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Giannuzzi D, Capra E, Bisutti V, Vanzin A, Marsan PA, Cecchinato A, Pegolo S. Methylome-wide analysis of milk somatic cells upon subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1805-1820. [PMID: 37939836 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind bovine mastitis is fundamental for improving the management of this disease, which continues to be of major concern for the dairy industry, especially in its subclinical form. Disease severity and progression depend on numerous aspects, such as livestock genetics, and the interaction between the causative agent, the host, and the environment. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms have proven to have a role in controlling the response of the animal to inflammation. Therefore, in this study we aimed to explore genome-wide DNA methylation of milk somatic cells (SC) in healthy cows (n = 15) and cows affected by naturally occurring subclinical mastitis by Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 12) and Prototheca spp. (n = 11), to better understand the role of SC methylome in the host response to disease. Differentially methylated regions (DMR) were evaluated comparing: (1) Strep. agalactiae-infected versus healthy; (2) Prototheca-infected versus healthy, and (3) mastitis versus healthy and (4) Strep. agalactiae-infected versus Prototheca-infected. The functional analysis was performed at 2 levels. To begin with, we extracted differentially methylated genes (DMG) from promoter DMR, which were analyzed using the Cytoscape ClueGO plug-in. Coupled with this DMG-driven approach, all the genes associated with promoter-methylated regions were fed to the Pathifier algorithm. From the DMR analysis, we identified 1,081 hypermethylated and 361 hypomethylated promoter regions in Strep. agalactiae-infected animals, while 1,514 hypermethylated and 358 hypomethylated promoter regions were identified in Prototheca-infected animals, when compared with the healthy controls. When considering infected animals as a whole group (regardless of the pathogen), we found 1,576 hypermethylated and 460 hypomethylated promoter regions. Both pathogens were associated with methylation differences in genes involved in pathways related to meiosis, reproduction and tissue remodeling. Exploring the whole methylome, in subclinically infected cows we observed a strong deregulation of immune-related pathways, such as nuclear factor kB and toll-like receptors signaling pathways, and of energy-related pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, no evident pathogen-specific SC methylome signature was detected in the present study. Overall, we observed a clear regulation of host immune response driven by DNA methylation upon subclinical mastitis. Further studies on a larger cohort of animals are needed to validate our results and to possibly identify a unique SC methylome that signifies pathogen-specific alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giannuzzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - E Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA CNR), 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Bisutti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - A Vanzin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - P Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - S Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Rivelli Zea SM, Itoh M, Toyotome T. Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Detection of Prototheca bovis Directly from Milk Samples of Dairy Cattle. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:1. [PMID: 38217777 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Prototheca bovis is an algal emerging pathogen in dairy farms causing refractory protothecal mastitis with increasing incidence worldwide and significant economic impact. P. bovis infects cows throughout the lactation cycle, including dry periods, and can persist in the udder and the environment for a long time. Since P. bovis does not respond to treatments with antibiotics, the suggested sanitary measure to restrict the spread is culling infected animals. A point-of-care test for early detection of the causative agent is critically needed to guide farm management and the appropriate treatment of mastitis. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a highly specific molecular method, time-saving, cost-effective and easy to perform in limited settings. This study aimed to develop a LAMP assay for P. bovis detection directly from milk samples; it was employed in conjunction with a commercial DNA extraction kit which was previously used to extract DNA from milk specimens containing microbes. The LAMP assay detected P. bovis DNA within 1 h in milk samples spiked with P. bovis at a concentration of 50 cells/μL, enabling on-farm disease monitoring and decision-making based on a reliable diagnosis. The LAMP method will contribute to the accurate and rapid identification of P. bovis in asymptomatic or recurrent mastitis cases and consequently aid the implementation of targeted control measures and the reduction of losses in milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Rivelli Zea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Megumi Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahito Toyotome
