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Wakeman BS, Shakamuri P, McDonald MA, Weinberg J, Svoboda P, Murphy MK, Kariuki S, Mace K, Elder E, Rivera H, Qvarnstrom Y, Pohl J, Shi YP. Development of a new peptide-bead coupling method for an all peptide-based Luminex multiplexing assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum antibody responses. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113148. [PMID: 34560073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using a recombinant protein antigen for antibody testing shows a sum of antibody responses to multiple different immune epitopes existing in the protein antigen. In contrast, the antibody testing to an immunogenic peptide epitope reflects a singular antibody response to the individual peptide epitope. Therefore, using a panel of peptide epitopes provides an advantage for profiling multiple singular antibody responses with potential to estimate recent malaria exposure in human infections. However, transitioning from malaria immune epitope peptide-based ELISA to an all peptide bead-based multiplex Luminex assay presents some challenges including variation in the ability of different peptides to bind beads. The aim of this study was to develop a peptide coupling method while demonstrating the utility of these peptide epitopes from multiple stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum for measuring antibodies. Successful coupling of peptide epitopes to beads followed three steps: 1) development of a peptide tag appended to the C-terminus of each peptide epitope consisting of beta-alanine-lysine (x 4)--cysteine, 2) bead modification with a high concentration of adipic acid dihydrazide, and 3) use of the peptide epitope as a blocker in place of the traditional choice, bovine serum albumin (BSA). This new method was used to couple 12 peptide epitopes from multiple stage specific antigens of P. falciparum, 1 Anopheles mosquito salivary gland peptide, and 1 Epstein-Barr virus peptide as an assay control. The new method was applied to testing of IgG in pooled samples from 30 individuals with previously repeated malaria exposure in western Kenya and IgM and IgG in samples from 37 U.S. travelers with recent exposure to malaria. The new peptide-bead coupling method and subsequent multiplex Luminex assay showed reliable detection of IgG to all 14 peptides in Kenyan samples. Among 37 samples from U.S. travelers recently diagnosed with malaria, IgM and IgG to the peptide epitopes were detected with high sensitivity and variation. Overall, the U.S. travelers had a much lower positivity rates of IgM than IgG to different peptide epitopes, ranging from a high of 62.2% positive for one epitope to a low of only 5.4% positive for another epitope. In contrast, the travelers had IgG positive rates from 97.3% to 91.9% to various peptide epitopes. Based on the different distribution in IgM and IgG positivity to overall number of peptide epitopes and to the number of pre-erythrocytic, erythrocytic, gametocytic, and salivary stage epitopes at the individual level, four distinct patterns of IgM and IgG responses among the 37 samples from US travelers were observed. Independent peptide-bead coupling and antibody level readout between two different instruments also showed comparable results. Overall, this new coupling method resolves the peptide-bead coupling challenge, is reproducible, and can be applied to any other immunogenic peptide epitopes. The resulting all peptide bead-based multiplex Luminex assay can be expanded to include other peptide epitopes of P. falciparum, different malaria species, or other diseases for surveillance, either in US travelers or endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Wakeman
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - P Shakamuri
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - M A McDonald
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - J Weinberg
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - P Svoboda
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - M K Murphy
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - S Kariuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - K Mace
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - E Elder
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - H Rivera
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Y Qvarnstrom
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - J Pohl
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Y P Shi
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Al Sidairi H, Binkhamis K, Jackson C, Roberts C, Heinstein C, MacDonald J, Needle R, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Comparison of two automated instruments for Epstein-Barr virus serology in a large adult hospital and implementation of an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-based testing algorithm. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1628-1634. [PMID: 29034860 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serology remains the mainstay for diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This study compared two automated platforms (BioPlex 2200 and Architect i2000SR) to test three EBV serological markers: viral capsid antigen (VCA) immunoglobulins of class M (IgM), VCA immunoglobulins of class G (IgG) and EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG. Using sera from 65 patients at various stages of EBV disease, BioPlex demonstrated near-perfect agreement for all EBV markers compared to a consensus reference. The agreement for Architect was near-perfect for VCA IgG and EBNA-1 IgG, and substantial for VCA IgM despite five equivocal results. Since the majority of testing in our hospital was from adults with EBNA-1 IgG positive results, post-implementation analysis of an EBNA-based algorithm showed advantages over parallel testing of the three serologic markers. This small verification demonstrated that both automated systems for EBV serology had good performance for all EBV markers, and an EBNA-based testing algorithm is ideal for an adult hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Al Sidairi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Khalifa Binkhamis
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colleen Jackson
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Catherine Roberts
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Charles Heinstein
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jimmy MacDonald
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert Needle
- Public Health & Microbiology Laboratory, Eastern Health, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority (NSHA), Halifax, NS, Canada.,Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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García-Bermejo I, de Ory F. Rapid diagnosis in serology. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 35:246-254. [PMID: 28185665 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Serological diagnosis of acute phase infections implies the detection of IgM specific response, an effective marker of primary infection, but with less clinical significance in reactivations or reinfections. The aim of this article is to provide an updated view of the rapid diagnosis in serology by detecting the IgM isotype and reviewing its applications and limitations. Point-of-care (PoC) tests are analyzed. PoC tests are used in geographical areas where traditional tests are not available, as well as in other circumstances where their use brings the diagnosis directly to the target population. Likewise, their use reduces the response time between taking the sample and the diagnosis, making it easier to make clinical decisions. PoC assays have proven cost-effective, especially in preventing vertical transmission of syphilis and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Bermejo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Madrid, España.
