diminuta and Leptospira interrogans. Using the polymerase chain reaction we detected T. cruzi DNA in the hearts of 4·9% (8/165) and 6·2% (7/113) of house mice and black rats, respectively. We applied the sedimentation technique to detect eggs of H. diminuta in 0·5% (1/182) and 14·2% (15/106) of house mice and black rats, respectively. Through the immunofluorescent imprint method, L. interrogans was identified in 0·9% (1/106) of rat kidney impressions. Our results suggest that the black rat could be an important reservoir for T. cruzi and H. diminuta in the studied sites. Further studies examining seasonal and geographical patterns could increase our knowledge on the epidemiology of these pathogens in Mexico and the risk to public health posed by rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. PANTI-MAY
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - R. R. C. DE ANDRADE
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Y. GURUBEL-GONZÁLEZ
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - E. PALOMO-ARJONA
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - L. SODÁ-TAMAYO
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - J. MEZA-SULÚ
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - M. RAMÍREZ-SIERRA
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - E. DUMONTEIL
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V. M. VIDAL-MARTÍNEZ
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Merida, Merida, Mexico
| | - C. MACHAÍN-WILLIAMS
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - D. DE OLIVEIRA
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - M. G. REIS
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - M. A. TORRES-CASTRO
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - M. R. ROBLES
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S. F. HERNÁNDEZ-BETANCOURT
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - F. COSTA
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
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29
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Patel NB, Patel JN, Purohit AC, Patel VM, Rajani DP, Moo-Puc R, Lopez-Cedillo JC, Nogueda-Torres B, Rivera G. In vitro and in vivo assessment of newer quinoxaline-oxadiazole hybrids as antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:413-418. [PMID: 28687457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-(substituted-phenyl)-2-[5-(quinoxalin-2-yloxymethyl)-[1,3,4] oxadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl]-acetamides (5a-o) was designed and synthesised from the parent compound 2-hydroxy quinoxaline (1) through a multistep reaction sequence and was characterised by spectral and elemental analyses. All of the compounds synthesised were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities. The results revealed that quinoxaline-based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles displayed promising antibacterial, antifungal and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activities compared with reference drugs, particularly the lead compound 5l in a short-term in vivo model in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin B Patel
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India.
| | - Jignesh N Patel
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit C Purohit
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Vatsal M Patel
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhanji P Rajani
- Microcare Laboratory and Tuberculosis Diagnosis & Research Center, Surat, India
| | - Rosa Moo-Puc
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida 97150, Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Lopez-Cedillo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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Aleman A, Guerra T, Maikis TJ, Milholland MT, Castro-Arellano I, Forstner MRJ, Hahn D. The Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the Causal Agent of Chagas Disease, in Texas Rodent Populations. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:130-143. [PMID: 28091763 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rodent species were assessed as potential hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, from five sites throughout Texas in sylvan and disturbed habitats. A total of 592 rodents were captured, resulting in a wide taxonomic representation of 11 genera and 15 species. Heart samples of 543 individuals were successfully analyzed by SybrGreen-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting a 166 bp fragment of satellite DNA of T. cruzi. Eight rodents representing six species from six genera and two families were infected with T. cruzi. This is the first report of T. cruzi in the pygmy mouse (Baiomys taylori) and the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) for the USA. All infected rodents were from the southernmost site (Las Palomas Wildlife Management Area). No differences in pathogen prevalence existed between disturbed habitats (5 of 131 tested; 3.8%) and sylvan habitats (3 of 40 tested; 7.5%). Most positives (n = 6, 16% prevalence) were detected in late winter with single positives in both spring (3% prevalence) and fall (1% prevalence). Additionally, 30 Triatoma insects were collected opportunistically from sites in central Texas. Fifty percent of these insects, i.e., 13 T. gerstaeckeri (68%), and two T. lecticularia (100%) were positive for T. cruzi. Comparative sequence analyses of 18S rRNA of samples provided identical results with respect to detection of the presence or absence of T. cruzi and assigned T. cruzi from rodents collected in late winter to lineage TcI. T. cruzi from Triatoma sp. and rodents from subsequent collections in spring and fall were different, however, and could not be assigned to other lineages with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Aleman
