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Shao J, Liu W, Gao S, Chang H, Guo H. A recombinant multi-epitope trivalent vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in pigs. Virology 2024; 596:110103. [PMID: 38781710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In order to develop a safe and effective broad-spectrum vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMDV), here, we developed a recombinant FMD multiple-epitope trivalent vaccine based on three distinct topotypes of FMDV. Potency of the vaccine was evaluated by immune efficacy in pigs. The results showed that the vaccine with no less than 25 μg of antigen elicited FMDV serotype O specific antibodies and neutralization antibodies by primary-booster regime, and offered immune protection to pigs. More importantly, the vaccine elicited not only the same level of neutralization antibodies against the three distinct topotypes of FMDV, but also provided complete protection in pigs from the three corresponding virus challenge. None of the fully protected pigs were able to generate anti-3ABC antibodies throughout the experiment, which implied the vaccine can offer sterilizing immunity. The vaccine elicited lasting-long high-level antibodies and effectively protected pigs from virulent challenge within six months of immunization. Therefore, we consider that this vaccine may be used in the future for the prevention and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, WOAH/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, China
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2
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Seroepidemiological investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Northern Amhara, Ethiopia. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Ahmed NH, Osman NA, Alfouz W, Saeed HM, A/Raouf Y. Serological detection and genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus from cattle in northern sudan, 2016‑2018. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100188. [PMID: 34307959 PMCID: PMC8283133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical FMD was confirmed as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State.
Northern Sudan is an important corridor cluster between pools of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East and North Africa. It involves almost the whole border area with Egypt and represents a considerable part of a projected disease-free zone in Sudan. The study monitored FMD infection between 2016 and 2018 in Northern Sudan. Clinical and serological surveillance were carried out. Results largely confirmed previous reports that have described the relatively lower circulation of FMDV in the area than in other parts of the country. Clinical FMD was confirmed, once in the three years period, as serotype O of an unnamed lineage within the topotype East Africa 3 (EA3). Using serial testing (the ID ELISA and virus neutralization test), sero-prevalence estimates of serotype-specific antibodies in the two States of Northern Sudan ranged between 15.4% (serotype A) in the River Nile State to 3.4% (serotype SAT2) in the Northern State. Striking disparities between patterns of FMD in Northern Sudan and the rest of Sudan were observed. Unlike Western, Eastern, Central and Southern Sudan, no predominance of serotype O antibodies was detected in Northern Sudan. Concurrently, a serotype O isolate from Northern Sudan in 2016 was found to be of transboundary nature circulating in East and North Africa and in the Middle East (nt. id. > 99%); like serotype O that caused the last episode of disease in Northern Sudan in 2012. Molecular findings were compatible with the inferred low circulation of FMDV in Northern Sudan. Elsewhere in Sudan, endogenous serotype O viruses seemed to be circulating more unabated. It was concluded that low animal density and limited animal movement in Northern Sudan together with the high antibody levels against serotype O in immediately neighbouring States (Khartoum and Kassala) effectively decreased infiltration of endogenous O viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nussiba H Ahmed
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Nussieba A Osman
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Wefag Alfouz
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204 Kuku, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Haitham M Saeed
- Dongola Veterinary Research Laboratory, Northern State, Sudan
| | - Yazeed A/Raouf
- Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
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4
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Wong CL, Yong CY, Ong HK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Advances in the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:477. [PMID: 32974392 PMCID: PMC7473413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating livestock disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Outbreaks of this disease in a country always result in conspicuous economic losses to livestock industry and subsequently lead to serious socioeconomic damages due to the immediate imposition of trade embargo. Rapid and accurate diagnoses are imperative to control this infectious virus. In the current review, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based methods used in FMD diagnosis are extensively reviewed, particularly the sandwich, liquid-phase blocking, and solid-phase competition ELISA. The differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals using ELISA-based methods is also highlighted, in which the role of 3ABC polyprotein as a marker