| | - Fernando de Ory
- Laboratorio de Serología y Arbovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), España
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Abstract
Measurement of multiple antibodies has been possible for years using labor-intensive methods such as counterimmunoelectrophoresis and radioimmunoprecipitation. Recently, simpler methods that are more practical for routine analysis, often described as multiplex technologies, have been introduced. One common technique, the line assay, uses nitrocellulose strips that are precoated at different locations with more than a dozen recombinant proteins or peptides. Detection of results may be performed visually or with scanning instrumentation. A second technique uses families of polystyrene beads that are dyed to establish a unique identity; each bead type is then coated with a specific affinity-purified or recombinant protein. Detection is performed by flow cytometry. There have been multiple descriptions of the use of these techniques for measuring antibodies associated with the antinuclear antibody screen. More recent reports describe applications to antibodies associated with hypothyroidism, ANCA, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and celiac disease. This review summarizes the work that has been performed to date and examines the potential benefits of multiplexing to both the laboratory and the physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Binder
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
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Sickinger E, Berth M, Vockel A, Braun HB, Oer M, Buenning C. Comparative evaluation of the new ARCHITECT EBV assays considering different testing algorithms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:310-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Infection and autoimmunity in Sjogren's syndrome: A clinical study and comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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DuVall AS, Fairley JK, Sutherland L, Bustinduy AL, Mungai PL, Muchiri EM, Malhotra I, Kitron U, King CH. Development of a specimen-sparing multichannel bead assay to detect antiparasite IgG4 for the diagnosis of Schistosoma and Wuchereria infections on the coast of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:638-45. [PMID: 24515945 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To better delineate the impact of parasitic coinfection in coastal Kenya, we developed a novel specimen-sparing bead assay using multiplex flow immunoassay (MFI) technology to simultaneously measure serum or plasma immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) against Brugia malayi antigen (BMA) and Schistosoma haematobium soluble worm antigen (SWAP). Properties of the bead assay were estimated by latent class analysis using data from S. haematobium egg counts/filarial rapid diagnostic cards (RDTs), parasite-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and the multichannel IgG4 assay. For schistosomiasis, the bead assay had an estimated sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 45%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or urine egg counts for diagnosing infection. For filariasis, it had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 39%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or RDT. Measuring antibody by MFI is feasible and may provide more accurate epidemiological information than current parasitological tests, especially in the setting of low-intensity infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S DuVall
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Renaudineau Y, Porat-Katz BS, Barzilai O, Ram M, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y. Serum markers of infections in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of infection burden. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:386-90. [PMID: 23022373 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently not much is known regarding the environmental factors involved in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). It is even more unclear which factors may determine the subgroup (i.e., AMA status) of patients with PBC. We thus tested AMA+and AMA- PBC patients' sera for antibodies (Abs) against multiple infectious agents. METHODS Sera from 69 patients with PBC (49 AMA+and 20 AMA-) and 100 matched controls were screened for IgG-Abs against Toxoplasma gondii, Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B, and hepatitis C utilizing the BioPlex 2200 and ELISA kits (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). RESULTS The prevalence of four anti-infectious agents Abs was significantly elevated among PBC patients when compared with controls, namely anti-T. gondii (ATxA; 71% vs. 40%, p<0.0001), EBV early antigen (EA; 44% vs. 12%, p<0.0001), H. pylori (54% vs. 31%, p<0.01), and CMV (90% vs. 75%, p<0.05) Abs, respectively. The co-occurrence of these four anti-infectious agents Abs was highly common in PBC, whereas this infection burden was rare in healthy subjects (20% vs. 3% respectively, p<0.0001). Furthermore, specific infections interactions possibly increasing PBC risk were noted as well. Seropositivity of ATxA was inversely associated with cirrhosis among PBC patients (p<0.05). Finally, no differences were observed between AMA- sera and their AMA+counterparts with regard to seroprevalence of any of the investigated infectious agents. CONCLUSIONS We note the association of ATxA and PBC, with the possibility of a milder disease manifestation. We also suggest that multiple exposures to infectious agents may contribute to PBC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Shapira
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
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Köhler K, Seitz H. Validation processes of protein biomarkers in serum--a cross platform comparison. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:12710-28. [PMID: 23112739 PMCID: PMC3478866 DOI: 10.3390/s120912710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to insufficient biomarker validation and poor performances in diagnostic assays, the candidate biomarker verification process has to be improved. Multi-analyte immunoassays are the tool of choice for the identification and detailed validation of protein biomarkers in serum. The process of identification and validation of serum biomarkers, as well as their implementation in diagnostic routine requires an application of independent immunoassay platforms with the possibility of high-throughput. This review will focus on three main multi-analyte immunoassay platforms: planar microarrays, multiplex bead systems and, array-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chips. Recent developments of each platform will be discussed for application in clinical proteomics, principles, detection methods, and performance strength. The requirements for specific surface functionalization of assay platforms are continuously increasing. The reasons for this increase is the demand for highly