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Van Ende M, Timmermans B, Vanreppelen G, Siscar-Lewin S, Fischer D, Wijnants S, Romero CL, Yazdani S, Rogiers O, Demuyser L, Van Zeebroeck G, Cen Y, Kuchler K, Brunke S, Van Dijck P. The involvement of the Candida glabrata trehalase enzymes in stress resistance and gut colonization. Virulence 2021; 12:329-345. [PMID: 33356857 PMCID: PMC7808424 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1868825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and is frequently present in the human microbiome. It has a high relative resistance to environmental stresses and several antifungal drugs. An important component involved in microbial stress tolerance is trehalose. In this work, we characterized the three C. glabrata trehalase enzymes Ath1, Nth1 and Nth2. Single, double and triple deletion strains were constructed and characterized both in vitro and in vivo to determine the role of these enzymes in virulence. Ath1 was found to be located in the periplasm and was essential for growth on trehalose as sole carbon source, while Nth1 on the other hand was important for oxidative stress resistance, an observation which was consistent by the lower survival rate of the NTH1 deletion strain in human macrophages. No significant phenotype was observed for Nth2. The triple deletion strain was unable to establish a stable colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in mice indicating the importance of having trehalase activity for colonization in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bea Timmermans
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giel Vanreppelen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofía Siscar-Lewin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Fischer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wijnants
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celia Lobo Romero
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saleh Yazdani
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ona Rogiers
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, VIB, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Zeebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuke Cen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
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Cartier N, Chesnay A, N'diaye D, Thorey C, Ferreira M, Haillot O, Bailly É, Desoubeaux G. Candida nivariensis: Identification strategy in mycological laboratories. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:101042. [PMID: 32919860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida nivariensis is a cryptic fungal species classified within the Candida glabrata complex. It was described for the first time in 2005 by the means of DNA sequencing. We report a rare case of C. nivariensis deep-seated infection occurring in a 77-year-old man hospitalized for cysto-prostatectomy. Phenotypic testing based on the direct examination and the macroscopic features of the in vitro culture initially suggested C. glabrata species, while MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry enables correct identification. The isolate was found resistant to fluconazole, like in almost 20% of the reported cases. Herein, we present our practical strategy to reliably characterize this rare cryptic species. To date, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based analysis showed very good results for such a purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cartier
- Parasitologie - mycologie - médecine tropicale, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - A Chesnay
- Parasitologie - mycologie - médecine tropicale, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; CEPR - Inserm U1100/équipe 3, faculté de médecine, université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - D N'diaye
- Médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - C Thorey
- Médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - M Ferreira
- CEPR - Inserm U1100/équipe 3, faculté de médecine, université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France; Pneumologie, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - O Haillot
- Urologie, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - É Bailly
- Parasitologie - mycologie - médecine tropicale, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France
| | - G Desoubeaux
- Parasitologie - mycologie - médecine tropicale, CHRU de Tours, 37044 Tours, France; CEPR - Inserm U1100/équipe 3, faculté de médecine, université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France.
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3
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Kartheek G, Manyam R, Alapati NS, Ramesh PS. Identification ofCandidaspecies in type 2 diabetic patients using three different staining techniques. J Histotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2018.1457607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gandikota Kartheek
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, KIMS Dental College, Amalapuram, India
| | - Ravikanth Manyam
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India
| | - Naga Supriya Alapati
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India
| | - P. Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, India
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4
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Zilli DMW, Lopes RG, Alves SL, Barros LM, Miletti LC, Stambuk BU. Secretion of the acid trehalase encoded by the CgATH1 gene allows trehalose fermentation by Candida glabrata. Microbiol Res 2015; 179:12-9. [PMID: 26411890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergent pathogen Candida glabrata differs from other yeasts because it assimilates only two sugars, glucose and the disaccharide trehalose. Since rapid identification tests are based on the ability of this yeast to rapidly hydrolyze trehalose, in this work a biochemical and molecular characterization of trehalose catabolism by this yeast was performed. Our results show that C. glabrata consumes and ferments trehalose, with parameters similar to those observed during glucose fermentation. The presence of glucose in the medium during exponential growth on trehalose revealed extracellular hydrolysis of the sugar by a cell surface acid trehalase with a pH optimum of 4.4. Approximately ∼30% of the total enzymatic activity is secreted into the medium during growth on trehalose or glycerol. The secreted enzyme shows an apparent molecular mass of 275 kDa in its native form, but denaturant gel electrophoresis revealed a protein with ∼130 kDa, which due to its migration pattern and strong binding to concanavalin A, indicates that it is probably a dimeric glycoprotein. The secreted acid trehalase shows high affinity and activity for trehalose, with Km and Vmax values of 3.4 mM and 80 U (mg protein)(-1), respectively. Cloning of the CgATH1 gene (CAGLOK05137g) from de C. glabrata genome, a gene showing high homology to fungal acid trehalases, allowed trehalose fermentation after heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M W Zilli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - R G Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - S L Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - L M Barros