is reviewed intensively. Recently, more studies are focusing on the molecular diagnostic methods, which detect the viral nucleic acids based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). These methods are generally more sensitive because of their ability to amplify a minute amount of the viral nucleic acids. In this digital era, the RT-PCR and RT-LAMP are progressing toward the mobile versions, aiming for on-site FMDV diagnosis. Apart from RT-PCR and RT-LAMP, another diagnostic assay specifically designed for on-site diagnosis is the lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips. These test strips have some distinct advantages over other diagnostic methods, whereby the assay often does not require the aid of an external device, which greatly lowers the cost per test. In addition, the on-site diagnostic test can be easily performed by untrained personnel including farmers, and the results can be obtained in a few minutes. Lastly, the use of FMDV diagnostic assays for progressive control of the disease is also discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Loo Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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5
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Li X, Jing H, Liu X, Wang Q, Qiu S, Liu D, Wu S, Lin X. Comparative evaluation of two commercial ELISA kits for detection of antibodies against Akabane virus in cattle serum. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:408. [PMID: 31711494 PMCID: PMC6849277 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Akabane disease (AD), a barrier to international trade for endemic areas with far economic impact on the countries, is caused by Akabane virus (AKAV). Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used diagnostic technique for AKAV infection, including the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kits. However, the comparative evaluation of the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kits has not been published. The object of this study was to evaluate the test performance of the two commercial ELISA kits in detecting serum anti-AKAV antibodies in cattle. Results With virus neutralization test (VNT) as the “relative gold standard”, the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) was 80.39% (123/153) and 93.46% (143/153) for the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kit, when suspect samples were included. The diagnostic specificity (DSp) for the IDEXX and IDVET ELISA kit was 93.48% (502/537) and 82.31% (442/537), respectively. Conclusion Both of the tested ELISA kits could be applied to detect antibodies against AKAV in cattle serum. The IDVET ELISA kit had a higher DSe. The IDEXX ELISA kit possessed the higher DSp. These results have important implications if the kits are used to screen herds or individual cattle in surveillance programs, or at border crossings for import-export inspection and quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hongli Jing
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Songyin Qiu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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6
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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7
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Bronsvoort BMD, Handel IG, Nfon CK, Sørensen KJ, Malirat V, Bergmann I, Tanya VN, Morgan KL. Redefining the "carrier" state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29059. [PMID: 27381947 PMCID: PMC4933899 DOI: 10.1038/srep29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal's age and time since last reported outbreak. We constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings, the current definition of a "carrier" fails to capture the dynamics of either persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence. Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to help target persistently infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Charles K Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Viviana Malirat
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Bergmann
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kenton L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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8
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Morgan KL, Handel IG, Tanya VN, Hamman SM, Nfon C, Bergman IE, Malirat V, Sorensen KJ, de C Bronsvoort BM. Accuracy of herdsmen reporting versus serologic testing for estimating foot-and-mouth disease prevalence. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2048-54. [PMID: 25417556 PMCID: PMC4257810 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herdsman-reported disease prevalence is widely used in veterinary epidemiologic studies, especially for diseases with visible external lesions; however, the accuracy of such reports is rarely validated. Thus, we used latent class analysis in a Bayesian framework to compare sensitivity and specificity of herdsman reporting with virus neutralization testing and use of 3 nonstructural protein ELISAs for estimates of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence on the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon in 2000. Herdsman-reported estimates in this FMD-endemic area were comparable to those obtained from serologic testing. To harness to this cost-effective resource of monitoring emerging infectious diseases, we suggest that estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of herdsmen reporting should be done in parallel with serologic surveys of other animal diseases.