sensitive assays, as well as the reduction of non-specific adsorption from complex samples, and with it high signal-to-noise-ratios. To achieve this, different support materials were adapted to the immobilized biomarker/ligand, allowing a high binding capacity and immobilization efficiency. In the case of immunoassays, the immobilized ligands are proteins, antibodies or peptides, which exhibit a diversity of chemical properties (acidic/alkaline; hydrophobic/hydrophilic; secondary or tertiary structure/linear). Consequently it is more challenging to develop immobilization strategies necessary to ensure a homogenous covered surface and reliable assay in comparison to DNA immobilization. New developments concerning material support for each platform are discussed especially with regard to increase the immobilization efficiency and reducing the non-specific adsorption from complex samples like serum and cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Köhler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Branch Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Harald Seitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Branch Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; E-Mail:
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Shapira Y, Poratkatz BS, Gilburd B, Barzilai O, Ram M, Blank M, Lindeberg S, Frostegård J, Anaya JM, Bizzaro N, Jara LJ, Damoiseaux J, Shoenfeld Y, Levin NA. Geographical differences in autoantibodies and anti-infectious agents antibodies among healthy adults. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:154-63. [PMID: 21229335 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about the geoepidemiology of defined autoimmune diseases (AD); however, there is currently limited data regarding the prevalence of autoantibodies among healthy populations of different geographical areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate a large profile of autoantibodies in healthy adults from distinct global regions as well as the prevalence of anti-infectious agents antibodies in those regions. Sera samples from 557 healthy donors were obtained at six centers located in different countries (i.e., Italy, Netherlands, Israel, Mexico, Columbia, Papua New Guinea (Kitavans)). Sera were tested for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and autoantibodies associated with thrombophilia, vasculitis, and gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Sera samples were also screened for antibodies against infectious agents (i.e., EBV, CMV, HBV, Helicobacter pylori, Treponema pallidum, and Toxoplasma gondii). Tests were performed using the BioPlex 2200 or ELISA kits (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). We found a significant gradient of ANA positivity among the groups: 45% of Columbians, 38% of Kitavans, 26% of Mexicans, 12% of Italians, 12% of Dutch, and 11% of Israelis were ANA positive. Geographical differences were also observed regarding the prevalence of specific autoantibodies, namely ANA: anti-dsDNA, chromatin, SmRNP, Ro/SSA, La/SSB, Scl70; GI associated: antigliadin; and thrombophilia-associated: anti-β2GP1 and prothrombin. Additionally, significant differences were observed regarding serological markers of all infectious agents screened. The observed variance between healthy ethno-geographical distinct populations in prevalence of autoantibodies may represent different genetic or environmental (e.g., prior exposure to infection) influences. Thus may illuminate possible causes of geoepidemiological differences in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Shapira
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Shor DBA, Orbach H, Boaz M, Altman A, Anaya JM, Bizzaro N, Tincani A, Cervera R, Espinosa G, Stojanovich L, Rozman B, Bombardieri S, Vita SD, Damoiseaux J, Villalta D, Tonutti E, Tozzoli R, Barzilai O, Ram M, Blank M, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y. Gastrointestinal-associated autoantibodies in different autoimmune diseases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 1:49-55. [PMID: 23885314 PMCID: PMC3714189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI)-related autoantibodies (Abs) are rarely evaluated in autoimmune diseases (AID) other than inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune hepatitis and celiac disease. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of these antibodies in a wide spectrum of AID. METHODS We examined 923 serum samples representing 18 AID and compared them with 338 samples from healthy subjects. We used the BioPlex 2200-immunoassay (Bio-Rad, USA) to test samples for the presence of IgA and IgG directed at gliadin (AGA), tissue-transglutaminase (tTG), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA). RESULTS Prevalence of IgA AGA was significantly higher in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (7.1 %, P=0.012) and in pemphigus vulgaris (25%, P =0.008) patients, as compared with healthy controls. Presence of IgG-AGA was more common among Crohn's disease (20.5%, P = 0.023) and rheumatoid arthritis (6.5%, P=0.027) patients. IgG anti tTG were frequently observed in APS (6.1%, P=0.012), in giant cell arteritis (11.5%, P=0.013) and in ulcerative colitis (11.1%, P=0.018) patients, and as expected, higher prevalence of ASCA (IgA 19.3% and IgG 27.7%) was found in Crohn's disease. IgG ASCA were also found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (4.5%, P=0.01), in Graves' disease (5.7%, P=0.018), in cryoglobulinemia (7.1%, P=0.006), and in patients with vasculitides (6.5%, P=0.002). In contrast, lower prevalence of IgG type AGA was found in SLE (P=0.034), cryoglobulinemia (P=0.019) and vasculitides (P=0.013) patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between GI-related- Abs and a wide spectrum of AID. The clinical implication of these findings is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ben-Ami Shor
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Internal Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University Israel
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Protein microarrays and biomarkers of infectious disease. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:5165-83. [PMID: 21614200 PMCID: PMC3100839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11125165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein microarrays are powerful tools that are widely used in systems biology research. For infectious diseases, proteome microarrays assembled from proteins of pathogens will play an increasingly important role in discovery of diagnostic markers, vaccines, and therapeutics. Distinct formats of protein microarrays have been developed for different applications, including abundance-based and function-based methods. Depending on the application, design issues should be considered, such as the need for multiplexing and label or label free detection methods. New developments, challenges, and future demands in infectious disease research will impact the application of protein microarrays for discovery and validation of biomarkers.