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - L C Miletti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - B U Stambuk
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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5
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Kali A, Srirangaraj S, Charles PMV. A cost-effective carbohydrate fermentation test for yeast using microtitre plate. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:293-5. [PMID: 25865987 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.154884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate fermentation test is a well-established technique for speciation of bacteria and fungi. However, long incubation period, cost and procedural complexity may limit its use. Here, we describe a simple modification of conventional carbohydrate fermentation technique using microtitre plate. Thirty-one yeast isolates were identified based on their fermentation property by microtitre plate method and results were compared with conventional method. The modified method had 85.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The average time taken to produce positive reaction was 24 hours. When compared with conventional method, modified method reduced turn-around time and cost of processing without significant increase in discordant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kali
- Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry, India
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6
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Abstract
Fungi and yeasts are critical causes of acute infection. As such, the detection and identification of these organisms are crucial in the diagnosis of affected patient populations. There is a vast array of commercial tests currently available for diagnostic purposes. These vary from traditional culture and biochemical methods to advanced multiparameter molecular tests. Recent technological advances have driven the development of rapid tests which are complementing and in some cases replacing the more traditional methods of detection. Irrespective of the method used the ultimate goal is timely detection of the infectious agent allowing appropriate treatment and improved outcome for the patient.
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7
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Fraser M, Borman AM, Johnson EM. Evaluation of the commercial rapid trehalose test (GLABRATA RTT) for the point of isolation identification of Candida glabrata isolates in primary cultures. Mycopathologia 2012; 173:259-64. [PMID: 22234529 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candidaemias account for 10-20% of nosocomial bloodstream infections depending on the study. Whilst Candida albicans remains the most frequently isolated species, Candida glabrata may be responsible for as many as 10-25% of all candidaemias. Moreover, C. glabrata is generally less susceptible to the azole antifungals than the majority of other pathogenic yeast species. Thus, a rapid test for the specific identification of isolates of C. glabrata would be useful for patient management if it could be performed at point of isolation, on primary cultures grown on standard mycological media directly from patient specimens. Under certain conditions, C. glabrata rapidly hydrolyses trehalose into glucose. The GLABRATA RTT kit allows detection of the preformed enzyme responsible for this action. This study has assessed GLABRATA RTT as an identification tool specifically at point of isolation. Sixty test isolates were evaluated: 39 clinical isolates of C. glabrata identified at the UK Mycology Reference Laboratory, examples of the recently described genetic relatives of C. glabrata, Candida nivariensis (n = 6) and Candida bracarensis (n = 1), and a selection of other common pathogenic yeast species (n = 14). The test provided results within 30 min. Although 77% (30/39) of confirmed C. glabrata isolates were correctly identified by GLABRATA RTT (positive trehalase test), 23% (9/39) of isolates gave negative or equivocal results. All other yeast species gave negative results. The performance of GLABRATA RTT in this study is compared to previous evaluations of the test which employed isolates pre-cultured on specialised media and to other existing conventional identification methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fraser
- UK National Mycology Reference Laboratory, Health Protection Agency South West, Myrtle Road, Kingsdown, Bristol, UK.
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8
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Ravyts F, De Vuyst L. Prevalence and impact of single-strain starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria on metabolite formation in sourdough. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Arendrup MC, Fisher BT, Zaoutis TE. Invasive fungal infections in the paediatric and neonatal population: diagnostics and management issues. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:613-24. [PMID: 19673972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in children appear to have increased over the past few decades. Especially neonates and children with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies are at risk. Candida and Aspergillus spp. are the most commonly isolated organisms. In addition, Malassezia may cause systemic infections in newborns and zygomycosis is important because of its rising incidence and high case fatality rate. Timely diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy is imperative for improving outcomes. However, traditional techniques are time-consuming and representative sample material, using invasive procedures, may be difficult to obtain in the paediatric setting. This review provides an overview of the advances in detection and rapid species identification, with a focus on issues relevant in these settings. Subsequently, the current antifungal treatment options for neonates and children are discussed in light of the antifungal spectrum of the available agents and the specific pharmacokinetic properties in different age groups. Although a multitude of newer antifungal compounds have become available within the last decade, further studies are necessary to clearly establish the role for each of these agents among neonates and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology and Parasitology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolution of biochemical phenotypic yeast identification methods with emphasis on conventional approaches, rapid screening tests, chromogenic agars, comprehensive commercial methods, and the eventual migration to genotypic methods. As systemic yeast infections can be devastating and resistance is common in certain species, accurate identification to the species level is paramount for successful therapy and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pincus
- bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, USA.