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Ely VL, Costa MMD, Oliveira HPD, Silva Júnior FAGD, Pereira DIB, Soares MP, Vargas ACD, Sangioni LA, Cargnelutti JF, Ribeiro MG, Botton SDA. In vitro algicidal effect of polypyrrole on Prototheca species isolates from bovine mastitisAlgicidal activity of polypyrrole on Prototheca spp. Med Mycol 2021; 58:1114-1119. [PMID: 32364239 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae of the genus Prototheca are microorganisms involved in the occurrence of diseases in humans and animals. In bovine species, Prototheca spp. cause environmental mastitis, productive losses in dairy herds, mainly leading to the discard of infected cows. Currently, there are no effective anti-Prototheca spp. drugs to combat this infection. Thus, the search for an efficacious therapy for Prototheca spp. infections have become essential. Highly soluble polypyrrole (Ppy) is a molecule with known antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to characterize Prototheca spp. isolates from bovine mastitis as well as to evaluate the susceptibility profile and to verify the morphological alterations on Prototheca spp. isolates treated with Ppy. In this research, 36 Brazilian isolates of Prototheca spp. were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) assay for the mitochondrial cytB gene. Additionally, Ppy algicidal activity against these isolates of Prototheca spp. was assessed by minimal microbicidal concentration method in microplates. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to verify the morphological alterations on Prototheca spp. isolates in response to Ppy. The isolates were characterized as belonging to Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 (35/36) and Prototheca blaschkeae (1/36). Ppy had an algicidal effect on all isolates tested at concentrations ranging from 15.625 μg ml-1 to 62.5 μg ml-1. SEM showed changes on planktonic and sessile P. zopfii, including a decrease of the number of cells with the presence of an amorphous substance involving the cells. The algicidal activity of Ppy suggests the therapeutic potential of this molecule in the prevention and treatment of Prototheca spp. in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Gomes da Silva Júnior
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto de Biologia, Federal University of Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n°, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n°, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Agueda Castagna de Vargas
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University - UNESP, CEP 18618-681, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Park HS, Moon DC, Hyun BH, Lim SK. Short communication: Occurrence and persistence of Prototheca zopfii in dairy herds of Korea. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2539-2543. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Todd JR, Matsumoto T, Ueno R, Murugaiyan J, Britten A, King JW, Odaka Y, Oberle A, Weise C, Roesler U, Pore RS. Medical phycology 2017. Med Mycol 2018; 56:S188-S204. [PMID: 29767780 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, ISHAM formed a new working group: "Medical Phycology: Protothecosis and Chlorellosis." The purpose of this working group is to help facilitate collaboration and communication among people interested in the pathogenic algae, to share ideas and work together. Here we present reports on recent work we have done in five areas. 1. The history of medical phycology as a branch of science. 2. Aspects of the genetics of Prototheca. 3. Aspects of the proteins of Prototheca. 4. Human infections caused by Prototheca. 5. Dairy cow mastitis caused by Prototheca.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Todd
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Ryohei Ueno
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Center for Infectious Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - John W King
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Odaka
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Arnold Oberle
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christoph Weise
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Center for Infectious Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Scott Pore
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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In Vitro Activity of 30 Essential Oils against Bovine Clinical Isolates of Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020045. [PMID: 29695110 PMCID: PMC6024326 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecal mastitis poses an emergent animal health problem in dairy herds, with a high impact on dairy industries, causing heavy economic losses. Current methods of treating protothecal infections are ineffective, and no drug is licensed for use in cattle. The aim of the present study was to check the antialgal activity of 30 chemically defined essential oils (EOs) against Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae isolated from the milk of dairy cows with mastitis. A microdilution test was carried out to estimate the antialgal effectiveness of the selected chemically defined EOs. The microdilution test showed different degrees of inhibition among the examined Prototheca species. The activity of some of the examined EOs seem interesting. In particular, Citrus paradisi yielded the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration values (0.75%) for both algal species. P. zopfii appeared to be more sensitive to EOs in comparison to P. blaschkeae. The present study investigated the in vitro susceptibility of P. zopfii and P. blaschkeae to a wide range of EOs, obtained from different botanical families. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of EO-based formulations intended for the disinfection of both udder and milking products.