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Devanthéry O, Meylan P. Comparison of a multiplexed bead-based assay with an immunofluorescence and an enzyme-immuno assay for the assessment of Epstein–Barr virus serologic status. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:1776-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Multiplex detection of IgM and IgG class antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, and cytomegalovirus using a novel multiplex flow immunoassay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1734-8. [PMID: 20861325 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00332-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the BioPlex 2200 Toxoplasma, rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) (ToRC) IgG and IgM multiplex immunoassays (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) and compare the results to those of conventional testing by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA). Serum specimens (n = 600) submitted for routine ToRC IgG and IgM testing by EIA (SeraQuest, Doral, FL; Diamedix, Miami, FL) or ELFA (Vidas; bioMérieux, Durham, NC) were also tested by the BioPlex ToRC multiplex immunoassays. Samples showing discordant results were retested by both methods, with further discrepancies being arbitrated by a third assay. Following repeat testing, the BioPlex Toxoplasma, rubella, and CMV IgG assays demonstrated agreements of 98.7 (592/600 specimens), 93.3 (560/600 specimens), and 98.3% (590/600 specimens), respectively, while the ToRC IgM assays yielded agreements of 91.2 (547/600 specimens), 87.3 (524/600 specimens), and 95.2% (571/600 specimens), respectively. The BioPlex ToRC IgG assays provided results comparable to EIA/ELFA results, with kappa coefficients showing near-perfect agreement for the Toxoplasma (κ = 0.94) and CMV (κ = 0.97) IgG assays and substantial agreement for the rubella IgG assay (κ = 0.66). The BioPlex ToRC IgM assays showed lower specificity with only slight agreement for Toxoplasma IgM (κ = 0.07), poor agreement for rubella IgM (κ = -0.03), and moderate agreement for CMV IgM (κ = 0.55). Both the BioPlex IgG and IgM assays reduced turnaround time (1.7 h versus 5.5 h by EIA/ELFA for 100 specimens) and eliminated the necessity to manually pipette or aliquot specimens prior to testing.
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Comparison of three automated immunoassay methods for the determination of Epstein-Barr virus-specific immunoglobulin M. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:559-63. [PMID: 20147496 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00372-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study we compared the performances of three commercially available Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) assays on highly automated immunoassay platforms: BioPlex 2200 (Bio-Rad Laboratories), Immulite 2000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics), and Liaison (DiaSorin). As a confirmatory method, immunoblotting was performed. The specificity of the three EBV IgM assays was evaluated by testing 293 selected sera from patients with various infectious and noninfectious diseases. After the exclusion of 30 samples, the specificities were 96.2% for Liaison, 98.1% for Immulite, and 97.0% for BioPlex. For evaluation of the sensitivity, samples from 70 consecutive patients with a positive heterophile antibody test were examined, irrespective of clinical or biological findings. After the exclusion of six samples, the sensitivities were 89.1% for Liaison, 84.4% for Immulite, and 89.1% for BioPlex. Finally, in a prospective study performed with 500 samples obtained from consecutive patients and sent in by general practitioners, we also determined Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen IgG and viral capsid antigen IgG in a two-phase approach. Concordance of the EBV serologic status was 96.2% between Liaison and Immulite, 96.4% between Immulite and BioPlex, and 97.8% between BioPlex and Liaison. The three EBV IgM immunoassays that we evaluated have acceptable and comparable performances.
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Shor DBA, Barzilai O, Ram M, Izhaky D, Porat-Katz BS, Chapman J, Blank M, Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y. Gluten sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: experimental myth or clinical truth? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173:343-9. [PMID: 19758171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neurological disease of unknown etiology sometimes present with antigliadin and antitissue transglutaminase antibodies. The association between these antibodies and multiple sclerosis has been previously suggested. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of these antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. We determined the level of serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G antigliadin and antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in 98 patients with multiple sclerosis. We found a highly significant increase in titers of immunoglobulin G antibodies against gliadin and tissue transglutaminase in the multiple sclerosis patients. Seven patients had a positive IgG AGA, whereas only 2 controls presented positive titers (P = 0.03). Four patients had positive IgG anti-tTG while all the controls tested negative (P = 0.02). However, immunoglobulin A antibodies against gliadin and tissue transglutaminase were not statistically higher in the multiple sclerosis group in comparison to the control group. Our findings support the associations between antibodies against gliadin and tissue transglutaminase to multiple sclerosis. The specific role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis remains uncertain and requires additional research. A gluten free diet should be considered in specific cases of patients who present with gluten antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ben-Ami Shor
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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17
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Wong J, Sibani S, Lokko NN, LaBaer J, Anderson KS. Rapid detection of antibodies in sera using multiplexed self-assembling bead arrays. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:171-82. [PMID: 19732778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid detection of antibody immunity in serum or plasma, whether to pathogenic antigens, tumor antigens, or autoimmune antigens, is critical for diagnosis, monitoring, and biomarker assessment of the immune response. Individual or multiplexed ELISAs that use purified recombinant proteins are dependent on a priori protein purification, a labor-intensive process that may take months to obtain proteins of sufficient purity and stability for serologic assays. We developed a programmable multiplexed immunoassay for the rapid monitoring of humoral immunity using the Luminex suspension bead array platform. In this approach, epitope-tagged antigens (GST- or FLAG-tagged) are expressed using in vitro transcription and translation, and captured onto anti-epitope-coupled Luminex SeroMap beads. The antigen-loaded beads are mixed, serum is added, and human IgG is detected with standard secondary detection reagents. By coupling high-throughput DNA preparation of cDNA ORFs with antigen expression/capture, we demonstrate that 71/72 (98.6%) of GST-tagged proteins can be expressed and specifically detected on the bead ELISA. Detection of antibodies to the test viral antigen EBNA-1 in human sera is highly reproducible, with intra-assay variation of 3-8%, inter-assay variation of 5%, and with stability over 11 months. The specificity and limits of detection of the bead ELISAs for the tumor antigen p53 are comparable to both standard protein ELISAs and plate-based programmable (RAPID) ELISAs, and are also comparable to the detection of directly-conjugated p53 protein. Multiplexing a panel of analytes does not impair the sensitivity of antibody detection. Immunity to a panel of EBV-derived antigens (EBNA-1, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, and LMP-2) is specifically and differentially detected within healthy donor sera. This method allows for rapid conversion of ORFeome-derived cDNAs to a multiplexed bead ELISA to detect antibody immunity to both infectious and tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wong
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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18
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Evidence-based approach for interpretation of Epstein-Barr virus serological patterns. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3204-10. [PMID: 19656988 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00164-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is based on clinical symptoms and serological markers, including the following: immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to the viral capsid antigen (VCA), heterophile antibodies, and IgG antibodies to the EBV early antigen-diffuse (EA-D) and nuclear antigen (EBNA-1). The use of all five markers results in 32 possible serological patterns. As a result, interpretation of EBV serologies remains a challenge. The purpose of this study was to use a large population of patients to develop evidence-based tools for interpreting EBV results. This study utilized 1,846 serum specimens sent to the laboratory for physician-ordered EBV testing. Chart review was performed for more than 800 patients, and diagnoses were assigned based on physician-ordered testing, clinical presentation, and patient history. Testing for all five EBV antibodies was performed separately on all serum samples using the Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 system. Presumed EBV diagnosis (based on previous publications) was compared to EBV diagnosis based on a medical record review for each serological pattern. Interestingly, of the 32 possible serological patterns, only 12 occurred in > or = 10 patients. The remaining 20 patterns were uninterpretable because they occurred with such infrequency. Two easy-to-use tables were created to interpret EBV serological patterns based on whether three (EBV VCA IgG, IgM, and heterophile) or five markers are utilized. The use of these two tables allows for interpretation of >95% of BioPlex serological results. This is the first evidence-based study of its kind for EBV serology.