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9
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Colling A, Morrissy C, Barr J, Meehan G, Wright L, Goff W, Gleeson LJ, van der Heide B, Riddell S, Yu M, Eagles D, Lunt R, Khounsy S, Than Long N, Phong Vu P, Than Phuong N, Tung N, Linchongsubongkoch W, Hammond J, Johnson M, Johnson WO, Unger H, Daniels P, Crowther JR. Development and validation of a 3ABC antibody ELISA in Australia for foot and mouth disease. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Colling
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - C Morrissy
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - J Barr
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - G Meehan
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - L Wright
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - W Goff
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - LJ Gleeson
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - B van der Heide
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - S Riddell
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - M Yu
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - D Eagles
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - R Lunt
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - S Khounsy
- Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods through Livestock Development Project, Ministry of Agriculture; DLF Regional Office; Luang Prabang Lao PDR
| | - Ngo Than Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Pham Phong Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Than Phuong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tung
- National Centre for Disease Control; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - W Linchongsubongkoch
- Foot and Mouth Disease Centre; Department of Livestock Development; Pakchong Thailand
| | - J Hammond
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright Laboratory; Pirbright Woking, Surrey UK
| | - M Johnson
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright Laboratory; Pirbright Woking, Surrey UK
| | - WO Johnson
- Department of Statistics; University of California; Irvine USA
| | - H Unger
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division; Vienna Austria
| | - P Daniels
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
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10
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Chitray M, de Beer TAP, Vosloo W, Maree FF. Genetic heterogeneity in the leader and P1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O in Africa. Arch Virol 2013; 159:947-61. [PMID: 24221247 PMCID: PMC4010724 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic information regarding the leader (L) and complete capsid-coding (P1) region of FMD serotype A and O viruses prevalent on the African continent is lacking. Here, we present the complete L-P1 sequences for eight serotype A and nine serotype O viruses recovered from FMDV outbreaks in East and West Africa over the last 33 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 and capsid-coding regions revealed that the African isolates grouped according to serotype, and certain clusters were indicative of transboundary as well as intra-regional spread of the virus. However, similar analysis of the L region revealed random groupings of isolates from serotypes O and A. Comparisons between the phylogenetic trees derived from the structural coding regions and the L region pointed to a possibility of genetic recombination. The intertypic nucleotide and amino acid variation of all the isolates in this study supported results from previous studies where the externally located 1D was the most variable whilst the internally located 1A was the most conserved, which likely reflects the selective pressures on these proteins. Amino acids identified previously as important for FMDV structure and functioning were found to be highly conserved. The information gained from this study will contribute to the construction of structurally designed FMDV vaccines in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa,
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11
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Barnett PV, Geale DW, Clarke G, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:367-87. [PMID: 24112127 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Barnett
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Clarke
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA
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12
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Bellet C, Vergne T, Grosbois V, Holl D, Roger F, Goutard F. Evaluating the efficiency of participatory epidemiology to estimate the incidence and impacts of foot-and-mouth disease among livestock owners in Cambodia. Acta Trop 2012; 123:31-8. [PMID: 22487753 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The economic and social impacts of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) for livestock owners of developed countries have been extensively documented over the past few years. In developing countries such as Cambodia, this evaluation is often lacking due to the scarcity of accurate data. In the present study, we used a range of participatory tools to infer farmers' knowledge and perception, and the relative incidence of FMD from January 2009 to June 2010 in fifty-one villages of Svay Rieng province, Cambodia. In addition, the detection of non-structural protein at village level was used to cross-validate the results from the participatory epidemiology (PE) study. A quantitative assessment using Bayesian modeling was carried out to assess the ability of PE to retrospectively determine the FMD-infected status of a village in Cambodia. Our study shows that even if FMD is ranked second in the list of priority diseases, livestock owners did not see any benefit in reporting it since the disease entailed low direct losses. The average clinical incidence rates at individual level for cattle-buffaloes and pigs in infected villages were assessed by proportional piling at 18% and 11%, respectively for the year 2009. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of PE study were estimated at 87%, 30%, 51% and 74%, respectively. This approach seems to largely overestimate the presence of the disease but proves useful in evaluating the impact of FMD at household level and in understanding the reasons for not reporting it. This information may be important in establishing well-adapted disease prevention and control strategies in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bellet
- CIRAD, Département ES, Unité AGIRs (UR22), Campus international de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex, France. camille
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13