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Deng Z, Shahid M, Zhang L, Gao J, Gu X, Zhang S, Zou J, Fanning S, Han B. An Investigation of the Innate Immune Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Challenged by Prototheca zopfii. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:823-832. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kano R, Sato A, Sobukawa H, Sato Y, Ito T, Suzuki K, Hasegawa A, Kamata H. Short communication: ELISA system for screening of bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca zopfii. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6590-6593. [PMID: 27265167 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii is an achlorophyllic alga that causes bovine mastitis, resulting in a reduction in milk production and the secretion of thin, watery milk with white flakes. This study evaluated the use of an ELISA system for distinguishing cows with mastitis due to P. zopfii genotype 2 from healthy cows and cows with chronic candidal mastitis. We also investigated the transitional changes of specific antibody titers in healthy cows injected with inactivated P. zopfii genotype 2 cells. The ELISA system exhibited the highest sensitivity (94%) and specificity (100%) for chronic protothecal mastitis when the positive cutoff value was set at 43.4 ELISA units. Anti-protothecal IgG titers were positive in all cows after they were inoculated with inactivated P. zopfii genotype 2 cells. These results indicated that ELISA detection of anti-protothecal IgG in serum provided specificity and sensitivity sufficient for diagnosing protothecal mastitis. Thus, an ELISA system incorporating this specific antiserum is expected to be valuable for definitive field-based diagnosis of bovine mastitis due to P. zopfii genotype 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kano
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
| | - Ayano Sato
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Sobukawa
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Okazaki Branch of Veterinary Hospital Aichi, Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Associations (PFAMAA), 91-1, Oike, Hane-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0816, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Midorimati, Bunnkyoudai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 539 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamata
- Department of Pathobiology, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Gonçalves JL, Lee SHI, de Paula Arruda E, Pedroso Galles D, Camargo Caetano V, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Fernandes AM, Veiga dos Santos M. Biofilm-producing ability and efficiency of sanitizing agents against Prototheca zopfii isolates from bovine subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3613-21. [PMID: 25841971 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate (1) the capacity of the microalga Prototheca zopfii isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases to form biofilms; and (2) the resistance of these isolates to sanitizing agents. Ten isolates of P. zopfii from cows with subclinical mastitis (somatic cell count>200×10(3) cells/mL), distributed in 5 dairy farms, were evaluated for their capacity to form biofilms in polystyrene microplate assays and stainless steel coupons, at 25°C and 37°C±1°C. Prototheca zopfii were isolated from milk samples via microbiological culture and analyzed by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Biofilm formation on the coupons was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The resistance to sanitizing agents was assessed using the biofilm-forming P. zopfii isolates in stainless steel coupon assays, which were subjected to 3 sanitizers: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and iodine solution. To evaluate resistance to the sanitizers, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) technique was performed using decreasing concentrations of the sanitizing agents (20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, 0.156, 0.078, 0.039, and 0.019 g/L). After inoculating the isolates, all concentrations were evaluated at 3 distinct incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 h) to assess the effect of incubation time on the MIC. Using the polystyrene microplate assays, 1 isolate showed weak biofilm production, 5 moderate, and 4 strong, when incubated at 25°C±1. For isolates incubated at 37°C±1, 6 showed weak biofilm production and 4 moderate. All P. zopfii isolates (n=10) had the capacity to form biofilms on stainless steel coupons. The longer the incubation period of the P. zopfii isolates at different dilutions, the greater the concentrations of sanitizer needed to prevent growth of the microalgae under the tested conditions. We detected a significant effect of sanitizer and time of incubation (24, 48, and 72 h) on MIC values against P. zopfii isolates. The isolates were sensitive in vitro to peracetic acid (MIC90≥0.019 g/L), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90≥0.312 g/L), and iodine solution (MIC90≥0.625 g/L), after 24 h of incubation (where MIC90=concentration needed to inhibit 90% of isolates). Of the tested sanitizers, peracetic acid had the greatest efficiency against P. zopfii. We conclude that P. zopfii isolates are capable of biofilm production, which may contribute to their persistence in a milking and dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Sarah Hwa In Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Eurico de Paula Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Débora Pedroso Galles
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Vinícius Camargo Caetano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900.