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19
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Kleinberg M. Viruses. MANAGING INFECTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES 2009. [PMCID: PMC7114983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-415-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are an important and often unrecognized component of disease in immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis and management of viral infections have expanded largely because of new quantitative molecular diagnostic assays. Well-recognized pathogens such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and respiratory viruses have been joined by newly recognized pathogens such as BK virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and human metapneumovirus in this highly susceptible patient population. The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in lymphoproliferative diseases also continue to be clarified. As a result, the management of viral infections in patients with hematologic malignancies continues to be a growing challenge for the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kleinberg
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, S. Greene St. 22, Baltimore, 21201 U.S.A
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20
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Kaul R, Johnson K, Scholz H, Marr G. Performance of the BioPlex™ 2200 Autoimmune Vasculitis kit. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Infections and autoimmune thyroid diseases: Parallel detection of antibodies against pathogens with proteomic technology. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 8:112-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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García T, Tormo N, Gimeno C, Navarro D. Assessment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serostatus by enzyme immunoassays: plausibility of the isolated EBNA-1 IgG positive serological profile. J Infect 2008; 57:351-3. [PMID: 18789535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás García
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Evaluation of a multianalyte profiling assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological examination of Epstein-Barr virus-specific antibody responses in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1684-8. [PMID: 18768669 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00135-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens has been used to assist in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) diagnosis by several methods. In this study, we evaluated an in-house Luminex multianalyte profiling (xMAP) technology and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for serological examination of EBV-specific antibody responses in 135 NPC patients and 130 healthy controls. Four EBV biomarkers were measured: immunoglobulin A (IgA) against viral capsid antigen (VCA), EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), diffused early antigen (EA-D), and IgG against EA-D. The sensitivities and specificities of the four markers ranged between 71.5 and 90% for xMAP assays and 80 and 92% for ELISA. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the combined markers in the xMAP assay had overall sensitivity and specificity values of 82% and 92%, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) values for the xMAP assay and ELISA were lowest for IgA-VCA (0.468) and highest for IgA-EBNA1 (0.846); for IgA-EA-D and IgG-EA-D, the r values were 0.719 and 0.798, respectively. The concordances of the two methods for NPC discrimination were good (79 to 88%). Our results suggest that both the xMAP assay and ELISA are satisfactory for EBV antibody evaluation when multiple antigens are included.
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24
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Evaluation of a multiplex flow immunoassay for detection of epstein-barr virus-specific antibodies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1410-3. [PMID: 18632919 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00082-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific antibodies include the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). While sensitive and specific, these methods are labor-intensive and require separate assays for each analyte. This study evaluated the performance of a multiplex bead assay (BioPlex 2200; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) for the simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM class antibodies to the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) and IgG class antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1). Serum specimens (n = 1,315) submitted for routine EBV-specific antibody testing by EIA (Grifols-Quest, Inc., Miami, FL) were also tested by the multiplex bead assay using the BioPlex 2200 automated analyzer. Specimens showing discordant results were tested by IFA. Following IFA resolution, the BioPlex VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA-1 IgG assays demonstrated 97.9%, 91.4%, and 96.9% agreement, respectively, with the results obtained by EIA. Furthermore, the BioPlex assays showed an overall agreement of 94.1% with the EIA when the specimens were categorized by disease state (susceptible, acute, or past infection) based on the EBV-specific antibody profiles. These findings indicate that the BioPlex EBV assays demonstrate a performance comparable to that of the conventional EIA, while allowing for a more rapid (2.3 h for 100 samples versus 4.5 h by the EIA) and higher-throughput ( approximately 400 samples per 9 h versus 200 samples by the EIA) analysis of the EBV-specific antibody response.