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Trina Guerra
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Troy J Maikis
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Matthew T Milholland
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Ivan Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Michael R J Forstner
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Dittmar Hahn
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
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DE Fuentes-Vicente JA, Cabrera-Bravo M, Enríquez-Vara JN, Bucio-Torres MI, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Vidal-López DG, Martínez-Ibarra JA, Salazar-Schettino PM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Relationships between altitude, triatomine (Triatoma dimidiata) immune response and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas' disease. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:63-71. [PMID: 27753118 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how the virulence of a human pathogen varies in the environment it shares with its vector. This study focused on whether the virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), the causal agent of Chagas' disease, is related to altitude. Accordingly, Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) specimens were collected at three different altitudes (300, 700 and 1400 m a.s.l.) in Chiapas, Mexico. The parasite was then isolated to infect uninfected T. dimidiata from the same altitudes, as well as female CD-1 mice. The response variables were phenoloxidase (PO) activity, a key insect immune response, parasitaemia in mice, and amastigote numbers in the heart, oesophagus, gastrocnemius and brain of the rodents. The highest levels of PO activity, parasitaemia and amastigotes were found for Tryp. cruzi isolates sourced from 700 m a.s.l., particularly in the mouse brain. A polymerase chain reaction-based analysis indicated that all Tryp. cruzi isolates belonged to a Tryp. cruzi I lineage. Thus, Tryp. cruzi from 700 m a.s.l. may be more dangerous than sources at other altitudes. At this altitude, T. dimidiata is more common, apparently because the conditions are more beneficial to its development. Control strategies should focus activity at altitudes around 700 m a.s.l., at least in relation to the region of the present study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A DE Fuentes-Vicente
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Cabrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J N Enríquez-Vara
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M I Bucio-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - D G Vidal-López
- Laboratorio Experimental y Bioterio, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Mapastepec, Mexico
| | - J A Martínez-Ibarra
- Departamento de Desarrollo Regional, Centro Universitario del Sur, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - P M Salazar-Schettino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Trypanocidal Activity of Quinoxaline 1,4 Di-N-oxide Derivatives as Trypanothione Reductase Inhibitors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020220. [PMID: 28157150 PMCID: PMC6155662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a worldwide public health problem. In this work, we evaluated 26 new propyl and isopropyl quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives as potential trypanocidal agents. Additionally, molecular docking and enzymatic assays on trypanothione reductase (TR) were performed to provide a basis for their potential mechanism of action. Seven compounds showed better trypanocidal activity on epimastigotes than the reference drugs, and only four displayed activity on trypomastigotes; T-085 was the lead compound with an IC50 = 59.9 and 73.02 µM on NINOA and INC-5 strain, respectively. An in silico analysis proposed compound T-085 as a potential TR inhibitor with better affinity than the natural substrate. Enzymatic analysis revealed that T-085 inhibits parasite TR non-competitively. Compound T-085 carries a carbonyl, a CF3, and an isopropyl carboxylate group at 2-, 3- and 7-position, respectively. These results suggest the chemical structure of this compound as a good starting point for the design and synthesis of novel trypanocidal derivatives with higher TR inhibitory potency and lower toxicity.