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Marques S, Huss VAR, Pfisterer K, Grosse C, Thompson G. Internal transcribed spacer sequence-based rapid molecular identification of Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae directly from milk of infected cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3001-9. [PMID: 25726118 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of rare mastitis-causing pathogens has urged the implementation of fast and efficient diagnostic and control measures. Prototheca algae are known to be associated with diseases in humans and animals. In the latter, the most prevalent form of protothecosis is bovine mastitis with Prototheca zopfii and Prototheca blaschkeae representing the most common pathogenic species. These nonphotosynthetic and colorless green algae are ubiquitous in different environments and are widely resistant against harmful conditions and antimicrobials. Hence, the association of Prototheca with bovine mastitis represents a herd problem, requiring fast and easy identification of the infectious agent. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid method, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of ribosomal DNA, for molecular identification and discrimination between P. zopfii and P. blaschkeae in bovine mastitic milk. The complete ITS sequences of 32 Prototheca isolates showed substantial interspecies but moderate intraspecies variability facilitating the design of species-specific PCR amplification primers. The species-specific PCR was successfully applied to the identification of P. zopfii and P. blaschkeae directly from milk samples. The intraspecific ITS phylogeny was compared for each species with the geographical distribution of the respective Prototheca isolates, but no significant correlation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto (CIBIO/UP), InBio Laboratório Associado Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas do Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - V A R Huss
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Pfisterer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Grosse
- Department of Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Thompson
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Universidade do Porto (CIBIO/UP), InBio Laboratório Associado Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas do Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Identification of immunodominant proteins of the microalgae Prototheca by proteomic analysis. New Microbes New Infect 2014; 3:37-40. [PMID: 25755891 PMCID: PMC4337938 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii associated with bovine mastitis and human protothecosis exists as two genotypes, of which genotype 1 is considered as non-infectious and genotype 2 as infectious. The mechanism of infection has not yet been described. The present study was aimed to identify genotype 2-specific immunodominant proteins. Prototheca proteins were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Subsequent western blotting with rabbit hyperimmune serum revealed 28 protein spots. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis resulted in the identification of 15 proteins including malate dehydrogenase, elongation factor 1-alpha, heat shock protein 70, and 14-3-3 protein, which were previously described as immunogenic proteins of other eukaryotic pathogens.
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12
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Capra E, Cremonesi P, Cortimiglia C, Bignoli G, Ricchi M, Moroni P, Pesce A, Luini M, Castiglioni B. Simultaneous identification by multiplex PCR of major Prototheca spp. isolated from bovine and buffalo intramammary infection and bulk tank. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:642-7. [PMID: 25196253 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infection is increasing worldwide, therefore becoming more relevant to the dairy industry. Almost all Prototheca isolates from bovine mammary protothecosis came from P. zopfii genotype 2, with a lower prevalence of infection due to P. blaschkeae and rarely to P. wickerhamii. In this study, we report the development of two multiplex PCR assays able to discriminate among the three species responsible for bovine intramammary infection (IMI). Our assay is based on the specific amplification of new DNA target from mitochondria and chloroplasts partial sequences, of different Prototheca isolates. Both methods were set up using reference strains belonging to all Prototheca species and validated by the analysis of 93 isolates from bovine and buffalo IMI and bulk tank milk samples. The investigation involves 70 isolates from North, 13 from Central and 10 from South Italian regions. Isolates from bovine were most commonly identified as P. zopfii genotype 2, and only in one case as P. blaschkeae, whereas isolates from buffaloes belonged both to P. zopfii genotype 2 and P. wickerhamii. These findings proved the suitability of our multiplex PCRs as a rapid test to discriminate among pathogenic Prototheca strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work reports PCR assays based on novel Prototheca spp. mitochondrial and chloroplastic target sequences. The multiplex PCR protocol described in this study is useful for rapid simultaneous detection of P. zopfii, P. wickerhamii and P. blaschkeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
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Bouari C, Bolfa P, Borza G, Nadăş G, Cătoi C, Fiţ N. Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita and Saturenja hortensis in a murine model of cutaneous protothecosis. J Mycol Med 2013; 24:34-43. [PMID: 24387811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date there is no defined pharmacologic treatment protocol available against cutaneous protothecosis, which is difficult to combat using conventional drugs. OBJECTIVES Our experiment aimed to comparatively investigate the effect of two essential oils (Mentha piperita and Saturenja hortensis) against cutaneous protothecosis experimentally induced by Prototheca zopfii in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunosuppressed BALB/c female mice, were divided into six experimental groups, infected with P. zopfii, and then treated for 21 days against the infection. The effectiveness of the different treatments was assessed clinically and histologically by quantifying the degree of inflammation (immunohistochemical quantification of macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils) and fibrosis. RESULTS Skin lesions in experimental protothecosis from non-treated mice were more severe as compared to the four groups of treated animals. Both M. piperita and S. hortensis have proved to be efficient in vivo in the treatment of cutaneous protothecosis by reducing the clinical signs and significantly reducing the degree of inflammation (P<0.05 for the number of macrophages, T lymphocytes and neutrophils) and fibrosis as compared to untreated animals. CONCLUSION Interestingly, our study shows that M. piperita and S. hortensis could represent a potential source of natural antimicrobial products in the treatment of cutaneous protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bouari