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25
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Gu AD, Xie YB, Mo HY, Jia WH, Li MY, Li M, Chen LZ, Feng QS, Liu Q, Qian CN, Zeng YX. Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus gp78 antigen: a novel marker for serological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma detected by xMAP technology. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1152-1158. [PMID: 18420792 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A and/or IgG reactivities to several Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens have been used to facilitate diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, antibodies against gp78, an EBV membrane glycoprotein, have not been examined to this day. In this study, we utilized Luminex multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) technology to analyse antibody responses to a synthetic peptide of gp78 in sera samples from 95 NPC patients and 91 healthy controls. Our results showed the sensitivity and specificity of IgA-gp78 for NPC diagnosis were 79 and 71 %, respectively, while those of IgG-gp78 were 74 and 73 %, respectively. The IgA and IgG responses to different EBV antigens were not identical within an individual and IgA-gp78 and IgG-gp78 could be complementary to antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), the diffused early antigen (EA-D) and the nuclear antigen EBNA1 for NPC diagnosis. When the six EBV parameters for NPC prediction, i.e. IgA-gp78, IgG-gp78, IgA-VCA, IgA-EBNA1, IgA-EA-D and IgG-EA-D, are combined, the combined predictors were able to reach overall sensitivity and specificity of 91 and 95 %, respectively. Thus, simultaneous detection of these EBV serological markers could improve the predictive values of NPC using xMAP technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Di Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yan-Bo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao-Yuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Department Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Miao-Yan Li
- Da'an Gene Diagnostic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Da'an Gene Diagnostic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quentin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China; Department Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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26
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Klutts JS, Wu AHB, Smith A, Yen-Lieberman B, Gronowski AM. Diagnostic performance of a new automated heterophile antibody test in adults and children. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:351-3. [PMID: 18420370 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus serologic profiles were obtained from 618 patients using an automated platform, including the new BioPlex heterophile assay. When compared with 2 IgM viral capsid antigen (VCA) assays and a predicate heterophile assay, the BioPlex heterophile assay was more likely to be associated with serologic patterns of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stacey Klutts
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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27
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Comparison of immunofluorescence assay and multiplexed microparticle-based immunoassay for detecting Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen antibodies. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:300-2. [PMID: 18215427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new multiplexed microparticle-based immunoassay was compared with the immunofluorescence assay that is used widely for detecting EBV-specific antibodies in immunocompetent patients. Serum samples of 162 patients submitted for routine EBV diagnosis were tested for viral capsid antigen IgM, viral capsid antigen IgG and serological profile interpretations with both systems. The result concordances were 94.2%, 93.6%, and 92.1%, respectively. Multiplexed microparticle-based immunoassay can be an alternative to immunofluorescence assay especially in laboratories receiving large numbers of samples.
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28
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Leshansky AM, Bransky A, Korin N, Dinnar U. Tunable nonlinear viscoelastic "focusing" in a microfluidic device. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:234501. [PMID: 17677908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.234501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we describe a novel method for tunable viscoelastic focusing of particles flowing in a microchannel. It is proposed that some elasticity, inherently present in dilute polymer solutions, may be responsible for highly nonuniform spatial distribution of flowing particles across the channel cross section, yielding their "focusing" in the midplane of the channel. A theory based on scaling arguments is presented to explain the lateral migration and is found to be in a very good agreement with the experimental observations. It was found that, in agreement with the theoretical prediction, the particles would have different spatial distribution depending on their size and rheology of the suspending medium. We demonstrate how the viscoelastic focusing can be precisely controlled by proper rheological design of the carrier solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Leshansky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-IIT, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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29
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Barzilai O, Sherer Y, Ram M, Izhaky D, Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y. Epstein Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Autoimmune Diseases: Are They Truly Notorious? A Preliminary Report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1108:567-77. [PMID: 17894021 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1422.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, it is believed that the origin of autoimmune diseases is one of a multifactorial background. A genetic predisposition, an immune system malfunction or even backfire, hormonal regulation, and environmental factors all play important roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Among these environmental factors, the role of infection is known to be a major one. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are considered to be notorious as they are consistently associated with multiple autoimmune diseases. A cohort of 1595 serum samples, of 23 different autoimmune disease groups, was screened for evidence of prior infection with EBV and CMV. All samples were screened for antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen-1 (IgG), EBV viral capsid antigen (IgG and IgM), EBV early antigen (IgG), EBV heterophile antibody, and CMV (IgG and IgM) antibodies using Bio-Rad's BioPlex 2200. A new association is proposed between EBV and polymyositis, as results show a significant increase in titers of various EBV target analytes when compared with healthy controls. Our results also support prior information suggesting the association between EBV and multiple autoimmune diseases, including SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus vulgaris, giant cell arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Elevated CMV IgG titers were observed in sera of SLE patients. Our data support the theory that EBV is notoriously associated with many autoimmune diseases. CMV appears to be associated to autoimmune diseases as well, yet establishing this theory requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Barzilai
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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30
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Yang DL, Kraght P, Pentoney CS, Pentoney SL. Analytical Significance of Encroachment in Multiplexed Bead-Based Flow Cytometric Assays. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3607-14. [PMID: 17441686 DOI: 10.1021/ac062250p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed bead-based assays, using fluorescent dye-encoded beads, are finding widespread use in various profiling studies. The need to measure multiple quantitative responses simultaneously, the development of less expensive commercial flow systems, and the ease and cost effectiveness of manufacturing bead profiling kits of varied composition have all contributed to the popularity of this assay format. Maximizing the level of multiplexing in these assays requires tight spacing of fluorescent bead populations, and this leads to some degree of overlap or "encroachment" between populations. The degree to which encroachment affects analyte signal determinations depends upon both the extent of overlap and the relative analyte signals associated with the populations. In the work reported here, the impact of encroachment upon analyte signal for a subset of beads belonging to a multiplexed cytokine assay has been modeled and empirically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Yang
- Advanced Technology Center, Beckman Coulter, Inc., 4300 North Harbor Boulevard, Fullerton, California 92834, USA
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31
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Deregt D, Furukawa-Stoffer TL, Tokaryk KL, Pasick J, Hughes KMB, Hooper-McGrevy K, Baxi S, Baxi MK. A microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:88-94. [PMID: 16837068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A microsphere immunoassay (MIA) was developed for the detection of serum antibodies to avian influenza virus. A recombinant influenza A nucleoprotein expressed in baculovirus was conjugated to microspheres and incubated with antibodies. High median fluorescent intensities (MFIs) were obtained with a monoclonal antibody and positive chicken sera. Chickens were inoculated with 10 strains of avian influenza virus representing different subtypes, including high and low pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes. Three hundred and fifty-four samples from experimentally infected chickens and controls were tested with a competitive ELISA (cELISA) and the MIA. MFIs were converted to positive/negative (PN) ratios. The results of both tests, as percentage inhibition and PN ratio, showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.77). From the comparison data, a ratio of > or =4.5 was selected as the cut-off value for positivity in the MIA. Using this cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of the MIA relative to the cELISA when all discordant experimental samples were retested was 99.3 and 93.1%, respectively. The relative specificity increased to 94.7% when additional negative sera (n = 68) were tested. The MIA may be useful for surveillance testing and as a screening test for flocks infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus and could be expanded for simultaneous detection of antibodies against other avian infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory (Animal Diseases Research Institute), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, P.O. Box 640, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 3Z4, Canada.