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Garcia MN, Burroughs H, Gorchakov R, Gunter SM, Dumonteil E, Murray KO, Herrera CP. Molecular identification and genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in autochthonous Chagas disease patients from Texas, USA. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:151-156. [PMID: 28095298 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is widely distributed throughout the Americas, from the southern United States (US) to northern Argentina, and infects at least 6 million people in endemic areas. Much remains unknown about the dynamics of T. cruzi transmission among mammals and triatomine vectors in sylvatic and peridomestic eco-epidemiological cycles, as well as of the risk of transmission to humans in the US. Identification of T. cruzi DTUs among locally-acquired cases is necessary for enhancing our diagnostic and clinical prognostic capacities, as well as to understand parasite transmission cycles. Blood samples from a cohort of 15 confirmed locally-acquired Chagas disease patients from Texas were used for genotyping T. cruzi. Conventional PCR using primers specific for the minicircle variable region of the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) and the highly repetitive genomic satellite DNA (satDNA) confirmed the presence of T. cruzi in 12/15 patients. Genotyping was based on the amplification of the intergenic region of the miniexon gene of T. cruzi and sequencing. Sequences were analyzed by BLAST and phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Likelihood method allowed the identification of non-TcI DTUs infection in six patients, which corresponded to DTUs TcII, TcV or TcVI, but not to TcIII or TcIV. Two of these six patients were also infected with a TcI DTU, indicating mixed infections in those individuals. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were seen among patients with single non-TcI and mixed infections of non-TcI and TcI DTUs. Our results indicate a greater diversity of T. cruzi DTUs circulating among autochthonous human Chagas disease cases in the southern US, including for the first time DTUs from the TcII-TcV-TcVI group. Furthermore, the DTUs infecting human patients in the US are capable of causing Chagasic cardiac disease, highlighting the importance of parasite detection in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Garcia
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hadley Burroughs
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah M Gunter
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Autonomous University of Yucatan (UADY), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia P Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Izeta-Alberdi A, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Moo-Llanes DA, Ramsey JM. Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:631. [PMID: 27923409 PMCID: PMC5142175 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary history and ecological associations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the need to identify genetic markers that can distinguish parasite subpopulations, and understanding the parasite’s evolutionary and selective processes have been the subject of a significant number of publications since 1998, the year when the first DNA sequence analysis for the species was published. Methods The current analysis systematizes and re-analyzes this original research, focusing on critical methodological and analytical variables and results that have given rise to interpretations of putative patterns of genetic diversity and diversification of T. cruzi lineages, discrete typing units (DTUs), and populations, and their associations with hosts, vectors, and geographical distribution that have been interpreted as evidence for parasite subpopulation specificities. Results Few studies use hypothesis-driven or quantitative analysis for T. cruzi phylogeny (16/58 studies) or phylogeography (10/13). Among these, only one phylogenetic and five phylogeographic studies analyzed molecular markers directly from tissues (i.e. not from isolates). Analysis of T. cruzi DTU or lineage niche and its geographical projection demonstrate extensive sympatry among all clades across the continent and no significant niche differences among DTUs. DTU beta-diversity was high, indicating diverse host assemblages across regions, while host dissimilarity was principally due to host species turnover and to a much lesser degree to nestedness. DTU-host order specificities appear related to trophic or microenvironmental interactions. Conclusions More rigorous study designs and analyses will be required to discern evolutionary processes and the impact of landscape modification on population dynamics and risk for T. cruzi transmission to humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav) Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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Brenière SF, Waleckx E, Barnabé C. Over Six Thousand Trypanosoma cruzi Strains Classified into Discrete Typing Units (DTUs): Attempt at an Inventory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004792. [PMID: 27571035 PMCID: PMC5003387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, presents wide genetic diversity. Currently, six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI to TcVI, and a seventh one called TcBat are used for strain typing. Beyond the debate concerning this classification, this systematic review has attempted to provide an inventory by compiling the results of 137 articles that have used it. A total of 6,343 DTU identifications were analyzed according to the geographical and host origins. Ninety-one percent of the data available is linked to South America. This sample, although not free of potential bias, nevertheless provides today's picture of T. cruzi genetic diversity that is closest to reality. DTUs were genotyped from 158 species, including 42 vector species. Remarkably, TcI predominated in the overall sample (around 60%), in both sylvatic and domestic cycles. This DTU known to present a high genetic diversity, is very widely distributed geographically, compatible with a long-term evolution. The marsupial is thought to be its most ancestral