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Mahajan S, Mathapati BS, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Immunodiagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease using mutated recombinant 3ABC polyprotein in a competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:52-60. [PMID: 22683829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by vaccination. The antibody response against FMD viral non-structural proteins (NSPs) has been used widely for this purpose. Among all the NSPs, the 3ABC polyprotein has been recognized as the most appropriate indicator for DIVA. In this study, mutated full-length 3ABC polyprotein was expressed in a prokaryotic system and monoclonal antibody against the recombinant protein was developed. A competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) for DIVA was standardized for different species of livestock animals using recombinant 3ABC and monoclonal antibodies. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were estimated by testing a panel of known serum samples consisting of sera from naive, vaccinated and infected animals as 86.9% with 66.4-97.2 (95%) confidence interval and 97% with 89.6-99.6 (95%) confidence interval respectively at 40% inhibition cut-off. The assay was validated further by testing sera from different livestock species collected at random from different parts of the country. The assay will provide a common method for testing sera from different species of livestock and wild animals. The C-ELISA is a sensitive and specific DIVA assay for FMD and can be used as a method for FMD control programme with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
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Dukpa K, Robertson ID, Ellis TM. Serological and clinical surveillance studies to validate reported foot-and-mouth disease free status in Tsirang district of Bhutan. Prev Vet Med 2011; 104:23-33. [PMID: 22172605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serological and clinical studies were conducted between March 2009 and August 2010 to validate the foot-and-mouth disease free status of Tsirang district of Bhutan as determined by the country's passive surveillance system. Randomised (first survey) and targeted (third survey) samplings, with subsequent follow-up samplings (second and fourth), were conducted on FMD-susceptible animals to detect the disease at a design prevalence of 25% and 20% at the individual animal-level and village-level, respectively. Sera from cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were tested for the presence of non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies using two commercial (PrioCHECK(®) FMDV NS and CHEKIT(®)-FMD-3ABC-bo-ov) and one in-house NSP kit (c-ELISA, AAHL, Australia). The overall seropositivity (all species) at the animal-level was 3% (95% CI: 1.7, 4.8) and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.1, 5.4), for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Except for one goat from the first survey, none of the small ruminants and pigs had NSP antibodies. The seropositives from the first and targeted surveys were distributed among 13 and 16 of 20 villages sampled, respectively. All repeat testing from the initial seropositive animals and their herd mates, for both the first and third surveys, were negative in the NSP tests 6-8 months later. Using the hypergeometric exact probability formula for two-stage analyses, the results enabled rejection of the null hypothesis and supported conclusion that the population was free from disease at the minimum expected prevalence of 20% at the 95.53% and 99.46% confidence levels, for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Clinical surveillance also showed absence of disease or clinical signs suggestive of FMD. The few seropositives were likely to be false positives due to factors such as imperfect specificities of the tests and possible NSP-residues in the vaccines. The study has paved the way for initiation of zoning approaches for the progressive control of FMD in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan.
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Ali S, Yousef M, Sharawi S, MHAIBlowi MHAIB. Detection of Foot-and- Mouth Disease Sub-clinical infection in sheep imported from free zones of Georgia during Hajj season 2009 in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.399-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Fu Y, Cao Y, Sun P, Bao H, Bai X, Li P, Li D, Lu Z, Liu Z. Development of a dot immunoblot method for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus from vaccinated animals using non-structural proteins expressed prokaryotically. J Virol Methods 2011; 171:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The role of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:54. [PMID: 21143994 PMCID: PMC3022570 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the role of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 African buffalos, 21 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (Taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major National Parks in Uganda between 2005 and 2008. Serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSP) using the Ceditest® FMDV NS ELISA. Solid Phase Blocking ELISAs (SPBE) were used to determine the serotype-specificity of antibodies against the seven serotypes of FMDV among the positive samples. Virus isolation and sequencing were undertaken to identify circulating viruses and determine relatedness between them. Results Among the buffalo samples tested, 85% (95% CI = 80-90%) were positive for antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins while one hartebeest sample out of seven (14.3%; 95% CI = -11.6-40.2%) was the only positive from 35 other wildlife samples from a variety of different species. In the buffalo, high serotype-specific antibody titres (≥ 80) were found against serotypes O (7/27 samples), SAT 1 (23/29 samples), SAT 2 (18/32 samples) and SAT 3 (16/30 samples). Among the samples titrated for antibodies against the four serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3, 17/22 (77%; CI = 59.4-94.6%) had high titres against at least two serotypes. FMDV isolates of serotypes SAT 1 (1 sample) and SAT 2 (2 samples) were obtained from buffalo probang samples collected in Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in 2007. Sequence analysis and comparison of VP1 coding sequences showed that the SAT 1 isolate belonged to topotype IV while the SAT 2 isolates belonged to different lineages within the East African topotype X. Conclusions Consistent detection of high antibody titres in buffalos supports the view that African buffalos play an important role in the maintenance of FMDV infection within National Parks in Uganda. Both SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses were isolated, and serological data indicate that it is also likely that FMDV serotypes O and SAT 3 may be present in the buffalo population. Detailed studies should be undertaken to define further the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of FMDV in East Africa.