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32
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Binder SR, Genovese MC, Merrill JT, Morris RI, Metzger AL. Computer-assisted pattern recognition of autoantibody results. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 12:1353-7. [PMID: 16339056 PMCID: PMC1317078 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.12.1353-1357.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassay-based anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) screens are increasingly used in the initial evaluation of autoimmune disorders, but these tests offer no "pattern information" comparable to the information from indirect fluorescence assay-based screens. Thus, there is no indication of "next steps" when a positive result is obtained. To improve the utility of immunoassay-based ANA screening, we evaluated a new method that combines a multiplex immunoassay with a k nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm for computer-assisted pattern recognition. We assembled a training set, consisting of 1,152 sera from patients with various rheumatic diseases and non-diseased patients. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex method and algorithm were evaluated with a test set that consisted of 173 sera collected at a rheumatology clinic from patients diagnosed by using standard criteria, as well as 152 age- and sex-matched sera from presumably healthy individuals (sera collected at a blood bank). The test set was also evaluated with a HEp-2 cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both the ELISA and multiplex immunoassay results were positive for 94% of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The kNN algorithm correctly proposed an SLE pattern for 84% of the antibody-positive SLE patients. For patients with no connective tissue disease, the multiplex method found fewer positive results than the ELISA screen, and no disease was proposed by the kNN algorithm for most of these patients. In conclusion, the automated algorithm could identify SLE patterns and may be useful in the identification of patients who would benefit from early referral to a specialist, as well as patients who do not require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Binder
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, 4000 Alfred Nobel Drive, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
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33
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Deregt D, Gilbert SA, Dudas S, Pasick J, Baxi S, Burton KM, Baxi MK. A multiplex DNA suspension microarray for simultaneous detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:17-23. [PMID: 16690139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide suspension microarray (Luminex microsphere system) was developed for detection and differentiation of animal pestiviruses: classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV1 and BVDV2), and border disease virus (BDV). Species-specific and pestivirus-common oligonucleotide probes were designed to the 5' UTR region and conjugated to individual color-coded Luminex carboxy beads (probe beads). Target pestivirus sequences were amplified by asymmetric PCR using a biotinylated reverse primer and a forward and reverse primer ratio of 1:5. The biotinylated products were hybridized to eight probe beads in a multiplex assay and analyzed using streptavidin conjugated to a fluorescent reporter molecule. The assay was able to detect and differentiate all 40 strains of CSFV, BVDV1, BVDV2 and BDV tested. The analytical sensitivity was determined to be 0.2-10 TCID50/ml. The major advantages of the DNA-microsphere suspension microarray, as a low density array, are its ease of handling and ability to simultaneously detect and type multiple infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1J 3Z4.
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34
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Morrow R, Friedrich D. Performance of a novel test for IgM and IgG antibodies in subjects with culture-documented genital herpes simplex virus-1 or -2 -infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:463-9. [PMID: 16643524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel tests (BioPlex) for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 IgG were compared with HerpeSelect HSV-1 and HSV-2 ELISAs for type-specific IgG. The sensitivity and specificity of BioPlex HSV-1 IgG were 94% (84/89) and 96% (119/124), respectively, with unselected sera, while the sensitivity and specificity of BioPlex HSV-2 IgG were 92% (109/118) and 98% (95/97), respectively. BioPlex IgM was compared with Diamedix IgM against sera from patients with culture-documented genital herpes. The test results were concordant in 81% of sera from HSV-1 patients and in 90% of sera from HSV-2 patients. Use of BioPlex IgM in addition to BioPlex IgG tests increased HSV-2 seroconversion detection from 47% of subjects to 70%. Use of Diamedix IgM in addition to Focus IgG ELISA increased HSV-2 detection from 40% of subjects to 70%. IgM was detected by BioPlex in 63% of sera from patients with early HSV-2 infection (< 30 days) and in 59% of sera by Diamedix. IgM was also detected in a large proportion of sera from subjects with established HSV-2 infection (33% by BioPlex and 29% by Diamedix). Addition of IgM testing substantially increased the ability to detect seroconversion early in infection. IgM is an indicator of recent infection only in subjects who lack detectable IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morrow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Kingsmore SF. Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:310-20. [PMID: 16582876 PMCID: PMC1780251 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure the abundance of many proteins precisely and simultaneously in experimental samples is an important, recent advance for static and dynamic, as well as descriptive and predictive, biological research. The value of multiplexed protein measurement is being established in applications such as comprehensive proteomic surveys, studies of protein networks and pathways, validation of genomic discoveries and clinical biomarker development. As standards do not yet exist that bridge all of these applications, the current recommended best practice for validation of results is to approach study design in an iterative process and to integrate data from several measurement technologies. This review describes current and emerging multiplexed protein measurement technologies and their applications, and discusses the remaining challenges in this field.