host and the Gran Chaco region the place of its putative origin. TcII was rarely sampled (9.6%), absent, or extremely rare in North and Central America, and more frequently identified in domestic cycles than in sylvatic cycles. It has a low genetic diversity and has probably found refuge in some mammal species. It is thought to originate in the south-Amazon area. TcIII and TcIV were also rarely sampled. They showed substantial genetic diversity and are thought to be composed of possible polyphyletic subgroups. Even if they are mostly associated with sylvatic transmission cycles, a total of 150 human infections with these DTUs have been reported. TcV and TcVI are clearly associated with domestic transmission cycles. Less than 10% of these DTUs were identified together in sylvatic hosts. They are thought to originate in the Gran Chaco region, where they are predominant and where putative parents exist (TcII and TcIII). Trends in host-DTU specificities exist, but generally it seems that the complexity of the cycles and the participation of numerous vectors and mammal hosts in a shared area, maintains DTU diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Frédérique Brenière
- IRD-CIRAD, INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidés), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Christian Barnabé
- IRD-CIRAD, INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidés), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
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Barnabé C, Mobarec HI, Jurado MR, Cortez JA, Brenière SF. Reconsideration of the seven discrete typing units within the species Trypanosoma cruzi , a new proposal of three reliable mitochondrial clades. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guzmán-Gómez D, López-Monteon A, de la Soledad Lagunes-Castro M, Álvarez-Martínez C, Hernández-Lutzon MJ, Dumonteil E, Ramos-Ligonio A. Highly discordant serology against Trypanosoma cruzi in central Veracruz, Mexico: role of the antigen used for diagnostic. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:466. [PMID: 26384317 PMCID: PMC4573690 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In Mexico, the burden of the disease is difficult to estimate and improving surveillance for Chagas disease is an important priority. We aimed here at determining the seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in humans in a rural community in Veracruz. Methods Serum samples (196) were analyzed for T. cruzi infection using five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests: two in-house tests based on crude parasite extract and three commercial ELISA kits. Because of highly discordant results, we further explored the importance of parasite antigens and strains by western-blot analysis. Results A total of 74 samples (37.7 %) were reactive with at least one ELISA, but discordance among tests was very high. The best agreement was between Chagatest recombinant and Chagatek ELISA (Kappa index = 0.798). The agreement between other combinations of tests ranged from 0.038 to 0.518. Discordant samples were confirmed by western-blot analysis using up to nine parasite strains, giving a seroprevalence of 33.7 %. Conclusions Commercial tests had a very limited ability to detect T. cruzi infection in the study population. In-house tests based on crude parasite antigens showed a greater sensitivity but were still unable to detect all cases of T. cruzi infection, even when based on a local parasite strain. The high seroprevalence confirmed the hyper-endemicity of T. cruzi infection in the region. Reliable epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease will require the development of improved diagnostic tests. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1072-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guzmán-Gómez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. .,LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Aracely López-Monteon
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. .,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - María de la Soledad Lagunes-Castro
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. .,LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Carolina Álvarez-Martínez
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Jesús Hernández-Lutzon
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Angel Ramos-Ligonio
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. .,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Mendoza-Martínez C, Correa-Basurto J, Nieto-Meneses R, Márquez-Navarro A, Aguilar-Suárez R, Montero-Cortes MD, Nogueda-Torres B, Suárez-Contreras E, Galindo-Sevilla N, Rojas-Rojas Á, Rodriguez-Lezama A, Hernández-Luis F. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazoline derivatives as anti-trypanosomatid and anti-plasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:296-307. [PMID: 25899334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of quinazoline-2,4,6-triamine derivatives (1-9) as trypanocidal, antileishmanial and antiplasmodial agents are explained. The compounds were rationalized basing on docking studies of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR from Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major and Plasmodium vivax) and pteridin reductase (PTR from T. cruzi and L. major) structures. All compounds were in vitro screened against both bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (NINOA and INC-5 strains) and promatigotes of Leishmania mexicana (MHOM/BZ/61/M379 strain), and also for cytotoxicity using Vero cell line. Against T. cruzi, three compounds (5, 6 and 8) were the most effective showing a better activity profile than nifurtimox and benznidazole (reference drugs). Against L. mexicana, four compounds (5, 6, 8, and 9) exhibited the highest activity, even than glucantime (reference drug). In the cytotoxicity assay, protozoa were more susceptible than Vero cells. In vivo Plasmodium berghei assay (ANKA strain), the compounds 1, 5, 6 and 8 showed a more comparable activity than chloroquine and pyrimethamine (reference drugs) when they were administrated by the oral route. The antiprotozoal activity of these substances, endowed with redox properties, represented a good starting point for a medicinal chemistry program aiming for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease, leishmaniosis and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Mendoza-Martínez