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - P Bolfa
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - G Borza
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - G Nadăş
- Microbiology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - C Cătoi
- Pathology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - N Fiţ
- Microbiology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Mănăştur Street, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Murugaiyan J, Weise C, von Bergen M, Roesler U. Two-dimensional proteome reference map of Prototheca zopfii
revealed reduced metabolism and enhanced signal transduction as adaptation to an infectious life style. Proteomics 2013; 13:2664-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaseelan Murugaiyan
- Institute of Animal Health and Environmental Hygiene; Freie Universitaet-Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universitaet-Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Metabolomics; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute of Animal Health and Environmental Hygiene; Freie Universitaet-Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Murugaiyan J, Ahrholdt J, Kowbel V, Roesler U. Establishment of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry database for rapid identification of infectious achlorophyllous green micro-algae of the genus Prototheca. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:461-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Characterization of Prototheca zopfii associated with outbreak of bovine clinical mastitis in herd of Beijing, China. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:275-81. [PMID: 22160589 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) has become an important cause of bovine mastitis in many countries. In the present study, to better understand the occurrence of one clinical mastitis (CM) outbreak due to P. zopfii, the molecular characterization and resistance patterns of the microalga were described. P. zopfii strains were isolated from 17 of 23 quarters, which suffered CM in the outbreak, and 7 of 46 CM recovered quarters before the outbreak, as well as 2 of 75 environmental samples in the dairy farm. All strains were identified as genotype 2 by genotype-specific PCR analysis. Results of in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal susceptibility tests indicated that these strains were resistant to majority of tested drugs, with the only exception of amphotericin B, nystatin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. This is the first report about CM outbreak caused by P. zopfii in China. These data suggest that P. zopfii may represent a serious risk in the studied herd, and this microalga could be an important potential pathogen causing mastitis in dairy herds of Beijing.
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Short communication: Temperature sensibility of Prototheca blaschkeae strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:5110-3. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jagielski T, Lassa H, Ahrholdt J, Malinowski E, Roesler U. Genotyping of bovine Prototheca mastitis isolates from Poland. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:283-7. [PMID: 21055886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis due to unicellular, achlorophyllous algae of the genus Prototheca is a serious and complex ailment that accounts for high economic losses in the dairy industry. Bovine protothecal mastitis has been almost exclusively associated with only one species Prototheca zopfii. Recently, based on the 18S rDNA sequence analysis, P. zopfii has been divided into three genotypes (1-3), of which P. zopfii genotype 3 has been given the status of a new species Prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotypic composition of the population of P. zopfii bovine mastitis isolates from Poland, according to that threefold classification. Of the 44 isolates tested, 43 (98%) were identified as P. zopfii genotype 2. Only one isolate was assigned to the newly established P. blaschkeae species. These findings clearly show the predominance of the P. zopfii genotype 2 in the etiology of bovine mammary protothecosis in Poland, but also underline the involvement of P. blaschkeae in the disease. The study is the first to provide molecular characterization of Polish P. zopfii mastitis isolates, collected from different regions of Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ricchi M, Cammi G, Garbarino CA, Buzzini P, Belletti GL, Arrigoni N. A rapid real-time PCR/DNA resolution melting method to identify Prototheca species. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 110:27-34. [PMID: 20880214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study describes the development of a simple and rapid tool to identify yeast-like microalgae belonging to the genus Prototheca. METHODS AND RESULTS The method, based on two-step Real Time PCR reaction followed by DNA Resolution Melting Analysis (qPCR/RMA), has been developed using reference strains belonging to both pathogenic (P. zopfii genotype 2, P. wickerhamii and P. blaschkeae) and non-pathogenic species (P. zopfii genotype 1, P. stagnora and P. ulmea). In order to validate the method, seventy recently isolated Prototheca strains were thus tested in parallel with both the first qPCR/RMA and the conventional genotype-specific PCR assay: they were classified as P. zopfii genotype 1, P. zopfii genotype 2 and P. blaschkeae, with a perfect accordance between the two above methodologies. Furthermore, we used the second qPCR/RMA to identify the other species (P. stagnora, P. ulmea and P. wickerhamii), which cannot be discriminated by conventional PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS The assay two-step Real Time PCR is accurate, robust, cost-effective and faster than auxonographical, biochemical or conventional molecular biology methods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY the rapid and high throughout two-step qPCR/RMA tool can be usefully used for the identification of clinical and environmental Prototheca species into the framework of the diagnosis of animal (e.g. bovine mastitis) or human protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Piacenza, Italy.