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Kittelberger R, Mackereth GF, Sewell M, Keall J, Clough R, Pigott C, O'Keefe JS. Specificity of non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in a target population in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2008; 56:227-32. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bruno JG, Carrillo MP, Phillips T. Development of DNA aptamers to a foot-and-mouth disease peptide for competitive FRET-based detection. J Biomol Tech 2008; 19:109-115. [PMID: 19137093 PMCID: PMC2361164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We sought to develop a novel competitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-aptamer-based strategy for detection of foot-and-mouth (FMD) disease within minutes. A 14-amino-acid peptide from the VP1 structural protein, which is conserved among 16 strains of O-serotype FMD virus, was synthesized and labeled with Black Hole Quencher-2 (BHQ-2) dye. Polyclonal FMD DNA aptamers were labeled with Alexa Fluor 546-14-dUTP by polymerase chain reaction and allowed to bind the BHQ-2-peptide conjugate. Following purification of the FRET-aptamer-peptide complex, a "lights off" response was observed within 10 minutes and was sensitive to a level of 25-250 ng/mL of FMD peptide. Ten candidate aptamers were sequenced from the polyclonal family. The aptamer candidates were screened in an enzyme-based plate assay. A high- and low-affinity aptamer candidate were each labeled with Alexa Fluor 546-14-dUTP by asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and used in the competitive FRET assay, but neither matched the sensitivity of the polyclonal FRET response, indicating the need for further screening of the aptamer library.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite 230, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Perkins J, Parida S, Clavijo A. Use of a standardized bovine serum panel to evaluate a multiplexed nonstructural protein antibody assay for serological surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1472-82. [PMID: 17913861 PMCID: PMC2168180 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00227-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Perkins
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Chen SP, Ellis TM, Lee MC, Cheng IC, Yang PC, Lin YL, Jong MH, Robertson ID, Edwards JR. Comparison of sensitivity and specificity in three commercial foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein ELISA kits with swine sera in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:164-72. [PMID: 17112687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three commercialized ELISA kits for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus were compared, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, challenged and naturally infected pigs. The kinetics of the antibody response to NSPs was compared on sequential serum samples in swine from challenge studies and outbreaks. The results showed that ELISA A (UBI) and ELISA B (CEDI) had better sensitivity than that of the 3ABC recombinant protein-based ELISA C (Chekit). The peak for detection of antibodies to NSPs in ELISA C was significantly delayed in sera from natural infection and challenged swine as compared to the ELISA A and B. The sensitivity of the three ELISAs gradually declined during the 6-month post-infection as antibodies to NSP decline. ELISA kits A and B detected NSP antibody in 50% of challenged pigs by the 9-10th-day and 7-8th-day post-challenge, respectively. ELISA B and C had better specificity than ELISA A on sequential serum samples obtained from swine immunized with a type O FMD vaccine commercially available in Taiwan. Antibody to NSPs before vaccination was not detected in swine not exposed to FMD virus, however, antibody to NSPs was found in sera of some pigs after vaccination. All assays had significantly lower specificity when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows and finishers in 1997 that were tested after the 1997 FMD outbreak. However, when testing sera from repeatedly vaccinated sows or finishers in 2003-2004, the specificity for ELISAs A, B and C were significantly better than those in 1997. This effect was less marked for ELISA A. The ELISA B was the best test in terms of the highest sensitivity and specificity and the lowest reactivity with residual NSP in vaccinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Chen