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11
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Anane S, Khalfallah F. Diagnostic biologique des candidoses systémiques : difficultés et perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:262-72. [PMID: 16698196 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis is difficult to establish and biologic diagnosis raises problems. Blood culture which is the gold standard for the diagnosis of systemic Candidiasis lacks sensitivity and usually takes several days to become positive. Early diagnostic approach is imperative to avoid delays in the initiation for treatment. Therefore, nonculture methods like test for Candida antigen detection, metabolite detection or Candida DNA detection by PCR are being developed for the laboratory diagnosis. Candida derived metabolites and antigens detection lacks sensitivity. A new strategy consisting of the combined detection of mannanemia and an antibody response was developed. The combined detection has a high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. The results of tests for the detection of yeast DNA by PCR obtained recently are promising in terms of sensitivity, specificity and identification of species of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anane
- Département de parasitologie, faculté de médecine de Tunis, 15, rue Djebel-Lakhdar, 1007 La-Rabta, Tunisie.
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Abstract
The yeasts, being favorite eukaryotic microorganisms used in food industry and biotechnologies for production of biomass and various substances, are also used as model organisms in genetic manipulation, molecular and biological research. In this respect, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the best-known species but current situation in medicine and industry requires the use of other species. Here we summarize the basic taxonomic, morphological, physiological, genetic, etc. information about the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata that is evolutionarily very closely related to baker's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bialková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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13
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Foulet F, Nicolas N, Eloy O, Botterel F, Gantier JC, Costa JM, Bretagne S. Microsatellite marker analysis as a typing system for Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4574-9. [PMID: 16145109 PMCID: PMC1234074 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4574-4579.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is one of the most important causes of nosocomial fungal infection. We investigated, using a multiplex PCR, three polymorphic microsatellite markers, RPM2, MTI, and ERG3, in order to obtain a rapid genotyping method for C. glabrata. One set of primers was designed for each locus, and one primer of each set was dye labeled to read PCR signals using an automatic sequencer. Eight reference strains including other Candida species and 138 independent C. glabrata clinical isolates were tested. The clinical isolates were collected from different anatomical sites of adult patients either hospitalized in different wards of two different hospitals or not hospitalized. Since C. glabrata is haploid, one single PCR product for each PCR set was obtained and assigned to an allele. The numbers of different alleles were 5, 7, and 15 for the RPM2, MTI, and ERG3 loci, respectively. The number of allelic associations was 21, leading to a discriminatory power of 0.84. The markers were stable after 25 subcultures, and the amplifications were specific for C. glabrata. A factorial correspondence analysis did not indicate any correlation between the 21 multilocus genotypes and the clinical data (source, sex, ward, anatomical sites). Microsatellite marker analysis is a rapid and reliable technique to investigate clinical issues concerning C. glabrata. However, its discriminatory power should be improved by testing other polymorphic microsatellite loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Foulet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
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Willinger B, Wein S, Hirschl AM, Rotter ML, Manafi M. Comparison of a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, with a dipstick test for rapid identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:499-501. [PMID: 15635027 PMCID: PMC540123 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.499-501.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the performance of a 3-h dipstick trehalose test with GLABRATA RTT, a new commercially available 20-min test for the rapid identification of Candida glabrata. With the exception of blood agar, GLABRATA RTT gave reliable results with all media tested and was always superior to the dipstick test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Willinger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/5P, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Freydiere AM, Perry JD, Faure O, Willinger B, Tortorano AM, Nicholson A, Peman J, Verweij PE. Routine use of a commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, for rapid identification of Candida glabrata in six laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4870-2. [PMID: 15472367 PMCID: PMC522330 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4870-4872.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When evaluated in six clinical laboratories from six countries with 1,174 fresh isolates, including 715 Candida glabrata and 459 non-C. glabrata strains, GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) yielded an overall sensitivity and an overall specificity of 95.8 and 98.9%, respectively. The results were consistent from one laboratory to another. The five false-positive results corresponded to C. parapsilosis (n = 2), C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT allows a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable presumptive identification of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Freydiere
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Debrousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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