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Phenotypic characterization of mastitic Prototheca spp. isolates. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thompson G, Silva E, Marques S, Müller A, Carvalheira J. Algaemia in a dairy cow by Prototheca blaschkeae. Med Mycol 2010; 47:527-31. [PMID: 19301176 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802566341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first known case of an algaemia by Prototheca blaschkeae in a dairy cow, which occurred after a chronic episode of mastitis caused by this pathogen. The organism was isolated from milk, joint fluid and blood samples, and microbiologic and molecular methods were performed to obtain a definitive identification of the algae. The affected cow was culled only after confirmation of a systemic infection by Prototheca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Chlorella infection in a sheep in Mexico and minireview of published reports from humans and domestic animals. Mycopathologia 2010; 169:461-6. [PMID: 20165921 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Algal infections are rare in humans and domestic animals. Prototheca spp. and Chlorella spp. are among the most commonly reported. Herein, we present a brief review on Chlorella spp. infections and related pathologies and discuss this information including a natural case in a sheep in Mexico with a disseminated form of the disease.
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In Vitro Susceptibility of Prototheca to pH and Salt Concentration. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:297-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Microbicidal Action of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Combined with Horseradish Peroxidase on Prototheca zopfii from Bovine Mastitis. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:99-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Lopes M, Ribeiro R, Carvalho D, Freitas G. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in a Portugal dairy herd. J Mycol Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Marques S, Silva E, Kraft C, Carvalheira J, Videira A, Huss VAR, Thompson G. Bovine mastitis associated with Prototheca blaschkeae. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1941-5. [PMID: 18434557 PMCID: PMC2446845 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00323-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an important and complex disease responsible for economic losses in the dairy industry. Biotype II strains of the green alga Prototheca zopfii can be involved, most often resulting in chronic mastitis of difficult treatment associated with reduced milk production. This type of infection is rare, but the number of reported cases is increasing worldwide. In order to determine the kind of species involved in mastitis by Prototheca in northwest Portugal, 41 Prototheca isolates were genetically characterized. The algae are part of Prototheca isolates that were collected during a 6-year period, isolated from the milk of 41 dairy cows in a total of 22 herds with a history of increasing somatic cell counts, mild clinical signs of udder infection, and unsuccessful response to the usual therapy. PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), amplified rDNA restriction analysis, and phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rDNA sequences were performed. Thirty-seven isolates were identified as P. zopfii var. hydrocarbonea and four as Prototheca blaschkeae. These data suggest a high incidence of P. zopfii var. hydrocarbonea mastitis in the region and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of P. blaschkeae with bovine mammary gland infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
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Marques S, Silva E, Carvalheira J, Thompson G. Short communication: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4202-4. [PMID: 17033006 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. can assume high significance because of economic losses and the potential risk to public health. Studies on the susceptibility of Prototheca spp. to antimicrobials have demonstrated its high level of resistance. We report the susceptibility of bovine isolates of Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii to amphotericin B and nystatin, 2 antifungal agents commonly used in the control of protothecosis, and discuss the results. After subculture, minimum inhibitory concentrations of both antifungal drugs were determined using macrodilution and agar diffusion methods. The inoculum concentration was standardized by determination of colony-forming units per milliliter. Nystatin showed more efficacy than amphotericin B in inhibiting P. wickerhamii growth. In contrast, growth inhibition of P. zopfii was similar for both antifungal agents. This study demonstrates different in vitro susceptibility patterns of P. wickerhamii and P. zopfii, reinforcing the necessity for more investigation into drugs that can be used with clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
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Möller A, Truyen U, Roesler U. Prototheca zopfii genotype 2: the causative agent of bovine protothecal mastitis? Vet Microbiol 2006; 120:370-4. [PMID: 17157451 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the epidemiology of bovine protothecal mastitis, 30 Prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates were genetically investigated. Based on the 18S rDNA, which allows a differentiation of the former species P. zopfii in two distinct P. zopfii genotypes and Prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov., newly developed genotype-specific PCR-assays as well as RFLP-assays were applied. All mastitis isolates investigated could be assigned to P. zopfii genotype 2 suggesting that this genotype is the aetiological agent of bovine Prototheca mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asja Möller
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 1, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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