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática de la SEPI, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Rocío Nieto-Meneses
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Adrián Márquez-Navarro
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Rocío Aguilar-Suárez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Erick Suárez-Contreras
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitología, IPN, México, DF 11340, Mexico
| | - Norma Galindo-Sevilla
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México, DF 11000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Francisco Hernández-Luis
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Químicas, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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Díaz-Chiguer DL, Hernández-Luis F, Nogueda-Torres B, Castillo R, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Hernández-Campos A, Ambrosio JR. JVG9, a benzimidazole derivative, alters the surface and cytoskeleton of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:757-60. [PMID: 25317703 PMCID: PMC4238767 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has a particular cytoskeleton that consists of a
subpellicular network of microtubules and actin microfilaments. Therefore, it is an
excellent target for the development of new anti-parasitic drugs. Benzimidazole
2-carbamates, a class of well-known broad-spectrum anthelmintics, have been shown to
inhibit the in vitro growth of many protozoa. Therefore, to find efficient
anti-trypanosomal (trypanocidal) drugs, our group has designed and synthesised
several benzimidazole derivatives. One, named JVG9
(5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol), has been found to be effective
against T. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes under both in vitro
and in vivo conditions. Here, we present the in vitro effects observed by laser
scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopy on T. cruzi
trypomastigotes. Changes in the surface and the distribution of the
cytoskeletal proteins are consistent with the hypothesis that the trypanocidal
activity of JVG9 involves the cytoskeleton as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L Díaz-Chiguer
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olivia Reynoso-Ducoing
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Javier R Ambrosio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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40
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Monteón V, Triana-Chávez O, Mejía-Jaramillo A, Pennignton P, Ramos-Ligonio Á, Acosta K, Lopez R. Circulation of Tc Ia discrete type unit Trypanosoma cruzi in Yucatan Mexico. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:550-4. [PMID: 27413339 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiologic agent Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) has been grouped into six discrete type units (DTU I-VI); within DTU-I exists four subgroups defined Ia-Id. In Colombia, the genotype Ia is associated with human infection and domiciliated Rhodnius vector. In the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, the main vector involved in T. cruzi transmission is Triatoma dimidiata predominantly via sylvatic and peridomiciliated cycles. In this study, multiple sequence analysis of mini-exon intergenic regions of T. cruzi isolates obtained from T. dimidiata in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico revealed they belonged to Tc Ia DTU along with two additional Mexican strains located 1,570 km away from Yucatan. In conclusion Tc Ia circulates in the Yucatan peninsula in T. dimidiata vector and likewise in the northwest region of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Monteón
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus de la Salud, Col Linda Vista Campeche, 24090 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biología y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas (BCEI), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Pamela Pennignton
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ángel Ramos-Ligonio
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicios (LADASIER) Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Karla Acosta
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | - Ruth Lopez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campus de la Salud, Col Linda Vista Campeche, 24090 Campeche, Mexico
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41
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Exacerbated skeletal muscle inflammation and calcification in the acute phase of infection by Mexican Trypanosoma cruzi DTUI strain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:450389. [PMID: 24991553 PMCID: PMC4060783 DOI: 10.1155/2014/450389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A murine model was used to study the histopathological aspects and cytokine expression levels in skeletal muscle provoked by the infection with Mexican TcI strains. BALB/c mice were inoculated with the virulent Querétaro strain and the nonvirulent Ninoa strain. Parasite numbers were counted in blood and skeletal muscle at different times post-infection, and real time-PCR expression levels of the cytokines IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IFN- γ , and TNF- α were evaluated. In the acute phase of infection, a high parasitic load, both in blood and skeletal muscle, was detected. The histopathological analyses showed an exacerbated inflammation and granulomatous-like infiltrate with the Querétaro strain. Interestingly, extensive calcification areas were observed in the skeletal muscle surrounded by inflammatory infiltrates. TNF- α and IL-10 expression exhibited a significant increase at the peak of infection. In summary, Querétaro strain, a Mexican TcI strain, is virulent enough to induce high inflammation and calcification in skeletal muscle of the hind limbs, which could be related to high expression levels of TNF- α .