- Division of Animal Medicine, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Bronsvoort BMD, Toft N, Bergmann IE, Sørensen KJ, Anderson J, Malirat V, Tanya VN, Morgan KL. Evaluation of three 3ABC ELISAs for foot-and-mouth disease non-structural antibodies using latent class analysis. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:30. [PMID: 17042948 PMCID: PMC1629010 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates. Serological diagnosis/surveillance of FMD presents several problems as there are seven serotypes worldwide and in the event of vaccination it may be necessary to be able to identify FMD infected/exposed animals irrespective of their vaccination status. The recent development of non-structural 3ABC protein (NSP) ELISA tests has greatly advanced sero-diagnosis/surveillance as these tests detect exposure to live virus for any of the seven serotypes of FMD, even in vaccinated populations. This paper analyses the performance of three NSP tests using a Bayesian formulation of the Hui-Walter latent class model to estimate test sensitivity and specificity in the absence of a "gold-standard" test, using sera from a well described cattle population in Cameroon with endemic FMD. RESULTS The analysis found a high sensitivity and specificity for both the Danish C-ELISA and the World Organisation for Animal Health (O.I.E.) recommended South American I-ELISA. However, the commercial CHEKIT kit, though having high specificity, has very low sensitivity. The results of the study suggests that for NSP ELISAs, latent class models are a useful alternative to the traditional approach of evaluating diagnostic tests against a known "gold-standard" test as imperfections in the "gold-standard" may give biased test characteristics. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that when applied to naturally infected zebu cattle managed under extensive rangeland conditions, the FMD ELISAs may not give the same parameter estimates as those generated from experimental studies. The Bayesian approach allows for full posterior probabilities and capture of the uncertainty in the estimates. The implications of an imperfect specificity are important for the design and interpretation of sero-surveillance data and may result in excessive numbers of false positives in low prevalence situations unless a follow-up confirmatory test such as the enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nils Toft
- Dept. of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Groennegaardsvej 8, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ingrid E Bergmann
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karl-Johan Sørensen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Virology Department, Lindholm, DK4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - John Anderson
- Institute of Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Viviane Malirat
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vincent N Tanya
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Regional Centre of Wakwa, B.P. 65, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 1457, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Kenton L Morgan
- Dept. Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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Parida S, Cox SJ, Reid SM, Hamblin P, Barnett PV, Inoue T, Anderson J, Paton DJ. The application of new techniques to the improved detection of persistently infected cattle after vaccination and contact exposure to foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine 2005; 23:5186-95. [PMID: 16039761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was compared with conventional serological and virological methods and with RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV carrier animals obtained after experimental contact challenge of vaccinated cattle. Transmission from carriers to sentinels was also monitored. Twenty FMDV vaccinated and five unvaccinated cattle were challenged by direct contact with five donor cattle excreting FMDV and monitored until 28 days post challenge-exposure . Twelve vaccinated and three unvaccinated animals were retained up to 24 weeks post exposure to FMDV in order to monitor viral persistence, transmission and antibody responses. In nine vaccinated animals, infection persisted beyond 28 days post exposure, virus being detected more frequently and for longer in oesophagopharyngeal samples from these animals when examined by RT-PCR rather than by virus isolation. Although recovery of FMDV RNA became increasingly sporadic over time, the number of RNA copies detected in positive samples declined only slowly. Two naïve sentinel cattle housed with the persistently infected animals between 93 and 168 days after the latter had been challenge-exposed to FMDV did not become infected. There were differences in the ability of commercially available serological tests to detect antibodies to FMDV non-structural proteins (NSP) in vaccinated and subsequently challenged cattle. Although no single test could identify all of the vaccinated cattle that became persistently infected, the most poorly recognised animals were those with the least evidence of virus replication based on other tests. The potential of the detection of antibodies to the 2B NSP of FMDV for diagnosing persistent FMDV infection was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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