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Kuller L, Watanabe R, Anderson D, Grant R. Development of a whole-virus multiplex flow cytometric assay for antibody screening of a specific pathogen-free primate colony. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 53:185-93. [PMID: 16243475 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to determine if a multiplex technique using a fluorescent bead-based flow cytometric assay could yield results comparable to traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in terms of sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and throughput. We applied both techniques to serologic screening of specific pathogen-free macaques, for type D simian retrovirus, simian T-lymphotropic virus, Cercopithicine herpesvirus 1, and simian immunodeficiency virus, and found a high correlation between the bead-based multiplex assay and ELISA. The multiplex assay demonstrated greater sensitivity with no loss in specificity when compared to the ELISA. A lower false-positive rate with the multiplex assay decreased the number of confirmatory Western blots required. Using the multiplex assay, we were able to screen samples for 4 viruses simultaneously in the time it took to perform a single-virus ELISA, resulting in a faster turnaround time and higher throughput. The multiplexed assay provided greater sensitivity, increased stability, and better performance than ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Box 357331, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Shovman O, Gilburd B, Barzilai O, Shinar E, Larida B, Zandman-Goddard G, Binder SR, Shoenfeld Y. Evaluation of the BioPlex 2200 ANA screen: analysis of 510 healthy subjects: incidence of natural/predictive autoantibodies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1050:380-8. [PMID: 16014555 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1313.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen is a fully automated system that determines levels for 13 different autoimmune antibodies of established clinical significance. The objective of this study was to determine the specificity of the BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen assay and to analyze the antibody profile samples collected from healthy subjects against comparative ELISA and IIF screening methods. A total of 510 specimens were randomly selected from a cohort of apparently healthy blood bank donors. Samples were distributed to five age brackets. All samples were tested using Bio-Rad's ANA Screen kit. Specificity was compared to IIF and ELISA results. Most of the samples were found negative in all ANA screening systems (84.5% by IIF, 92.5% by BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen kit, and 94.5% by ELISA). The frequency of positive results was highest (15.5%) using IIF, in comparison to almost similar results (5.5% vs. 7.5%) achieved by ANA ELISA and BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen kits. The positive rate of autoantibodies was significantly reduced when analyzed by different combinations of ANA screen assays (from 2.35% using IIF + BioPlex ANA Screen tests to 0.98% by using all three tests). Using the BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen system, we were able to identify samples with high levels of individual antibodies: anti-dsDNA at 20-63 IU/mL, antichromatin at 4-8 AI, anti-SmRNP at 2-6 AI, and anti-RNPA at 2-4.5 AI. Importantly, from 7 IIF and ELISA positive sera, 5 of these were also BioPlex 2200 positive, suggesting that the BioPlex is seeing the samples that are of the greatest interest, using the established techniques. The specificity of the BioPlex 2200 ANA Screen analysis of 13 different analytes (dsDNA, centromere B, chromatin, Jo1, ribosomal P, RNP 68, RNP A, Scl-70, Sm, SmPNP, SS-A52, SS-A60, SS-B) is comparable (P < 0.252) to the ELISA ANA screening test. Like the ELISA, the BioPlex 2200 has a lower (P < 0.001) positive rate than IIF for the autoantibody screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Shovman
- Department of Medicine "B" and Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Kaul R, Chen P, Binder SR. Detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies specific for Toxoplasma gondii with increased selectivity for recently acquired infections. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5705-9. [PMID: 15583302 PMCID: PMC535241 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.12.5705-5709.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections can cause serious complications in pregnant women, leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects. Definitive diagnosis of T. gondii acute infection is therefore critical for the clinical management of a mother and her fetus. Positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) results are not sufficient as evidence of recent infection, as these antibodies are often present for many months. Further, IgG avidity and differential agglutination tests, two tests used by reference laboratories to distinguish between recent and past infections, are not always in agreement, and both methods yield a significant number of indeterminate results. We report the development of a new toxoplasma IgM immunoassay that is performed by using a bead-based immunoassay on an automated analyzer (BioPlex 2200). Initial validation included 204 samples from pregnant women and 198 samples from asymptomatic healthy adults. An overall specificity of 99% was observed. Further, 100% sensitivity for acute infections was observed for 10 well-characterized seroconversion panels. We then examined 50 samples from pregnant women, all of which were IgM positive by ELISA, which had been fully evaluated in a reference laboratory. Of the 50 samples, 34 (68%) tested positive in the BioPlex 2200 toxoplasma IgM assay, of which 32 of 34 (94%) exhibited an acute or equivocal pattern by differential agglutination. Of the 16 negative samples, 15 (94%) showed high-IgG-avidity antibodies. Collectively, these results suggest that this new toxoplasma assay shows a preferential response to IgM antibodies produced by recent infections, reducing the number of positive results for pregnant women that will require extensive additional clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kaul
- Clinical Diagnostic Group, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 4000 Alfred Nobel Dr., Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
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