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42
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Melnikov V, Espinoza-Gomez F, Newton-Sanchez O, Delgado-Ensiso I, Montesinos-Lopez OA, Dalin MV, Espinoza B, Martinez I, Sheklakova LA, Dobrovinskaya O, Karpenko LP. Integral Approach to Evaluation of the Pathogenic Activity of Trypanosoma Cruzi Clones as Exemplified by the Mexican Strain. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 156:70-2. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Burgos JM, Risso MG, Brenière SF, Barnabé C, Campetella O, Leguizamón MS. Differential distribution of genes encoding the virulence factor trans-sialidase along Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete typing units. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58967. [PMID: 23536842 PMCID: PMC3594200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi the agent of Chagas disease is a monophyletic but heterogeneous group conformed by several Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) named TcI to TcVI characterized by genetic markers. The trans-sialidase (TS) is a virulence factor involved in cell invasion and pathogenesis that is differentially expressed in aggressive and less virulent parasite stocks. Genes encoding TS-related proteins are included in a large family divided in several groups but only one of them contains TS genes. Two closely related genes differing in a T/C transition encode the enzymatically active TS (aTS) and a lectin-like TS (iTS). We quantified the aTS/iTS genes from TcII and TcVI aggressive and TcI low virulent strains and found variable aTS number (1-32) per haploid genome. In spite of being low TS enzyme-expressers, TcI strains carry 28-32 aTS gene copies. The intriguing absence of iTS genes in TcI strains together with the presence of aTS/iTS in TcII and TcVI strains (virulent) were observed. Moreover, after sequencing aTS/iTS from 38 isolates collected along the Americas encompassing all DTUs, the persistent absence of the iTS gene in TcI, TcIII and TcIV was found. In addition, the sequence clustering together with T/C transition analysis correlated to DTUs of T. cruzi. The consistence of TS results with both evolutionary genome models proposed for T. cruzi, namely the "Two Hybridization" and the "Three Ancestor" was discussed and reviewed to fit present findings. Parasite stocks to attempt genetic KO or to assay the involvement of iTS in parasite biology and virulence are finally available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Burgos
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marikena G. Risso
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simone Frédérique Brenière
- Unité de Recherche MIVEGEC, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Représentation de l'IRD en Bolivie, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Christian Barnabé
- Unité de Recherche MIVEGEC, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Représentation de l'IRD en Bolivie, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Oscar Campetella
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Susana Leguizamón
- Instituto de Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Martínez I, Nogueda B, Martínez-Hernández F, Espinoza B. Microsatellite and mini-exon analysis of Mexican human DTU I Trypanosoma cruzi strains and their susceptibility to nifurtimox and benznidazole. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:181-7. [PMID: 23421890 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it affects as many as 10 million people in North and South America, where it represents a major public health problem. T. cruzi is a parasite with high genetic diversity, and it has been grouped into 6 discrete typing units (DTUs), designated as T. cruzi I (TcI) to T. cruzi VI (TcVI). Mexican isolates from humans and from vector insects have been primarily found to be TcI, and these isolates are likely to be the strains that cause the clinical manifestations observed in Mexico. However, genetic characterization and drug susceptibility assays are limited in Mexican TcI strains. In this work, 24 Mexican T. cruzi strains, obtained primarily from humans, were studied with 7 locus microsatellites and mini-exon gene by PCR. Also, drug susceptibility was evaluated by growth and mobility assays. All of the human strains belonged to TcI, and they could be further grouped through microsatellite analysis into 2 subgroups (microsatellite genotypes 1 and 2), which were not related to the host clinical status or biological origin of the strain. Two strains, both from wild mammals, belonged to the TcII-TcVI groups; these strains and the CL Brener strain constituted microsatellite genotype 3. The number of alleles in each locus was lower than reported for South American strains, and a departure from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed. The susceptibility of these strains to nifurtimox and benznidazole was heterogeneous. T. cruzi strains characterized as microsatellite genotypes 2 and 3 were significantly more susceptible to benznidazole than strains of microsatellite genotype 1. Only 1 Mexican strain resistant to both drugs was found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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45
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Roellig DM, Savage MY, Fujita AW, Barnabé C, Tibayrenc M, Steurer FJ, Yabsley MJ. Genetic variation and exchange in Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from the United States. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56198. [PMID: 23457528 PMCID: PMC3572986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is a multiclonal parasite with high levels of genetic diversity and broad host and geographic ranges. Molecular characterization of South American isolates of T. cruzi has demonstrated homologous recombination and nuclear hybridization, as well as the presence of 6 main genetic clusters or "discrete typing units" (DTUs). Few studies have extensively investigated such exchange events and genetic diversity in North American isolates. In the current study, we genetically characterized over 50 US isolates from wildlife reservoirs (e.g., raccoons, opossums, armadillos, skunks), domestic dogs, humans, nonhuman primates, and reduviid vectors from nine states (TX, CA, OK, SC, FL, GA, MD, LA, TN) using a multilocus sequencing method. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in sequences of the mismatch-repair class 2 (MSH2) and Tc52 genes. Typing based on the two genes often paralleled genotyping by classic methodologies using mini-exon and 18S and 24Sα rRNA genes. Evidence for genetic exchange was obtained by comparing sequence phylogenies of nuclear and mitochondrial gene targets, dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit II- NADH dehydrogenase subunit I region (COII-ND1), respectively. We observed genetic exchange in several US isolates as demonstrated by incongruent mitochondrial and nuclear genes phylogenies, which confirms a previous finding of a single genetic exchange event in a Florida isolate. The presence of SNPs and evidence of genetic exchange illustrates that strains from the US are genetically diverse, even though only two phylogenetic lineages have been identified in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Roellig
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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Gupta S, Wan X, Zago MP, Sellers VCM, Silva TS, Assiah D, Dhiman M, Nuñez S, Petersen JR, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Estrada-Franco JG, Garg NJ. Antigenicity and diagnostic potential of vaccine candidates in human Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2018. [PMID: 23350012 PMCID: PMC3547861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America and an emerging infectious disease in the US and Europe. We have shown TcG1, TcG2, and TcG4 antigens elicit protective immunity to T. cruzi in mice and dogs. Herein, we investigated antigenicity of the recombinant proteins in humans to determine their potential utility for the development of next generation diagnostics for screening of T. cruzi infection and Chagas disease. Methods and Results Sera samples from inhabitants of the endemic areas of Argentina-Bolivia and Mexico-Guatemala were analyzed in 1st-phase for anti-T. cruzi antibody response by traditional serology tests; and in 2nd-phase for antibody response to the recombinant antigens (individually or mixed) by an ELISA. We noted similar antibody response to candidate antigens in sera samples from inhabitants of Argentina and Mexico (n = 175). The IgG antibodies to TcG1, TcG2, and TcG4 (individually) and TcGmix were present in 62–71%, 65–78% and 72–82%, and 89–93% of the subjects, respectively, identified to be seropositive by traditional serology. Recombinant TcG1- (93.6%), TcG2- (96%), TcG4- (94.6%) and TcGmix- (98%) based ELISA exhibited significantly higher specificity compared to that noted for T. cruzi trypomastigote-based ELISA (77.8%) in diagnosing T. cruzi-infection and avoiding cross-reactivity to Leishmania spp. No significant correlation was noted in the sera levels of antibody response and clinical severity of Chagas disease in seropositive subjects. Conclusions Three candidate antigens were recognized by antibody response in chagasic patients from two distinct study sites and expressed in diverse strains of the circulating parasites. A multiplex ELISA detecting antibody response to three antigens was highly sensitive and specific in diagnosing T. cruzi infection in humans, suggesting that a diagnostic kit based on TcG1, TcG2 and TcG4 recombinant proteins will be useful in diverse situations. Chagas disease is the most common cause of congestive heart failure related deaths among young adults in the endemic areas of South and Central America and Mexico. Diagnosis and treatment of T. cruzi infection has remained difficult and challenging after 100 years of its identification. In >95% of human cases, T. cruzi infection remains undiagnosed until several years later when chronic evolution of progressive disease results in clinical symptoms associated with cardiac damage. Diagnosis generally depends on the measurement of T. cruzi–specific antibodies that can result in false positives. A conclusive diagnosis of T. cruzi infection thus often requires multiple serological tests, in combination with epidemiological data and clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigated the antibody response to TcG1, TcG2, and TcG4 in clinically characterized chagasic patients. These antigens were identified as vaccine candidates and shown to elicit protective immunity to T. cruzi and Chagas disease in experimental animals. Our data show the serology test developed using the TcGmix (multiplex ELISA) is a significantly better alternative to epimastigote extracts currently used in T. cruzi serodiagnosis or the trypomastigote lysate used in this study for comparison purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Charles RA, Kjos S, Ellis AE, Barnes JC, Yabsley MJ. Southern plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus) from southern Texas are important reservoirs of two genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi and host of a putative novel Trypanosoma species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:22-30. [PMID: 23127189 PMCID: PMC3540927 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, is an important public health and veterinary pathogen. Although human cases are rare in the United States, infections in wildlife, and in some areas domestic dogs, are common. In 2008 and 2010, we investigated T. cruzi prevalence in possible vertebrate reservoirs in southern Texas, with an emphasis on southern plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus). Infection status was determined using a combination of culture isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serologic testing. Based on PCR and/or culture, T. cruzi was detected in 35 of 104 (34%) woodrats, 3 of 4 (75%) striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), 12 of 20 (60%) raccoons (Procyon lotor), and 5 of 28 (18%) other rodents including a hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), rock squirrel (Otospermophilus variegatus), black rat (Rattus rattus), and two house mice (Mus musculus). Additionally, another Trypanosoma species was detected in 41 woodrats, of which 27 were co-infected with T. cruzi. Genetic characterization of T. cruzi revealed that raccoon, rock squirrel, and cotton rat isolates were genotype TcIV, while woodrats and skunks were infected with TcI and TcIV. Based on the Chagas Stat-Pak assay, antibodies were detected in 27 woodrats (26%), 13 raccoons (65%), 4 skunks (100%), and 5 other rodents (18%) (two white-ankled mice [Peromyscus pectoralis laceianus], two house mice, and a rock squirrel). Seroprevalence based on indirect immunofluorescence antibody testing was higher for both woodrats (37%) and raccoons (90%), compared with the Chagas Stat-Pak. This is the first report of T. cruzi in a hispid cotton rat, black rat, rock squirrel, and white-ankled mouse. These data indicate that based on culture and PCR testing, the prevalence of T. cruzi in woodrats is comparable with other common reservoirs (i.e., raccoons and opossums) in the United States. However, unlike raccoons and opossums, which tend to be infected with a particular genotype, southern plains woodrats were infected with TcI and TcIV at near equal frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne A. Charles
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sonia Kjos
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Angela E. Ellis
- Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John C. Barnes
- Southwest Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Uvalde, Texas
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Ramos-Ligonio A, Torres-Montero J, López-Monteon A, Dumonteil E. Extensive diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units circulating in Triatoma dimidiata from central Veracruz, Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1341-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Zuriaga MÁ, Blandón-Naranjo M, Valerio-Campos I, Salas R, Zeledón R, Bargues MD. Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi and infection rate of the vector Triatoma dimidiata in Costa Rica. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1615-20. [PMID: 22752700 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the genetic characterization by the analysis of the miniexon gene, strains of Trypanosoma cruzi can be classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs), and the DTU 1 into four distinct genotypes associated with different life cycles. While Chagas disease is endemic in Costa Rica, T. cruzi isolates from this region have never been genetically characterized. An analysis of 16 isolates from Costa Rica, based on miniexon gene analysis, showed the existence of two different haplotypes in the country, closely related to the Colombian haplotype group TcIa and to sequences from several Mexican isolates, with eight variable positions in the alignment and a variability of 2.6% between the compared sequences. No relationship between the habitat, vector or host, and the haplotypes was found, suggesting an active flow of T. cruzi in the country. The present study also reports a very high infection rate (47.3%, 26 out of 55 specimens) in a Costa Rican population of Triatoma dimidiata, the main vector of Chagas disease in this country. The distribution and abundance of the parasite and its main vector suggest a high risk of Chagas disease emergence in Costa Rica.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Zuriaga
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Olin-Sandoval V, González-Chávez Z, Berzunza-Cruz M, Martínez I, Jasso-Chávez R, Becker I, Espinoza B, Moreno-Sánchez R, Saavedra E. Drug target validation of the trypanothione pathway enzymes through metabolic modelling. FEBS J 2012; 279:1811-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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